✅ 1-Mark Questions

Q1. What does DBMS stand for?

 Database Management System

Q2. Name one example of a DBMS.

 MySQL (others: Oracle, PostgreSQL)

Q3. What is the full form of SQL?

 Structured Query Language

Q4. Define a primary key.

 A primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table.

Q5. What is a foreign key used for?

 To link two tables by referencing the primary key of another table.

Q6. Name any one data model used in DBMS.

 Relational Data Model

Q7. What command is used to retrieve data in SQL?

 SELECT

Q8. What is normalization in databases?

 Process of organizing data to minimize redundancy.

Q9. What does CRUD stand for in database operations?

 Create, Read, Update, Delete

Q10. What is a relational database?

 A database that stores data in tables with relationships between them.

Q11. Give one advantage of using DBMS over a file system.

 Data consistency and security.

Q12. Which SQL clause is used to filter records?

 WHERE

Q13. What symbol is used in SQL to represent all columns in a table?

 *
Q14. Name the SQL command used to create a new table.

 CREATE TABLE

Q15. What is a schema in DBMS?

 A structure or blueprint that defines how data is organized.

Q16. Define the term "tuple" in the context of databases.

 A row in a relational database table.

Q17. Which command is used to remove a table from the database in SQL?

 DROP TABLE

Q18. What is the purpose of the GROUP BY clause in SQL?

 To group rows that have the same values in specified columns.

Q19. Mention one difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE in SQL.

 DELETE can remove specific rows, TRUNCATE removes all rows quickly.

Q20. What is the default sorting order used by ORDER BY in SQL?

 Ascending (ASC)

✅ 3-Mark Questions

Q1. Difference between primary key and foreign key (example included):

 Primary Key: Unique identifier of a record. (e.g., StudentID in Students table)

 Foreign Key: Refers to the primary key in another table. (e.g., StudentID in
Enrollment table links to Students)

Q2. What is normalization? Describe two normal forms.

 Normalization: Organizing data to remove redundancy.

o 1NF: Atomic values (no repeating groups).

o 2NF: No partial dependency (full dependency on primary key).

Q3. Advantages of using DBMS over traditional file systems:

 Data security

 Reduced redundancy

 Efficient query processing

 DDL (Data Definition Language) – Example: CREATE TABLE

 DML (Data Manipulation Language) – Example: INSERT INTO

Q5. What is data redundancy? How DBMS reduces it?

 Data redundancy: Duplicate data.

 DBMS uses normalization and integrated storage to minimize it.

Q6. Differentiate DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP commands:

 DELETE: Removes selected rows (can be rolled back).

 TRUNCATE: Removes all rows, faster (cannot be rolled back easily).

 DROP: Deletes entire table structure.

Q7. Purpose of JOIN in SQL (with example):

 JOIN combines rows from two tables.

 Example (INNER JOIN):

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SELECT Students.Name, Courses.CourseName

FROM Students

INNER JOIN Enrollments ON Students.ID = Enrollments.StudentID;

Q8. Define entity, attribute, relationship (ER model):

 Entity: Object (e.g., Student)

 Attribute: Property (e.g., Name)

 Relationship: Association (e.g., Enrolls in)

Q9. What are transactions and ACID properties (example):

 Transaction: Sequence of database operations.

 ACID:

o Atomicity: All or nothing.

o Consistency: Maintain data integrity.

o Isolation: Transactions don't affect each other.

 Example: Bank transfer.

Q10. What is indexing and how it improves performance?

 Indexing: Creating a data structure for faster retrieval.

 Speeds up SELECT queries.

Q11. Concept of relational database (example):

 Relational database: Stores data in tables with relationships.

 Example: Library system with Books, Authors tables.

Q12. Three components of a DBMS:

 Database Engine: Manages data.

 Database Schema: Defines structure.

 Query Processor: Executes queries.

Q13. Role of a DBA:

 Database Administrator manages database installation, security, backups, and

Q14. What is a data dictionary? Importance?

 Data Dictionary: Metadata repository about database structure.

 Important for consistency and management.

Q15. Use and importance of constraints:

 Constraints ensure data integrity.

 Examples: NOT NULL, UNIQUE, FOREIGN KEY

✅ 5-Mark Questions

Q1. ER Model for College Management System:

 Entities: Student, Course, Faculty

 Relationships: Enrolls, Teaches

 ER Diagram: (I can send you a diagram if you want 📄)

Q2. Normalization Process Example (up to 3NF):

2. 1NF: Make separate rows for each course.

3. 2NF: Remove partial dependency.

4. 3NF: Remove transitive dependency.

Q3. Differences between DBMS and RDBMS:

Feature DBMS RDBMS

Storage Files Tables

Relations No Yes

Example XML Database MySQL

Q4. ACID Properties in Detail with Examples:

 Atomicity: Bank transfer — either debit and credit both happen or none.

 Consistency: Maintain total money before and after transactions.

 Isolation: Two people booking tickets at same time don't interfere.

 Durability: Power failure won’t lose a confirmed transaction.

Q5. Types of Keys in Relational Database (examples):

 Primary Key: StudentID

 Foreign Key: StudentID in Enrollments

 Candidate Key: Email, StudentID

 Super Key: (StudentID, Email)

Q6. SQL Commands Examples:

 Create Table:

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CREATE TABLE Employees (ID INT PRIMARY KEY, Name VARCHAR(50), Salary INT);

 Insert Data:

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INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (1, 'John', 50000);

sql

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UPDATE Employees SET Salary = 55000 WHERE ID = 1;

 Select with WHERE and ORDER BY:

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SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE Salary > 40000 ORDER BY Name ASC;

 Delete Record:

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DELETE FROM Employees WHERE ID = 1;

Q7. Database Security Concepts:

 User roles: Grant permissions.

 Encryption: Protect data in storage and transit.

 Backup strategies: Regular backups to prevent data loss.

Q8. Compare Hierarchical, Network, and Relational Models:

Model Structure Example

Hierarchical Tree Organizational chart

Network Graph (many-to-many) Telecom network

Relational Table-based Banking system

(Diagrams available if you want!)

Q9. How Indexing Improves Retrieval (Example):

 Table Students(ID, Name).

 Index on ID makes searching faster without scanning full table.

Q10. Data Integrity Types and Examples:

 Entity Integrity: No duplicate or NULL primary key (e.g., StudentID)

 Domain Integrity: Data must be of correct type (e.g., Age must be numeric)