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88 views22 pagesCircuit Analysis
The document covers various electrical engineering concepts including circuit analysis techniques such as nodal and mesh analysis, the behavior of passive and active components, and the application of Laplace transforms. It discusses the principles of capacitors, inductors, and their roles in circuits, as well as the concept of transfer functions and stability in AC circuits. Additionally, it touches on power transfer and the conditions for maximum efficiency in circuit design.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
88 views22 pagesCircuit Analysis
The document covers various electrical engineering concepts including circuit analysis techniques such as nodal and mesh analysis, the behavior of passive and active components, and the application of Laplace transforms. It discusses the principles of capacitors, inductors, and their roles in circuits, as well as the concept of transfer functions and stability in AC circuits. Additionally, it touches on power transfer and the conditions for maximum efficiency in circuit design.
Uploaded by
faheemah02Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 22
oN
Lecture | cf
node 1: He essa
Short cveuit Vz TR=O
PORSIVE Sian ConvembiOn = Assume vurent enters
«passive
ements terminal of higher potential (+e) V=0 wat I Can be
en Ne power ® clement ebsorbs power ays anything
elements Tlssive elements cant goneate. eneeny < capacitors ORT en m=O
archive elements can” geneate. onepy <— generators 2
© indequeden / ci eee
pee) independent dejond ont angie
Sources sowie bramch > | to terminal element (rishi | voit sourse)
+ dependent Fea sou gy NOK > point of connection Vi
Sewrel jected vin Semele 22 ranches hy vb
eVCNS depot othe “he cunt sty< eet =
ae “dened Gath veante tage | rvssv) or SL
ee G preckent sources = flew Fat tame wit IE
eves 2 arpa JEG? cloeal pots hm ove vod cont OC
ocees pared ne og
omesh mesh = branch-node+\ wesh>a loop #rat doesn't contain Testy
ale. any othe loops nit
sm Resictrs lua aisore power " f purv ws
ono Sum of power in cireuit = Oo
* branche’
Seater delle) Sam of curent entering node = sum ob current Jewing wedt (ECL)
redo anatgsic | around a ep Sim of Voit vise = sum of volt drop (ew alvection)( yu)
emesh analysis Ir rise (=ve) Ht drop (ve) = =:
oY D jeansformafion| tae (wi BD > wath seen) FET vai dp 4 |
1F there is a voir gowee wh re# node 6 non- ve? node, then non-veF node = volt
explain again >
> vemeiniag) rede is ented as a supurnoe (bg nok)
Super tool
ha i \S constraint cn > diff by 2 node vor = velt source msiole supernode
conductance 2
=> choote a node
Nodal anolysis wees CL & ohm jaw
(ground oF bottom node) as ref node
mech analysis uses KVL & ohm Jaws
os aS
os
Conductance is or
conductors (like resistane) a
. a
7 BERR AR
Rok
a az
dike a
e,
Rete
x eC ee
nent wpad DRA im
cree p= Bate KERRTTT
Rareusee Re= Rg
Fa ene lect 2 eee
Ms
pets
wlo wrremt soure
ve ‘ei its plonor
mesh_anaiggs ses FuL( Must He planar cirxit) i BS non plner bok con te cedin £0 Hat brands dank et
planar cicewit > drawn ia a alane $0 no other branches orate each other
a ia EVL> Sum oP all voltages around a loop =O
Ai Be mesh analysis W wurrent Soune 4 £19
MEE cay 18 L much > cimiate. mesh Ren con len
mee | [ee Uh 2 meshet >> ceate a Sapermesh by excluding current tdi
. Sours K any demens connected in series rt
_— Wt bine VF thy thn Vg F
[wags becte tide be. ait ead eit . . .
F CD) by, et auction 28 aan dtchon as both Sabi aaldcve. papeties
fun ds tbe, output paporfional 40 vapat Wek
Source transformation Open crit dt oe ‘Super postion prncple : conside | indep
ava Short = cicoit det > ine
Source at atime whle cher imlep source is
% co Ghp NOM Heater OV Chor eit)
= ae, oltfcayent Warten Sturee OA (open circwi)
a, :
=
th
Aeox on demert ag 80
ets wy alinca
can aie nh
Great dat 9 eo
Yeplace Vs (in series w R) Wirth be (peralle! 40 R) te 103s 1 sea
\ v
er vice-varta
see Se 40 On
- theverin theorem => Vn = Voc (Van = Vopen cirwit) wate VEEN Ta,
ab open erewit
Ben = Ri (all indepen sauces eff) For circuit anaiyss, the eal op-amp is as shown,
Sart a! eb stan Seopa
Rn (eve tess Bere we,
yaieane't
oe
and find the other
led? Tear, Ween wun
al ee ae.
ern an (We tartar ters)
rail :
mer Fl
ees cee T
wt J
cout orm eee
fo, . L
age
n= Lae (short cireuit) Prochce qms
Pores
ba=U,- be
“15+ Si, tol ia)e 10 =0
~St1Sy-10ig=0 —O
meth 2)
buat Hb 10t IOC -ts) = 0
=10 +104, =0
usin
basta
byron Lect 3°
© Capacitors (like dams)
Circuit | Voltage Current Energy S store the enerzy
Element lb efeld
e inductors (coils)
Capacitor vet! idtth) i-c#” coo? magnetic Felol
Ct dt 2
di if F 1
Inductors | V = L Th i= 7 [r@ar+ity) w= 5LP 0)
“Pat DC Steady State: dom closed caret cnt cnein
| capacitor act as open ciewitt > I =0 > when switch open|ciose oF t =0,
(> induct act as shor} circuit => Ve0 VO) = ve(O) = VO") | capacitors &
acta sheighh wire ‘induc ors
parallel - i,(0°) = i,(0) = i,(0°) cont nul
change
Matwal inductance
D2 coils tinted by magnetic. Feldl
> cuttort oF one induchr induces volt
im She other inductor
‘> dob convention:
> current ents dloHed termina] ob one ctil, the
Teh polaviy) of € mutwal vo im amd coil is He
in ot dotted terminal of 2m coi)
wr
&
coupling coefficient (
ping. cock ) rite the mesh eayaos of the circuit below
M ones oh er docgrt tee at dot
v o(* wi i tatty tit dp,
g = “a a ay Fe
M=klLh IS
Col duce lect 4
RC > resistor + capacitor
reat 15 " winding don” ake if
vrs icant wa RLC > resistor + capacitor + ‘inductor
© Natural response =7 wlen DC sowce is discomected rime cont
(S circuit shavis releasin ancy fom capacitors 2 inductors ZL > circuit intemal clock
3 Lisiy tells 45 how th dobes foe t+ 40
how git
S dischawge of onergy Creat eos fo ial Side
charge wow test t oischages
’ a) R ee
& 0 for ~eb t a wee, ede
GI br tes soe on
Ft + % cont
a RLE Waj=toe c=
ESS nee ata sg
eROF vUE)= verte vse @ , 30 er
Mitek
fonts rapper pra
%
“ee ee ‘step response
wee)
natural forved respent
baneos | Sheep
-t
ORL ile)- B+ (n-E)e
= fo)+ [uor)- vem) Je, 420 Lect 5 Loplace => like @ short cut
& ‘faking thu complicatect
time domain eqns &
ua etu(t) eal ‘Kons ting flem into
be ! 1 Simpler s sone lhe | ie
sen LE HEE —, — transfer function => allows yon to
) r 0 7 0 r
(a) (b) «©
“maslebey” predict how he
Grwit is going to
ol eole pian tel TTT Pree
) a
2) Sealing
3) time shift
1) egy shitt
S) Ame oliffeventiaton OC aU Ye
Oo ene ae eae
Oo 4 0) ee el aR aD
Cee
ea OLEAN a aoe)
Se eo
as
oe CATS
ret eed
F=Rels) & w= Imgls)
Pea
PaO
PTO EES
Fea
PT TO nes
tO Pe
Pa) Ea
PaO)
FACTO) wd
racoTO nS
Pact) Ey
FACTO
czy
pal
s=jo
TCO TO) eae
exe ee
£ {sinh (ou) =
TC COO eee
Peer COTO ae
Coro eae
SLX) x.(J= Low) }rebaoyy
oy ;
SECO ies)
So
SCLC eO eam TO)
oY Shitting,
> eon =x(Sta) 2nd order
on cae ial conditions
ae Usa, aa eee
22) et i= 38
0.047 Y= SV
© Le =0
20+ l0ip-10 20
bes
PIS tVe =O
lo-7s
Ve
Ve
rarer se yy “oe
+e fide t Rite Se ir
deat gl i) reek eg
4o0t aso
Stet a =o
Chg. erterly ZXCIABE TT Bate Low
dampeot
characterisic eqn : $?+ 268+ Wo?
X (t= Bret Bate "+ Xee =F
1 overhampeal (7 Wo)
XU) = Ress te hs X09
a de) = 8 = Be Be" >, 23 G Yeoots are real & unequal
Ut) = Be + Bate +07
dile)_ -se -s6
Ge 7 58+ Be see
ilo)
a
2. widerdamped (o< we), $=-e3 jw
te X(E) = ke" cos (web + Q) tXo0
-saye™ +B e° foots are Conyagates
Ba=0
it) = Bea tro 3. Crifcally damped (= We),8 = -o-
Ea = Be + Bete Ot Lon
rocks aye real k equ TTF Lect #
pent th crests
Network Ametions > analyse how a cicewit will behave
Swausoids > AC waves sna
Phasers > represents thom as Fixed arrows ia a complex plane.
Charing dynamic wave
into ta arrow) Leg =sheegih trol
angle: win)
Aansfer function > hon the ypu Signal. Yansven 49 fe opt Signal
‘mpeclence > AC ver of tesishance
adwictance > ofp of impedence
Poles & eos => the ‘supports’ Keeping things. stable
Pole on the left side of the cirwit , voltage across capacitor sefHea coun Ovechat,
Cora stable “well ened”
2xqonertial growth > fole ome RAS of comple plane, volt grons unconhladly
S cirwit unstable |
> ft el acy tals ns howsit handles, sud chonges
Step Rutchion > suddenly switching On a const. input => shous how it settles down after jar
Steal stare response > circuit setHes down afley inputs
maximum power Hansfer > happens: ia AC cirwwit when impedonces match
Power driangle seer how efficionty he cveit is using power
an
jot Teal igh —> most of appara 8 doing gometing wseha)
sitet eh oD a ed
\ \
does wef! that
fot entny Sr Sl eng So Rad
dic’ mle scion # pains
Caaf TT elas
DO eS Te T Rolo ae ue eue ed that
BUC ee au MC aa iene te
Poles: Poles of a Transfer Function are the frequencies (valves of s) for which
SUN Cum Maal oe oe
eT ye) ag RM ae ES ed
HO , YO , = eo) 2] i Guus
mens er ed Peron ees
Solution: s?, Y(s)+7s.¥(s) + 12¥(s) = s.X(s)+ 2.X(s)
=> Y¥(s).{s? + 7s + 12}= X(s).(s + 2} Sf FOES
YQ) _ os +2 ety
Eos (Cera a es ae eee CE ECEZ)
Rau castrate i eae a ae
Ps
p cy
y
ole 2ev0 diagram :
ar
2ero: $=2,, 22,2). 2n
Lied ated Transfer Fasction sp SHAE yy). WED AC steady state response
per, xy C pcos (w+ g)-ule)
RHP “4
ow whe Sees ast) > steady state onus
* ‘Ret do be stab L = Alntyas|cos (we r+ 2. HGa)
FHCs) = HO)}s,
Sr one port = current entering one termina! [PFeGrveriabies v1, v2 4, 12% expressed in various forms
equals 40 currant leaving 24 derminal me ty tie br fe 7 ik |
a) _ [2a 2x2) [12 A] = fia aa
4s l= Ge Zell rang
Me porte nl
i Z.Adiitance (or),
fal ba sell) lett Sea e alk
[a]: a= @y Ch]: hae har | reciprocity
fb): Ya =Ya, Page]: ap-ec=1
Oe
[urametcr show thatthe network ricerca” ATR
nin LA a already in S domin
if HO Rpress: Va AM 8) 9 oy)
neewon JO
% 30
(12 Maks)
Witte mark epnttons +
Ve Lester) ”
Vee hcest) t82eh) wy
From a), We beet
wo
Fors 4) lt. tn have
crys ft “Hypa e
Gosl-( 3)
Ao- oc = $82 4, rout
5 Meeasenese
1
Thacfore , the circuit in reciprocal, ‘The average power delivered —
totneloads imum average power transfer, the oad
sdaice Z, must be equal tothe compl
oii mpl
ae
Bitte
pana aa
— (Ga
SSp Fessshee
Sa
ee
Oo siamarersreenngncteete
Sa
Loe
wa
240 20" V ems),
s0Hz
a |
© faa ¥ want
for nos power rmster =)
sas
xsoran,
aaNet
24S s0x20))
es
Dee
=o ees)
aks U
Maas Vos?
——
Yaa sy
= Yosx3
aN
ws, = VASA
Yume SoONg
Hes
=> Rw STEAD
er Oy |
NW eel
= Js sGesy
GR |
A | i yes Sac non fle Rane 2 XMS
ll 28 he a
= (sey an | | ie rs WSeos
‘esae fy
> 2A Ww
Creme. xyes Ve = (1+ 2Res)y, @)
Substituting (4) into 3) and rearranging gives
Willie
Mo _ (atencsy(anssisy |
a 2a apse
ra ine = (SRLS AGRECHSL) 4285p
¢ 2Ris Wo
Pee ix! = (les? sonication
Ga
Yo-ValS) iret LUKE aie. om
I 3
‘Atnode 0, Oe ee ee
YG) Geeestaanr
eu a Coase
Oe + SENS) = z |
melt i IRL ORTC eee #
Mae = (10
SL" 2R
= 2R+350
> aris:
i. WES)=Vals) | Vets)-VatS) _ vets) _
oc) et ee O
A +sc)y, = -
ae LOW eye 20 -@
SL
Vs(s)—Vels) Ve(s)-Vets) ves)
z+ > se ~50-95 |
is
Ee ao) rk
aE at SSA AUT oe
eee eT AU ae ae eas
eet din the igure, the currents in Ry, Ra and Ry are denoted as l,l, and ls
inductance L are denoted as V1, V2, Vs, and Vi, respectively. Suppose that initially ther
Pas
d find I, la ls, and V_ immediately after the switch is closed,
omesat visi 0
‘avery long time, find Is, I, Is, and Vi.
7 Neos.
ind ys, , and Vi immediately after the switch is reopened.
mee ko<-— o 8
caver longest ben Vi
or END of question. to Co
i) Zy(0)= 0 “naw aes as open crt
Vi = eats es Ww) ast all 0 lo tot
lo.
ay = 25
Ve L254 5
wes
i) aban (ony fe, ductor ack as short crwit , V.=0
rat= (iz) ‘be,
= bbbF
Te Fare is
Tas tse zos
r
Tit) when switch reopen, \nductor doesnt immedicrtely camye,
Iz208
T,=0 (Wo cusrent ; Switch opr)
Ty2-0S (inductor mince caren opp drechon)
Vet t2, + PZ; 70
Ves (12) +(H) = 0
Vji-6 at t<0,
20
‘inductor no current. i.(0)
Capacitor teach Steacky state = open cenit
O° Cimmeciiately abjer)
be
Oo > cant change immeiotely
1b>0
bn (or)
Oo
z
ve
s 4
¥
athe +:
va
we
bet int be
t
x
S)
cae
ve
st fvasscat
Sy
zg
we)
(vis
Juco ds ae?
A
15
S dutonal wk 2
kee
Li-latist vy-bs =O
nodal analy sic:
Mede 1: Z)- L2-1-V2 =O
T,-2,-
