Subject:
ICT
Presented by:
M. Shoaib
M. Zohaib
Saif ul Rehman
M.sufyan Azhar
Abdul Rehman
Roll No:
22011556-079
22011556-082
22011556-074
22011556-104
22011556-065
Submitted to:
Ma’am Sania Azhar
Group No:
12
What is computer program?
Compiler and interpreters
Planning a computer program
How Program Solve Problems
Software and development
Software development is the processing of conceiving , specifying ,designing and maintaining application
framework.
Process
. of writing and maintaining the Source code
• A computer program is a set of instruction or statement to be carried
out by the computer CPU.
Major three categories:
• Operating system
• Utilities system
• Application system
Programming language
• A set of words and symbols used to write programs
• Communication between a user and the computer.
Types of programming language:
Low level language
•
High level language
Low level language
• low level language are near to computer hardware and far from human
language
Types of Low level language:
Machine language
Assembly language
Machine language
Types of language in which instruction are written in binary form (0 1).
It is only language that computer understand
Every computer has it own machine language
Machine language is difficult to understand for human
Assembly language
It is one step higher then the machine language
Machine language are replace with English word knowns mnemonics.
High level language
It is close to human language
The instruction similar to English such as input and print etc.
It can be understand easily
Examples:
C/C|++ , Java ,Pascal Fortran , Cobol , Basic
Language Processor
• Language Processor is a software that convert instruction into machines
language.
Types of language Processor
1. Compiler
2. Interpreter
3. Assembler
Compiler
• Convert the instruction of high level language into machines language
as a whole.
• Program execution is fast.
• Compiler displays syntax errors after compiling the whole
program.
Interpreter
• Convert the instruction of high level language into machines language
Statement by Statement at a time.
• Program execution is slow.
• Interpreter display syntax errors on each statement of program.
Assembler
• An assembler is a program that translates the instruction of assembler language
program into machines language.
What is source code?
A programming in a high level language.
It easy to understand
It is easy modify
What is Object code?
a programming in a machine language
It is difficult to understand
It is difficult to modify
Planning a computer program
Two planning tools that programmers often use:
1. Input-processing-output (IPO)
2. Presudecode
Some Steps involved in problems solving
1. Program Control Flow
The order in which program statements are executed is called program control flow.
.
2. Algorithm
• An Algorithm is a process or step-by-step instructions for solving a
problem.
• Some of the general rules which are useful for writing an algorithm are :
Step must not be change.
Step must be effective.
All Step must be finite.
Example-1: Find the average of 2 numbers.
Step 1- Start
Step 2- Take 2 numbers X and Y
Step 3- Add the two numbers and store it in sum
Step 4- Divide sum by 2 store in average
Step 5- Print average
Step 6- stop
3. Flowcharts
• A Graphical representation of the solution of a problem in the form of step is
called a flowchart.
• Flowchart can be used for representing an algorithm.
Flowchart Symbols
Terminator Rectangle
Flow line
Diamond
Parallelogram Connector
Flowchart guidelines
• Flowchart should be drawn in such a way that it is easy to understand, and
is neat and clear.
• The direction of flow line from top to bottom.
• There should be only a single flow line from a process symbol
• In a terminal symbol, only one flow line in conjunction can be used.
START END
• In a complex flowchart, connector symbol can be used for reducing the
number of flow lines which helps in avoiding flow lines intersect with each
other.
• There should be a logical start and finish for the flowchart.
Start
Input X,Y
Sum=X+Y
Average
=sum/2
Print
average
Stop
4. Pseudocode
• The pseudocode is an informal or an artificial language which is used by
programmers for developing algorithm
• In generally pseudocode are easily understandable by programmers and
they can convert these into the any programming language
Thank You
