2025 Iberian Peninsula blackout

On Monday 28 April 2025, at 12:33 CEST (11:33 WEST; 10:33 UTC), a major power blackout
2025 Iberian Peninsula blackout
occurred across the Iberian Peninsula affecting mainland Portugal and peninsular Spain, where electric
power was interrupted for about ten hours in most of the Peninsula and longer in some areas. The
power cut caused severe difficulties in telecommunications, transportation systems, and essential
sectors such as emergency services. At least seven people in Spain and one in Portugal may have died
due to outage-related circumstances like candle fires or generator exhaust fumes.[1][3]

Minor power cuts lasting seconds or minutes occurred in adjacent regions of Andorra and parts of
southwestern France.[5] Reports indicated problems with the European synchronous electricity grid.
Traffic lights in many places stopped working, and metro lines had to be evacuated.[6] REE: Drop of Spanish power generation and
demand after 12:30 from 25 GW to 10 GW
Date 28 April 2025
Grid conditions in Spain
Time 12:33 (CEST); 11:33 (WEST)
According to the website of the Spanish electrical operator Red Eléctrica de España (REE) that Location Mainland Portugal, peninsular
documents the power grid, Spanish Peninsula Electricity demand tracking in real time,[8] there was Spain, Andorra, and parts of
sufficient power supplied to the grid leading up to the outage. According to the site, at 12:30 on 28 southwest France; with minor
April, the grid was supplied with 32 gigawatts (GW) of power to meet 25 GW of demand, and was effects in Greenland and Morocco
exporting 0.87 GW to France and 0.78 GW to Morocco. The remainder was used for hydropumping (3 Type Power outage
GW) and export to Portugal (2.6 GW).[9] More than half of the power supply was from solar,[7] and
Cause Undetermined
electricity price was slightly negative.[9]
Deaths ±7 in Spain,[1][2] ±1 in Portugal[3]
Most of the power drop occurred within five seconds.[10] According to automated grid statistics, at Non-fatal >25[4]
12:35 demand and generation had dropped to around 14 GW, half of that from solar, with near zero injuries
exports. Nuclear and coal power dropped out completely and took many hours or even days to restore.
Around 13:40 CEST there seemed to be a production minimum of 10.5 GW after which generated and
consumed power grew again, normal in the early hours of 29 April, except the unavailable nuclear power.
This data[8] is however contradicted by an REE statement,[11] which reported grid capacity of almost 4 GW
at 18:30 local time, while the automated data were reporting over 13 GW.

As of 2 May 2025, neither the sequence of events nor the reason for this outage are publicly known.

Effects

Grid conditions in Spain before the blackout

Spain (% of 32 GW total supply)[7][8][9]
Spanish train operator Renfe said that all trains had stopped due to the outage.[12] Around 35,000 passengers
Solar 19.5 GW (59%)
were rescued after being stranded across the rail and underground systems.[13] Madrid's Barajas
Wind 3.6 GW (12%)
International Airport was left without power.[5] Later in the day, airports were back to operation with 20%
reduced capacity, and the Minister of Transport Óscar Puente stated that long and medium distance train Nuclear 3.3 GW (11%)
services would not resume until the next day.[14] Other (13%)
Natural gas 1.6 GW (5%)
Spanish authorities reported that the country's nuclear power plants were taken off the grid automatically
due to the loss of grid power[15] – four reactors were generating power at the time, while three were
conducting scheduled maintenance. Backup generators automatically supplied cooling to keep all seven
reactors safe.[16] Telecommunications and internet services were also affected, with Netblocks saying that
network traffic plunged to just 17 percent of normal usage.[17] Hospitals activated their backup generators
and stayed mostly functional.[18]

The city of Madrid activated its emergency plan PEMAM (Plan Territorial de Emergencia Municipal del
Ayuntamiento de Madrid). Most businesses and shops had to close, train and metro lines stopped, and
banking was non-functional. Police had to intervene to control traffic and bring security. Confusion and fear
spread in episodes reminiscent of the Coronavirus pandemic of 2020, and at the same time, some streets and
Police handling traffic in Cartagena, due
terraces had a cheerful ambience and near-festive mood.[19]
to disabled traffic signals

King Felipe VI's meeting with the president of Cyprus, Nikos Christodoulides, was unaffected because the
blackout only partially affected the Palacio de la Zarzuela, and the King was able to maintain the institutional agenda for the day.[20] The Congress of
Deputies, the Bolsa de Madrid, the Parliament of Catalonia and the Palacio de la Moncloa were left without power.[21] The Senate suspended its
parliamentary activity for 29 April.[22]

Spanish prime minister Pedro Sánchez convened an emergency meeting of the National Security Council about the power cut.[23]
The employers' organization CEOE estimated that the outage resulted in economic losses valued at €1.6
billion.[24]

Certain institutions, such as the Ministry of Defence and the Navy headquarters, still suffered power outages
on 29 April despite the general restoration of the electricity supply.[25]

At least seven people died as a result of the blackout in Spain. Six deaths were recorded in Galicia, including
three members of the same family who died of carbon monoxide poisoning believed to have been caused by
Passengers waiting at the Chamartín
a faulty generator in a home in Taboadela. The seventh death was recorded in a fire at a house in Madrid that
railway station in Madrid during the
left 13 others injured.[1]
blackout

The Canary Islands, Balearic Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla were unaffected.[6][26] Travellers entering Gibraltar
by land from Spain reported delays due to the unavailability of IT services at the Spanish border post. Gibraltar itself
was not affected, as it is not connected to the European grid.[27]

Portugal
In Portugal, the blackout made most basic services inoperational, including stores, supermarkets,[28] pharmacies[29]
and electronic payment systems.[30] Hospitals resorted to generators to maintain operations.[31] Traffic lights and
transit systems were brought to a halt, causing road accidents.[30] Additional police officers were deployed to deal with
traffic problems caused by the failure of traffic lights. Mobile networks also experienced severe limitations,
particularly voice calls and data services.

The commuter rail and rapid transit services were stopped due to signaling problems, and trains were evacuated.[32][33]
Nonetheless, rail transport wasn't particularly affected since Comboios de Portugal were on strike that day.[34] Electric
buses, boats, ridesharing bicycles and trams were unable to depart their stations.[35] Lisbon Airport operated with
limitations and closed at around 13:00 WEST (14:00 CEST), although flights were allowed to take off from around View from Preciados Street
21:38 WEST. Meanwhile, airports in Porto and Faro switched to generator power.[36] towards Callao Square during
the blackout, with Preciados
During the blackout, there was a scramble to stock up on essential items such as food and water, as well as batteries, still dark while Callao has
lighting devices, and radios.[30] The state-owned water company Águas de Portugal asked consumers to moderate their partial power restored
water usage to prevent system failures during the power cut.[37] Even after the blackout, certain services such as the
Portuguese Tax Portal[38] remained offline until service could be restored on Wednesday.

The cabinet of Prime Minister Luís Montenegro held an emergency meeting over the power cut,[23] and
declared an energy crisis on 28 April. The Prime Minister planned to ask the European Union for an audit of
the affected electrical systems.[39] He also took the decision to keep Tapada do Outeiro black start capability
available until at least 2030 and expand that capability to at least two more locations, Alqueva Dam and
Baixo Sabor Dam,[40] so that the recovery from a full blackout would be quicker.

At least one person died as a result of the blackout in Portugal. The 77-year-old victim was connected to a
mechanical ventilator at home 24 hours a day. According to state-owned TV channel RTP, the breathing aid
ran out of battery, and the National Emergency Medical Service did not arrive in time to help her.[3] Mains frequency measured in Germany
dropped by 150 mHz as a consequence
The island regions of Madeira and the Azores, unconnected from the European grid, remained unaffected.[41] of the blackout.

Andorra
Andorran electricity supplier Forces Elèctriques d'Andorra said that the power outage from Spain affected the principality for a few seconds. An
automatic recovery system connected Andorra's power grid to France's. Phone and internet operator Andorra Telecom reported a similar outage for
internet connections.[42]

France
Electricity transmission system operator Réseau de Transport d'Électricité (RTE) reported a power outage that lasted only a few minutes in the French
Basque Country.[43]

Secondary effects

Morocco
Internet providers such as Orange experienced problems in Morocco due to servers in Spain being offline.[44]

Greenland
Telecommunications in the villages of Qaanaaq, Ittoqqortoormiit, and Tasiilaq in Greenland were disrupted from 19:30 to 01:36 UTC because Tusass
and other telecommunications companies lost connection with equipment in Maspalomas Station on Gran Canaria island.[45][46] Although the antenna is
on Gran Canaria, the cable goes through mainland Spain before transmission to the antenna and then satellite.[47]
Power restoration

Spain
About 16:00 CEST on 28 April, Spanish electrical operator Red Eléctrica de España (REE) estimated it
would take "between six and ten hours" to restore service[48] calling the outage "exceptional and totally
extraordinary".[49] The regions Aragón-Cataluña and Galicia-León were the first to reconnect to the main
grid. Hydropower and gas turbines increased the power.[24] The international power lines from Morocco and
France also contributed.[50][8][51] To alleviate the power cut, Morocco delivered 900 MW of electricity
through the Spain-Morocco interconnection that crosses the Strait of Gibraltar from Fardioua to Tarifa, while
France sent up to 2 GW of electricity through power lines supplying Catalonia and the Basque Country.[24]

By 07:00 on 29 April, electricity had been restored to 99% of energy demand,[13] and full restoration was Empty shelves in the fruit section of
Mercadona La Vaguada in Cartagena,
achieved by 11:00 that same day.[24] Exports to France also resumed.[52]
Spain, as a result of the panic buying
triggered by the outage
Portugal
Electricity was gradually restored around 17:00 WEST (18:00 CEST) using the two systems that had black start capabilities, the 138 MW Castelo do
Bode hydropower dam and the 990 MW natural gas power station Tapada do Outeiro.[53] Around 22:30 WEST, power had been restored to half of the
population, increasing to 80% by around 00:00 WEST.[54] The grid was fully restored in Portugal by early 29 April.[55]

However the grid still remains disconnected from Spain.[56]

Possible causes
The causes of the power outage are under investigation. The blackout was purportedly due to two fluctuations in the electrical grid, the second of which
caused Spain's power system to disconnect from the European system and collapse the Iberian electricity network.[57][58]

Inter-area oscillations
In the 30 minutes before the blackout at 12:33:18, low-frequency oscillations were observed and damped out. The oscillations appear to have been
between the Iberian Peninsula and the rest of the European wide grid, as they were in opposite phase. Two inter-area oscillations appeared from 12:03:15
to 12:07:40 and from 12:19:01 to 12:22:03. These oscillations potentially led to the disconnection of tie-lines,[59] and by 12:33:16 CET, the technical
separation of Spain and Portugal from the Central European system took place. After this the local frequency dropped to 49.2 Hz . This is below the
statutory lower limit of 49.5 Hz, which triggers inverters to shut down and traditional power stations, including their inertia, to disconnect.

Similar oscillations and disconnection happened in December 2016, though without the adverse effects.[60]

Variable renewable energy

The exact cause of the blackout remains under investigation, but it has prompted discussion about the stability of electricity systems with high shares of
variable renewable energy. Early analysis suggests the blackout is unlikely to have been caused by Spain's high share of renewable energy; however, it
has highlighted the need for continued investment in power grid stability and resilience as Spain and other countries transition toward higher shares of
renewable energy.[10]

At the time of the incident, solar energy accounted for approximately 59% of Spain's electricity supply, with wind providing around 12%, nuclear 11%,
and gas 5%, according to The Independent.[7] The initial fault is believed to have originated in Extremadura, a region that hosts a large proportion of
Spain's solar farms, hydroelectric facilities, and the 2 GW Almaraz Nuclear Power Plant, Spain's most powerful nuclear power plant.[61]

Some political groups, including the Spanish far-right VOX party, attributed the blackout to over-reliance on renewables and called for a more
diversified energy mix. An energy analyst at Rystad Energy, Pratheeksha Ramdas, said that greater amounts of renewables in the power system may have
made the grid susceptible to outages, but that there are multiple possible causes of the disturbance. Henning Gloystein, director for energy at the Eurasia
Group research firm, claimed it might have been easier to keep the system functioning if conventional energy sources like oil and gas had a larger
presence.[62]

However, several officials and energy experts have rejected the idea that renewables are to blame. EU energy commissioner, Dan Jørgensen, stated that
there was "nothing unusual" about the electricity mix at the time of the blackout, and that the outage was not due to a "specific source energy".[63] Daniel
Muir, a European power analyst at S&P Global, said the nature and scale of the outage makes renewable energy an unlikely cause.[64] Spain's
Environment Minister, Sara Aagesen, emphasised that the system had operated reliably under similar demand and energy mixes in the past, and Beatriz
Corredor, president of Red Eléctrica and member of Spain's ruling party, said that it was inaccurate to attribute the blackout to Spain's growing use of
renewable energy.[65] At a press conference on 29 April, Sánchez dismissed allegations that renewable energy caused the power cut, calling them "lies"
and criticising those who blamed the blackout on Spain's reliance on wind and solar power.[66]

The incident has also drawn attention to the concept of mechanical inertia in power systems, which refers to the stabilising effect of spinning turbines in
traditional thermal power plants. A major aspect of moving away from electricity systems based on coal, gas, or nuclear power is the reduction in inertia
on the grid. Solar, which accounted for the majority of Spain's electricity at the time, provides little rotating mass to the grid.[67] Commentators such as
Adam Bell, director of policy at strategy consultancy Stonehaven, argued that a lack of inertia due to renewable energy was not the "main driver for the
blackout" as inertia was still present at the time of the blackout due to nuclear, hydroelectric, and grid-supporting technologies like synchronous
condensers. Bell noted that solar, wind, and hydro remained operational after the event, while fossil fuel generation did not.[10] Experts at Montel
Analytics pointed to the relative isolation of the Iberian grid as a contributing factor to the blackout, as neighbouring grids were less able to provide
stability.[68]

Fire in Southern France

A fire, reported to be in Southern France between Perpignan and eastern Narbonne, which damaged an extra-high-voltage power line, was identified as a
possible cause by Portugal's Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN),[5] but this was dismissed by the Réseau de Transport d'Électricité (RTE), which
declared that there were no fires in the area.[69]

A fire in Southern France had triggered a localized outage in July 2021, after an incident involving a hydroplane and a 400 kV power line between
France and Spain.[70]

Cyberattack
Spain's National Cybersecurity Institute was reported to be investigating the possibility that a cyberattack caused the incident,[71] although initial
analysis did not show any evidence of an attack.[72] On the morning of 29 April, REE attributed the outage to a disconnection of the grid in the south-
west of Spain. The institution ruled out a cyberattack as the cause of the blackout and announced that it was investigating the cause of the
disconnection.[73][74]

Citizens must know that the government will get to the bottom of this. Measures will be taken, and all private operators will be held
accountable. To this end, the Spanish government has concluded a commission of inquiry led by the Ministry for Ecological Transition.[75]

— Pedro Sánchez, Prime Minister of Spain

Audiencia Nacional judge José Luis Calama initiated preliminary investigations to determine whether the national outage could have been an act of
sabotage against critical Spanish infrastructure, which, according to newspaper Vozpópuli, would be considered an act of terrorism.[76]

Misinformation
Several false and misleading claims were circulated regarding the origins of the power cut. Messages were spread online claiming that it was caused by a
Russian cyberattack, falsely attributed to CNN International and European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen.[77] It was also falsely attributed
to the Portuguese electricity company EDP Group.[30]

Some media outlets, including CNN and Reuters, reported that REN claimed it was because of a supposed "rare atmospheric event" called "induced
atmospheric vibration", causing "synchronization failures between the electrical systems". REN has denied releasing either of these statements.[78][77]

Human casualties
A couple and their son died of carbon monoxide inhalation in Taboadela, Ourense, due to a generator being used indoors. One of the
couple required a mechanical ventilator, which prompted the use of the generator.[1]
In Alzira, Valencia, a 46-year-old woman who depended on an oxygen machine died.[1]
In Madrid, at Carabanchel neighbourhood, a woman died in a fire caused by a candle. The fire trapped several people in a building.
Several people were harmed in that same event.[1][79]
In Catalonia, 25 people were harmed by malfunctioning generators or misuse of them.[79]
A death of a 77-year-old was reported in Portugal, after a mechanical ventilator stopped working.[3]

Reactions
Von der Leyen spoke with Sánchez and posted a statement on social media platform Twitter/X: "I reaffirmed the European Commission's support in
monitoring the situation with national and European authorities and our Electricity Coordination Group. We will coordinate efforts and share information
to help restore the electricity system, and agreed to stay in close contact."[80]

President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy, after speaking with Sánchez, offered his country's assistance based on the experience it has gained
throughout the targeting of its electrical infrastructure in the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[81][82][83]

See also
List of largest power outages
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onomia/ree-descarta-ciberataque-causa-apagon_1_12256117.h knows why they went out" (https://www.nbcnews.com/world/euro
tml) [Red Eléctrica rules out cyber-attack as cause of blackout]. pe/spain-portugal-france-ukraine-power-outage-cut-electricity-tra
elDiario.es (in Spanish). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2 vel-rcna203443). NBC News. 29 April 2025. Archived (https://we
0250429101652/https://www.eldiario.es/economia/ree-descarta- b.archive.org/web/20250429110438/https://www.nbcnews.com/
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on 29 April 2025. Retrieved 29 April 2025. ectricity-travel-rcna203443) from the original on 29 April 2025.
74. "Spanish power company rules out cyberattack as cause of Retrieved 29 April 2025.
blackout" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/c9wpq8xrvd9t?post= 82. "Ukraine offers assistance as Spain, Portugal recover from
asset%3A68c4f20b-8ecb-47a3-93d4-60440ada844a#post). blackouts" (https://www.yahoo.com/news/ukraine-offers-assistan
BBC News. 29 April 2025. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we ce-spain-portugal-060933862.html). Yahoo! News. 29 April
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9t?post=asset%3A68c4f20b-8ecb-47a3-93d4-60440ada844a#p 83. "Zelensky offers Spain support after major power outage" (http
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Retrieved 29 April 2025.

External links
Electric grid data for Spain on April 28, 2025 (https://demanda.ree.es/visiona/peninsula/demandaau/total/2025-04-28) from Red
Eléctrica de España
Video (https://www.skysports.com/tennis/video/21750/13357580/spain-the-moment-large-parts-of-spain-lost-power-as-coco-gauffs-inter
view-is-cut-off) of the power outage at the WTA Madrid Open during an interview with Coco Gauff.

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