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Entropy

The document discusses the concept of entropy in thermodynamics, defining it as a measure of molecular disorder and a property that increases with system disorder. It outlines the Clausius inequality related to the second law of thermodynamics and explains the distinction between total entropy and entropy per unit mass. Additionally, it includes examples involving the Carnot cycle engine and the application of the second law to control volumes.

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6 views18 pages

Entropy

The document discusses the concept of entropy in thermodynamics, defining it as a measure of molecular disorder and a property that increases with system disorder. It outlines the Clausius inequality related to the second law of thermodynamics and explains the distinction between total entropy and entropy per unit mass. Additionally, it includes examples involving the Carnot cycle engine and the application of the second law to control volumes.

Uploaded by

clydejesseelcamel098
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Entropy

Introduction

 The first law of thermodynamics deals with the


property energy and the conservation of it.
 The second law leads to the definition of a
new property called entropy.
 Entropy is a somewhat abstract property, and
it is difficult to give a physical description of it
without considering the microscopic state of
the system.
• Entropy can be viewed as a measure of molecular disorder, or
molecular randomness.

• As a system becomes more disordered, the positions of the molecules


become less predictable and the entropy increases.
Clausius Inequality
 The second law of thermodynamics often leads to
expressions that involve inequalities (i.e., the efficiencies
of irreversible vs. reversible engines)
 The Clausius inequality is the sum of all differential
amounts of heat transfer divided by the temperature at
the boundary expressed by this form:

This inequality is valid for all cycles, reversible or irreversible.

 But for internally reversible cycles it is expressed in this form:


Definition of Entropy
 Entropy S is an extensive property of a system and sometimes is
referred to as total entropy.
 Entropy per unit mass, designated s, is an intensive property and
has the unit kJ/kg-K.
 The term entropy is generally used to refer to both total entropy
and entropy per unit mass since the context usually clarifies
which one is meant.

 Just like in the 1st Law of Thermodynamics where the focus is the
change in energy instead of the absolute value of energy on
one state, engineers are more concerned with the changes in
entropy.
 Basically, entropy expresses the direction or outcome of
spontaneous changes in the system.
On Carnot Cycle Engine
On Carnot Cycle Engine
Example
A Carnot Engine absorbs 12 kJ from the hot reservoir and
discards 6 kJ into the cold reservoir at 300k.
a. Calculate the temperature of the hot reservoir
b. Determine the entropy change of the carnot cycle
Example
Example
Increase of Entropy
Increase of Entropy
15
2nd Law Applied to a
Control Volume
2nd Law Applied to a
Control Volume
Isentropic Process
Example
Example

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