PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
(CHE3002)
Module 3
Lecture 16: Block Diagram Reduction
Dr.S.Karthika
Assistant Professor
(Senior Grade 1)
Block diagram
Development of block diagram
Measuring element
Controller and final control element
Controller transfer function Note
Sometimes, controller and the final control
element are combined into one block. Then, the
If controller is proportional, then Gc=Kc
overall response between the error in the
temperature and the heat input to the tank is
calculated. Also, it is assumed that the controller is
a proportional controller.
Final control element transfer function
Block diagram for entire process
Block diagram development - Composition control for a
stirred-tank blending system
Next, we develop a transfer
function for each of the five
elements in the feedback
control loop. For the sake of
simplicity, flow rate w1 is
assumed to be constant, and
the system is initially
operating at the nominal
steady rate.
Stirred tank blending system
The approximate dynamic model of a stirred-tank
blending system
Stirred tank blending system
Composition Sensor-Transmitter (Analyzer)
We assume that the dynamic behavior of the composition sensor transmitter can be
approximated by a first-order transfer function:
Controller
Suppose that an electronic proportional plus integral controller is used. From the
controller transfer function is
Stirred tank blending system
Current-to-Pressure (I/P) Transducer
Because transducers are usually designed to have linear characteristics and negligible
(fast) dynamics, we assume that the transducer transfer function merely consists of a
steady-state gain KIP
Control Valve
control valves are usually designed so that the flow rate through the valve is a nearly
linear function of the signal to the valve actuator. Therefore, a first-order transfer
function usually provides an adequate model for operation of an installed valve in the
vicinity of a nominal steady state.
Stirred tank blending system
Thus, we assume that the control valve can be modeled as
Block diagram for entire blending process
Block diagram
Block diagrams consist of
• Blocks – these represent subsystems – typically modeled by, and labeled
with, a transfer function
• Signals – inputs and outputs of blocks – signal direction indicated by arrows –
could be voltage, velocity, force, etc.
• Summing junctions – points were signals are algebraically summed –
subtraction indicated by a negative sign near where the signal joins the
summing junction
Standard form of Block Diagram
Cascade form
Blocks connected in parallel
Feedback form
Feedback form
Thus, for negative feed back
Positive Feedback form
For positive feed back
Closed‐Loop Transfer Function
Unity feedback systems
Block diagram reduction rules
Often want to simplify block diagrams into simpler, recognizable forms
Simplify to instances of the three standard forms, then simplify those
forms
Move blocks around relative to summing junctions and pickoff points –
simplify to a standard form
Move blocks forward/backward past summing junctions
Move blocks forward/backward past pickoff points
Moving Blocks Back Past a Summing Junction
Moving Blocks Forward Past a Summing Junction
Moving Blocks Relative to Pickoff Points
Interchange of the summing point
Splitting/ combining the summing point
Block diagram reduction – Example 1
Thank you
