1

A Mini Project Report On

Sonic Sight -Glasses for blind
Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of The
Academic Requirements of Degree
Bachelor of Engineering
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
by
Sudini Srishti (2451-21-735-068)
Gullapudi Samanya (2451-21-735-082)

Under the Guidance of

Guide Name, Qualification
Designation

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

MATURI VENKATA SUBBA RAO (MVSR) ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution)
(Affiliated to Osmania University)
(Accredited by NBA & NAAC)
Nadergul, Balapur (M), Hyderabad-501510.
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DECLARATION

This is to certify that the Mini Project Report titled, “Sonic Sight -

Glasses for Blind”, being submitted by, S.Srishti (2451-21-735-068),

G.Samanya (2451-21-735-082) in partial fulfillment for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering (BE) degree, in Electronics and Communication

Engineering, to the Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering, MATURI VENKATA SUBBA RAO (MVSR) ENGINEERING

COLLEGE, affiliated to OSMANIA UNIVERSITY, Hyderabad, is a record of the

original work carried out by me under the supervision of Dr B SARALA

Assoc. prof., ECE Dept. Further this is to state that the results embodied in

this project report have not been submitted to any other University or

institution for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

Signature of the Student

Name and Roll Number

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mini Project Report titled, “Sonic

Sight -Glasses for Blind”, being submitted by, S.Srishti (2451-21-

735-068), G.Samanya (2451-21-735-082), in partial fulfillment for the

award of Bachelor of Engineering (BE) degree, in Electronics and

Communication Engineering, to the Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering, MATURI VENKATA SUBBA RAO (MVSR)

ENGINEERING COLLEGE, an institution affiliated to OSMANIA UNIVERSITY,

Hyderabad, is a record of the bonafide work carried out by him/her under

my guidance and supervision.

Signature of the Supervisor Head of the Department

Dr. B Sarala

Assoc., Prof ECE Dept

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We express our deep sense of gratitude to our supervisor, Dr.

B. Sarla, for her constant guidance, untiring help and sparing his valuable

input throughout this Mini-project work. The discussions we had enriched

our understanding of the project work and helped in achieve the goal.

We express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. S Suryanarayana,

Professor & Head of the Department, and our Principal Dr. G. Kanaka

Durga for their constant support, and encouragement and for providing

necessary facilities to carry out this project work.

We also express our sense of gratitude to all the faculty and staff of

the department for their direct and indirect help in making the project a

success.

We express my deep sense of gratitude to our parents for their

constant support, encouragement and blessings.

Signature of the Student

Name and Roll Number

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ABSTRACT

Visually impaired people often need assistance in day-to-day life for navigating through their

residence and outside. Having human assistance is not possible all the time and so a solution

to this problem has been researched for a long time.

Blind mobility is one of the major challenges encountered by visually impaired people in their

daily lives. Their life and activities are greatly restricted by loss of eyesight. They normally

travel using a blind navigation system or by their accumulated memories in their long-term

exploration.

The main objective of this project is to develop a low-cost, reliable, portable, user-friendly,

low-power, and robust solution for smooth navigation.

This project (Sonic Sight) is meant for the visually impaired. It has an in-built sensor that

spreads ultrasonic waves in the direction the person is going by scanning at most 5-6 meters

of 30º range. As soon as the obstacle is detected, the sensor detects it and sends it to the

device which generates an automated voice in the earphone connected to the person's ear.
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CONTENTS:
ABSTRACT 5
LIST OF FIGURES 8
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 9
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Summary
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY 10
2.1 Literature Review
2.2 Summary
CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT 11
3.1 Block diagram
3.2 Algorithm
3.3 Flow Chart
CHAPTER 4: OVERVIEW OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS 14
4.1 Arduino Nano
4.2 Ultrasonic Sensor
4.3 Boost Module
4.4 Buzzer
CHAPTER 5: OVERVIEW OF SOFTWARE TOOLS 20
5.1 Arduino IDE
5.2 Code 21

CHAPTER 6: RESULTS 23

CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS 25

7.1 Conclusion
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7.2 Scope for further work

REFERENCES 26
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LIST OF FIGURES:
Figure Figure Name: Page Number:
Number:
3.1 Block Diagram 5

3.2 Flow Chart 7

4.1 Circuit Diagram 9

4.2 Arduino Nano 10

4.3 Ultrasonic Sensor 11

4.4 Buzzer 12

4.5 Boost Module 13

5.1 Arduino IDE 14

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

On an approximation 285 million people are visually impaired across the globe, among which

39 million are blind and 246 have low vision according to WHO statistics of 2011 [1]. About

90% of the world's visually impaired live in low-income settings whereas 82% of people

living with blindness are aged 50 and above. India is now home to the world's largest number

of 102 blinds. Out of the 37 million blind people worldwide, over 15 million are from India.

The worst thing is that 75% of these are cases of avoidable blindness. India has an acute

shortage of optometrists and donated eyes for the treatment of corneal blindness. While India

needs 40,000 optometrists, it has only 8,000. Blind people are usually dependent on assistance

from others. The assistance can be from human beings, dogs, or some special electronic

devices. There are already many existing devices that help a blind person in walking. The

most common is the simple walking stick or cane. The blind man uses it to detect obstacles by

sweeping the cane back and forth but unfortunately, sometimes the blind man becomes aware

of the obstacle too late. With the recent advances in technology, a normal walking cane has

been modified to a blind stick with an ultrasonic sensor attached to it. It has several

limitations. Therefore, the solution that has been portrayed in this paper is a cost-effective,

reliable, robust, and portable device which would help a blind person to walk on the streets

almost like any other pedestrian.

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1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Navigating the world independently poses significant challenges for individuals with visual

impairments. Existing assistive technologies fall short in providing real-time, detailed

information about the environment, hindering autonomy and safety. The need for a

comprehensive solution is evident, and Ultrasonic Blind Glasses emerge as a promising

technology. However, barriers such as accessibility issues and limited awareness hinder their

widespread adoption, underscoring a user-friendly, widely accessible solution to empower the

visually impaired community.

1.3 SUMMARY

Ultrasonic Blind Glasses represent a transformative assistive technology for individuals with

visual impairments. Using advanced ultrasonic sensors, these glasses provide real-time

environmental feedback, enabling users to navigate their surroundings with increased

confidence and independence. Despite their potential, challenges such as accessibility issues

and limited awareness need to be addressed for widespread adoption and to empower the

visually impaired community effectively.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

In a rapidly flourishing country like ours, innumerable attempts have been made for the

welfare of especially able people of our society. One such attempt is the project "Project

Prakash"[2], an empathetic attempt towards blind children to help them gain knowledge of a

set of obstacles around them by using their brains. Sheth et al [3] worked on how blind people

can be able to detect any type of pits, potholes, and several ups and downs by using a smart

white cane where they have used ultrasonic sensors. In this device, a multilingual system for

audio feedback cannot be used because it can only record 680 seconds. The idea that can be

seen in [4] has an ultrasonic sensor, a water sensor, and a pit sensor. In [5] it can be observed

that it consists of a video camera on the frame itself as well as a computer processing unit

precise enough to fit in the pocket and the software that provides images of objects close by to

transparent displays on the eyepieces. The major limitation of this device is that it is not at all

suitable for completely blind people. It is recommended only for people with low vision or

night blindness It consists of rangefinders that would take input from the ultrasonic sensors

and output feedback to pulse vibration motors which are placed on the blind man's head.

When the person gets closer to the object, the intensity and frequency of the vibration are

increased. The main limitation is the use of a vibration motor. The vibrations as output

feedback are far.

2.2 SUMMARY

In this chapter, we have seen the papers which we referred to for our project. We have

analyzed the research papers and observed how these papers can help us to complete the

project.
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CHAPTER 3

THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF PROJECT

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

The Block diagram of the project consists of the following modules:

1. Micro-controller

2. Boost Module

3. Ultrasonic Sensor

4. Buzzer

Block diagram:

Fig 3.1
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3.1.1 Micro-Controller:

A microcontroller also called MCUs or Microcontroller Unit is a single integrated

circuit (IC) that is used for a specific application and designed to implement certain tasks.

Products and devices that have been automatically controlled in certain situations, like

appliances, power tools, automobile engine control systems, medical equipment, high-end

consumer electronics, rugged industrial devices, and computers are great examples, but

microcontrollers reach much higher than these applications. Essentially, a microcontroller

works to gather input, process the information, and output a particular action based on the

information gathered.

3.1.2Arduino NANO:

Arduino Nano is one type of microcontroller board, and it is designed by Arduino. cc.

It can be built with a microcontroller like Atmega328. This microcontroller is also used in

Arduino UNO. It is a small board and also flexible with a wide variety of applications. Other

Arduino boards mainly include Arduino Mega, Arduino Pro Mini, Arduino UNO, Arduino

YUN, Arduino Lilypad, Arduino Leonardo, and Arduino Due. Other development boards are

the AVR Development Board, PIC Development Board, Raspberry Pi, Intel Edison, MSP430

Launchpad, and ESP32 board.

2) Ultrasonic Sensor:
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An ultrasonic Sensor is a transducer that uses the physical characteristics and various other

effects of ultrasound of a specific frequency which may transmit or receive the ultrasonic

signal of a particular strength. These are available in electromagnetic or piezoelectric

versions. The piezoelectric type is generally preferred due to its lower cost and simplicity to

use comparatively than other types. The system mainly lies on the principle of an Ultrasonic

range-finding sensor or simply an ultrasonic sensor. The block diagram of an ultrasonic sensor

is shown below in Fig.1. The propagation velocity of the ultrasonic wave is approximately

340m/s at 15°C of air or atmospheric temperature.

FLOW CHART:

Fig 3.2

3.4 SUMMARY:
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In this chapter, the theoretical aspects of the components namely The microcontroller, Boost
Module, Ultrasonic Sensor Module, and Buzzer are discussed. The operation and algorithm of
the project are briefly explained.

CHAPTER 4

OVERVIEW OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS

4.1 Circuit Diagram:

The hardware components used are:

1. Arduino Nano

2. Ultrasonic sensor

3. Buzzer

4. Boost Module

Circuit Diagram:
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Fig 4.1

4.1 Arduino Nano:

The Arduino Nano is a compact and versatile microcontroller board that is particularly

popular among electronics and programming enthusiasts. It is based on the ATmega328P

microcontroller and offers a wide range of functionalities for various projects. With its small

form factor, the Nano is suitable for applications where space is limited. It features digital and

analog input/output pins, PWM outputs, UART communication, and SPI interfaces, providing

flexibility for interfacing with sensors, actuators, and other devices. The onboard USB

interface simplifies programming and power supply, making it easy for users to upload code

and power the board simultaneously. Its compatibility with the Arduino IDE and a vast

community support make the Nano an excellent choice for prototyping and building electronic

projects with ease.

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Fig 4.2

4.2. Ultrasonic Sensor:

The ultrasonic sensor is a pivotal component in electronics and automation, commonly

employed for distance measurement and obstacle detection. Operating on the principle of

sending ultrasonic waves and measuring the time taken for their reflection, these sensors

accurately determine distances without physical contact. Typically, ultrasonic sensors consist

of a transmitter that emits ultrasonic pulses and a receiver that detects the reflected waves. By

analyzing the time delay between transmission and reception, the sensor calculates the

distance to the object. This technology is widely used in robotics, industrial automation, and

automotive applications for tasks such as object avoidance, level measurement, and precise

positioning. The versatility and reliability of ultrasonic sensors make them indispensable in

creating intelligent systems with enhanced perception and control capabilities.

Fig 4.3
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4.3. Buzzer:

A buzzer, also known as a piezoelectric buzzer, is an essential component in electrical circuits

designed to produce audible alerts or signals. It operates on the principle of the piezoelectric

effect, where certain materials generate an electric charge in response to mechanical stress. In

the context of a beeper, an electrical signal is applied to the piezoelectric element, causing it

to vibrate mechanically and produce sound waves. The frequency and duration of the sound

are determined by the characteristics of the applied electrical signal. Beepers find applications

in various electronic devices, such as alarms, timers, and notification systems, providing a

simple and effective means of auditory feedback in electrical circuits. They are valued for

their compact size, efficiency, and ease of integration into electronic designs.
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Fig 4.4

4.4 Boost Module:

A boost module, also known as a boost converter or step-up converter, is an integral

component in electronic circuits designed to increase voltage levels efficiently. Its primary

function is to take a lower input voltage and produce a higher output voltage, making it

essential for powering devices or components that require a voltage level higher than the

available source. The boost module employs an inductor, a switch (typically a transistor), and

a diode to regulate the voltage. During operation, the input voltage is intermittently connected

to the inductor, inducing a magnetic field. The diode then allows the inductor to transfer

energy to the output capacitor, resulting in a higher output voltage. Boost modules are widely

used in various applications, such as in portable electronic devices, solar power systems, and

electric vehicles, where the need for voltage up conversion is common. Their efficiency and

ability to step up voltage levels make them crucial for optimizing power distribution in

electronic systems.

Fig 4.5
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4.5. Summary:

In this chapter, we learned the working of each of the components and their uses.
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CHAPTER 5

OVERVIEW OF SOFTWARE TOOLS

5. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
The Software required for this project is:
a. Arduino IDE

5.1 Arduino IDE:

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a powerful tool for programming

microcontroller-based boards. It provides a comprehensive platform for writing, testing, and

uploading code to the microcontroller boards. With its simple, user-friendly interface, the

Arduino IDE makes it easy for both beginners and advanced users to get started with

microcontroller programming.. Another important feature of the Arduino IDE is its support

for multiple programming languages. The software supports both C++ and Python, allowing

users to choose the programming language they are most comfortable with. This makes it

easier for users to get started with microcontroller programming, regardless of their

programming experience. The Arduino IDE also provides a wealth of resources to help users

get started with microcontroller programming.

Fig 5.1
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The following is the code used in our project:

#define trigPin 8 // These lines assign names to values

#define echoPin 7 // so they can be easily identified.

#define buzzer 12 // These are set before the code

/* This section of code below runs only one time.

* It enables the serial monitor to see the output and

* sets the pins to input or output.*/

void setup() {

Serial.begin (9600);

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);

/* The remaining part of the code runs in a constant loop.

* It triggers the ultrasonic sensor and calculates the

* time it took for the sound waves to return. It converts

* the time in milliseconds into distance in centimeters.*/

void loop() {

long duration, distance;

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);
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digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

distance = (duration/2) / 29.1;

Serial.print(distance);

Serial.println(" cm");

// This part of the code below determines whether to

// beep depending on the distance detected. If the object

// is within 62 start the beeps.

if (distance > 30 and distance < 62) {

tone(buzzer,100,50); // Intermitten beeps

if (distance > 0 and distance < 31) {

tone(buzzer,100); // Long solid beep

else {

delay (500);

}
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CHAPTER 6

RESULTS:

In the implemented protocol, the smart glass exhibits a specific behavior: it does not register

objects when their distance exceeds 1 meter but triggers a sensing mechanism and vibration

feedback when the distance is less than 100cm. Notably, as the object-user proximity

decreases, the intensity of the sound effects gradually amplifies. This intelligent glass utilizes

sensors to detect objects and promptly alerts the user through a combination of vibration and

auditory cues, providing an effective mechanism for situational awareness.

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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION:

7.1 Conclusion:

This smart glass, tailored for individuals with visual impairments, serves as a crucial aid in

preventing accidents by providing awareness of objects in their surroundings. The current

implementation focuses on proximity sensing, ensuring users are alerted to potential obstacles.

Looking ahead, future iterations could explore the integration of image recognition

capabilities. By enhancing the sensor technology, the smart glass could evolve to not only

detect objects but also provide detailed information about them, further enriching the user's

situational awareness and expanding the scope of assistance this innovative device offers to

the visually impaired.

7.2 Future Scope:

 Rather than employing a buzzer or beeper, we can utilize earphones to provide the user

with voice instructions.

 We might develop a navigation application that provides real-time distances between

the individual and potential obstacles along their route.

 The integration of these glasses with a blind stick can effectively eliminate the

challenges faced by the visually impaired. This combination offers a comprehensive

solution by providing detailed information about obstacles both on the road and in

front of them
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REFERENCES

1. WHO Visual impairment and blindness. WHO, 7 April 1948.

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/en . Accessed Oct 2015

2. UNESCO. Modern Stage of SNE Development: Implementation of Inclusive Education. In:

Ictsin Education for People with Special Needs, Moscow, Kedrova: Institute For

InformationTechnologies in Education UNESCO, pp. 12-14 (2006)

3. Low vision assistance. EnableMart (1957). https://www.enablemart.com/vision/low-vision-

assistance. Accessed Oct 2015

4. Velazquez, R.: Wearable assistive devices for the blind. In: Lay-Ekuakille,

A.,Mukhopadhyay, S.C. (eds.) Wearable and Autonomous Systems. LNEE, vol. 75, pp. 331-

349. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)

5. Jafri, R., Ali, S.A.: Exploring the potential of eyewear-based wearable display devices for

useby the visually impaired. In: International Conference on User Science and Engineering,

ShahAlam, 2-5 September 2014

6. The Macular Degeneration Foundation, Low Vision Aids & Technology, Sydney,

Australia:The Macular Degeneration Foundation, July 2012

7. OrCam, OrCam. http://www.orcam.com. Accessed Dec 2015

8. Esight. http://esighteyewear.com/