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Pneumonia Study Guide

Pneumonia is an infection of the alveoli and lung parenchyma caused by various microorganisms, classified by setting, organism, and radiological pattern. Key clinical features include fever, cough, and dyspnea, with management involving antibiotics and supportive care based on severity assessed by the CURB-65 score. Prevention strategies include vaccinations for pneumococcal, influenza, and COVID-19.

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15 views4 pages

Pneumonia Study Guide

Pneumonia is an infection of the alveoli and lung parenchyma caused by various microorganisms, classified by setting, organism, and radiological pattern. Key clinical features include fever, cough, and dyspnea, with management involving antibiotics and supportive care based on severity assessed by the CURB-65 score. Prevention strategies include vaccinations for pneumococcal, influenza, and COVID-19.

Uploaded by

S Seigh0282
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Pneumonia - Comprehensive Guide for Medical & Nursing Students

Pneumonia - Study Guide & Questions

I. DEFINITION

Pneumonia is an infection and inflammation of the alveoli and lung parenchyma, caused by microorganisms

such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.

II. CLASSIFICATION

By Setting:

- CAP: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma

- HAP: Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, MRSA

- VAP: Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas

- Aspiration: Anaerobes, Staph aureus

By Organism:

- Bacterial, Viral, Fungal, Parasitic

By Radiological Pattern:

- Lobar, Bronchopneumonia, Interstitial, Cavitary

III. ETIOLOGY

- Typical: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staph aureus

- Atypical: Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydophila

- Opportunistic: Pneumocystis, Aspergillus


Pneumonia - Comprehensive Guide for Medical & Nursing Students

IV. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Stages: Congestion Red Hepatization Gray Hepatization Resolution

V. CLINICAL FEATURES

- Symptoms: Fever, cough, chest pain, dyspnea, confusion (elderly)

- Signs: Dull percussion, crackles, bronchial sounds, egophony

VI. INVESTIGATIONS

- CXR, CBC, Sputum/blood cultures, Urine antigen, PCR, ABG

VII. CURB-65

- Confusion, Urea >7, RR 30, BP <90/60, Age 65

Score 0-1: Outpatient; 2: Admit; 3-5: ICU

VIII. MANAGEMENT

- Oxygen, fluids, analgesics

- CAP: Amoxicillin + Azithromycin

- HAP: Piperacillin-Tazobactam + Vancomycin

- Nursing care: Monitor vitals, oxygen, hydration

IX. COMPLICATIONS

- Pleural effusion, empyema, abscess, ARDS, sepsis

X. PREVENTION

- Pneumococcal, influenza, and COVID-19 vaccines


Pneumonia - Comprehensive Guide for Medical & Nursing Students

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

MCQs

1. Diagnosis of fever, productive cough, and pleuritic pain?

A. Asthma B. Bronchitis C. Pneumonia D. COPD

Answer: C

2. Not in CURB-65?

A. Confusion B. Urea C. RR D. Hemoglobin

Answer: D

3. Commonest CAP cause?

A. Mycoplasma B. Strep pneumoniae C. H. influenzae D. Legionella

Answer: B

4. Atypical pneumonia feature?

A. Productive cough B. Lobar shadow C. Dry cough, diffuse infiltrates D. Hemoptysis

Answer: C

5. Not a complication?

A. Empyema B. ARDS C. Myocardial infarct D. Pleural effusion

Answer: C

Case-Based (Medical)
Pneumonia - Comprehensive Guide for Medical & Nursing Students

Case: 65F, diabetic, confusion, RR 34, BP 88/54, lobar consolidation

Q: CURB-65? Admit? Empiric antibiotics?

A: Score = 4; ICU; Ceftriaxone + Azithromycin or Pip-Tazo

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