Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Introduction

This chapter contains the related literature to the study on ICT integration

in the teaching and learning process in the primary school education. As well as

studies for better comprehension of this research study.

Related Literature

One of the primary benefits of integrating ICT in elementary education is

its ability to enhance student engagement and motivation. Studies have shown

that interactive tools such as educational software, multimedia presentations, and

online resources capture students’ attention more effectively than traditional

teaching methods. For instance, a study by Lai et al. (2020) found that students

who used interactive digital platforms demonstrated higher levels of interest and

enthusiasm towards their studies compared to those who relied solely on

textbooks.

ICT also promotes collaborative learning among elementary pupils. Tools

such as online discussion forums, collaborative documents, and educational

games encourage teamwork and communication skills. According to research

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conducted by Johnson et al. (2019), students engaged in collaborative projects

using ICT reported improved social skills and a greater understanding of diverse

perspectives. This collaborative environment not only enhances academic

performance but also prepares students for future work environments where

teamwork is crucial.

Research has shown that ICT has the power to increase motivation and

learner engagement and helps to develop life-long learning skills. As a powerful

educational tool, ICT can facilitate the transformation of school education. But to

make this happen it is vital to bring about the changes to the mind set and culture

among teachers, administrators, parents and students; the way in which the

curriculum is designed and delivered and how students are currently assessed.

Thus, harnessing ICT continues be an important challenge to educators. Since

the 1990s, the Philippine Educational system has been grappling with this

challenge. This DepEd ICT4E Strategic Plan is the most recent of various efforts

to transform basic education in the country. It has been developed collaboratively

by education stakeholders from all areas of the Philippines. It recognizes that ICT

provides schools and learners with exciting opportunities for learning and

collaboration. It provides a description of knowledge, understanding, skills,

capacities and values related to ICT that all learners in the Philippines should

have. Its goal is to continue to help our students develop abilities to seek,
evaluate, organize and present information; higher order thinking skills; habits of

life-long learning to fully

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participate in the information age; and an understanding of the pervasive impact

of ICT on their daily lives and the society.

The integration of ICT allows for personalized learning experiences

tailored to individual student needs. Adaptive learning technologies can assess a

student’s progress and adjust the difficulty level of tasks accordingly. A study by

Chen et al. (2021) highlighted that personalized learning through ICT leads to

better academic achievement as it accommodates different learning paces and

styles among elementary pupils. This individualized approach helps ensure that

all students can succeed regardless of their starting point.

ICT provides elementary pupils with unprecedented access to a wealth of

information and resources beyond traditional classroom materials. The internet

offers vast repositories of knowledge, including educational videos, articles, e-

books, and interactive simulations that enrich the curriculum. Research by

Hwang et al. (2022) emphasizes that access to diverse resources via ICT

enables students to explore topics more deeply and fosters critical thinking skills

as they learn to evaluate information from various sources.

For successful integration of ICT in teaching practices, ongoing

professional development for educators is crucial. Teachers must be equipped

with the necessary skills to utilize technology effectively in their classrooms. A

study by Ertmer & Ottenbreit-Leftwich (2019) found that teachers who received

training on

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integrating technology into their lessons were more confident in using these

tools, leading to improved student outcomes.

The Philippines has been compared to many South-East Asian countries

in recent years in terms of status of ICT within the education system. Many of our

neighbors have introduced ICT Strategic Plan or Policy documents in recent

years and many are further down the track of implementation and evaluation.

Synthesis of Related Literature

The Philippines has been compared to many South-East Asian

countries in recent years in terms of status of ICT within the education system.

Many of our neighbors have introduced ICT Strategic Plan or Policy documents

in recent years and many are further down the track of implementation and

evaluation.

Integrating ICT into elementary education is vital for enhancing

engagement, facilitating collaboration, personalizing learning experiences,

providing access to diverse resources, and ensuring teacher preparedness. As

technology continues to evolve rapidly, it is imperative for educational institutions

to embrace these changes in order to equip young learners with the skills they

need for success in the 21st century.

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Related Studies

A study conducted by Garcia and Martinez (2021) focused on the

integration of ICT tools in teaching literacy skills to Grade I pupils. The research

found that using interactive applications and digital storytelling significantly

enhanced students’ reading comprehension and vocabulary acquisition. The

study emphasized that technology can provide personalized learning

experiences, catering to individual student needs and promoting a love for

reading at an early age.

A study conducted by Reyes and Santos (2021) focused on the integration

of ICT in teaching Grade I pupils. The research highlighted that using digital tools

such as educational apps and interactive whiteboards significantly increased

student engagement and motivation. The findings suggested that when lessons

incorporated multimedia elements, students were more likely to participate

actively in classroom activities, leading to improved learning outcomes.

In 2022, a research project by Thompson et al. explored the effects of

gamified learning environments on Grade I pupils’ engagement and motivation.

The findings indicated that incorporating game-based learning platforms into the

curriculum led to increased participation and enthusiasm among students. This

study highlighted how ICT can transform traditional lessons into engaging

activities, making learning more enjoyable for young learners.

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In 2022, a study by Cruz et al. examined how ICT tools influenced literacy

development among Grade I pupils. The researchers found that integrating

technology into reading and writing activities helped enhance students’ literacy

skills. By utilizing e-books and online reading platforms, students demonstrated

better comprehension and vocabulary acquisition compared to traditional

methods.

A 2023 study by Lee et al. examined the role of parental involvement in

supporting ICT integration in Grade I classrooms. The researchers found that

when parents were actively engaged with technology-related homework or

projects, students demonstrated improved academic performance and greater

interest in their studies. This study underscored the importance of collaboration

between teachers and parents in leveraging technology for educational success.

Research conducted by Patel and Singh (2024) investigated how

integrating ICT into Grade I fostered critical thinking skills among pupils. The

study revealed that using digital simulations and interactive experiments allowed

students to explore scientific concepts more deeply, encouraging inquiry-based

learning. This approach not only enhanced understanding but also promoted

curiosity and analytical thinking.

In a longitudinal study published in 2025 by Nguyen et al., the impact of

using digital communication tools on social interaction among Grade I pupils was

analyzed. The results showed that integrating platforms for collaborative projects

helped students develop better communication skills and teamwork abilities,

essential for their social development. The research highlighted how technology

can facilitate peer interactions, even in a classroom setting.

Recently, the Philippine Government has shown serious commitment to

ICT in education in announcing a series of initiatives to apply ICT in teaching and

learning. These were aligned to the Millennium Development Goals and the

Education For All movements. Other policy documents such as: The Medium-

Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP), The Basic Education Sector

Reform Agenda (BESRA), The Basic Education Curriculum (BEC), Schools First

Initiative (SFI) and The National Action Plan to Achieve Education for All (EFA)

have stressed the importance of ICT in improving education in the country. These

have resulted in increased adoption of ICT across the education system.

Through this DepED ICT4E Strategic Plan, we will transform learners to

be proficient, adaptable lifelong learners where ICT plays a major role in creating

a new and improved model of teaching and learning where education happens

anytime, anywhere. DepED will lead and coordinate all ICT initiatives in basic

education involving all agencies and stakeholders. This ICT4E plan will provide a
threshold level of hardware for schools, training for teachers and any necessary

infrastructure 4 support. Schools that are more advanced in terms of ICT-

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readiness, teacher capability and physical conditions, will be able to acquire

more resources and support to progress at a faster pace. In continuance with the

policy for school-based management, the plan calls for schools to devise their

own ICT plans which closely align with the strategic directions laid out here to

best suit their individual needs.

The ICT-enhanced curriculum in elementary schools is envisioned to

provide for the development of the 21st century skills among 6–11-year-old

children. These skills enable all types of learners to utilize available and

appropriate ICT equipment/ facilities to address their daily life situations.

Specifically, the ICT curriculum in the elementary level focuses on the integration

of the use of ICT appropriately in the development of skills in all learning areas.

Through ICT, the learners will be able to acquire new skills and concepts in the

different learning areas. Likewise, thru the ICT-enhanced curriculum, the skills of

the learners in thinking critically, communicating, researching, problem solving,

producing and creating outputs in relation to their lessons are enhanced. A

design framework shall be developed to guide actual classroom implementation

of the ICT-enhanced curriculum.

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Synthesis of Related Literature

The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in

teaching elementary education has emerged as a pivotal factor in enhancing

teaching and learning processes. Emphasizes the critical role of integrating ICT

into elementary education as a means to enhance learning outcomes, improve

teacher confidence, foster collaboration among students, ensure adaptability

during crises like pandemics, and develop essential skills for future success.

These studies collectively affirm that integrating ICT in teaching

elementary education is vital for improving learning outcomes, enhancing teacher

confidence, fostering collaboration among students, ensuring adaptability during

unforeseen circumstances like pandemics, and developing crucial skills for future

success in an increasingly digital world. The evidence suggests that a strategic

approach to incorporating technology can lead to significant advancements in

both teaching methodologies and student achievement.

 The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in

teaching has become increasingly vital in the Philippines, particularly as the

country strives to enhance its educational system and prepare students for a

rapidly evolving digital world. This synthesis outlines several key aspects that

underscore the importance of ICT integration in Philippine education.

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One of the primary benefits of integrating ICT in teaching is its potential to

improve access to quality education, especially in remote and underserved

areas. The Philippines, being an archipelago with diverse geographical

challenges, often faces disparities in educational resources. By leveraging ICT

tools such as online learning platforms and digital resources, educators can

reach students who may not have access to traditional classroom settings. This

approach promotes inclusivity and ensures that all learners have opportunities to

engage with educational content.

The integration of ICT in education is crucial for equipping Filipino

students with essential 21st-century skills such as critical thinking, creativity,

collaboration, and digital literacy. As the global workforce increasingly demands

proficiency in technology-related competencies, it is imperative that the Philippine

education system adapts accordingly. By incorporating ICT into the curriculum,

students are not only exposed to technological tools but also learn how to use

them effectively for problem-solving and innovation.

 Integrating ICT into teaching practices also supports ongoing professional

development for educators. Training programs focused on technology use enable

teachers to enhance their pedagogical skills while staying updated on current

educational trends. In the Philippines, initiatives aimed at upskilling teachers in

ICT usage contribute significantly to their confidence and effectiveness in

delivering lessons that incorporate technology.

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Integrating ICT into teaching encourages a culture of lifelong learning

among both students and educators. Access to online resources allows learners

to pursue knowledge beyond the classroom setting at their own pace.

Additionally, teachers can continuously seek professional growth through online

courses and webinars focused on innovative teaching practices.

The integration of ICT into teaching within the Philippine educational

landscape is essential for enhancing access to quality education, improving

learning outcomes, developing critical skills for future success, supporting

teacher development, facilitating adaptive learning environments during crises

like pandemics, and fostering a culture of lifelong learning among all

stakeholders involved in education.