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Sync Machines Formula Sheet

This document provides key formulas and equations related to synchronous machines, including generators and motors. It covers topics such as EMF equations, synchronous speed, voltage regulation, power output, and torque equations. Additionally, it includes details on synchronous impedance, armature reaction, and various power calculations.

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lakshay
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203 views3 pages

Sync Machines Formula Sheet

This document provides key formulas and equations related to synchronous machines, including generators and motors. It covers topics such as EMF equations, synchronous speed, voltage regulation, power output, and torque equations. Additionally, it includes details on synchronous impedance, armature reaction, and various power calculations.

Uploaded by

lakshay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Formula Sheet: Synchronous Machines

(Generators + Motors)
EMF Equation of Synchronous Machine
E = 4.44 * f * N * Φ * Kf

• E = RMS value of generated EMF per phase (V)


• f = Frequency (Hz)
• N = Number of turns per phase
• Φ = Flux per pole (Weber)
• Kf = Form factor (typically 1.11 for sinusoidal waveform)

Synchronous Speed
Ns = (120 * f) / P

• Ns = Synchronous speed (RPM)


• f = Frequency (Hz)
• P = Number of poles

Generated EMF (Per Phase)


Ea = Φ * ω * Nph

• Ea = Induced EMF (V)


• Φ = Flux per pole (Wb)
• ω = Angular speed = 2 * π * Ns / 60 (rad/s)
• Nph = Number of series conductors per phase

Voltage Regulation (%)


Voltage Regulation = [(|E| - |V|) / |V|] * 100

• E = No-load EMF per phase


• V = Terminal voltage per phase

Power Output (3-phase)


P = √3 * V * I * cos(θ)

• P = Power output (W)


• V = Line voltage (V)
• I = Line current (A)
• cos(θ) = Power factor
Apparent Power
S = √3 * V * I

Reactive Power
Q = √3 * V * I * sin(θ)

Armature Reaction Voltage Drop


Ear = j * I * Xs

• Xs = Synchronous reactance
• I = Armature current

Synchronous Impedance
Zs = Ra + jXs

• Ra = Armature resistance
• Xs = Synchronous reactance

Phasor Equation
E = V + I * (Ra + jXs)

• E = Internal generated EMF


• V = Terminal voltage

Power Developed in Cylindrical Rotor


P = (EV/Xs) * sin(δ)

• E = Internal EMF
• V = Terminal voltage
• Xs = Synchronous reactance
• δ = Load angle or power angle

Power Developed in Salient Pole Rotor


P = (EV/Xd) * sin(δ) + (V^2/2) * (1/Xq - 1/Xd) * sin(2δ)

• Xd = Direct-axis synchronous reactance


• Xq = Quadrature-axis synchronous reactance

Excitation Voltage (OCC & SCC)


Zs = Voc / Isc

• Voc = Open-circuit voltage


• Isc = Short-circuit current
Slip Test Equations
Xd = (Vmax / Imin), Xq = (Vmin / Imax)

V-Curves
Plot of armature current (Ia) vs field current (If) at constant load

Maximum Power Condition


Pmax = (EV) / Xs at δ = 90°

Torque Equation
T = (3 * E * V * sin(δ)) / (ωs * Xs)

• T = Electromagnetic torque (Nm)


• ωs = Synchronous speed in rad/s

Synchronizing Power Coefficient


Ps = dP/dδ = (EV/Xs) * cos(δ)

Synchronizing Torque Coefficient


Ts = Ps / ωs

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