Chapter 1: Algebra Fundamentals
Section 1.4: Solving Linear Equations
● Linear Equations: Equations of the form ax+b=0 where a≠0.
○ Steps to solve:
1. Isolate the variable.
2. Simplify both sides.
3. Solve for the variable.
○ Example: Solve 2x−5=9: 2x=14⇒x=7
○ Applications of Linear Equations: Word problems involving distance, rate, and time, or money.
Section 1.5: Solving Linear Inequalities
● Linear Inequalities: An inequality of the form ax+b>cax+b>c, ax+b≤c, etc.
○ Steps to solve:
1. Isolate the variable just like solving an equation.
2. When multiplying/dividing by a negative number, flip the inequality sign.
3. Graph the solution on a number line.
○ Example: Solve −3x+4≥10
−3x≥6⇒ x≤−2
○ Compound Inequalities: Solving inequalities involving "and" and "or".
○ Example (and): 1<x≤4
○ Example (or): x<−1 or x>3x>3
Chapter 2: Functions and Graphs
Section 2.1: Functions
● Definition of a Function: A relation where every input has exactly one output.
○ Example: f(x)=2x+1
● Domain and Range:
○ Domain: The set of all possible inputs (x-values).
○ Range: The set of all possible outputs (y-values).
● Function Notation: f(x) represents the output of the function f at input x.
Section 2.2: Graphs of Functions
● Graphing Functions: Plot points for specific values of x, then connect the points smoothly.
○ Example: For f(x)=x2, plot points like (−2,4), (−1,1), (0,0), etc.
● Key Features of Graphs:
○ Intercepts: Where the graph crosses the axes.
○ Symmetry: Determine if the graph is symmetric about the y-axis or origin.
○ Increasing and Decreasing Intervals: Find where the function is rising or falling.
Section 2.3: Transformations of Functions
● Shifts:
○ Horizontal shift: f(x−h)
○ Vertical shift: f(x)+k
● Reflections:
○ Reflection across the x-axis: −f(x)
○ Reflection across the y-axis: f(−x)
● Stretches and Compressions:
○ Vertical stretch: a⋅f(x) where a>1.
○ Vertical compression: a⋅f(x) where 0<a<1
Chapter 3: Trigonometry
Section 3.1: Trigonometric Functions
● The Unit Circle: Definition of sine, cosine, and tangent using the unit circle.
○ Sine (sin) is the y-coordinate, and cosine (cos) is the x-coordinate of a point on the unit circle.
○ Tangent (tan) is sinθ/cosθ.
● Right Triangle Definition:
○ sinθ=opposite/hypotenuse
○ cosθ=adjacent/hypotenuse
○ tanθ=opposite/adjacent
○ Basic Trigonometric Identities:
○ sin^2 θ+cos^2 θ=1
○ 1+tan^2 θ=sec^2 θ
○ 1+cot^2 θ=csc^2 θ
Section 3.2: Graphs of Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions
● Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions:
○ Amplitude: The height of the wave from the midline.
○ Period: The length of one complete cycle of the wave.
○ For y=sin(x), the amplitude is 1, and the period is 2π.
○ Horizontal shifts: y=sin(x−h)
○ Vertical shifts: y=sin(x)+k
● Graphing Tangent Function:
○ The period of y=tan(x) is π.
○ Asymptotes occur where cos(x)=0.
