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13th NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION – September, 2012

FOR
ENERGY MANAGERS & ENERGY AUDITORS

PAPER – 3: Energy Efficiency in Electrical Utilities

Date: 16.9.2012 Timings: 0930-1230 HRS Duration: 3 HRS

Max. Marks: 150

Section – I: OBJECTIVE TYPE Marks: 50 x 1 = 50

(i) Answer all 50 questions

(ii) Each question carries one mark

In a 22 kV feeder, if the voltage is raised from 22 kV to 66 kV for the same loading conditions,
1 the voltage drop in the same feeder system would be lowered to

a) 1/2 b) 1/3 c) 1/9 d) unpredictable value

Normally, the efficiency of distribution transformer at full load varies anywhere between
2
a) 96 to 99 % b) 80 to 85 % c) 60 to 70% d) 50%- 60%
3 What is the reduction in distribution loss if the current flowing through the distribution line is
reduced by 10%?

a)10% b) 90% c) 19% d) 81%

4 Power factor is the ratio of

a) kVAr/kW b) (kW 2+kVAr2)1/2/kW

c) kW/ (kW 2+kVAr2)1/2 d) kVAr/ (kW 2+kVAr2)1/2

5 The electricity bill shows an average power factor of 0.72 with an average kW demand of 627.
How much kVAr is required to improve the power factor to 0.95? (Given Data: tan 1 = 0.964,
tan 2 = 0.329)

a) 398 b) 144 c) 95 d) 627

6 Where transformer loading is known, the actual transformer loss at a given load can be
computed as:

a) No Load Loss+ (Actual kVA Load/rated kVA) X Load Loss

2
b) No Load Loss+ (Actual kVA Load/rated kVA) X Load Loss
2
c) No Load Loss+ (Actual kVA Load/rated kVA) X Load Loss
2
d ) [No Load Loss+{ (Actual kVA Load/rated kVA) X Load Loss}]

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7 Direct current motors are used in special applications where

a) high torque starting or where smooth acceleration over a broad speed range is required.
b) low torque starting or where steady acceleration over a narrow speed range is required.
c) normal torque starting or where high acceleration over a broad speed range is required.
d) low torque starting or where smooth acceleration over a broad speed range is required.

8 A 3-phase, 415 volts, 50 Hz, 100 kW, 6 pole squirrel cage induction motor with a rated slip of
2% will have a full load rotor speed of

(a) 1470 rpm (b) 980 rpm (c) 1020 rpm (d) none of the above

9 In an induction motor the loss which is independent of motor load

a) I2R loss of stator b) I2R loss of rotor c) friction and windage loss d) all of the above

10 Rewinding can affect which of the following factors that contribute to deterioration in motor
efficiency:

a) winding and slot design and winding material selection

b) heat applied to strip windings, damage the insulation between laminations, thereby
increasing eddy current losses
c) change in the air gap may affect power factor and output torque
d) all the above

11 If measured Line Current of a 3 phase induction motor is 25.98 A, what will be the Phase
Current?

a) 15 A b) 45 A c) 8.96 A d) 30 A

12 The efficiency of compressed air system is around

a) 90% b) 60% c) 50% d) 10%

13
The basic function of air dryer in a compressed air system is to
a) remove remaining traces of moisture after the aftercooler
b ) store and smoothen pulsating air output
c) reduce the temperature of the air before it enters the next state to increase efficiency
d) prevent dust from entering compressor

14
Select the correct statement for reciprocating air compressors:
a) for every 4oC drop in the inlet air temperature, the increase in energy consumption is by 1%.
b) for every 4 oC rise in the inlet air temperature, the decrease in energy consumption is by 1%
c) for every 4 oC rise in the inlet air temperature, the increase in energy consumption is by 1%
d) the energy consumption remains same irrespective of inlet air temperature

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15
Which of the following parameters is not required for evaluating volumetric efficiency of the
compressor?
a) FAD b) Cylinder bore diameter c) Stroke length d) Power input

16
Which of the following will not occur if a reciprocating compressor is operated at a lower
discharge pressure?
a) lower power consumption
b) less load on the piston rods and hence reduced maintenance costs
c) lower leakage losses
d) lower free air delivery than rated

17 Which type of energy efficient dryer can be opted if a user in a plant requires compressed air
at a dew point of -40°C ?

a) heatless purge type dryer b) heat of compression dryer

c) aftercooler d) refrigerant dryers
18 A 1.5 TR room air conditioner having EER (W/W) of 3.0 , will draw input power of______ kW

a) 1.75 b) 3.00 c) 1.50 d) 2.00

19 Identify the wrong statement from the following regarding Vapour Compression Refrigeration
system

a) condenser rejects heat to atmosphere

b) evaporator removes heat from process or space
c) compressor sends superheated vapor to condenser
d) high pressure sub-cooled liquid refrigerant returns back to evaporator
20 The head developed by a centrifugal pump is not directly proportional to

a) Impeller diameter b) Shaft speed

c) Number of impellers d) Diameter of discharge port

21 Which of the following is incorrect in the case of cooling towers

a)"Range" is the difference between the cooling tower water inlet and outlet temperature.
b) "Approach" is the difference between the cooling tower outlet cold water temperature and
ambient wet bulb temperature.
d)'Range' is a better indicator of cooling tower performance.
e) Cooling capacity is the heat rejected in kCal/hr or TR
22 Identify the correct statement:

a) the Specific Ratio of Compressors is higher than Blowers

b) the Specific Ratio of Fans is higher than Blowers
c) the Specific Ratio of Compressors is lower than Fans
d) the Specific Ratio of Blowers is higher than Compressors

23 Two energy auditors made following statements regarding Vapour compressor Refrigeration
system and what will be your judgement?

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Statement A: Reducing condensing temperature by 5.5°C, results in a 20 – 25% decrease in

compressor power consumption
Statement B: 5.5°C increase in evaporator temperature reduces compressor power
consumption by 20 – 25%

a) statements A & B are TRUE b) statements A & B are FALSE

c) statement A is TRUE & B is FALSE d) statement A is FALSE & B is TRUE
24 Decreasing the rpm of a fan at partial loading by 10% results in:

a) decrease of 10% in flow rate and decrease of 27% in power requirement

b) decrease of 10% in flow rate and decrease of 19% in power requirement
c) decrease of 10% in flow rate and increase of 10% in power requirement
d) increase of 10% in flow rate and no appreciable change in power requirement
25
The power drawn by a centrifugal fan is
a) inversely proportional to fan efficiency b) directly proportional to fan efficiency

c) inversely proportional to static pressure d) inversely proportional to flow rate

26 The frictional loss in a piping system is proportional to

a) flow b) flow2 c) 1/flow d) 1/flow2

27 For the same flow, through which of the following diameter pipes, the pump will work with
maximum pressure?

a) 100 mm b) 150 mm c) 200 mm d) 250 mm

28 It is possible to run pumps in parallel if their _________________ are similar.

a) suction heads b) discharge heads c) closed valve heads d) none of the above
29 Input power to the motor driving a pump is 20 kW. The motor efficiency is 0.9 and pump
efficiency is 0.7. The power transmitted to the water is

a) 12.6 kW b) 18.0 kW c) 14.0 kW d) 31.75 kW

30 Small by-pass lines are installed in pumps some times to _____.

a) increase flow b) control pump delivery head

c) prevent pump running at zero flow d) reduce pump power consumption
3 o o
31 The refrigeration load in TR when 10 m /hr of water is cooled from a 15 C to 7 C is about

a) 10 b) 8 c) 26.5 d) none of the above

32 The order of movement of thermal energy in HVAC system is:

a) Indoor air - Chilled water - Refrigerant-Condenser water- Cooling tower

b) Chilled water - Indoor air - Refrigerant-Cooling tower - Condenser water
c) Indoor air - Condenser water - Chilled water - Cooling tower - Refrigerant
d) Indoor air - Chilled water – Refrigerant - Cooling tower - Condenser water
33 In a cooling tower,
Statement A: Surface of heat exchange is the surface area of the water droplets, which is in

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contact with air.

Statement B: Area of heat exchange is the surface area of the fill sheets, which is in contact
with air.

a) statements A & B are false b) statement A is True & B is false

c) statements A & B are True d) statement A is false & B is True
34 If the evaporation loss is 16 m3 /hr per cell and Cycles of Concentration is 3, the blow down
requirement in m3 /hr per cell of a cooling tower:

a) 8 b) 5.33 c) 4 d) 2
35 Cycles of Concentration (C.O.C) of a cooling tower will depend on

a) TDS in circulating water b) TDS in make-up water

c) both a & b d) none of the above
36 The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) of window of a building is 0.30. This means:

a) That the window allows 70 % of the sun's heat to pass through into interior of the buildings
b) That the window allows 30 % of the sun's heat to pass through into the building
interior
c) That 70 % of the sun's heat is incident on the window
d) That the window reflects back to exterior a minimum of 30 % of the sun's heat

37 FRP fans consume less energy than aluminium fans because

a) they are lighter b) they have better efficiencies

c) they encounter less system resistance d) they deliver less air flow

38 The hydraulic power in a pumping system depends on

a) motor efficiency b) pump efficiency

c) both motor and pump efficiency d) none of the above
39 The most energy intensive heat transfer loop of a Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
is:

a) Indoor air loop b) Chilled water loop

c) Refrigerant loop d) Condenser water loop
40 The efficiency of a pump does not depend on

a) suction head b) discharge head c) motor efficiency d) density of fluid

41 The power factor of a squirrel cage induction motor

a) decreases at low motor loading b) decreases at high motor loading

c) remains constant and is independent of load d) cannot be predicted
42 The slip of a synchronous motor will be

a) more than the induction motor b) less than the induction motor
c) zero d) load dependent

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43 In BEE Star labeled distribution transformers, which of following losses are defined?

a) total loss at 50% and 100% loading b) total loss at 75 % loading

c) total loss at 75% and 100% loading d) total loss at 100% loading
44 To optimize the voltage level fed to the lighting feeder, the best option is to install.

a) servo stabilizer for lighting feeder b) "exclusive" transformer for lighting

c) microprocessor based controllers d) high frequency (HF) electronic ballasts
45 Which one of the following device will help to eliminate the hunting problems normally
associated with capacitor switching?

a) Intelligent Power Factor Controller b) maximum demand controller

c) soft starter d) eddy current drives
46 Which one of the following is an incorrect statement?

a) fluorescent lamp is an electric discharge lamp

b) electronic ballasts make use of semi-conductor devices
c) electronic ballasts have very low internal loss
d) fluorescent lamps can produce light by direct connection to the power source
47 A 2500 MW super thermal power station generated 15786 million units in the year 2011-12. Its
Plant Load Factor (PLF) is:

a) 60% b) 65% c) 72% d) 79%

48 Which of the following statements is not true of maximum demand controller

a) switches off non-essential loads in Logical sequence.

b) alarm is sounded when demand approaches a preset value.
c) voltage level is closely regulated
d) plant equipment selected for the load management can be programmed
49 The main reason for using Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) for capacity control in electrical
motor driven centrifugal fans with fluctuating load is :

a) improved power quality

b) fan capacity is proportional to its speed whereas the power drawn by the fan is
proportional to the cube of its speed
c) improved power factor
d) precise closed loop process control
50 Select the incorrect statement:

a) harmonics occur as spikes at intervals which are multiples of the supply frequency
b) harmonics are multiples of the fundamental frequency
c) induction motors are the major sources of harmonics
d) transformers operating near saturation level create harmonics

Section – II: SHORT DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 8 x 5 = 40

(i) Answer all Eight questions

(ii) Each question carries Five marks

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List any five industrial applications of a heat pump.

S-1
Industrial heat pumps are mainly used for:
Ans
1. Space heating
2. Heating of process streams
3. Water heating for washing, sanitation and cleaning
4. Steam production
5. Drying/dehumidification
6. Evaporation
7. Distillation
8. Concentration

S-2 A pump is delivering 64 m3/hr of water with a discharge head of 26 metres. The water is drawn
from a sump where water level is 3 metres below the pump centerline. The power drawn by
the motor is 8.89 kW at 88% motor efficiency. Find out the pump efficiency
Ans Hydraulic power Ph = Q (m3/s) xTotal head, hd - hs (m) x r (kg/m3) x g (m/s2) / 1000

Q = 64/3600 m3/s , hd - hs = 26 – (-3) = 29 m

Hydraulic power Ph = (64/3600) x 29 x 1000 x 9.81 / 1000

= 5.0576 kW

Pump shaft power = 8.89 kW x 0.88

= 7.8232 kW

Pump efficiency = hydraulic power / pump shaft power

= 5.0576 / 7.8232

= 64.65 %

How do the Time-Of-Day (TOD) metering and billing benefit the utilities as well as consumers?
S-3
ToD meter records demand, time, and energy and the ToD tariff are set in such a way that
Ans
higher rates at peak load periods and lower rates at off-peak load periods. The billing as per
ToD tariff benefits the consumers to avail maximum power and energy at off-peak hours at
lowest tariff ; and the higher peak period tariff dis-incentivise for increased drawl at peak
period. This results effective maximum demand reduction to the utility, and in turn savings in
peak time power procurement at higher rate as well as maximising the load factor for resulting
better financials to the utility.

Explain briefly the difference between static and dynamic head of a centrifugal pumping
S-4
system.
Static head is simply the difference in height of the supply and destination reservoirs and it is
independent of flow.

Dynamic head is the friction loss, on the liquid being moved, in pipes, valves and equipment in
the system. The friction losses are proportional to the square of the flow rate.

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S-5
Compute AT & C (Aggregate Technical and Commercial) Losses for the following data:

S. No. Description Annual

Data
1 Input Energy = (Import-Export), MU 11
2a Energy Billed (Metered), MU 7
2b Energy Billed (Un-Metered), MU 1
2c Total Energy Billed 8
3 Amount Billed (Rs. lakhs ) 450
4a Gross Amount Collected (Rs. lakhs) 460
4b Arrears Collected (Rs. lakhs) 40
Ans
Estimation of AT & C Losses
S. No. Description Annual
Data
1 Input Energy = (Import-Export), MU Ei 11
2a Energy Billed (Metered), MU E1 7
2b Energy Billed (Un-Metered), MU E2 1
2c Total Energy Billed ( E1 + E2 ) Eb 8
3 Amount Billed (Rs. lakhs ) Ab 450
4a Gross Amount Collected (Rs. lakhs) AG 460
4b Arrears Collected (Rs. lakhs) Ar 40
4c Amount Collected without Arrears (Rs. lakhs) Ac=AG-Ar 420
5 Billing Efficiency (BE) = Eb/Ei *100% 72.7%
6 Collection Efficiency(CE) =Ac/Ab *100% 93.3%
7 AT& C Loss {1- (BE *CE ) 32.17%
*100%

S-6
A DG set is operating at 700 kW load with 450OC exhaust gas temperature. The DG set
generates 7.8 kg of exhaust gas/ kWh generated. The specific heat of gas at 430oC is 0.25
kCal/ kgOC. A heat recovery boiler is installed after which the exhaust temperature drops to
220OC. How much steam will be generated at 3 kg/ cm2 with enthalpy of 650.57 kcal/ kg.
Assume boiler feed water temperature as 65oC.

Ans
= 700 kWh x 7.8 kg gas generated/ kWh output x 0.25 kCal/ kg oC x (450oC-220 oC) =3,13,950
kCal/hr

Steam generation = 3,13,950 kCal/hr / (650.57 – 65) = 536.14 kg/ hr.

S-7
An energy audit of a fan was carried out. It was observed that the fan was delivering 18,500
Nm3/hr of air with static pressure rise of 45 mm WC. The power measurement of the 3-phase
induction motor coupled with the fan recorded 2.9 kW/ phase on an average. The motor
operating efficiency was assessed as 88% from the motor performance curves. What would
be the fan static efficiency?

Ans
Q = 18,500 Nm3 / hr.= 5.13888 m3/sec ,
SP = 45 mmWC,
ηSt = ?,

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Power input to motor= 2.9x3=8.7 kW

Power input to fan shaft=8.7 x0.88=7.656 kW

Fan static η = Volume in m3/sec x ∆Pst in mmWc

102 x Power input to shaft

= 5.13888 x 45
102 x 7.656
= 0.296
= 29.6%

S-8
List down any 5 energy conservation opportunities in compressed air system

Ans
§ Ensure air intake to compressor is not warm and humid by locating compressors
in well-ventilated area or by drawing cold air from outside. Every 40C rise in air
inlet temperature will increase power consumption by 1 percent.

§ Clean air-inlet filters regularly. Compressor efficiency will be reduced by 2 percent

for every 250 mm WC pressure drop across the filter.

§ Keep compressor valves in good condition by removing and inspecting once every
six months. Worn-out valves can reduce compressor efficiency by as much as 50
percent.

§ Install manometers across the filter and monitor the pressure drop as a guide to
replacement of element.

§ Minimize low-load compressor operation; if air demand is less than 50 percent of

compressor capacity, consider change over to a smaller compressor or reduce
compressor speed appropriately (by reducing motor pulley size) in case of belt
driven compressors.

§ Consider the use of regenerative air dryers, which uses the heat of compressed
air to remove moisture.

§ Fouled inter-coolers reduce compressor efficiency and cause more water

condensation in air receivers and distribution lines resulting in increased
corrosion. Periodic cleaning of inter-coolers must be ensured.

§ Compressor free air delivery test (FAD) must be done periodically to check the
present operating capacity against its design capacity and corrective steps must
be taken if required.

§ If more than one compressor is feeding to a common header, compressors must

be operated in such a way that only one small compressor should handle the load
variations whereas other compressors will operate at full load.

Any other relevant point

-------- End of Section II ---------

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Section – III: LONG DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 6 x 10 = 60

(i) Answer all Six questions

(ii) Each question carries Ten marks

L-1
a) In a cooling tower, the cooling water circulation rate is 1200 m3/hr. The water enters the
cooling tower at 38oC. The ambient wet bulb temperature is 26oC. The cooling tower operates
with an approach of 4oC. If the blowdown rate of the cooling tower is 1 % of the circulation
rate, calculate the evaporation loss and COC.

b) A medium scale industry has a load of 450 kVA. It has installed two transformers of 500
kVA each. The no load loss and full load copper loss are 760 W and 5400 W respectively.
From the energy efficiency point of view the management wants to take a decision on whether
to operate a single transformer on full load or two transformers equally sharing the load. What
is your recommendation ? Why?
Ans
a) Leaving cold water temperature = 26 + 4 = 30oC
Evaporation Loss (m3/hr) = 0.00085 x 1.8 x circulation rate (m3/hr) x (T1 –T2)

= 0.00085 x 1.8 x 1200 x 8

= 14.69 m3/hr

Blowdown = 12 m3/hr
Blowdown = Evaporation loss / (COC – 1)
12 = 14.69 / (COC – 1)
COC = 2.224
b)
1 x 500 kVA

Transformer loss at 450 No load loss + [kVA load/Rated kVA]2 x full

load loss
760 + 4374
5134 W

2 x 500 at 50% load 2 x {760 + [225/500]2 x 5400}

3707 W

Two transformers are better because the losses are the least.

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L-2
Fill in the blanks for the following

1. A motor which can conveniently be operated at lagging as well as leading power

factors is the___________ motor
2. A 50 Hz, 3-phase induction motor has a full load speed of 1440 r.p.m. The number of
poles of the motor are______

3. In a centrifugal pump the velocity energy is converted to pressure energy by _____

4. In a centrifugal pump if the liquid to be pumped has density twice that of water, then
the horse power required (as compared to that while pumping water) will be______
times

5. The friction loss in a pipe carrying a fluid is proportional to the fifth power of
_________
6. A 10 MVA generator has power factor 0.866 lagging. The reactive power produced will
be ______ MVAR
7. Totally-enclosed, fan cooled (TEFC) motors are______ efficient than Screen –
protected, drip-proof (SPDP) induction motors
8. Low speed Squirrel cage induction motors are normally ______efficient than high
speed squirrel cage induction motors
9. Harmonics in electricity supply are multiples of the ________frequency
10. For the same rating, slip ring induction motors are normally _________efficient than
squirrel cage induction motors

Ans
1. Synchronous
2. 4
3. volute or diffuser
4. 2
5. pipe diameter
6. 5
7. more
8. less
9 fundamental
10 less

3
L-3 a) Calculate the free air delivery (FAD) in m /min of a compressor for the following observed
data:
3
Receiver capacity: 0.25 m
2
Initial pressure: 1 kg/cm (g)
2
Final pressure: 7 kg/cm (g)
o
Initial temperature: 32 C
o
Final temperature: 52 C
3
Additional holdup volume: 0.05 m
Compressor pump up time: 2.1 minutes
b) Identify the following statements as applicable to Vapor Compression Refrigeration System

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(VCR) or to Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System(VAR).

I. The system operates under vacuum - ________(VCR/VAR)

II. Uses water as a refrigerant - ________(VCR/VAR)
III. Uses large amount of high-grade energy - ________(VCR/VAR)
IV. COP decreases considerably with decrease in evaporator pressure -
________(VCR/VAR)
V. The system can work on lower evaporator pressures also without affecting the COP -
________(VCR/VAR)
Ans
P2 − P1 V  273 + t1 
Q = × ×  
P0 t  273 + t 2 

7 − 1 (0.25 + 0.05)  273 + 32 

= × × 
1.026 2.1  273 + 52 
= 0.784 m3/min

I. The system operates under vacuum VAR

II. Uses water as a refrigerant VAR
III. Using large amount of high-grade energy VCR
IV. The COP decreases considerably with decrease in evaporator pressure. VCR
V. The system can work on lower evaporator pressures also without affecting the COP
VAR

The measured values of a water cooled 20 TR package air conditioning plant are given
L-4
below:
Average air velocity across suction side filter: 2.5 m/s
Cross Sectional area of suction: 2.4 m2
Inlet air : Dry Bulb:20 deg. C, Wet Bulb: 14 deg. C; Enthalpy: 9.37 k Cal per kg
Outlet air: Dry Bulb: 12.7 deg. C, Wet Bulb: 11.3 deg. C; Enthalpy: 7.45 k Cal per kg
Specific volume of Air: 0.85 m3/kg
Power drawn: by Compressor : 18.42 k W
by Pump : 2.1 k W
by Evaporator Fan : 1.25 k W

Calculate the following:

i. Air Flow rate
ii. Cooling effect delivered
iii. Compressor kW/TR
iv. Overall kW/TR
v. Overall Energy Efficiency ratio in W/W

i. Air flow rate = 2.5*2.4 = 6 m3/sec = 21600 m3/hr

Ans
ii. Cooling Effect delivered = [(9.37-7.45)*21600]/(0.85*3024) = 16.13 TR = 56.73 kW
iii. Compressor kW/TR = 18.42 /16.13 = 1.13
iv. Overall kW/TR = (18.42+2.1+1.25)/16.13 = 1.35
v. Energy Efficiency Ratio(EER) in W/W = 56.73/21.77 = 2.606

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L-5
a) How do you calculate the velocity of air/gas in a duct using the average differential
pressure and density of the air/gas?

b) A no load test was conducted in a delta connected 37 kW induction motor.

Nameplate data- 3 Phase, 415 V, 50 Hz, 55 Amp

Measured data at no load:
Voltage, V = 415 Volts; Current, I = 17 Amps; Frequency, F = 50 Hz;
Stator phase resistance at 30°C = 0.24 Ohms/ phase
No load power = 955 Watts

i. Find out Iron Loss plus Friction Loss plus Windage Loss
ii. Stator Copper Loss at name plate ratings(full load), considering stator temperature
=120 °C
iii. No load power factor of the motor

Ans
a) Ans:
Velocity V, m/s = CP x (2 x 9.81 p x y)1/2
y

Cp = Pitot tube constant, 0.85 (or) as given by the manufacturer

p = Average differential pressure measured by pitot tube by taking

measurement at number of points over the entire cross section of the duct.
= Density at air/ gas at test condition

b) Let Iron Loss plus Friction Loss plus Windage Loss be Pi+fw
Stator Copper Loss, Pst, 30°C = 3X (17/ 3)2X0.24 = 69.36 Watt
Pi+fw = Pnl - Pst= 955 – 69.36 = 885 .64

Stator resistance at 120 °C = 0.24x[(120+235)/[(30+235)] = 0.322 Ohms

Stator Copper Loss at name plate ratings = 3x(55/ 3) 2 X0.322 = 974.05 Watt
No load power factor= 955/(1.7321x415x17)=0.078

Answer any two of the following :

L-6
(i) two most important electrical parameters, which are to be monitored for safe
operation of Diesel Generator set
(ii) Slip method of motor load assessment
(iii) Five options for electricity distribution loss optimization
(iii) Five energy conservation opportunities in pumping system

Ans (i) two most important electrical parameters, which are to be monitored for safe
operation of Diesel Generator set are KVA and kW

(ii) Slip method of motor load assessment

In the absence of a power meter, the slip method can be used which requires a tachometer.
The percentage loading can be calculated as follows:

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Slip
Load = *100%
Ss − Sr
Where:
Load = Output power as a % of rated power
Slip = Synchronous speed - Measured speed in rpm
Ss = Synchronous speed in rpm at the operating frequency
Sr = Nameplate full-load speed

Slip also varies inversely with respect to the motor terminal voltage squared. A voltage
correction factor can, also, be inserted into the slip load equation. The voltage
compensated load can be calculated as shown

Where:
Load = Output power as a % of rated power
Slip = Synchronous speed - Measured speed in rpm
Ss = Synchronous speed in rpm
Sr = Nameplate full-load speed
V = RMS voltage, mean line to line of 3 phases
Vr = Nameplate rated voltage

iii) Five options for electricity distribution loss optimization

• minimising length of distribution lines

• adequate Size of Conductors
• installaing Distribution Transformers (DTR) at load center on the Secondary
Distribution System
• Maintaining high Power Factor
• High Voltage Distribution System (HVDS)
• Incorporating Amorphous Core Transformers

Any other relevant point

iv) Five energy conservation opportunities in pumping system

• Ensure adequate NPSH at site of installation

• Operate pumps near best efficiency point.
• Modify pumping system/pumps losses to minimize throttling.
• Adapt to wide load variation with variable speed drives
• Stop running multiple pumps - add an auto-start for an on-line spare or add a
booster pump in the problem area.
• Conduct water balance to minimise water consumption
• Replace old pumps by energy efficient pumps

Any other relevant point

. End of Section III

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14th NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION 2013

FOR
ENERGY MANAGERS & ENERGY AUDITORS

PAPER – 3: Energy Efficiency in Electrical Utilities

Date: 25.08.2013 Timings: 0930 – 1230 HRS Duration: 3 HRS Max. Marks: 150

Section – I: OBJECTIVE TYPE Marks: 50 x 1 = 50

(i) Answer all 50 questions

(ii) Each question carries one mark
(iii) Please hatch the appropriate oval in the OMR answer sheet with HB Pencil,
as per instructions

1. The gross efficiency of a coal based power generating unit with a gross heat rate of
2490 kcal/kWh is

a) 40% b) 34.5 % c) 33.3% d) 45.2%

2. The efficiencies of a power plant and transmission systems are 40%, and 97%
respectively. The percentage loss of the distribution system of the same network is
23% . The cascade efficiency of generation ,transmission and distribution system is
given by

a)8,92 % b) 29.87% c) 40 % d) 23%

3. The rating of power factor correction capacitors at induction motor terminals should be

a) 90% of no load magnetizing kVAr of induction motor

b)100 % of no load magnetizing kVAr of induction motor
c) 80% of no load magnetizing kVAr of induction motor
d) none of the above
4. Select the correct statement: Power factor

a) is the ratio of active and reactive power

b) is the ratio of reactive and apparent power
c) is the ratio of active and apparent power
d) of a pure inductive and capacitive load is unity
5. The Energy Performance Index (EPI) of a building as per Energy Conservation Building
Code (ECBC) and as defined in the Energy Conservation Act,2001 is:

a) kWh per square meter per year b) kWh per square meter
c) kW per square meter d) kWh per year

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6. If the maximum demand is 3500 kVA at 0.88 p.f., the maximum demand will reduce
by______ kVA if PF is improved to 0.98 :

a) 3143 b) 357 c) 3897 d) maximum demand will not reduce

7. The performance of rewinding of an induction motor can be assessed by which of the

following factors?

a) no load current b) stator resistance per phase

c) load current d) both no load current and stator resistance per phase
8. For a synchronous speed of 1500 rpm, at a given mains frequency of 50 Hz, the
induction motor will have _________number of poles.

a) 8 b) 6 c) 4 d) 2
9. A 7.5 kW, 415 V, 14.5 A, 1460 RPM rated 3 phase induction motor with full load
efficiency of 90%, draws 9.1 A and 4.6 kW of input power. The percentage loading of
the motor is about

a) 55.2 % b) 61.3 % c) 67.5 % d) none of the above

10. The power input to a rotor of three phase induction motor is 42.3 kW. If the induction
motor is operating at a slip of 1.30 % the total mechanical power developed will be :

a) 42.3 kW b) 41.75 kW c) 5.48 kW d) 47.79 kW

11. If the apparent power drawn over a recording cycle of 30 minutes is 5000 kVA for 0.5
minutes, 3400 kVA for 20 minutes and 1800 for 9.5 minutes, the MD recorder will
compute MD as

a) 5000 kVA b) 3400 kVA c) 2920 kVA d) 1800 kVA

12. The rating of the p.f correction capacitors at motor terminals for a 37 kW, 2 poles
induction motor will be______ in comparison to the same sized induction motor of 6
poles

a) more b) less c) same d) sometime less or more

13. Which parameters need to be measured to assess the percentage loading of a motor by
slip method neglecting voltage correction?

a) motor speed b) synchronous speed

c) operating motor speed and frequency d) operating current

14. Isothermal power of a compressor depends on

a) absolute intake pressure b) pressure ratio

c) free air delivered d) all of the above

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15. Reduction in the delivery pressure of an air compressor working at 7 bar, by 1 bar would
reduce the power consumption by

a) 2 – 3 % b) 4 - 5 % c) 6 - 10 % d) none of the above

16. Which of the following is correct for air compressors?

a) for every 5.5oC drop in the inlet air temperature, the increase in energy
consumption is by 2%
b) for every 4oC rise in the inlet air temperature, the increase in energy
consumption is by 1%
c) for every 4oC rise in the inlet air temperature, the decrease in energy
consumption is by 1%
d) the energy consumption remains same irrespective of inlet air temperature
17. The Free Air Delivery of a reciprocating air compressor is directly proportional to

a) speed b) pressure c) volume d) all of the above

18. Which of these desiccant compressed air dryers uses dry compressed air for
regenerating the desiccant?

a) blower reactivated type b) heatless purge type

c) heat of compression type d) all of the above
19. The unit of specific humidity in a psychrometric chart is

a) grams moisture/kg of dry air b) moisture percentage in air

c) grams moisture/kg of air d) all of the above
20. The COP of a vapour compression refrigeration system is 3.1 If the motor draws power
of 9.3 kW at an operating efficiency of 88%, the tonnage of refrigeration system is about

a) 8.2 b) 9.3 c) 7.2 d) none of the above

21. Chilled water enters an evaporator at 100C and leaves at 60C. The flow rate of chilled
water was measured as 200 m3/hr. The tons of refrigeration capacity is

a) 265 b) 200 c) 661 d) 2.65

22. In an air conditioning system analysis which one temperature is sufficient to determine
the enthalpy of air?

a) dry bulb temperature b) wet bulb temperature

c) ambient temperature d) none of the above
23. The head generated by a centrifugal pump is:

a) independent of the density of the liquid being pumped

b) directly proportional to the density of the liquid being pumped
c) inversely proportional to the density of the liquid being pumped
d) proportional to the square of the density of the liquid being pumped

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24. The driving force for refrigeration in a vapour absorption refrigeration system is

a) mechanical energy b) electrical energy

c) thermal energy d) chemical energy
25. Which of the following happens to air when it is cooled through evaporation process?

a) humidity ratio of the air decreases

b) dry bulb temperature of air decreases
c) dry bulb temperature of air increases
d) enthalpy of outlet air is less than enthalpy of inlet air
26. The relation between COP and kW/TR for a refrigeration system is given by

a) kW/TR = 3.516/COP b) kW/TR = COP /3.516

c) kW/TR = 860/COP d) none of the above
27. In which of the following fans the air does not change flow direction from suction to
discharge?

a) tube axial fan b) vane axial fan c) propeller fan d) all of the above
28. The parameter used by ASME to classify fans, blowers and compressors is

a) volume ratio b) specific ratio c) blade ratio d) impeller ratio

29. The pressure to be considered for calculating the power required for centrifugal fans
is___
a) vapour pressure b) dynamic pressure
c) total static pressure d) velocity pressure
30. The inclined manometer connected to a pitot tube is used for measuring which pressure
in a gas stream?

a) velocity b) static c) total d) all of the above

31. If the power drawn by the motor driving a pump is 20 kW at a 91% efficiency, and the
hydraulic power of a motor pump set is 12.5 kW, the pump efficiency will be__

a) 68.7% b) 62.5% c) 56.8% d) none of the above

32. Which of the following is not true for impeller trimming?

a) pressure  diameter b) head  diameter2

c) power  diameter3 d) flow  diameter
33. If the speed of the pump is doubled, power goes up by

a) 2 times b) 6 times c) 8 times d) 4 times

34. The preferred method of flow control for reducing pump flow permanently in a pumping
system is-------

a) throttling b) speed control c) impeller trimming d) none of the above

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35. A water pump is delivering 20 m3/hr at ambient conditions. The impeller diameter is
trimmed by 10%. This will reduce the pump discharge by

a) 18 m3/hr b) 2 m3/hr c) 0.2 m3/hr d) none of the above

36. Increasing the suction pipe diameter in a pumping system will

a) reduce NPSHA b) increase NPSHA

c) decrease NPSHR d) increase NPSHR
37. The range of a cooling tower with inlet and outlet temperature as 41o C and 32o C
respectively and wet bulb temperature as 29o is

a) 9oC b) 3oC c) 29oC d) 12oC

38. Find the correct equation, if M = makeup water (from the mains water supply), E =
losses due to evaporation, B = losses due to blow-down and D = drift losses of a cooling
tower:

a) M = E + B + D b) M = E + B - D c) M = E - B + D d) M = E - B - D
39. If the wet bulb temperature of air is 380C, then its relative humidity in % is

a) 38 % b) 90% c) 100% d) insufficient data

40. For a cooling tower if blowdown is 10 m3 /hour and Cycles of Concentration (CoC) is 2.5
the evaporation loss is equal to:

a) 25 m3/hour b) 15 m3/ hour c) 0.25 m3/hour d) 6.67 m3/hour

41. If the metered kWh is 95, kVAh is 100 and kVARh is 31, the power factor will be:

a) 0.95 b) 0.61 c) 0.69 d) unity

42. In T-5 Fluorescent Lamp, “5” is indicative of:

a) Tube diameter b) 5 watt loss

c) 5% Energy Saving with respect to T8 d) 5th generation lamp
43. Identify the statement that is not applicable to heat pumps

a) transfers heat by refrigerant through a cycle of evaporation and condensation

b) an air conditioner can work as a heat pump
c) no external energy is required
d) a vapour absorption refrigeration system can also work as a heat pump
44. A refrigeration system using which of the following compressors is likely to be most
efficient?

a) reciprocating b) screw c) scroll d) all the above

45. Which of the following is not true for a fluorescent lamp with electronic ballast

a) presence of stroboscopic effect b) energy savings

c) increased light output d) no starter required

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46. Which of the following with respect to turbocharger in a Diesel engine is true?

a) operates using energy of exhaust gases

b) decreases supply air pressure to engine
c) preheats the combustion air using energy from exhaust gases
d) all of the above
47. The refrigerant which can be used both in vapour compression chillers and vapour
absorption chiller is

a) R22 b) R21 c) ammonia d) pure water

48. Energy efficient distribution transformer core is made up of ______.

a) silicon alloyed iron (grain oriented) b) copper

c) amorphous core - metallic glass alloy d) none of the above
49. In a transformer on load, if the secondary voltage is one-fourth the primary voltage,
then the secondary current will be

a) four times the primary current b) equal to the primary current

c) one-fourth the primary current d) two times the primary current
50. If V1 is actual supply voltage and V2 is the rated voltage of a capacitor, the reactive
KVAr produced would be in the ratio of

a) V22/V12 b) V12/V22 c) 1 - V22/V12 d) 1 + V22/V12

……. End of Section – I …….

Section – II: SHORT DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 8 x 5 = 40

(i) Answer all Eight questions

(ii) Each question carries Five marks

S-1 A 15 kW, 415 V, 4 pole, 50 Hz, 3 Phase squirrel cage induction motor has a full load
efficiency of 92% and power factor of 0.89. Find the following if the motor operates at full
load rated values.
a) input power in kW
b) current drawn by the motor
c) RPM at a full load slip of 0.8%

Ans: a) Pin (Input power) = 15 / 0.92 = 16.304 kW

b) I(Input current) = 16.304 / (

3 x 0.415 x 0.89) = 25.48 A

c) Ns = 120 x f / p = 120 x 50 / 4 = 1500 RPM

N = Ns ( 1- S )
= 1500 ( 1- 0.008)
= 1488 RPM
S-2 In a pumping system the water level is 4 m below the pump centerline. The discharge

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pressure is 2.60 kg/cm2. The flow rate of water is 1.5 m3 /min. Find out the pump
efficiency if the actual power drawn by the pump motor is 14 kW at a motor operating
efficiency of 0.88.
Discharge Head = 2.60 kg/cm2
Ans
= 26 metre head.

Suction Head = - 4 metre.

Total Head = 26 – (-4) = 30 metre

Hydraulic Power = (1.5/60) x 1000 x 9.81 x 30/1000

= 7.36 kW

Shaft input = 14x.88=12.32

Pump Efficiency = 100 x 7.36/12.32 = 59.74 %

S-3 Harmonic measurements in an electrical system of an industry gave the

following results.
Current at 50 Hz : 300 A
Current at 150 Hz : 42 A
Current at 250 Hz : 33 A
Calculate the Total Harmonic Distortion in current for the system.

Ans
 42 2  33 2 
I THD        x 100

300  300  

0.0196  0.0121x100  17.8%

Air flow measurements using the pitot tube, in the primary air fan of a coal fired boiler
S-4
gave the following data

Air temperature = 38oC

Velocity pressure = 47 mmWC
Pitot tube constant, Cp = 0.9
Air density at 0oC (standard data) = 1.293 kg /m3

Find out the velocity of air in m/sec.

Corrected air density 273 x 1.293 /(273+38)

Ans
1.135 kg/m3

Velocity m/s
Cp x √2 x 9.81 x ∆p x γ / γ

0.9 x √2 x 9.81 x 4

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25.6 m/s
x 1.135 / 1.135

S-5 List five measures to reduce energy consumption in lighting system for buildings,
industry and street lighting
 Reduce excessive illumination levels to standard levels using switching, delamping, etc.
Ans
(Know the electrical effects before doing delamping.)
 Aggressively control lighting with clock timers, delay timers, photocells, and/or
occupancy sensors.
 Install efficient alternatives to incandescent lighting, mercury vapor lighting, etc.
Efficiency (lumens/watt) of various technologies range from best to worst approximately
as follows: low pressure sodium, high pressure sodium, metal halide, fluorescent,
mercury vapor, incandescent.
 Select ballasts and lamps carefully with high power factor and long-term efficiency in
mind.
 Upgrade obsolete fluorescent systems to Compact fluorescents and electronic ballasts
 Consider lowering the fixtures to enable using less of them.
 Consider daylighting, skylights, etc.
 Consider painting the walls a lighter color and using less lighting fixtures or lower
wattages.
 Use task lighting and reduce background illumination.
 Re-evaluate exterior lighting strategy, type, and control. Control it aggressively.
 Change exit signs from incandescent to LED.

S-6 Identify each of the following statement as applicable to Vapor Compression

Refrigeration System (VCR) and to Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System(VAR).

(Need not copy and write the following statements in the Answer book; only write against
the statements A, B, C, D etc. whether it is applicable to VCR or VAR )

A. No effect of reducing the load on performance.

B. Uses low grade energy
C. Liquid traces in suction line may damage the compressor.
D. Moving parts are only in the pump and hence operation is smooth.
E. The system can work on lower evaporator pressures also without affecting the
COP.
F. Performance is adversely affected at partial loads.
G. Liquid traces of refrigerant present in piping at the exit of evaporator
H. Using high-grade energy like mechanical work
I. Moving parts are more; therefore, more equipment maintenance and noise
J. The COP decreases considerably with decrease in evaporator pressure
A. VAR
Ans
B. VAR
C. VCR
D. VAR
E. VAR
F. VCR
G. VAR
H. VCR

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I. VCR
J. VCR

S-7 List any five factors that affect the rate of evaporation of water in cooling towers

 Amount of water surface area exposed

 The time of exposure
 The relative velocity of air passing over the droplets
 The RH of air
 The direction of airflow relative to water.
Any other relevant point to be considered
S-8 Estimate the cooling tower capacity (TR) and approach with the following parameters

Water flow rate through CT = 2 m3/min

Specific heat of water = 1 kcal/kg °C
Inlet water temperature = 43 °C
Outlet water temperature = 35 °C
Ambient WBT = 30°C

Ans
Cooling tower capacity (TR) = (flow rate x density x sp.heat x diff. temp)/ 3024
= (2X60) x 1000 x 1.0 x (43-35)/ 3024
= 317.5TR

Approach = 35- 30 = 5oC

……. End of Section - II …….

Section – III: LONG DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 6 x 10 = 60

(i) Answer all Six questions

(ii) Each question carries Ten marks

L-1 An efficiency assessment test was carried out for a standard 4 pole squirrel cage
induction motor in a chemical plant. The motor specifications are as under:

Motor rated specification: 3 phase delta connected,37 kW, 415 Volt, 63 Amps, 1475 rpm,

The following data was collected during the no- load test on the motor:

Voltage= 415 Volts

Current = 17 Amps
Frequency = 50 Hz
Stator resistance per phase = 0.260 Ohms at 30 0C
No load power= 1152 Watts

Calculate the following:

(i) Iron plus friction and windage losses.

(ii) Stator resistance at 120oC.
(iii) Stator copper loss at full load at operating temperature of 120oC.

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(iv) Full load slip and rotor input assuming rotor losses are slip times rotor input.
(v) Motor input assuming that stray losses are 0.5% of the motor rated output
power.
(vi) Motor full load efficiency

Ans
Let Iron plus friction and windage loss, Pi + fw
No load power, Pnl = 1152 Watts
Stator Copper loss, P st-300C (Pst.cu)
= 3 (17 /  3)2 0.260
= 75.13Watts
Pi + fw = Pnl – Pst.cu
= 1152 – 75.13
= 1076.87 W

(ii) Stator Resistance at 1200C,

120  235
R1200C = 0.260 
30  235
= 0.3483 ohms per phase

(iii) Stator copper losses at full load, Pst.cu 1200C

= 3 (63 / 
3)2 0.3483
= 1382.3 Watts

(iv) Full load slip

S = (1500 – 1475) / 1500
= 0.01666 or 1.66%

Rotor input, Pr = Poutput/ (1-S)

= 37000 / (1-0.01666)
= 37000/0.98334
= 37626.86 Watts

(v) Motor full load input power, P input

= Pr + Pst.cu 1200C + (Pi + fw) + Pstray
= 37626.86 + 1382.3 + 1076.87 + (0.005* 37000)
= 40271.03 Watts
*
where, stray losses = 0.5% of rated output (assumed)

(vi) Motor efficiency at full load

Poutput
Efficiency =  100
Pinput

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= (37000 / 40271.03) x 100

= 91.87 %

L2 Fill in the blanks:

1. Cavitation may occur in a pump when the local static pressure in a fluid reaches a
level below the _________pressure of the liquid at the actual temperature.

2. In a vapour absorption system using ammonia as refrigerant, the absorbent is

______

3. The system resistance of a fan system is proportional to the ______of flow rate or
velocity

4. If the dry bulb temp.is 30 0C and the wet bulb temp. is 30 0C, then the % relative
humidity will be _______

5. Slip ring induction motors are comparatively ________efficient than of the squirrel
cage motors of same ratings.

6. In a pumping system with a horizontal discharge, the suction static head is 3 m and
the friction head is 21 m. The total head developed by the pump will be ___________

7. The lowest theoretical temperature to which water can be cooled in a cooling tower is
the _________ of atmospheric air

8. The measure of illuminance of a surface in metric units is ________

9. It is acceptable to run pumps in parallel provided their__ _______ heads are similar

10. When heat load, range and wet bulb temperature are held constant, the cooling
tower size is ________proportional to the approach.

Ans
1. Vapour
2. Water
3. Square
4. 100%
5. Less
6. 18 m
7. Wet bulb temperature
8. Lux
9. Closed valve heads
10. Inversely

L-3 The cooling water circuit of a process industry is depicted in the figure below. Cooling
water is pumped to three heat exchangers via pipes A,B and C where flow is throttled
depending upon the requirement. The diameter of pipes and measured velocities with
non-contact ultrasonic flow meter in each pipe are indicated in the figure.

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The following are the other data:

Measured motor power : 50.7 kW
Motor efficiency at operating load: 90%
Pump discharge pressure : 3.4 kg/cm2
Suction head : 2 meters
Determine the efficiency of the pump

Ans
Flow in pipe A 22/7 x (0.1)2/4 x 1.5

0.011786 m3/s

Flow in pipe B 22/7 x (0.1)2/4 x 1.8

0.014143 m3/s

Flow in pipe C 22/7 x (0.2)2/4 x 2.0

0.062857 m3/s
0.088786 m3/s
Total flow

Total head 34 m – 2 m = 32 m

Pump hydraulic power 0.088786 x 32 x 9.81

27.9 kW

27.9 x 100/50.7 x 0.9

Pump efficiency 61 %
L4
a) The size of an engine room to be ventilated is 30 m x 20 m x 5 m. The number of air
changes per hour is designed to be 20. If the static pressure rise across the ventilator
fan is 15 mm WC and fan efficiency is 70 % find out the motor power drawn at a
motor efficiency of 90%.

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b) A seal air fan for a coal mill is operating with suction damper in 25 % open condition.
The power drawn at 50 Hz by fan motor is 120 kW. A VFD is to be installed eliminating
the damper operation. It is found that the damper can be completely opened and the
fan motor can be operated at 33 Hz. Calculated the power drawn by the fan motor at
33 Hz, assuming that motor and fan efficiency remains constant.

a) Flow rate - 30 x 20 x 5 x 20 = 60,000 m 3/hr

Motor power - (60,000/3600) x 15/ (102 x 0.7x0.9)
- 3.89 kW
b) Power at 50 Hz - 120 kW
Power at 33 Hz - 120 x (33/50)3
- 34.5 kW
L-5 a) In an automobile industry a pump-up test was conducted to determine the free air
delivery (FAD) of a reciprocating compressor and the following data were obtained:
Receiver capacity and additional holdup volume
in piping and after-cooler : 4100 litres
Initial pressure: : 1 kg/cm2 (g)
Final pressure: : 8.5 kg/cm 2 (g)
Atmospheric Pressure: : 1.026 kg/cm 2 (a)
Ambient air temperature: : 32 oC
Final compressed air temperature: : 52 oC
Compressor pump up time : 65 secs
Calculate the FAD of the compressor in cubic foot per minute.

b) Further a leakage test was carried out in the same compressed air system and with
the same compressor as in problem a) above and following were the observations:
- Compressor was on load for 03 minutes
- Compressor was unloaded for 13 minutes
- Compressor was drawing 145 kW during load
Calculate the following:
i. % leakage in compressed air system
ii. Leakage quantity
iii. Specific power consumption
iv. Power lost due to leakage
Ans
a)

P2  P1 V  273  t1 
Q =   
P0 t 
273  t 2 
Time = 65 sec=1.0833 secs

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= (8.5 - 1)/1.026X 4.1 /1.0833) X (305/325)

= 25.96 m3/min
= 25.96 x (3.28)3
= 916 cfm
b)
i) % Leakage in the system
Load time (T) : 03 minutes
Un load time (t) : 13 minutes
T
% leakage in the system x 100
(T  t )
3
x 100 = 18.75 %
(3  13)
ii) Leakage quantity : 0.1875 x 916
: 171.75 cfm
iii)
Operating capacity (FAD) : 916 cfm
Actual power consumption : 145 kW
Specific power consumption : 145/916
= 0.1583 kW/cfm
iv)
Power lost due to leakage : leakage quantity x sp power consumption
: 171.75 x 0.1583
: 27.19 kW
L-6 Answer any two of the following :

(i) In a throttle valve-controlled pumping system with oversized pump list any five
options to improve energy efficiency? (Note: Name only options, no explanation
required)
(ii) Define one ‘Ton of Refrigeration (TR)’. How do you calculate TR across the Air
Handling Units?
(iii) List five energy conservation opportunities in fan system.

Ans
i) Trim impeller, replace with smaller impeller, install variable speed drive, change pulley if it is
belt driven, change to two speed drive, and lower rpm drive

ii) A ton of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat to be removed in order to form one
ton of ice in 24 hours when the initial temperature of water is 0 °C. This is equivalent to 50.4
Kcal/min or 3024 Kcal/h in metric system
Refrigeration load in TR is assessed as ;

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Q  ρ  h in  h out 
TR 
3024
Where Q is the air flow in CMH
 is density of air kg/m3
h in is enthalpy of inlet air kCal/kg
h out is enthalpy of outlet air kCal/kg

iii) Energy conservation opportunities in fan system

 Use smooth, well-rounded air inlet cones for fan air intakes.
 Avoid poor flow distribution at the fan inlet.
 Minimize fan inlet and outlet obstructions.
 Clean screens, filters, and fan blades regularly.
 Use aerofoil-shaped fan blades.
 Minimize fan speed.
 Use low-slip or flat belts.
 Check belt tension regularly.
 Eliminate variable pitch pulleys.
 Use variable speed drives for large variable fan loads.
 Use energy-efficient motors for continuous or near-continuous operation
 Eliminate leaks in ductwork.
 Minimise bends in ductwork
 Turn fans off when not needed.

……. End of Section – III ……

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Paper 3 – Set A

15th NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION

FOR
ENERGY MANAGERS & ENERGY AUDITORS– August, 2014

PAPER – 3: Energy Efficiency in Electrical Utilities

Date: 24.04.2014 Timings: 0930-1230 HRS Duration: 3 HRS Max. Marks: 150

Section – I: OBJECTIVE TYPE Marks: 50 x 1 = 50

(i) Answer all 50 questions

(ii) Each question carries one mark

1. Which loss is considered the most unreliable or complicated to measure in electric motor
efficiency testing?

a) stator Cu loss b) rotor Cu loss c) stator Iron loss d) stray loss

2. A pure resistive load in an alternating current (AC) circuit draws

a) lagging reactive power b) active power

c) leading reactive power d) none of the above
3. Select the incorrect statement: The advantage of PF improvement by capacitor addition in
an electric network is

a) active power component of the network is not affected

b) reactive power component of the network is not affected
2
c) I R power losses are affected in the system
d) voltage level at the load end is affected
4. “Heat Rate” of a thermal power station is the heat input in kilo Calories or kilo Joules, for
generating

a) one kW of electrical output b) one kVAh of electrical output

c) one kWh of electrical output d) one kVA of electrical output
5. Improving power factor at motor terminals in a plant will

a) increase active power drawn by motor b) reduce system distribution losses

c) reduce contract demand with utility d) increase motor design power factor
6. For a 6 pole induction motor operating at 49.5 Hz, the percentage slip at a shaft speed of
950 RPM will be

a) 4.0 % b) 5.0 % c) 0.04 % d) none of the above

7. A plant had installed three phase shunt capacitors to improve power factor at Motor
Control Circuit (MCC). Busbar three phase Voltages at the main electrical panel of a plant
were balanced but at the Motor Control Circuit (MCC),receiving three phase power from
busbars, the line voltages were found to be unbalanced. The main reason for this
unbalanced voltage at MCC among the following could be

a) PF capacitors were operating at higher supply frequency

b) PF improvement in all phase was not uniform due to blown fuse in one phase of the 3

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Paper 3 – Set A

phase PF capacitors
c) PF capacitors were operating at higher voltage then their rated values
d) PF capacitors were operating at lower voltage then their rated values
8. A 50 kVAr, 415 V rated power factor capacitor was found to be having terminal supply
voltage of 430 V. The capacity of the power factor capacitor at the operating supply
voltage would be approximately

a) 53.67 kVAr b) 50 kVAr c) 46.57 kVAr d) none of the above

9. A 75 kW rated squirrel cage induction motor installed with static PF correction capacitors
across the motor terminals got damaged along with capacitors once supply was switched
off due to power failure. The possible reason for the motor burn out among the following
could be
a) motor was oversized
b) motor was undersized
c) charging current of the capacitors was more than the magnetizing current of the motor
d) charging current of the capacitor was only 85% of the motor magnetizing current
10. An induction motor rated for 75 kW and 94 % efficiency, operating at full load, will

a) deliver 70.5 kW b) deliver 75 kW c) draw 75 kW d) deliver 79.78 kW

11. Higher chiller COP can be achieved with

a) higher evaporator temperature and higher condensing temperature

b) higher evaporator temperature and lower condensing temperature
c) lower evaporator temperature and higher condensing temperature
d) lower evaporator temperature and lower condensing temperature
12. Increase in the delivery pressure of a compressor by 1 bar would reduce the power
consumption by
a) 1 to 5 % b) 6 to 10 % c) 11 to 15 % d) none of the above
13.
The FAD of a reciprocating compressor is directly proportional to
a) pressure b) volume c) speed d) all of the above
14. Which of the following is not true of air receivers in a compressed air system?

a) smoothens pulsating air output

b) increases the compressed air pressure
c) stores large volumes of compressed air
d) facilitates draining of moisture
15. Typical acceptable pressure drop in mains header at the farthest point of an industrial
compressed air network is

a) 1.0 bar b) 0.7 bar c) 0.5 bar d) 0.3 bar

16. All other conditions remaining the same in a refrigeration system, at which of the following
condenser temperatures, the power consumption will be the least:
o o o o
a) 32.6 C b) 35.9 C c) 40.8 C d) 43.4 C
17. The pressure of refrigerant in vapour compression system changes in

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 Paper 3 – Set A

a) compressor b)expansion valve c) both (a) & (b) d) evaporator

18. A 1.5 ton air conditioner installed in a room and working continuously for one hour will
remove heat of

a) 3024 kcals b) 4536 kcals c) 3000 kcals d) 6048 kcals

19. If the power consumed by a 1.5 TR refrigeration compressor is 2.5 kW , what is the energy
efficiency ratio?

a) 2.1 b) 1.5 c) 0.6 d) 1.66

20. In the performance assessment of a refrigeration system, which performance ratio (energy
efficiency) does not follow the trend “a higher ratio means a more efficient refrigeration
system”?

a) Coefficient of performance(COP) b) Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)

c) kW per ton d) none of the above
21. 2 ton of refrigeration (TR) is equivalent to about

a) 100.8 kcal/min b) 7032 W c) 428.7 BTU/min d) all of the above

22. A fan with 25 cm pulley diameter is driven by a 2940 rpm motor through a V-belt system. If
the motor pulley is reduced from 20 cm to 15 cm keeping the motor rpm and fan pulley
diameter the same, the fan speed will reduce by

a) 1176 rpm b) 1764 rpm c) 588 rpm d) none of the above

23. In series operation of identical centrifugal fans, ideally

a) flow doubles b) static pressure doubles

c) static pressure goes up by four times d) flow goes up by four times
24. The hydraulic power of a motor pump set is 8 kW. If the power drawn by the motor is 16
kW at 90% efficiency, the pump efficiency will be

a) 55.5% b) 50% c) 45% d) none of the above

25. The energy saving with variable speed drives in a pumping system will be maximum for
systems with

a) pure static head b) pure friction head

c) high static head and low friction head d) high static head with high friction head
3
26. A process fluid at 50 m /hr, with a density of 0.96, is flowing in a heat exchanger and is to
o o
be cooled from 36 C to 29 C. The fluid specific heat is 0.78 kcal/kg. If the chilled water
o
range across the heat exchanger is 5 C,the chilled water flow rate is
3 3 3
a) 67.2 m /hr b) 52.42 m /hr c) 50 m /hr d) none of the above
27. The inner tube of an L-type pitot tube is used to measure …… in the air duct

a) total pressure b) static pressure b) velocity pressure d) dynamic pressure

28. The intersection point of the centrifugal pump characteristic curve and the design system
curve is the
a) pump efficiency point b) best efficiency point
c) system efficiency point d) none of the above
29. In case of increased suction lift from open wells, the pump delivered flow rate

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Paper 3 – Set A

a) increases b) decreases c) remains same d) none of the above

30. In pumping systems where static head is a high proportion of the total, the appropriate
solution is

a) install two or more pumps to operate in parallel

b) install two or more pumps to operate in series
c) install two or more pumps to operate in independent operation
d) none of the above
31.
A Plant wants to replace the existing 100 TR water cooled vapour compression
refrigeration system with a waste heat driven vapour absorption chiller. The capacity of
the existing cooling tower
a) needs no change b) is to be doubled
c) is to be raised to 1.2 times d) none of the above
32. Shaft power of the motor driving a pump is 30 kW. The motor efficiency is 0.92 and pump
efficiency is 0.5. The power drawn by the motor will be

a) 65.2 kW b) 15 kW c) 30 kW d) 32.6 kW
33. 3 o
If water is flowing through a cooling tower at 120 m /h with 5 C range, the load on cooling
o
tower at an ambient wet bulb ambient temperature of 33 C is
a) 198.4 TR b) 357 TR c) 158 TR d) none of the above
34. In a plant, the loading on a transformer was 1000 kVA with the power factor of 0.88. The
plant improved the power factor to 0.99 by adding capacitors on the load side. The release
in transformer loading( kVA) will be

a) 111 b) 889 c) 999 d) none of the above

35.
The wet bulb temperature normally chosen for designing of cooling tower is
a) average maximum wet bulb for rainy months
b) average maximum wet bulb for summer months
c) average minimum wet bulb for summer months
d) average maximum wet bulb for winter months
36. Which one from the following types of cooling towers consumes least power for the same
operating conditions?

a) counter flow film fill cooling tower b) cross-flow splash fill cooling tow
c) counter flow splash fill cooling tower d) none of the above
37. Lux is defined as

a) ratio of luminous flux emitted by a lamp to the power consumed by the lamp
b) one lumen per square meter
c) one lumen per square feet
d) none of the above
38. Which among the following is the most energy efficient lamp for the same wattage rating?

a) HPMV b) GLS c) CFL d) Metal halide

39.
_____ is a measure of effect of light on the perceived colour of objects

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Paper 3 – Set A

a) lux b) lumens c) CRI d) lamp circuit efficacy

40. Which of the following is the best definition of illuminance?

a) luminous flux incident on an object per unit area

b) flux density emitted from an object without regard for direction
c) time rate of flow of light energy
d) flux density emitted from an object in a given direction
41. Two most important electrical parameters, which are to be monitored, among the following
for safe operation of Diesel Generator set are:

a) voltage and ampere b) kW and kVA

c) power factor and ampere d) kVA and ampere
42. In a DG set, the generator capacity is 1000 kVA with a rated power factor 0.8. It is
consuming 150 litre per hour diesel oil. If the specific fuel consumption of this DG set is
0.25 litres/ kWh at that load, then what is the kVA loading of the set at 0.88 PF?

a) 682 kVA b) 800 kVA c) 750 kVA d) none of the above

43. The maximum unbalanced load between phases should not exceed _______ % of the
capacity of the DG set

c) 10 b) 5 c) 1 d) none of the above

44. The capacity of largest motor that can be started in the given DG set is…… of kVA rating
of DG set

a) 25% b) 50% c)75% d)100%

3 o
45. The jacket cooling water in a diesel engine flows at 12.9 m /hr with a range of 10 C and
accounts for 30% of the engine input energy. What will be the hourly Diesel consumption
in kg with a calorific value of 10,000 kcal/kg

a) 43 b) 12.9 c) 17.3 d) none of the above

46. Select the incorrect statement:

a) harmonics occur as spikes at intervals which are multiples of the supply frequency
b) harmonics are not multiples of the fundamental frequency
c) induction motors are not the major sources of harmonics
d) transformers operating near saturation level create harmonics
47. If the speed of centrifugal fan is reduced to 80% of its rated speed then the power drawn
will _______% of its rated power:

a) 80% b) 51.2 % c) 40 % d) 64 %
48. The order of movement of thermal energy in HVAC system is:

a) Indoor air - Condenser water - Chilled water - Cooling tower - Refrigerant

b) Chilled water - Indoor air - Refrigerant-Cooling tower - Condenser water
c) Indoor air - Chilled water - Refrigerant-Condenser water- Cooling tower
d) Indoor air - Chilled water – Refrigerant - Cooling tower - Condenser water
49. Which one of the following device will help to eliminate the hunting problems normally
associated with capacitor switching?

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Paper 3 – Set A

a) Maximum Demand Controller b) Intelligent Power Factor Controller (IPFC)

c) Soft Starter d) Eddy Current Drives
50. The occupancy sensors in a lighting installation are best suited for

a) conference halls b) large production shops/hangars

c) entrances of offices/buildings d) street lighting

……. End of Section – I …….

Section – II: SHORT DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 10 x 5 = 50

(i) Answer all Ten questions

(ii) Each question carries Five marks

S-1 A 37 kW, 3 phase, 415 V induction motor draws 56 A and 33 kW power at 410 V . What is the
Apparent and Reactive Power drawn by the motor at the operating load?

Ans:

Apparent power = 1.7321 x 0.410 x 56 = 39.769 kVA

2 2
Reactive power = squrt (apparent power - active power )
Active power = 33 kW
Therefore reactive power = sqrt (1581.57-1089)
= 22.19 kVAr

S-2 Compute AT & C (Aggregate Technical and Commercial) Losses for the following data:

S. No. Description Annual

Data
1 Input Energy = (Import-Export), MU Ei 20
2a Energy Billed (Metered), MU E1 16
2b Energy Billed (Un-Metered), MU E2 1
2c Total Energy Billed ( E1 + E2 ) Eb 17
3 Amount Billed (Rs. lakhs ) Ab 800
4a Gross Amount Collected (Rs. lakhs) AG 820
4b Arrears Collected (Rs. lakhs) Ar 40

Ans:

Estimation of AT & C Losses

S. No. Description Annual
Data
1 Input Energy = (Import-Export), MU Ei 20
2a Energy Billed (Metered), MU E1 16
2b Energy Billed (Un-Metered), MU E2 1
2c Total Energy Billed ( E1 + E2 ) Eb 17
3 Amount Billed (Rs. lakhs ) Ab 800
4a Gross Amount Collected (Rs. lakhs) AG 820
4b Arrears Collected (Rs. lakhs) Ar 40
4c Amount Collected without Arrears (Rs. lakhs) Ac=AG-Ar 780
5 Billing Efficiency (BE) = Eb/Ei *100% 85%

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Paper 3 – Set A

6 Collection Efficiency(CE) =Ac/Ab *100% 97.5%

7 AT& C Loss {1- (BE *CE ) *100% 17.12%

S-3 Define Range, approach and effectiveness in cooling tower operation

Ans:

i) “Range” is the difference between the cooling tower water inlet and outlet temperature.
ii) “Approach” is the difference between the cooling tower outlet cold water temperature and
ambient wet bulb temperature. Although, both range and approach should be monitored, the
`Approach’ is a better indicator of cooling tower performance.
iii) Cooling tower effectiveness (in percentage) is the ratio of range, to the ideal range, i.e.,
difference between cooling water inlet temperature and ambient wet bulb temperature, or in
other words it is = Range / (Range + Approach).

S-4 As Energy Manager, what are all the factors you look into for energy saving in operating DG
Sets.?

Ans:
1.Ensuring steady load conditions on the DG set & providing cold and dust free intake air
2.Improving air filtration
3.Ensuring fuel oil storage, handling and operation as per manufacturer’s guidelines/oil
company’s data
4. Consideration of fuel oil additives
5.Calibration fuel injection pumps periodically
6.Ensuring compliance with maintenance check lists
7.Ensuring balanced electrical loading
8.In case of a base load operations, consideration of waste heat recovery system

S-5 An energy audit of a fan was carried out. It was observed that the fan was delivering 18,500
3
Nm /hr of air with static pressure rise of 52 mm WC. The power measurement of the 3-phase
induction motor coupled with the fan recorded 3.1 kW/ phase on an average. The motor operating
efficiency was assessed as 88% from the motor performance curves. What would be the fan static
efficiency?.

Ans:
3 3
Q = 18,500 Nm / hr.= 5.1388 m /sec
SP = 52 mmWC
St = ?

Power input to motor= 3.1x3=9.3 kW

Power input to fan shaft=9.3 x0.88=8.184 kW

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Paper 3 – Set A

3
Fan static = Volume in m /sec x Pst in mmWc
102 x Power input to shaft

= 5.1388 x 52
102 x 8.184
= 0.32
= 32%

S-6 An induced draft-cooling tower is designed for a range of 7° C. An energy manager finds the
operating range as 4 °C. In your opinion what could be the reasons for this type of situation.

Ans:
1. There may be excess cooling water flow rate
2. There may be reduced heat load from the process
3. Some of the cooling tower cells fan is switched off
4. Approach may be poor because of high humid condition
5. Nozzles may be blocked

S-7 State any three major differences between vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) and Vapour
Absorption Refrigeration (VAR) system ?

VCR uses electric power for the compressor as main input while VAR uses a source of
heat

VCR uses compounds of hydrogen, fluorine and carbon as refrigerants while VAR
uses water
VCR works under pressure while VAR works under vacuum
VCR has a high COP while VAR has a low COP
VAR requires cooling tower capacity double that of VCR
Any other relevant point………

S-8 A 180 kVA, 0.80 PF rated DG set has diesel engine rating of 210 BHP. What is the maximum
power factor which can be maintained at full load on the alternator without overloading the DG
set? (Assume alternator losses and exciter power requirement as 5.66 kW and there is no
derating of DG set)

Ans:

Engine rated Power = 210 x 0.746 = 156.66 kW

Rated power available for alternator = 156.66 – 5.66 = 151 kW

Maximum power factor possible = 151 /180 = 0.84

……. End of Section - II …….

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Paper 3 – Set A

Section – III: LONG DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 5 x 10 = 50

(i) Answer all Five questions

(ii) Each question carries Ten marks

L-1 During an energy audit following data were obtained on a 3 phase induction motor:

Rated values: 37 kW,415V, 66 A,0.88 pf

Operating values: 410 V, 49A, 0.76 pf

Note: Motor efficiency in this particular case does not change between 50 –100 % loading.

The plant operates for 7000 hours per year with the electricity cost of Rs. 6.00 per unit.

It is proposed to replace the existing motor by a 30 kW energy efficient motor with 92%
efficiency.

a) Determine the rated efficiency and the loading of the existing motor.
b) Calculate the loading with energy efficient motor.
c) If replacing the existing motor with energy efficient motor which costs Rs.75,000,
determine the pay back period for the investment required for the energy efficient motor
over the existing motor. Consider the salvage value of the existing motor as Rs.10,000/.

Rated input power 1.732 × 0.415 × 66× 0.88

41.746 kW
Rated efficiency of the motor 37/ 41.746
88.63%

Actual input power drawn 1.732 × 0.410 × 49 × 0.76

26.44 kW

Loading of the motor 26.44/41.746 = 0.633 or 63.3%

Shaft power or motor output 37x0.633= 23.44 kW

Energy efficient motor rating 30 kW

Actual output required 23.44 kW
% loading of the motor 23.44/30
78 %

Annual energy savings 23.44(1/0.8863 – 1/0.92) x 7000 x Rs.6

Rs.40,740/-

Payback period (75,000-10,000)/40740

1.59 years

L-2 (a) A 3 phase, 415 V, 75 kW induction motor is drawing 48 kW at a 0.7 PF.

Calculate the capacitor rating requirements at motor terminals for improving PF to 0.95. Also,
calculate the reduction in current drawn and kVA reduction, from the point of installation back
to the generating side due to the improved PF at operating voltage of 415 V.

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 Paper 3 – Set A

(b) A process plant consumes of 2,00,000 kWh per month at 0.9 Power Factor (PF). What is the
percentage reduction in distribution losses per month if PF is improved up to 0.96 at load end?

a) kVAr Rating = kW [Tan 1 – tan 2]

Cos 1 = 0.70, 1 = Cos (inv) 0.70 = 45.57, Tan 1 = 1

Cos 2 = 0.95, 2 = Cos (inv) 0.95 = 18.2 , Tan 2 = 0.329

kVAr Rating = 48 kW (1 – 0.329)

= 32.2 kVAr

Current drawn at 0.7 PF = 48 / √3 x 0.415 x 0.7

= 95.4 A

Current drawn at 0.95 PF = 48 / √3 x 0.415 x 0.95

= 70.3 A

Reduction in current drawn = 95.4 – 70.3

= 25.1 A

Initial kVA at 0.7 PF = 48 / 0.7

= 68.57 kVA

kVA at 0.95 PF = 48 / 0.95

= 50.52 kVA

Reduction in kVA = 68.57 – 50.52

= 18.05 kVA

(OR)

Reduction in kVA = (√3 VI)old – (√3 VI)new

= (√3 x 0.415 x 95.4) – (√3 x 0.415 x 70.3)
= 68.57 – 50.52
= 18.05 kVA

(OR)

Reduction in kVA = 1.7321 x 0.415 x reduction in current

= 1.7321 x 0.415 x 25.1

= 18.04 kVA

2
b) % Reduction in distribution losses = 1 - PF1 / PF2

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Paper 3 – Set A
2
= [1- (0.9/0.96) ]

= 0.121

= 12.1 %

L-3 The measured values of a 20 TR package air conditioning plant are given below:

Average air velocity across suction side filter: 2.5 m/s

2
Cross Sectional area of suction: 1.2 m
o o
Inlet air = Dry Bulb:20 C, Wet Bulb: 14 C, Enthalpy: 9.37 kcal/kg
o o
Outlet air= Dry Bulb: 12.7 C, Wet Bulb: 11.3 C; Enthalpy: 7.45 kcal/kg
3
Specific volume of air: 0.85 m /kg
Power drawn: by compressor: 10.69 kW
by Pump: 4.86 kW
by Cooling tower fan: 0.87 kW

Calculate:

3
i. Air Flow rate in m /hr
ii. Cooling effect delivered in kW
iii. Specific power consumption of compressor in kW/TR
iv. Overall kW/TR
v. Energy Efficiency Ratio in kW/kW

Ans:

3 3
i. Air flow rate = 2.5*1.2 = 3 m /sec = 10800 m /hr
ii. Cooling Effect delivered = [(9.37-7.45)*10800]/(0.85*3024) = 8.07 TR = 28.32 kW
iii. Compressor kW/TR = 10.69/8.07 = 1.32
iv. Overall kW/TR = (10.69+4.86+0.87)/8.07 = 2.04
v. Energy Efficiency Ratio(EER) in kW/kW = 28.32/10.69 = 2.65

L-4 List five energy conservation measures each for any two of the following

a) Energy use in buildings

b) Compressed air system
c) Pumps and pumping systems
d) Lighting systems

Ans:

a) Energy use in buildings

Weather-stripping of Windows and Doors : Minimise exfiltration of cool air and infiltration of
warm air through leaky windows and doors by incorporating effective means of weather

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 Paper 3 – Set A

stripping. Self-closing doors should also be provided where heavy traffic of people is
anticipated.

Temperature and Humidity Setting: Ensure human comfort by setting the temperature to
o o
between 23 C and 25 C and the relative humidity between 55% to 65%.

Chilled Water Leaving Temperature: Ensure higher chiller energy efficiency by maintaining the
o
chilled water leaving temperature at or above 7 C. As a rule of thumb, the efficiency of a
o
centrifugal chiller increases by about 2¼ % for every 1 C rise in the chilled water leaving
temperature.

Chilled Water Pipes and Air Ducts: Ensure that the insulation of the chilled water pipes and
ducting system is maintained in good condition. This helps to prevent heat gain from the
surroundings.

Chiller Condenser Tubes : Ensure that mechanical cleaning of the tubes is carried out at least
once every six months. Fouling in the condenser tubes in the form of slime and scales reduces
the heat transfer of the condenser tubes and thereby reducing the energy efficiency of the
chiller.

Cooling Towers : Ensure that the cooling towers are clean to allow for maximum heat transfer
so that the temperature of the water returning to the condenser is less than or equal to the
ambient temperature.

Air Handling Unit Fan Speed : Install devices such as frequency converters to vary the fan
speed. This will reduce the energy consumption of the fan motor by as much as 15%.

Air Filter Condition : Maintain the filter in a clean condition. This will improve the heat transfer
between air and chilled water and correspondingly reduce the energy consumption.

b) Compressed Air Systems

Ensure air intake to compressor is not warm and humid by locating compressors in well-
0
ventilated area or by drawing cold air from outside. Every 4 C rise in air inlet temperature will
increase power consumption by 1 percent.
Clean air-inlet filters regularly. Compressor efficiency will be reduced by 2 percent for every
250 mm WC pressure drop across the filter.
Compressed air piping layout should be made preferably as a ring main to provide desired
pressures for all users
Compressed air leakage of 40- 50 percent is not uncommon. Carry out periodic leak tests to
estimate the quantity of leakage.
Install equipment interlocked solenoid cut-off valves in the air system so that air supply to a
machine can be switched off when not in use.
Present energy prices justify liberal designs of pipeline sizes to reduce pressure drops.
If pressure requirements for processes are widely different (e.g. 3 bar to 7 bar), it is advisable
to have two separate compressed air systems.
Reduce compressor delivery pressure, wherever possible, to save energy.

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 Paper 3 – Set A

Retrofit with variable speed drives in big compressors, say over 100 kW, to eliminate the
`unloaded’ running condition altogether.
Keep the minimum possible range between load and unload pressure settings.
Automatic timer controlled drain traps wastes compressed air every time the valve opens. So
frequency of drainage should be optimized.
A smaller dedicated compressor can be installed at load point, located far off from the central
compressor house, instead of supplying air through lengthy pipelines.
Misuse of compressed air such as for body cleaning, agitation, general floor cleaning, and
other similar applications must be discouraged in order to save compressed air and energy
Pneumatic transport can be replaced by mechanical system as the former consumed about 8
times more energy.

c) Pumps & Pumping Systems

 Ensure adequate NPSH at site of installation

 Operate pumps near best efficiency point.
 Modify pumping system and pumps losses to minimize throttling.
 Adapt to wide load variation with variable speed drives or sequenced control of multiple
units.
 Stop running multiple pumps - add an auto-start for an on-line spare or add a booster
pump in the problem area.
 Use booster pumps for small loads requiring higher pressures.
 Increase fluid temperature differentials to reduce pumping rates in case of heat
exchangers.
 Repair seals and packing to minimize water loss by dripping.
 Balance the system to minimize flows and reduce pump power requirements.
 Avoid pumping head with a free-fall return (gravity); use siphon effect to advantage.
 Conduct water balance to minimise water consumption
 In the case of over designed pump, provide variable speed drive, or downsize / replace
impeller or replace with correct sized pump for efficient operation.
 Replace old pumps by energy efficient pumps
 Reduce system resistance by pressure drop assessment and pipe size optimisation

d) Lighting System

Switch off Lights When Not In Use

Provision of Separate Switches for Peripheral Lighting : A flexible lighting system, which made
use of natural lighting for the peripherals of the room.

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Paper 3 – Set A

Install High Efficiency Lighting System : Use lamps with high luminous efficacy. For example,
replacing incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent lamps can reduce electricity
consumption by 75% without any reduction in illumination levels.

Fluorescent Tube Ballasts : The ballast losses of conventional ballast and electronic ballast are
12W and 2W respectively. Hence, consider the use of electronic ballast for substantial energy
savings in the lighting system.

Lamp Fixtures or Luminaires : Optical lamp luminaries made of aluminum, silver or multiple
dielectric coatings have better light distribution characteristics. Use them to reduce electricity
consumption by as much as 50% without compromising on illumination levels.

Cleaning of Lights and Fixtures : Clean the lights and fixtures regularly. For best results, dust
at least four times a year.

Use Light Colors for Walls, Floors and Ceilings : The higher surface reflectance values of light
colors will help to make the most of any existing lighting system.

Lighting controls like timer controls, day light controls, voltage controllers, occupancy sensors,
switching controls, PLC controls can be adopted.

L-5 Fill in the blanks for the following:

1. One ton of refrigeration (TR) is equal to 3.516 kW.

2. A four pole 15kW induction motor operating at 50 Hz, with 1% slip will have rotor input power
of 15.15 kW
3. A Pitot tube is used to measure total pressure and static pressure to determine velocity
pressure of the fluid
4. In case of centrifugal pumps, impeller diameter changes are generally limited to reducing the
diameter to about 75 % of maximum size.
5. The value, by which the pressure in the pump suction exceeds the liquid vapour pressure, is
expressed as Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHA).
6. The parameter used by ASME to define fans, blowers and compressors is Specific ratio.
7. It is possible to run pumps in parallel provided their closed valve heads are similar.
8. If the evaporation loss is 16 cubic meters per cell and Cycles of Concentration is 3, the blow
down requirement per cell of a cooling tower is 8 cubic meters per cell
9. A centrifugal pump raises water to a height of 12 metre . If the same pump handles brine with
specific gravity of 1.2, the height the brine will be raised to is 12 metres or the same height
10. Installing the capacitor near motor terminals will increase the design power factor of the motor
- True / False (False)

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Paper 3 – Set A

L 6 : a) The suction head of a pump is 3 m below the pump centerline. The discharge pressure is 2.8
2 3
kg/cm . The flow rate of water is 120 m /hr. Find out the pump efficiency if the actual power
input of the connected motor is 15.0 kW with an operating efficiency of 0.90.

b) A V-belt driven reciprocating instrument air compressor was found to be maintaining a

2
distribution system pressure of 7 kg/cm g. 20% of the instrument air was used for control
2
valves installed in a boiler house and requiring 6.5 kg/cm g, whereas balance 80% of the
instrument air was used for other application requiring
2
2 kg/cm g. What would you like to advice in this situation?

Ans:

a)
2
Discharge Head : 2.8 kg/cm equals 28 metre head.
Suction Head : - 3 metre.
Total Head : 28 – (-3) = 31 metre.
3 3 2
Hydraulic power Ph = Q (m /s) xTotal head, hd - hs (m) x (kg/m ) x g (m/s ) / 1000

Hydraulic Power : ((120/3600) x 1000 x 9.81 x 31) / 1000 = 10.137 kW

Pump Efficiency : (10.137 x 100) /(15x0.9) = 75%

b)
It is advisable to
2
1) Provide a separate small air compressor operating at 7 kg/cm g near the control valves
2 2
and reduce the existing distribution system pressure from 7 kg/cm g to 2 kg/cm g for
pneumatic instrument

2) Since there will be reduced leakage loss due to reduced system pressure, the
compressor unloading may begin due to reduced demand. Reduce appropriately the
motor pulley size in order to match the capacity

……. End of Section - III …….

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

16th NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION

FOR
ENERGY MANAGERS & ENERGY AUDITORS – September, 2015

PAPER – 3: Energy Efficiency in Electrical Utilities

Date: 20.09.2015 Timings: 0930-1230 HRS Duration: 3 HRS Max. Marks: 150

General instructions:
o Please check that this question paper contains 8 printed pages
o Please check that this question paper contains 64 questions
o The question paper is divided into three sections
o All questions in all three sections are compulsory
o All parts of a question should be answered at one place

Section – I: OBJECTIVE TYPE Marks: 50 x 1 = 50

i) Answer all 50 questions

ii) Each question carries one mark
iii) Please hatch the appropriate oval in the OMR answer sheet with Black Pen or HB pencil

1. Which of the following is not a part of vapour compression refrigeration cycle:

a) compressor b) evaporator c) condenser d) absorber

2. Which of the following can be attributed to commercial loss in electrical distribution system

a) lengthy low voltage lines b) low load side power factor

c) faulty consumer service meters d) undersize conductors
3. Which loss in a distribution transformer is dominating; if the transformer is loaded at 68% of its rated
capacity

a) core loss b) copper loss c) hysteresis loss d) magnetic field loss

4. When evaporator temperature is reduced

a) refrigeration capacity increases b) refrigeration capacity decreases

c) specific power consumption remains same d) compressor will stop
5. What is the function of drift eliminators in cooling towers

a) maximize water and air contact b) capture water droplets escaping with air stream
c) enables entry of air to the cooling tower d) eliminates uneven distribution of water into the cooling
tower
6. Trivector meter measures three vectors representing

a) active, reactive and maximum demand b) active, power factor and apparent power
c) active, harmonics and maximum demand d) active, reactive and apparent power

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

7. Time of the Day metering (TOD) is a way to

a) reduce the peak demand of the distribution company b) increase the revenue of the distribution
company
c) increase the peak demand d) increase the maximum demand in a
industry
8. The unit of specific humidity of air is:

a) grams moisture/kg of dry air b) moisture percentage in air

c) grams moisture/kg of air d) percentage
9. The purpose of inter-cooling in a multistage compressor is to

a) remove the moisture in the air b) reduce the work of compression

c) separate moisture and oil vapour d) none of the above

10. The percentage reduction in distribution loses when tail end power factor raised from 0.85 to 0.95 is

a) 10.1% b) 19.9% c)71% d)84%

11. The nomenclature T2,T5,T8 and T12 for fluorescent lamps are categorized based on

a) diameter of the tube b) length of the tube

c) both diameter and length of the tube d) power consumption
12. The inexpensive way to improving energy efficiency of a motor which operates consistently at below
40% of rated capacity is by _____.

a) operating in star mode b) replacing with correct sized motor

c) operating in delta mode d) none

13. The indicator of cooling tower performance is best assessed by

a) wet bulb temperature b) dry bulb temperature c) range d) approach

14. The illuminance of a lamp at one meter distance is 10 Lm/m 2. What will be the corresponding value at
0.7 meter distance

a)14.28 b) 20.41 c) 10 d) none of these

15. The fan system resistance is predominately due to

a) more bends used in the duct b) more equipments in the system

c) volume of air handled d) density of air
16. The cooling tower size is _____________ with the entering WBT when heat load, range and approach
are constant.

a) directly proportional b) inversely proportional c) constant d) none of above

17. The components of two part tariff structure for HT & EHT category consumers are

a) one part for capacity(or demand) drawn and second part for actual energy drawn
b) one part for actual Power Factor and second part for actual energy drawn
c) one part for capacity(or demand) drawn and second part for actual reactive energy drawn
d) one part for actual apparent energy drawn and second part for actual reactive energy drawn

18. The adsorption material used in an adsorption air dryer for compressed air is

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

a) calcium chloride b) magnesium chloride c) activated alumina d) potassium chloride

19. The actual measured load of 1000 k VA transformer is 400 k VA. Find out the total transformer loss
corresponding to this load if no load loss is 1500 Watts and full load Copper Loss is 12,000 Watts

a) 1920 watts b) 1500 watts c) 3420 watt d) 13500 watts

20. The percentage imbalance when line-line voltages are 415 V, 418 V and 408 V is

a) 1.047% b) 0.32% c) 1.44% d) none of the above

21. Star – delta starter of an induction motor

a) reduces voltage by inserting resistance in rotor circuit

b) reduces voltage by inserting resistance in stator circuit
c) reduces voltage through a transformer
d) reduces the supply voltage due to change in connection configuration
22. Slip power recovery system is applicable in case of

a) squirrel cage induction motor. b) wound rotor motor c) synchronous motor d) DC shunt motor
23. Rotating magnetic field is produced in a___________

a) single- phase induction motor b) three- phase induction motor

c) DC series motor d) all of the above

24. Power factor is highest in case of

a) sodium vapour lamps b) mercury vapour lamps c) fluorescent lamps d) incandescent lamps

25. Power factor Improvement will result in

a) reduction in active power b) reduction in active current

c) reduction in reactive power d) all the above
26. Motor efficiency will be improved by

a) reducing the slip b) increasing the slip

c) reducing the diameter of the motor d) decreasing the length of the motor
27. Lower power factor of a DG set demands

a) lower excitation currents b) no change in excitation currents

c) higher excitation currents c) none of the above
28. L / G ratio in cooling tower is the ratio of

a) length and girth b) length and gradient of temperature

c) water mass flow rate and air mass flow rate d) water volume flow rate and air volume flow rate
29. Installing larger diameter pipe in pumping system results in

a) increase in static head b) decrease in static head

c) increase in frictional head d) decrease in frictional head
30. Installation of Variable frequency drives (VFD) allows the motor to be operated with

a) constant current b) lower start-up current c) higher voltage d)none of the

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

above
31. In a no load test of a poly-phase induction motor, the measured power by the wattmeter consists of:

a) core loss b) copper loss

c) core loss, windage & friction loss d) stator copper loss, iron loss, windage & friction loss

32. In a large compressed air system, about 70% to 80% of moisture in the compressed air is removed at
the

a) air dryer b) after cooler c) air receiver d) inter cooler

33. Illuminance of a surface is expressed in

a) radians b) lux c) lumens d) LPD

34. If two identical pumps operate in series, then the combined shutoff head is

a) it does not affect head b) more than double c) doubled d) less than
double
35. If the speed of a reciprocating pump is reduced by 50 %, the head

a) is reduced by 50% b) is reduced by 12.5%

c) remains same d) none of the above
36. If the observed temperature in air receiver is higher than ambient air temperature the correction factor
for free air delivery will be:

a) less than one b) greater than one c) equal to one d)equal to zero

37. If the COP of a vapour compression system is 3.5 and the motor draws power of 10.8 kW at 90%
motor efficiency, the cooling effect of vapour compression system will be:

a) 34 kW b) 37.8 kW c) 0.36 kW d) none of the above

38. If EER of One Ton Split AC is 3.5, what is its power rating?

a) 1.0 k W b) 1.5 kW c) 0.8 kW d) None of the above

39. Humidification involves

a) reducing wet bulb temperature and specific humidity

b) reducing dry bulb temperature and specific humidity
c) increasing wet bulb temperature and decreasing specific humidity
d) reducing dry bulb temperature and increasing specific humidity
40. Higher COP can be achieved with_____.

a) lower evaporator temperature and higher condenser temperature

b) higher evaporator temperature and Lower condenser temperature
c) higher evaporator temperature and higher condenser temperature
d) lower evaporator temperature and Lower condenser temperature

41. Friction losses in a pumping system is

a) inversely proportional to flow b) inversely proportional to cube of flow

c) proportional to square of flow d) inversely proportional square of flow
42. Flow control by damper operation in fan system will

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

a) increase energy consumption b) reduce energy consumption

c) reduce system resistance d) none of the above
43. Find the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) for current for the following current readings. Current at 50
Hz fundamental frequency = 250 A, Third harmonic current = 50 A, fifth harmonic current = 35 A

a) 58 % b) 48 % c) 24% d) 34 %
44. Calculate the density of air at 11400 mmWC absolute pressure and 650C. (Molecular weight of air:
28.92 kg/kg mole and Gas constant:847.84 mmWC m 3/kg mole K)

a) 1.2 kg/m3 b) 1.5 kg/m3 c) 1.15 kg/m3 d) none of the above

45. A spark ignition engine is used for firing which type of fuels:

a) high speed diesel b) light diesel oil c) natural gas d) furnace oil
2
46. A hotel building has four floors each of 1000 m area. If the interior lighting power allowance for the
hotel building is 43000W, the Lighting Power Density (LPD) is:

a) 10.75 b) 0.09 c) 43 d) data insufficient

47. A DG set consumes 70 litres per hour of diesel oil. If the specific fuel consumption of this DG set is
0.33 litres/ kWh at that load, then what is the kVA loading of the set at 0.8 PF?

a) 212 kVA b) 265 kVA c) 170 kVA d) none of the above

48. A company installed a 130 kVAr, 600 Volt capacitor but the power meter indicates that it is only
operating at 119 kVAr. The reason out of the following could be

a) operating at low load b) high voltage c) low voltage d) low current

49. A 50 hp motor with a full load efficiency rating of 90 percent was metered and found to be operating at
25 kW. The percent motor load is
a) 75% b) 50% c) 60% d) 25%
50. A 22 kW, 415 kV, 45A, 0.8 PF, 1475 RPM, 4 pole 3 phase induction motor operating at 420 V, 40 A
and 0.8 PF. What will be the rated efficiency

a) 85.0% b) 94.5% c) 89.9% d) 88.2%

…….……. End of Section – I ………..….

Section – II: SHORT DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 8 x 5 = 40

(i) Answer all Eight questions

(ii) Each question carries Five marks

S-1 List five energy saving measures for air conditioning system.

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

 Insulate all cold lines / vessels using economic insulation thickness to minimize
heat gains.

 Optimize air conditioning volumes by measures such as use of false ceiling and
segregation of critical areas for air conditioning by air curtains.

Minimize the air conditioning loads by measures such as

 roof cooling,
 roof painting,
 efficient lighting,
 pre-cooling of fresh air by air- to-air heat exchangers
 Variable volume air system
 Optimal thermo-static setting of temperature of air conditioned spaces
 Sun film application

Minimize the process heat loads by measures involving TR reduction and

refrigeration temperature level reduction
 Flow optimization
 Heat transfer area increase to accept higher temperature coolant
 Avoid wastages by heat gains
 Avoid wastages by loss of chilled water
 Avoid wastages by ideal flows.
 Frequent cleaning and descaling of all heat exchangers

At refrigeration and AC plant area

 Minimize part load operations by matching loads and plant capacity on line;
adopt variable speed drives for varying load.
 Ensure regular maintenance of all AC plant components as per manufacturers
guide lines.
 Ensure adequate quantity of chilled water flows, cooling water flows
 Avoid by pass flow by closing valves of ideal equipment
 Adopt VAR system where economics permit as non CFC solutions
 Make efforts to continuously optimize condenser and evaporator parameters for
minimizing specific energy consumption and maximizing capacity

….. (5 marks for relevant points as above)

S-2 The total system resistance of a piping loop is 50 meters and the static head is 15
meters at designed water flow. Calculate the system resistance offered at 75%, 50%
and 25% of water flow

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

Solution:

Total System Resistance of piping loop: 50m

Static Head :15 m
So, Dynamic Head at designed water flow: 35m
….. (2 mark)

Dynamic Head (m) Static Head Total Resistance

Sl.No. Flow%
= 35 x (%flow)2 (m) (m)

1 75.0% 19.68 15 34.68

2 50.0% 8.75 15 23.75
3 25.0% 2.19 15 17.19
…. (3 marks-(each 1 mark))
S-3
In a DG set, the generator is rated at 1000 kVA, 415V, 1390 A, 0.8 PF, 1500 RPM.
The full load specific energy consumption of this DG set as measured by the energy
auditor is 4.0 kWh per liter of fuel and air drawn by the DG set is 14 kg/kg of fuel. The
energy auditor has recommended a waste heat recovery (WHR) system. Also the
auditor indicated that the waste heat recovery potential is 2.6x10 5 kCal/hr at the
existing engine exhaust gas temperature of 583 oC.

Estimate the exhaust temperature to chimney after installation of proposed WHR

system. The specific gravity of fuel oil is 0.86 and specific heat of flue gas is 0.25
kCal/kg 0C.

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

Solution:

1 Rated kVA of Diesel Generator (given) 1000

2 Rated kW @ 0.8 pf 800 0.5 mark
3 Specific fuel consumption (kWh/lts) (given) 4
4 Specific gravity of fuel oil (given) 0.86
5 Oil consumption at full load in kg/hr ((2*4)/3) 172 1 mark
6 Air supplied per kg of fuel (kg) (given) 14
7 Mass of flue gas (14+1) 15
8 Mass of flue gas kg per hour (7*5) 2580 1 mark
9 Waste heat recovery potential kCal/hr (given) 2,60,000
10 Delta T across waste heat recovery system 403 1.5 mark
(Heat kCal/hr)/(mass of flue gas kg/hr*specific heat,
kcal/kg0C)
= (260000/2580x0.25)
11 Present Flue gas temp. or temp. before waste heat 583
recovery system (given)
12 Exit flue gas temp. after waste heat recovery 180 1 mark
system (583 – delta T)

S-4 The input power to a fan is 30kW for a 2500 Nm 3/hr fluid flow. The fan pulley
diameter is 300mm. If the flow to be reduced by 15% by changing the fan pulley,
what should be the diameter of fan pulley and power input to fan.

Solution

1 Input power to fan kW 30

3
2 Fluid flow Nm /hr 2500
3 Diameter of Fan pulley (mm) 300
4 Governing Equation is N1D1=N2D2 Eqn-1 1 mark
5 N2 = 0.85N1 given

6 From Eqn-1 D2=(D1)*(N1/N2); = (300)*(N1/0.85N1) 352mm 2 marks

(KW 1/KW 2) = (N13/N23);
7 Hence, KW 2=(N2/N1)3*(KW 1 ) =(0.85 N1/N1)3*(30) 18.42KW 2 marks
So Power requirement for fan will be 18.4 kW.
Fan pulley to be changed to 352 mm diameter.

S-5
Define Lux and Luminous efficacy

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

Ans
Lux (lx) is the illuminance produced by a luminous flux of one lumen,
uniformly distributed over a surface area of one square meter. It is also defined as
the International System unit of illumination, equal to one lumen per square meter.
….. (2.5 marks)
Luminous efficacy is defined as the ratio of luminous flux emitted by a lamp to
the power consumed by the lamp. Efficacy is energy efficiency of conversion from
electricity to light form.
….. (2.5 marks)

S-6 During an energy audit of a power plant cooling tower, the following observations
were made.

 Power plant generation = 785 MW

 Circulation rate =107000 m3 /hr
 Cooling tower range = 10.5oC
 Power plant design COC value = 3.80C

As an auditor find out

a) The total water consumption per hour,
b) Specific water consumption in m3/MW generation.

The plant is pursuing an up-gradation treatment plan to increase COC to 7.0.

c) What would be the potential water savings in m3/hr and m3/MW generation?

Ans

S.No. Item Ref. Calculation value units

1 Evaporation loss 0.00085*Circulati 0.00085 * 1719 m3/hr 0.5 mark
on rate in m3/hr * 107000 *
(CT range in deg (10.5)*1.8
C)*1.8
2 Blow-down loss Evaporation 1719/ (3.8-1) 614 m3/hr 0.5 mark
loss/(COC-1)
3 Total as run S.No 1 + S.No 2 (1719+614) 2333 m3/hr 0.5 mark
hourly
consumption
4 Specific water S.No. 3/785 (2333/785) 2.97 m3/MW 0.5 mark
consumption
5 Blow down at Evaporation 1719/(7-1) 286.5 m3/hr 0.5 mark
improved COC loss/(COC-1)
of 7.0
6 Total water S.No 1 + S.No 5 (1719+286.5) 2005.5 m3/hr 0.5 mark
consumption at
improved COC
7 Specific water S.No 6/785 (2005.5/785) 2.56 m3/MW 0.5 mark
consumption at

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

improved COC
8 Total water S.No 3 - S.No 6 (2333- 327.5 m3/hr 0.5 mark
saving per hour 2005.5)
9 Water S.No 8/785 (327.5/785) 0.417 m3/MW 1 mark
saving/MW
generation

S-7 Explain with equation for COPCarnot that:

(a) higher COPCarnot is achieved with higher evaporator temperature and lower
condenser temperature.
(b) COPCarnot does not take into account the type of compressor
(c) How is the COP normally used in the industry given?

Ans:

a) The theoretical Coefficient of Performance (Carnot), COP Carnot - a standard

measure of refrigeration efficiency of an ideal refrigeration system- depends on
two key system temperatures, namely, evaporator temperature Te and
condenser temperature Tc with

COP being given as: COPCarnot = Te / (Tc - Te).

….. (2 marks)

b) This expression also indicates that higher COP Carnot is achieved with higher
evaporator temperature and lower condenser temperature. But COP Carnot is only
a ratio of temperatures, and hence does not take into account the type of
compressor.
….. (2 marks)

c) Hence the COP normally used in the industry is given by

COP = [Cooling effect (kW)/Power input to compressor (kW)]

where the cooling effect is the difference in enthalpy across the evaporator and
expressed as kW
….(1 mark)
S-8
The following single line diagram depicts the location of a 100 kW heater load and a
200 kW motor (which is 200 metres away from the 415V, LT bus). The main incoming
line power factor of the system is 0.85 lag. Calculate the rating of capacitors to
improve PF of main incoming line to 0.9 lag.

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

Ans:
Total Inductive load requiring PF compensation = 200kW (since the other 100 kW is
a resistive load)
….. (1 mark)
Operating PF cos ø1= 0.85 lag.
Desired PF cos ø2= 0.90 lag
-1 -1
kVAr required = kW((tan(cos ø1)-tan(cos ø2))
….. (1 mark)
-1 -1
= 200(tan (cos 0.85)-tan (cos 0.90))
= 200( tan(31.78)-tan(25.84))
= 200(0.619-0.484)
= 200(0.135)
= 27 kVAr
….(3 marks)

………..……. End of Section - II ………….….

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

Section – III: LONG DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 6 x 10 = 60

(i) Answer all Six questions

(ii) Each question carries Ten marks

L-1 Compare the performance of centrifugal chiller with vapour absorption chiller using the
data given below:

Sl. Centrifugal
Parameter VAM
No. Chiller
1 Chilled water flow (m3/h) 192 183
2 Condenser water flow (m3/h) 245 360
3 Chiller inlet water temperature (0C) 13 14.5
4 Condenser water inlet temperature (0C) 28 32
5 Chiller outlet water temperature (0C) 7.8 9.2
6 Condenser water outlet temperature (0C) 36.2 40.7
7 Chilled water pump consumption (kW) 32 31
8 Condenser water pump consumption (kW) 38 52
9 Cooling tower fan consumption (kW) 9 22

If the compressor of centrifugal chiller consumes 205 kW, the steam consumption for
VAM is 1620 kg/Hr. Calculate the following:

i) Refrigeration load delivered (TR) for both systems?

ii) Condenser Heat load (TR) for both systems?
iii) Compare auxiliary power consumption for both systems, give reason?
iv) If electricity cost is Rs.4.0/kWh and steam cost is Rs.0.45/kg compare the
operating cost for both systems.
Solution:

a) Compression Chiller vs. VAM

Sl. Centrifugal
Parameter VAM
No. Chiller
1 Refrigeration load delivered (TR)
= Mass of Chilled water flow x Specific heat x
Delta T of Chilled water 330.16 320.73 2 marks
= Sl. No.1 m3/hr * 1000kg/m3 *1 kcal/kg 0C *
(Sl. No. 3. – Sl. No. 5) / 3024
2 Condenser heat load delivered (TR)
= Mass of condenser water flow x Specific
heat * Delta T of condenser water 664.35 1035.71 2 marks
= Sl. No.2 m3/hr * 1000kg/m3 *1 kcal/kg 0C *
(Sl. No. 6 – Sl. No. 4) / 3024
3 Auxiliary Power Consumption (kW) =
(Sl. No. 7 + Sl. No. 8 + Sl. No. 9) 79 105

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

The auxiliary power consumption in case of VAM system is higher

because heat rejection in VAM condenser is comparatively higher than 2 marks
centrifugal chiller with approximate similar cooling load.
4 Total Energy Consumption: 284 kW Auxiliary
Power of
(Auxiliary 105 kW
Power of and
2 marks
79kW and Steam
Chiller consumpti
consumptio on of 1620
n of 205 kg/hr
5 Operating Energy Cost per Hour of Operation kW)
Rs 1149/-
Rs. 1136/-
(105 * 4 =
Rs. 420/- 2 marks
plus 1620
(284 * 4 =
* 0.45 =
Rs. 1136/-)
Rs. 729/-)

L-2 a) Calculate the ventilation rate for an engine room of 20m length, 10.5m width and 15m
height; if the recommended Air Changes per Hour (ACH) is 20.

b) Air at 25,200 m3/hr and at 1.2 kg/m3 density is flowing into an air handling unit of an
inspection room. The enthalpy difference between the inlet and outlet air is 2.38 kcal/kg. If
the motor draws 22 kW with an efficiency of 90%, find out the kW/TR of the refrigeration
system. (1 cal = 4.183)

Solution:

a) Ventilation Rate:

Room Length (m) 20

Room Height (m) 15
Room Width (m) 10.5
Air Changes per Hr (ACH) 20
Ventilation rate (m3/Hr) =
Length (m) * Height (m) * Width (m) * ACH 63000
….. (5 marks)
b)
Refrigeration tonnes Q x x (h2-h1)
25200 x 1.2 x (2.38) kcal/kg
71,971 kcal/hr
…..( 2 marks)
TR 71,971 /3024
23.8 TR

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

…..( 1 mark)
Power input to the compressor 22 x 0.9= 19.8 kW
…..( 1 mark)
kW/TR 19.8/23.8 = 0.83
…..( 1 mark)
L-3 In a diary plant 3 numbers of cooling water pumps, identical in characteristics are installed
in parallel to supply cooling. During normal operation two of the pumps are operational
while one pump is on standby. All pump combinations develop a discharge pressure of
3.4 kg/cm2 (a). The installed water flow meter at the common header during an energy
audit reads the following:

Operating Pump No. Flow Rate

(m3/hr)
Pump No 1 & 2 545
Pump No 2 & 3 535
Pump No 3 & 1 550

The power drawn by motors of cooling water pump 1, 2 & 3 are 33 kW, 31.5 kW & 32.5
kW respectively. While the operating motor efficiency for pump no. 1 & 2 is 92% the motor
efficiency for pump no. 3 is 91.5%. If the water level in suction of all pumps is 3 meter
below pump central line. Calculate the following:

i) Individual pump efficiencies

ii) Specific energy consumption (kWh/m3)
iii) Which is the best operating pump combination
Solution:

Let flow of pump 1,2 & 3 be X, Y and Z respectively.

From given:

X + Y = 545 ---------(1)
Y + Z = 535 ---------(2)
X + Z = 550 ---------(3)

Subtracting eqn (2) from eqn (1):

X – Z = 10 --------(4)

Adding eqn (3) and eqn (4):

2X = 560
X= 280

Putting X value in eqn (1) and (2):

Y = 265 and Z = 270

Therefore, individual pump flow rates are: 280 m 3/hr, 265 m3/hr and 270 m3/hr

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

respectively.
…. (3 marks)

Pump Ref: 1 2 3
3
A) Flow Rate (M /hr) (calculated) 280 265 270
B) Discharge Head (m) =3.4 kg/cm2 (a)
= 2.4 kg/cm2 (g) =24 m (given) 24 24 24
C) Suction Head (m) (g) (given) -3 -3 -3
D) Total Head (Discharge Head - Suction Head)*
1 mark
(B-C) 27 27 27
E) Liquid kW [flow (m3/s)*total head (m)*density
2 marks
(1000 kg./m3) * 9.81 (m/s2)/1000] 20.60 20.22 19.87
F) Power Drawn by motor kW (given) 33 31.5 32.5
G) Motor eff. % (given) 92.0% 92.0% 91.5%
H) Pump input power kW (FxG) 30.36 28.98 29.74 1 mark
I) Pump eff. % (E/H) 67.9% 69.8% 66.8% 1 mark
J) Specific Energy Consumption (kWh/M3) (F/A) 0.118 0.119 0.120 1 mark

Pump No. 1 & 2 are the best performing operating combination. …… (1 mark)

Note:
*The total head has been calculated subtracting Discharge Gauge pressure from suction
gauge pressure. The candidates can also calculate total head as difference of absolute
pressures as follows:

Discharge Head= 3.4 kg/cm2 (a)

Suction Head = 1- 0.3 kg/cm2 = 0.7 kg/cm2
Total Head Developed = 3.4 – 0.7 = 2.7 kg/cm2 = 27 m

L-4
a) In a chemical industry, cooling water of 9000 m 3/hr and 6000 m3/hr from two
independent heat exchangers with temperature of 41 0C and 520C respectively are
fed to one cooling tower after proper mixing at top basin. If measured heat rejection
by the cooling tower is 45,000TR, calculate effectiveness and evaporation loss of the
cooling tower at 310C WBT.
b) In an air conditioning duct 0.5 m x 0.5 m, the average velocity of air measured by
vane anemometer is 28 m/s. The static pressure at suction of the fan is -20 mmWC
and at the discharge is 30 mmWC. A three phase induction motor draws 10.8 A at
415 V with a power factor of 0.9. Find out efficiency of the fan if motor efficiency =
88% (neglect density correction)

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Solution:
a)
Sl. Stream Stream
Particulars
No. 1 2
1 Flow Rate (m3/hr) (given) 9000 6000
2 Temp. C 0
(given) 41 52
3 Mix. Flow Rate (m3/Hr) (Sl.1 +2) 15000
4 Mix. Hot Water Temp. 0C
[(Flow1 * Temp. 1) + (Flow 2 *Temp. 2)]/ 1 mark
(Flow1 + Flow 2) 45.4
5 Heat Rejection (TR) (given) 45000
6 Range of Cooling Tower 0C:
(Heat Rejection TR * 3024) / 1 mark
(Flow M3/hr * 1000) 9.072
7 WBT 0C (given) 31
8 Cold Water Temp. 0C
0.5 mark
(Mix. Hot Water Temp. – Range) 36.328
9 Approach 0C (Cold Water Temp. – WBT) 5.328 0.5 mark
10 Effectiveness
1 mark
(Range/ (Range + Approach)) 63
11 Evaporation Loss (m3/hr)
1 mark
= 0.00085*1.8*Mix. Flow m3/hr*Range 208.2
b)
1 Area of the Duct: (0.5*0.5) m2 0.25
2 Avg. velocity (m/s) (given) 28
3 Air Flow (m3/s) (Sl. 1* Sl. 2) 7 1 mark
4 Suction static Pr. (mmWC) (given) -20
5 Discharge Static Pr. (mmWC) (given) 30
6 Power drawn by the motor (kW): 1 mark
6.99
(1.732 * 415*10.8*0.9/1000)
7 Air Power kW: 1 mark
= Flow (m3/s)* (Dis. Pr – Suc. Pr.) 3.43
mmWC /102
8 Power to fan Shaft kW 1 mark
6.15
(Motor Drawn power * Motor eff. Of 88%)
9 Fan Static Eff. (%) 1 mark
55.76
= Air Power*100%/Shaft Input

L-5 One of the process industries has installed 18 MW cogeneration plant. The Cogeneration
plant maximum condenser load is 7 MW and the extraction steam of 57 TPH is used for
process and also for vapour absorption machine. The condenser heat load is 550 Kcal/kg
of steam and the steam rate is 5 kg/KW for condenser power. The heat load of VAM in
127 Kcal/min/TR and the capacity of VAM is 1100 TR. Estimate cooling tower heat load in
Kcal/hr. If the tower is designed for 6 oC range, calculate the water flow in cooling tower.
The design approach temperature of the CT is 5 oC.

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 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

Ans. Condenser load = 7 MW

Steam rate for condenser = 5 kg/KW
Total steam required for condenser power = 7000 X 5 = 35000 Kg/hr.
…. (2 marks)
Condenser heat load = 35000 x 550 = 19250000 Kcal/hr.
…. (2 marks)
Heat load of VAM = 1100 x 127 x 60 = 8382000 Kcal/hr.
…. (2 marks)
Total heat load = 19250000 + 8382000 = 27632000 Kcal/hr.
…. (2 marks)
Range of tower = 6 deg C
Cooling water Flow required=27632000/6=4605333 lts or 4605 m 3.
…. (2 marks)

a) List a) List five disadvantages of low Power Factor ?

L-6
b) An industry is losing money as penalty on account maintaining a poor power factor of
0.88.The power utility has specified a minimum power factor of 0.9 to avoid penalty. The
penalty on energy cost is 1% for every 0.01 power factor less than the minimum
prescribed. Also an incentive on energy cost is available @ 1.5% for every 0.01
improvement above 0.95. If the monthly energy bill of the industry is Rs 6 lakhs, calculate
the annual cost saving potential if power factor is improved to unity from the current level.

Answer :
( Any five -1 mark each)
a) Disadvantages of low power factor are
1.) Large Line Losses (Copper Losses)
2.) Large kVA rating and Size of Electrical Equipments
3.) Greater Conductor Size and Cost
4.) Poor Voltage Regulation and Large Voltage Drop
5.) Low Efficiency
6.) Penalty from Electric Power Supply Company on Low Power factor

b)
Minimum PF to be maintained to avoid penalty = 0.9
Present penalty = 1.00 % (on energy bill) for every 0.01 P.F.
For 0.02 PF = 1.00 x 2 = 2.0% ( 1 mark)
Incentives = 1.5 x 5 = 7.5% ( 1 mark)
Energy saving potential = 9.5%
Cost reduction potential per month = 6 lakh x 9.5% = Rs.57000 ( 2 mark)
Annual cost Reduction = 57000x12 = Rs.684000 ( 1 mark)

-------- End of Section - III -----

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

Regn No: __________________

Name : __________________
(To be written by the candidate)

17th NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION

FOR
ENERGY MANAGERS & ENERGY AUDITORS – September, 2016
PAPER – 3: Energy Efficiency in Electrical Utilities

Date: 25.09.2016 Timings: 0930-1230 HRS Duration: 3 HRS

General instructions:
o Please check that this question paper contains 8 printed pages
o Please check that this question paper contains 64 questions
o The question paper is divided into three sections
o All questions in all three sections are compulsory
o All parts of a question should be answered at one place

Section – I: OBJECTIVE TYPE

1. Which of the following is the most comfortable conditions for an office room?
DBT = Dry bulb temperature, and RH = Relative humidity

a) 20°C DBT and 80% RH

b) 26°C DBT and 100% RH
c) 15°C DBT and 30% RH
d) 25°C DBT and 55% RH
2. Energy Star Label Rating scheme for Fluorescent lamp is based on:

a) Lumens per Watt at 100, 2000 and 3500 hours of use

b) End of Lamp Life in terms of burring hours
c) Lumen depreciation at 2000 hours
d) Color Rendering Index
3. The effect of increasing the air gap in an induction motor will increase:

a) power factor
b) speed
c) capacity
d) magnetizing current
4. The formation of frost on cooling coils in a refrigerator:

a) improves C.O.P. of the system

b) increases heat transfer
c) reduces power consumption

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

d) increases power consumption

5. In a refrigeration system, the expansion device is connected between the

a. Compressor and condenser

b. Condenser and receiver
c. Condenser and evaporator
d. Evaporator and compressor
6. Which of the following is wrong with respect to Color Rendering Index (CRI)?

a) The CRI is expressed in a relative scale ranging from 0 - 100

b) CRI indicates how perceived colors match actual colors
c) CRI of Sodium Vapour lamp is much higher than that of a normal Incandescent
Lamp
d) The higher the color rendering index, the less color shift or distortion occurs
7. Which of the following is wrong with reference to heat rate of a coal fired thermal power plant
?

a) Heat rate indicates the overall energy efficiency of a power plant

b) When calculating plant heat rate, the energy input to the system is GCV of the fuel
c) Lower the heat rate the better
d) 860 kCal per kWh is practically achievable
8. Installing larger diameter pipe in pumping system results in reduction in:

a) Static head
b) Dynamic head
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the above
9. In electrical power system, transmission efficiency increases as

a) both voltage and power factor increase

b) both voltage and power factor decrease
c) voltage increases but power factor decreases
d) voltage decreases but power factor increases.
10. Which of the following is wrong statement with reference to LED lamps?

a) LED lamps are as energy efficient as CFL bulbs or better.

b) LED lampas are more durable than CFLs
c) LED lamps has no hazardous material like mercury
d) LED lamps are not suitable for Street Lighting purpose
11. In no load test of a poly-phase induction motor, the measured power by the wattmeter
consists of:

a) core loss
b) copper loss
c) core loss, windage & friction loss
d) stator copper loss, iron loss, windage & friction loss

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 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

12. A 10 MVA generator has power factor 0.86 lagging. The reactive power produced will be

a) 10 MVAr
b) 8 MVAr
c) 5 MVAr
d) 1.34 MVAr.
13. The no-load loss and copper loss of a 500 kVA transformer is 900 watts and 6400 watts
respectively. What is the total loss at 50% of transformer loading?

a) 4100 watts
b) 6850 watts
c) 2500 watts
d) 3650 watts
14. Kg of moisture / kg of dry air is defined as
a) Absolute humidity
b) Relative humidity
c) Variable humidity
d) Dew Point

15. The basic function of an air dryer in a compressor is to

a) Prevent dust from entering the compressor

b) Remove moisture before the intercooler
c) Remove moisture in compressor suction
d) Remove moisture at the downstream of the after-cooler
16. The term “cooling range” in a cooling tower refers to the difference in the temperature of

a) dry bulb and wet bulb

b) hot water entering the tower and the wet bulb temperature of the surrounding air.
c) cold water leaving the tower and the wet bulb temperature of the surrounding air.
d) hot water entering the tower and the cooled water leaving the tower.
17. The distinction between fans and blowers is based on

a) impeller diameter
b) specific ratio
c) speed
d) volume delivered

18. A better indicator for cooling tower performance is

a) Heat load in tower

b) Range
c) RH of air leaving cooling tower
d) Approach
19. As per the building area method given in Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)
compute the lighting power allowance; given that : the allowed LPD is 12 watt per square
meter and enclosed office area is 500 square meter

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

a) 6 kW
b) 4.16 kW
c) 6 W
d) 4.16 W
20. The power factor of a synchronous motor

a) Improves with increase in excitation and may even become leading at high
excitations
b) Decreases with increase in excitation
c) Is independent of its excitation
d) Increases with loading for a given excitation
21. A 4 pole 50 Hz induction motor is running at 1470 rpm. What is the slip value?

a) 0.2
b) 0.02
c) 0.04
d) 0.4
22. As per Energy Conservation Building Code compute the Effective Aperture (EA); given that
Window Wall Ratio (WWR) is 0.40 and Visible Light Transmittance(VLT) is 0.25

a) 0.10
b) 0.65
c) 0.33
d) 0.15
23. Increasing the impeller diameter in a pump
a. Increases the flow
b. decreases the head
c. decreases the power
d. all of the above
24. The percentage reduction in distribution loses when tail end power factor is raised from 0.8 to
0.95 is:
a) 29% b) 15.8% c) 71% d) 84%
25.
In a Three Phase Transformer, the secondary side line current is 139.1A, and secondary
voltage is 415V. The rating of the transformer would be ___________.
a. 50 kVA
b. 150 kVA
c. 100 kVA
d. 63 kVA

26. Power factor is highest in case of

a. Sodium vapour lamps
b. Mercury vapour lamps

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 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

c. Tube Lights

d. Incandescent lamps

27. Shunt capacitors connection is normally adopted for:

a. Distribution Voltage improvement.
b. Power factor improvement.
c. Both a and b.
d. None of these

28. A company installed a new 100 kVAr, 415Volt capacitor but the power analyzer indicates that
it is operating at 93 kVAr. The reason could be

a. Operation is at low load

b. Higher Voltage at terminals
c. Lower voltage at terminals
d. None of the above
29. The kVA reduction by improving the power factor of a plant operating at 400 kW load from
0.85 to 0.95 is
a) 40 b) 49 c) 72 d) None of the above
30. For a supply end Voltage of 10.6 kV and receiving end Voltage of 9.8 kV, the percentage
regulation works out to:
a) 0.80 b) 8.16 c) 7.55 d) None of these.
31. Which of the following can be attributed to Commercial Loss in Electrical Distribution System?
a) Lengthy Low Voltage Lines b) Low Load side power factor
c) Faulty consumer service meters d) Undersized conductors
32. An Induction motor rated 15 kW and 90 % efficiency, at full load will:

a) Draw 15 kW b) Draw 13.5 kW c) Deliver 16.66 kW d) Deliver 15 kW

33. A 50 hp motor with a full load efficiency of 90 percent was found to be operating at 25 kW
input. The percent Motor Load is

a) 75% b) 67% c) 60% d) 25%

34. A DG set has a 300 HP engine drive and is connected to a 300 kVA alternator with 95%
efficiency. When a plant load of 290 amps at 415 Volts and 0.76 power factor is connected,
the engine loading works out to

a) 52% b) 74.51% c) 55.4 % d) None of the above

35. Which of the following devices do not produce any harmonics?
a. Electric Motors
b. Filament Lamp
c. Switch Mode power supply of laptops

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 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

d. Electromagnetic ballasts

36. At which of the following discharge pressures, the same reciprocating air compressor will
consume maximum power

a) 3 bar b) 5 kgf/cm2 c) 90 psi d) 500 kPa

37. In a DG set, the generator is consuming 70 litre per hour diesel oil. If the specific fuel
consumption of this DG set is 0.33litres/ kWh at that load, what is the kVA loading of the
set at 0.8 PF?

a) 212 kVA b) 262.5 kVA c) 170 kVA d) None of these.

38. If EER of One Ton Split AC unit is 3.51, what is its power rating?

a) 1.0 kW
b) 1.5 kW
c) 0.8 kW
d) 2.0 kW

39. As per the Inverse Square Law of illumination what will be the illuminance at half the
distance?

a) 50% b) 4 times c) double d)No change

40. Find the air density at 35oC temperature at one atmospheric pressure. It is given that at one
atmospheric pressure the air density at 20 oC is 1.2041 kg/m3

a) 1.1455 b) 1.2657 c) 1.2024 d) none of the above

41. A spark ignition engine is used for firing which type of fuels:

a) high speed diesel

b) light diesel oil
c) natural gas
d) furnace oil
42. The blow down requirement in m3/hr of a cooling tower with evaporation rate of 16 m3/hr and
CoC of 3 is

a) 4 b) 2 c) 8 d ) 16

43. Which Loss in a Distribution Transformer is predominant if the transformer is loaded to75% of
its rated capacity?
a) core loss
b) copper loss
c) hysteresis loss
d) magnetic field loss

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

44. Which of the following power plants has the highest efficiency
a. Combined cycle gas turbine
b. Diesel Engine
c. Conventional coal plants
d. Open cycle Gas Turbine
45. The voltage unbalance in three phase supply is 1.5 %. If the motor is operating at 100 oC, the
additional temperature rise in oC due to voltage unbalance is
a. 4.5 b. 9 c. 0 d none of the above
46. Which of the following cannot be controlled by automatic power factor controllers

a) KW b) voltage c) Power factor d) KiloVAr

47. The parameter used in Star labeling of air conditioner is

a. COP b. EER c. KW/TR d. EPI

48. The refrigeration load in TR when 30 m3/hr of water is cooled from a 14 o C to 6.5 o C is about

a) 74.4 b) 64.5 c) 261.6 d) none of the above

49. In a lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system

a. lithium bromide is used as a refrigerant and water as an absorbent

b. water is used as a refrigerant and lithium bromide as an absorbent

c. ammonia is used as a refrigerant and lithium bromide as an absorbent

d. none of these

50. A good DG set waste heat recovery device manufacturer will take precautions to prevent
which of the following problem while DG set is in operation

a) voltage unbalance on generator b) Excessive back pressure on engine

c) excessive steam generation d) turbulence in exhaust gases

…….……. End of Section – I ………..….

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

Section – II: SHORT DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS

S-1 a. The rated compressor capacity is 15 m3/min. Evaluate if there is any capacity
de-rating using the air-receiver tank filling method conducted at shop floor.
The relevant data is given below.

Volume of Air receiver including pipe and cooler = 9 m3

Initial Pressure = 0.5 kg/cm2
Final Pressure = 7.0 kg/ cm2
Atmosphere pressure = 1.026 kg/ cm2
Time taken to build up the pressure = 5 minutes

b. What is the deficiency in this calculation and how can it be corrected ?.

Ans a. Compressor output from tank filling method
= [(7.0-0.5) x9/ (1.026x5)] = 11.40 m3/min
Capacity shortfall = 15-11.40 = 3.60 m3/min,
i.e., (3.60/15)x100 = 24% capacity de-rating

b. The above calculation assumes the compression is isothermal. It can be

corrected by introducing the temperature correction factor: (273+T 2) /(273+T1)
where T1 is suction Temperature and T2 is receiver temperature.

S-2 State three advantages of improvement of Power Factor at Load side. Power Factor
at the load side is 0.75 and average minimum load is 100 kW. What is the kVAr rating
of capacitor to improve the Power Factor at the load side to 0.95?

Ans Advantages of Power Factor improvement.

.
 Reduced kVA (Maximum demand) charges in utility bill
 Reduced distribution losses (KWH) within the plant network due to reduced
current
 Better voltage at motor terminals and improved performance of motors
 Reduction in size of transformers
 Avoidance of PF penalty and availing of PF incentives.
 Better operating efficiency of motors/ drives
( any three of the above or relevant answers)

Capacitor required to improve Pf from 0.75 to 0.95 for an Average Load of 100 kW
= 100{tan (cos-1 0.75) - tan (cos-1 0.95)} = 100(0.882-0.329) = 55.3 kVAr, say 55 kVAr

Or

kVArOld = √(kVAold2-kW 2) =√(100/0.75)2 -1002 = 87.67 kVAr

kVArnew = √(kVAnew2-kW 2) =√(100/0.95)2 -1002 = 32.86 kVAr

Additional kVAr required = 87.67-32.86 = 54.76 kVAr, say 55 kVAr

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

S-3 One unit of electricity in end-use application is equivalent to about two units of
electricity generated. Substantiate your answer with the computation of cascade
efficiency from generating plant ex-bus to end-use application.
Assume: Efficiency of Generator yard substation as 98%; transmission and
Distribution Loss = 20%; Efficiency of End-use application= 65%

Ans Cascade efficiency from ex-bus generator to end-use =

Efficiency of Generator yard substation x Efficiency of transmission and
Distribution x Efficiency of End-use application
Which is approximately = 0.98x(1-0.20)x0.65 = 0.5096.

Therefore one unit at end use application = [1/0.5096] = 1.96 Units,

Say 2 Units at ex-generator bus

Match the following Terms in ECBC

S-4
Rate of Heat Flow in Watt per square meter per
1 Lighting Power Density (LPD) A
degree Centigrade
Energy Performance Index (EPI)
2 B Light admitting potential of a Glazing System
of a building
3 Effective Aperture(EA) C Watts per square meter
4 Visible Light Transmittance (VLT) D kWh per square meter per year

Ratio of Light Passing through glazing to the

5 U-Factor E light passing through perfectly transmissive
glazing

Ans 1,C; 2,D; 3,E; 4,B; 5,A

S-5
List five energy saving measures in a commercial building.

Ans  Optimize air conditioning volumes by measures such as use of false ceiling
and segregation of critical areas for air conditioning by providing partitions.

 Reduction in solar heat gain through building envelope by providing efficient

glazing.
 Use of energy efficient lighting systems
 Using occupancy/ motion/ sound sensors for lighting system
 Use of energy efficient pumping systems
 Use of energy efficient air conditioning systems
 Providing efficient barriers for avoiding hot air leakage into cold spaces.
 Optimizing evaporator temperature to 220C
 Avoiding use of heating appliance in cool spaces.

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

S-6 Explain how a Variable Frequency Drive saves power in a three phase electric
motor driven pumping system? What will be the reduction in power drawn by a
motor by reducing the speed by half?

Ans The VFD converts a basic fixed-frequency, fixed voltage sine-wave power (line
power) to a variable frequency, variable-voltage output used to control speed of
induction motors.
By controlling speed of a pump rather than controlling flow through use of throttling
valves, energy savings can be substantial.

By affinity law, if the speed of the pumping is reduced by 1/2, the power drawn by the
motor will be reduced by a factor of eight (1/2)3 = 1/8.Using a fixed speed motor
would require some type of mechanical throttling device, such as a vane or damper;
but the fact remains that the motor would running full load and almost full speed (full
power), dropping the pressure across the flow control device.

S-7 A performance analysis of a DG set was carried out. The following are the data
obtained.
 Period of trial – 2 hrs
 Energy generated -1500 kWh
 Level difference in diesel day tank – 51.6 cm
 Diameter of day tank – 1m
 Calorific value of fuel -10500 kcals/kg

The air drawn by the DG set is 30 kg/kg of fuel. The energy auditor recommended for
a waste heat recovery system. Also the auditor indicated waste heat recovery
potential is 2.6x105 kcal/hr if the flue gas temperature after waste heat recovery
system is maintained at 1800C.

a) Calculate the average efficiency of DG set and its specific fuel consumption

b) Calculate present flue gas exit temperature if specific gravity of fired fuel oil of
0.86 and specific heat of flue gas is 0.25 kcal/kg 0C.

Ans
1 Fuel consumption (litres) during 2 hrs of trail period 405
2
{(area x height diff) of day tank} ={3.14x(1 )/4 x0.516x1000)lit
2 Specific gravity of fuel oil (given) 0.86
3 Oil consumption in (kg/hr) (405x 0.86 / 2) 174.18
kg/hr or
202.5
lit/hr
4 Specific fuel consumption (kWh/lit) ( Ans a) 3.7
kWh/lit
or 4.3

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

kWh/kg
5 Air supplied per kg of fuel (kg) (given) 30
6 Mass of flue gas (Sl.No.5)+1kg 31
7 Mass of flue gas kg per hour (Sl.No 6 x Sl.No 3) 5399.5
8 Waste heat recovery potential (kCal/hr) (given) 260000
9 Delta T across waste heat recovery system 192.61
(Heat kCal/hr)/(mass of flue gas/hr*specific heat)
10 Exit flue gas temp. after waste heat recovery system 180
(given)
11 Present Flue gas temp. or temp. before waste heat 372.6
recovery system (1800C+Delta T) ( Ans b)
12 Efficiency of DG set {750x860/(174.18x10500)} ( Ans a) =35.3

S-8 A 415 V, 15kW, 3-ph, 50Hz Induction motor operates at full load, with 88% efficiency
and 0.85 power factor lagging:
a) Find the current drawn by the motor
b) If this motor is replaced by 92.5% energy efficient motor with 0.92 power
factor, what will be the power savings in terms of k W and kVA?
Ans a). kW in (Input power) = 15 / 0.88 = 17.05 kW
Line current = 17.050 / (√3 x 0.415 x 0.85) = 27.91 Amp
kVAin = 17.05/0.85=20.06 kVA OR (√3 x 415X27.91)

b) For the same output of 15 kW

Input power with 92.5 % efficiency will be = 15/0.925 = 16.216 kW and
Input kVA at 0.92 power factor will be = 16.216 /0.92= 17.62 or 18 kVA

Therefore, saving will be 17.05 -16.216 = 0.834 kW

20.06-17.62= 2.44 kVA

………..……. End of Section - II ………….….

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

Section – III: LONG DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS

L-1 Identify the type of refrigeration system depicted in the following figure and also the
components represented by 1,2,3 &4 . Explain briefly the function of each of these
components.

Ans Vapor Absorbtion Refrigeration system

1. Absorber : Concentrated LiBr absorbs the refrigerant vapor (water) and becomes
dilute.

2. Generator : Heats the dilute LiBr refrigerant, regenerates refrigerant (water vapor )
and also concentrates LiBr.

3. Condensor: Condenses the regenerated refrigerant (water vapor)

4. Evaporator : Liquid refrigerant (water) in atomised form picksup the heat from the
cooling chilled water coil and becomes water vapor.

L-2 A 1680 m3/hr reciprocating compressor is operated by a 160 kW rated motor with an
efficiency of 90% and is drawing 159 kW. The actual requirement of the compressed air is
increased by 100 m3/hr due to an additional equipment. Plant is considering to increase
the speed of the compressor to meet this marginal requirement by modifying the
compressor pulley size. The existing speed and pulley sizes are given below.
o Motor rpm : 1400
o Motor pulley diameter : 300mm
o Compressor rpm : 700 rpm
o Compressor Pulley diameter : 600 mm
Find out the new pulley diameter and also the additional power consumption after
increasing the speed?
Based on the calculation check whether the motor has the capacity to handle the
additional load.

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

Ans Initial flow rate = 1680 m3/hr

Modified flow rate = (1680 + 100) = 1780 m3/hr

Initial rpm = 700 rpm

Modified rpm = (1780 /1680 ) x 700 = 742 rpm

Modified, compressor - pulley size = using the expression N1D1 = N2D2

D2 = N1D1/N2 = (700x600)/742 = 566 mm

Modified motor power consumption = (742 / 700) x 159 kW = 168.54 kW

Capability of the motor = 160 kW / 0.9 = 178 kW

Hence the motor have the margin to absorb the additional load of 100 m3/hr

L-3
a) A Residential colony having a fixed load of 250 KVA is situated 1 km away from a 3
phase, 11 kV / 415 V transformer from which the power is to be fed. The
management is evaluating the choice of LT (1 run x 3.5 core x 300sqmm) Vs HT (1
run x 3 core x 70sqmm) distribution for a 1 km stretch. Given the following data, as a
n energy auditor what would you suggest and estimate the payback period on
marginal investment (difference in the two investments)
b) Support your recommendation with calculations.
c) Data
• Total Resistance of LT cable (conductor cross section 300sqmm)is 0.13 ohms / km
and the cost is Rs 700/m
• Total Resistance of HT cable(conductor cross section 70sqmm) is 0.570 ohms /
km and the cost is Rs 1300/ m
• Unit price is Rs 7 / kWh
• Cost of relocating the transformer (in case of HT cabling ) = Rs 1 lakh
Add voltage regulations loss (single run x root 3)

Ans Resistance of LT cable is 0.13 ohms / km and the cost is Rs 700/m

Resistance of HT cable is 0.570 ohms / km and the cost is Rs 1300/ m

Current drawn in LT system = 250/(0.415*1.732) = 347.8 A

Current drawn in HT system = 250 /(1.732*11) = 13.1 A

Power loss in LT system =( (347.8)2x 0.13 x 1x3ph)/1000 = 47.17 kW

Power loss in HT system = ( (13.1)2x 0.57 x 1x3ph)/1000 = 0.29 kW

Energy saving on account of conversion from LT to HT line = 47.17 – 0.29 = 46.87 kW

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 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

Annual energy savings = 46.87 x 8760 = 4,10,639 kWh

Annual cost savings = 4,10,639 x 7 = Rs 28,74,470/-

Investment required for laying HT cable supply = Rs 1300 x 1000 = 13,00,000/-

Investment required for relocating transformer = Rs.1,00,000
Total Investment required for laying HT cable supply and relocating transformer
= (13,00,000+1,00,000)
= Rs.14,00,000

Investment required for laying LT cable supply = Rs 700 x 1000 = Rs. 7,00,000/-

Pay back for the marginal investment = (14,00,000 – 7,00,000 )/ 28,74,470

= 0.24 yrs = 3 months

L-4 An air supply system with belt driven centrifugal fan and necessary damper
adjustment has a flow rate of 12 m3/s. One branch of the system, having a flow of
1.5 m3/s, require static pressure of 89 mmWC.
Although, the remainder of the system could operate at 66 mmWC, the fan is
operated at 89 mmWC to provide for pressure required by the branch. The system
operates for 6000 hours /year
Energy auditor proposes to reduce the fan speed to reduce the static pressure to 66
mmWC and provide a booster fan in the duct to deliver 89 mmWC static pressure to
the branch. The speed reduction is proposed to be achieved by changing the fan
pulley diameter. The motor and fan efficiencies remain same after pulley change.
Booster fan has an efficiency of 75% and drive motor of 85% efficiency.

Measured motor input power to main supply fan = 16.2 kW

Fan data:
Initial fan speed = 1200 rpm
Initial motor pulley diameter = 209 mm
Initial fan pulley diameter = 305 mm
hours operation = 6000
Calculate annual energy savings & cost savings
Ans
Solution:

Revised fan speed = 1200 x (66/89) ^0.5

= 1031 rpm
New fan pulley diameter = 305 x 1200/1031
= 355 mm

Initial ideal fan power (Air kW) = 12 x 89/102 = 10.5 kW

Revised ideal fan power (Air kW) = 12 x 66/102 = 7.8 kW

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Initial motor input power = 16.2 kW

Since motor and fan efficiencies remain same after pulley change
(10.5/16.2) = (7.8/Revised motor input power)
Revised motor input power = 16.2 x 7.8/10.5 = 12 kW
Annual energy savings = (16.2-12) x 6000 = 25,200 kWh
Annual cost savings = 25200 x Rs.7/kWh = Rs.1,76,400/-

Booster fan flow rate = 1.5 m3/s

Static pressure = (89-66)= 23mmWC
Ideal fan power (Air kW) = 1.5 x 23/102 = 0.34 kW
Fan shaft power = 0.34/0.75 = 0.45 kW
Drive motor capacity = 0.45 / 0.85 = 0.53 kW

Annual energy consumption of booster fan

= 0.53 x 6000 = 3180 kWh
Annual cost savings = 3180 x 7 = Rs.22,260/-

Net savings = 1,76,400 – 22,260 = Rs. 1,54,140/-

L-5 A centrifugal water pump operates at 60 m3/hr and at 1470 RPM. The pump operating
efficiency is 65% and motor efficiency is 89%. The discharge pressure gauge shows 3.4
kg/cm2. The suction is 3 m below the pump centerline.
An energy auditor recommends to replace the existing motor with a four pole motor of
91% efficiency and a slip of 1% . Determine the new flow rate and the power drawn by the
motor.
In both the cases the throttle valve is fully open and system head is purely frictional.

Comment on the measure.

Ans Existing
Flow = 60 m3/hr
Head developed by the pump = 34 – (-3) = 37 m
Power drawn by the pump = (60/3600) x 37 x 1000 x 9.81/(1000 x 0.65)
= 9.3 kW

Proposed

Speed of the pump with new motor = 1500- [(1/100)x1500] =1485 RPM
Flow rate of new pump with increase in RPM
Q1 /Q2 = N1/N2
Q2 = Q1 x(N2/N1) = 60 x (1485/1470) = 60.61m3/h

Power drawn by the pump with new motor = 9.3 x (1485/1470)3 = 9.59 kW
Power drawn by the existing motor =9.3/0.89 = 10.46 kW
Power drawn by the new motor = 9.59/0.91 = 10.54 kW

Comment
Comment-1: Power consumption is more , so not recommended

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 REGULAR Paper 3 – Set A

(or)
Comment-2: Power consumption is more however flow is also more.

L-6
State true or false ( 1 marks each)
1. The efficiency of gas turbine power plant is lower than that of a combined
cycle power plant.( T )
2. The performance of air compressor at high altitudes will be lower as
compared to that at sea level(T).
3. Efficiency of transformer will be minimum when copper loss is equal to iron
losses. ( F)
4. In cooling towers, the water droplets entrapped in the air stream is captured by
drift eliminators.( T)
5. To get the static pressure, the inner and outer tubes of pitot tube are
connected to manometer.(F)
6. The throttling of pump discharge will change the pump characteristic curve (F).
7. The simplest way to reduce the discharge from a reciprocating air compressor
is to throttle it. (F)
8. Cycle of Concentration (COC) is the ratio of dissolved solids in circulating
water to the dissolved solids in makeup water(T)
9. Use of VFD will save power but also create harmonics.(T)
10. The synchronous speed of a 4 pole motor will be 3000 rpm (F)

-------- End of Section - III -----

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 Paper 3 – Set A with Solutions

Regn No: __________________

Name : __________________
(To be written by the candidate)

18th NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION

FOR
ENERGY MANAGERS & ENERGY AUDITORS – September, 2017
PAPER – 3: ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ELECTRICAL UTILITIES

Date: 24.09.2017 Timings: 09:30-12:30 HRS Duration: 3 HRS Max. Marks: 150

General instructions:
o Please check that this question paper contains 11 printed pages
o Please check that this question paper contains 64 questions
o The question paper is divided into three sections
o All questions in all three sections are compulsory
o All parts of a question should be answered at one place

Section – I: OBJECTIVE TYPE Marks: 50 x 1 = 50

i) Answer all 50 questions

ii) Each question carries one mark
iii) Please hatch the appropriate oval in the OMR answer sheet with Black Pen or HB pencil

1. An Industrial Consumer has a load pattern of 2000 kW, 0.8 lag for 12 hrs and 1000 kW unity
power factor for 12 hrs. The load factor is:

a) 0.5
b) 0.75
c) 0.6
d) 0.2

2. Which of the following is not likely to create harmonics in an electrical system?

a) soft starters b) variable frequency drives

c) uninterrupted power supply source (UPS) d) induction motors
3. Which of the following is an example of variable torque equipment ?

a) centrifugal pump b) reciprocating compressor

c) screw compressor d) roots blower
4. A 10 HP/7.5 kW, 415 V, 14.5 A, 1460 RPM, 3 phase rated induction motor, after decoupling
from the driven equipment, was found to be drawing 3 A at no load. The current drawn by the

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 Paper 3 – Set A with Solutions

motor at no load is high because of

a) faulty ammeter reading

b) very high supply frequency
c) loose motor terminal connections
d) poor power factor as the load is almost reactive
5. A 500 cfm reciprocating compressor has a loading and unloading period of 5 seconds and 20
seconds respectively during a compressed air leakage test. The air leakage in the compressed
air system would be

a) 125 cfm b) 100 cfm c) 200 cfm d) none of the above

6. The percentage reduction in distribution losses when tail end power factor is raised from 0.8 to
0.95 is ________.
a) 29%
b) 15.8%
c) 71%
d) none of the above

7. The correction factor for actual free air discharge in a compressor capacity test will be ---------
---, when the compressed air discharge temperature is 15 0C higher than ambient air of 40 0C.

a) 0.727 b) 0.920 c) 0.954 d) none of the above

8. If we increase the temperature of air without changing specific humidity, dew point
temperature of air will

a) increase b) decrease
c) remain constant d) can‟t say
9. Which of the following happens to air when it is cooled through evaporation process in an air
washer?

a) Humidity ratio of the air decreases.

b) Dry Bulb Temp of air decreases.
c) Dry Bulb Temp of air increases.
d) Enthalpy of outlet is air is less than enthalpy of inlet air.
10. In a vapor compression refrigeration system, the component where the refrigerant changes its
phase from vapor to liquid is

a) compressor b) condenser c) expansion valve d) evaporator

11. In a vapor compression refrigeration system, the component across which the enthalpy
remains constant
a) compressor b) condenser c) expansion valve d) evaporator

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12. If 30,000 kcal of heat is removed from a room every hour then the refrigeration tonnage will
be nearly equal to

a) 30 TR b) 15 TR c) 10 TR d) 100 TR
13. In a no load test of a 3-phase induction motor, the measured power by the wattmeter consists
of:

a) core loss
b) copper loss
c) core loss, windage & friction loss
d) stator copper loss, iron loss, windage & friction loss
14. In an engine room 15 m long, 10 m wide and 4 m high, ventilation requirement in m3/hr for 20
air changes/hr is:

a) 30 b) 3000 c) 12000 d) none of the above

15. Which among the following is one of the parameters used to classify fans, blowers &
compressors ?

a) air flow b) speed RPM c) specific ratio d) none of the above

16. The inner tube of a L-type Pitot tube facing the flow is measures ________ in the fan system

a) static pressure b) velocity pressure

c) total pressure d) all of the above
17. A pump discharge has to be reduced from 120 m3/hr to 100 m3/hr by trimming the impeller.
What should be the percentage reduction in impeller size?

a) 83.3% b) 16.7% c) 50.0% d) 33.3%

18. Increasing the suction pipe diameter in a pumping system will

a) reduce NPSHa b) increase NPSHa

c) decrease NPSHr d) increase NPSHr
19. If the speed of a reciprocating pump is reduced by 50 %, the head

a) is reduced by 25% b) is reduced by 50%

c) is reduced by 75% d) remains same
20. If temperature of air increases, the amount of water vapor required for complete saturation will

a) Increase b) Decrease c) not change d) Can‟t say

21. Which of the following is false ?.

Air receivers _____

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 Paper 3 – Set A with Solutions

a) reduce frequent on/off operation of compressors.

b) knock out some oil and moisture
c) increase compressor efficiency
d) act as reservoir to- take care of sudden demands
22. Which among the following inlet air conditions would result in the best cooling tower
performance?

a) air with lowest wet bulb temperature and high relative humidity
b) air with lowest wet bulb temperature and low relative humidity
c) air with same dry bulb and wet bulb temperature
d) air with high dry bulb temperature and high moisture.
23. As the „approach‟ increases while other parameters remain constant, the effectiveness of a
cooling tower:

a) increases
b) remains unchanged
c) decreases
d) none of the above
24. What is the reduction in distribution loss if the current flowing through the distribution line
is reduced by 10%?

a)10% b) 81% c) 19% d) None of the above

25. Which among the following types of fans is predominantly used in cooling towers ?

a) centrifugal fan b) axial fan c) radial fan d) all the above

26. Which of the following type of lamps is most suitable for color critical applications ?

a) halogen lamps b) LED lamps

c) CFLs d) metal halide lamps
27. Which of the following factors does not affect waste heat recovery in a DG Set ?

a) DG Set loading in kW b) DG Set reactive power loading

c) operation period of DG Set d) back pressure of flue gas path

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28. The blow down requirement in m3/hr of a cooling tower for site Cycle of Concentration of 2.5
and approach of 4oC is:

a) 10
b) 0.63
c) 1.6
d) Data not sufficient to calculate

29. Which of the following is not a climate zone as per ECBC classification?

a) Hot - dry b) Warm - humid c) Cold d) Cold humid

30. COP of a single effect absorption refrigeration system is likely to be in the range of

a) 0.6 to 0.7 b) 1 to 1.2 c) 1.5 to 2 d) 3.0 to 4.0

31. Which of the following statements is not true regarding centrifugal pumps?

a) Flow is zero at shut off head

b) Maximum efficiency will be at design rated flow of the pump
c) Head decreases with increase in flow
d) Power increases with throttling
32. Which of the following is not true regarding system characteristic curve in a pumping system
with large dynamic head ?

a) System curve represents a relationship between discharge and head loss in a system of
pipes
b) System curve is dependent on the pump characteristic curve
c) The basic shape of system curve is parabolic
d) System curve will start at zero flow and zero head if there is no static lift
33. In a DG set, the generator is generating 1000 kVA, at 0.7 PF. If the specific fuel consumption
of this DG set is 0.25 lts/ kWh at that load, then how much fuel is consumed while delivering
generated power for one hour.

a) 230 litre
b) 250 litre
c) 175 litre
d) none of the above
34. The T2,T5,T8 and T12 fluorescent tube light are categorized based on

a) diameter of the tube

b) length of the tube
c) both diameter and length of the tube

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 Paper 3 – Set A with Solutions

d) power consumption
35. For an air compressor with displacement of 100 CFM and system leakage of 10%, free air
delivery is ______.

a) 111.11 CFM
b) 90 CFM
c) 100 CFM
d) None of the above
36. The source of maximum harmonics among the following, in a plant power system is

a) 100 CFL lamps of 11 W to 25 W

b) 500 kW, 3 Phase, 415 V, 50 Hz resistance furnace
c) 5 kVA UPS for computer system
d) variable frequency drive for 225 kW motive load
37. The lamp based on high frequency electromagnetic field from outside, exciting the mercury
gas sealed in the bulb, to produce UV radiation and light is

a) Induction lamp
b) Fluorescent lamp
c) Mercury vapour lamp
d) Metal halide lamp
38. The combined power factor of a set of incandescent bulbs totaling 20 kW and two motors,
each of 20 kW with power factor of 0.80 is

a) 0.88 b) 0.90 c) 0.80 d) none of the above

39. State which of the following statements is true?

a) for a given fan operating at a constant temperature, the power input to fan increases by 4
times when the fan speed becomes double
b) for a given fan operating at a constant temperature, the power input to fan increases
by 8 times when the fan speed becomes double
c) for a given fan operating at a constant flow rate, the power input increases as the air
temperature increases
d) for a given fan operating at a constant static pressure rise, the flow rate reduces as the air
temperature increases
40. One tonne of refrigeration has the ability to remove ______ kcal of heat in a 24-hour period.

a) 50 kcal b) 3024 kcal c) 72576 kcal d) 12000 kcal

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 Paper 3 – Set A with Solutions

41. In pumping systems where static head is a high proportion of the total, the appropriate solution
is

a) install two or more pumps to operate in parallel

b) install two or more pumps to operate in series
c) install two or more pumps to operate independently
d) install variable frequency drive for the pump
42. The daily average power factor is 0.95 and the energy consumption is 2200 kWh. The average
kVARh drawn is ______

a) 1900 b) 2315 c) 722.5 d) None of the above

43. HVDS (High Voltage Distribution System) is preferred to

a) reduce technical loss in distribution system

b) improve voltage regulation
c) comply with regulatory mandate
d) reduce energy bill for the end consumer
44. When evaporator temperature is increased

a) refrigeration capacity decreases

b) refrigeration capacity increases
c) specific power consumption remains same
d) power consumption increases
45. Improving power factor at motor terminals in a factory will

a) increase active power

b) release distribution transformer capacity
c) reduce contract demand
d) increase motor efficiency
46. If the COP of a vapour compression system is 3.5 and the motor draws a power of 10.8 kW at
90% motor efficiency, the cooling effect of vapour compression system will be

a) 34 kW b) 37.8 kW c) 0.36 kW d) none of the above

47. A parameter that indicates adequacy of lighting for a particular application is

a) installed load efficacy

b) installed power density
c) lux

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 Paper 3 – Set A with Solutions

d) lumens
48. Which of the following is not an example of lighting controls?

a) dimmers
b) timers
c) photosensors
d) daylight harvesting
49. Which of the following flow controls in a fan system will change the system resistance curve:

a) Inlet guide vane b) speed change with variable frequency drive

c) speed change with hydraulic coupling d) discharge damper
50. When the dew point temperature is equal to the air temperature then the relative humidity is

a) 0%
b) 50%
c) 100%
d) Unpredictable

…….……. End of Section – I ………..….

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 Paper 3 – Set A with Solutions

Section – II: SHORT DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 8 x 5 = 40

(i) Answer all Eight questions

(ii) Each question carries Five marks

S-1 Determine the discharge pipe inner diameter size (in mm) for compressed air system, having
following parameters.

 Compressed Air Flow at NTP (FAD) = 1000 Nm3/hr

 Discharge Air Pressure = 7 bar(g)
 Discharge Air Temperature = 35 o C
 Air Velocity = 6 m/s.
 Atmospheric Pressure = 1.013 bar
Ans Actual Condition vs NTP Condition

 P2 x V2 / T2 = P1 x V1 / T1
 (1.013 + 7) x V2 / (273 + 35) = 1.013 x 1000 / 273

 V1, actual flow rate = 142.6 m3/hr

= 0.0396 m3/s (3 Marks)

 Flow rate (m3/s) = Area, in mtr2 x Velocity (m/s)

 Area, in mtr2 = Flow rate (m3/s) / Velocity (m/s)
= 0.0396 / 6 = 0.0066 m2
 A = π (di2/4) = 0.0066 m2
 Pipe, in mm = di = 0.092 m = 92 mm (2 Marks)
= say 100 mm
S-2 List five energy saving measures in a centralized chilled water based air conditioning
system.
Ans  Insulate all cold lines / vessels using economic insulation thickness to minimize
. heat gains.

 Optimize air conditioning volumes by measures such as use of false ceiling and
segregation of critical areas for air conditioning by air curtains.

 Minimize the air conditioning loads by measures such as roof cooling, roof
painting, efficient lighting, pre-cooling of fresh air by air- to-air heat exchangers
etc.

 Optimal thermo-static setting of temperature of air conditioned spaces.

 Minimize part load operations by matching loads and plant capacity on line;
adopt variable speed drives for varying load.

Note : Any other relevant point also to be considered

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………5 marks
(Each point carries one mark)
S-3 A stream of moist air with a mass flow rate of 10.1 kg/s and with a specific humidity of
0.01 kg per kg dry air, mixes with a second stream of superheated water vapor, flowing at
0.1 kg/s. If we assume proper and uniform mixing without condensation, then what will be
humidity ratio of the final stream, in kg per kg dry air?
Ans Humidity ratio of final stream,

M1H1 + M2H2 (0.01x10.1) + (0.1x1)

H = ---------------------- = ------------------------------ = 0.02 kg per kg of dry air
Dry air (10.1 x(1 - 0.01))

Dry air (can also be calculated as) = [ 10.1 kg/s – (moisture i.e. 10.1 x 0.01)]
………………..5 marks
Or
Mass of moist air = 10.1 kg/s.
Specific humidity is = 0.01 kg/kg dry air
Amount of dry air in moist air can be found out as follows:
Let X be the amount of dry air, then by mass balance
X + X * (Specific humidity) = 10.1 kg/s
X + X * (0.01) = 10.1 kg/s
On solving, we get X=10 kg/s
Now, Moisture in moist air is 0.1 kg/s
Superheated steam = 0.1 kg/s
Humidity ratio of final steam =
M1H1 + M2H2 (0.01x10) + (0.1x1)
H =----------------------- = -------------------------------- = 0.02 kg per kg of
dry air Dry air (10)

………………..5 marks

A pump is filling water in to a rectangular overhead tank of 5 m x 4 m with a height of 8 m.

S-4 The inlet pipe to the tank is located at height of 20 m above ground. The following additional
data is collected :

 Pump suction : 3 m below pump level

 Overhead tank overflow line : 7.5 m from the bottom of the tank
 Power drawn by motor : 5.5 kW
 Motor efficiency η : 92%
 Time taken by the pump to fill the
overhead tank upto overflow level : 180 minutes

Assess the pump efficiency.

Ans Volume of the tank = 5 x 4 x 7.5 = 150 m3
Flow = 150/3 = 50 m3/hr
………………..1.5 marks

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Hydraulic power = Q (m3/s) x total head (m) x 1000 x 9.81 /1000

= (50/3600) x (20 –(-3)) x 1000 x 9.81/1000
Hydraulic power = 3.13 kW
………………..2.5 marks
Power input to pump = 5.5 x 0.92 = 5.06 kW
Pump efficiency = 3.13/5.06 = 61.9%
………………..1 mark

S-5 The operating boiler load and associated Induced-draft fan power consumption of a

Fan motor power

Boiler loading Damper position Operating hours (with damper
a day operation)
(kW)
80% Position # 1 4 31

70% Position # 2 12 29

60% Position # 3 8 26

boiler is given below.

The fan consumes 35 kW at 100% boiler loading with damper in full open condition.

Estimate the daily energy savings that can be achieved if the damper is replaced by a
VFD for induced draft fan to meet the desired requirements.

Assume that the air requirement is proportional to boiler loading.

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 Paper 3 – Set A with Solutions

Ans Savings can be estimated as follows:

Fan Operating Fan motor Fan motor Power Energy

Flow hours a power with with VFD savings savings
(same day damper (kW) (kW) (kWh)
as boiler (hrs / day) (kW)
loading)
(%)
A B C D = A3 x 35 E = C-D F=BxE
80 4 31 17.9 13.1 52.32
70 12 29 12 17 203.94
60 8 26 7.6 18.4 147.52

Total Daily Savings 403.78

………………..5 marks

S-6 Fill in the blanks for the following

a) Voltage levels can be varied without isolating the connected load to the
transformer using ______________

b) Use of ________starter is appropriate in case of high number of motor starts

and stops per hour.

c) Operating a highly under loaded motor in star mode reduces voltage by a

factor of ________.

d) ____________is the ratio of dissolved solids in circulating water to the

dissolved solids in makeup water.

e) In SI units ____________ is the measure of light output of a lamp.

Ans
a) On load tap changer (OLTC)
b) Soft starter
c) √3 (i.e.square root of three)
d) Cycles of Concentration (COC)
e) Lumens
………………..5 marks
(each one carries one mark)

S-7 A 75 kW, 415 V, 140 Amp, 4 pole, 50 Hz, 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor has
a full load efficiency of 87.6%. The measured operating motor terminal voltages in a
3-phase supply are 415 V, 418 V & 420 V. The current drawn in 3-phase supply are

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 Paper 3 – Set A with Solutions

137 Amp, 132 Amp & 137 Amp. Estimate the additional temperature rise of motor,
due to unbalanced voltage supply.

i) Additional temperature rise:

Deviation from
Phase V
mean voltage
R 415 -2.67
Y 418 0.33
B 420 2.33
Mean 417.67 0

Voltage unbalance = Maximum deviation from mean/mean voltage

= 2.67*100/417.67 = 0.639% --------------------3
Marks

Additional temperature rise = 2 X (%voltage unbalance)2

= 2 X (0.639)2
= 0.8166% ----------------2 Marks
S-8
Briefly explain any three different methods of flow control for fans

Ans Pulley Change:

When a fan flow change is required on a permanent basis, and the existing fan can
handle the change in capacity, the volume change can be achieved with a speed
change. The simplest way to change the speed permanently is with a pulley change.
For this, the fan must be driven by a motor through a v-belt system.

Damper Control:

Dampers provide a means of changing air volume by adding or removing system

resistance. This resistance forces the fan to move up or down along its characteristic
curve, generating more or less air without changing fan speed.

Inlet Guide Vane:

Guide vanes are curved sections that lay against the inlet of the fan. Guide vanes
pre-swirl the air entering the fan housing. This changes the angle at which the air is
presented to the fan blades, which, in turn, changes the characteristics of the fan
curve. Guide vanes are energy efficient for modest flow reductions – from 100
percent flow to about 80 percent. Below 80 percent flow, energy efficiency drops
sharply.

Variable Speed Drive:

Variable speed operation involves reducing the speed of the fan to meet reduced flow

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requirements. Fan performance can be predicted at different speeds using the fan
laws. Since power input to the fan changes as the cube of the flow, this will usually
be the most efficient form of capacity control.

………………..5 marks
(Any of the above three to be considered)

………..……. End of Section - II ………….….

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 Paper 3 – Set A with Solutions

Section – III: LONG DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 6 x 10 = 60

(i) Answer all Six questions

(ii) Each question carries Ten marks

L-1 It is required to choose a transformer to cater to a load which varies over a 24 hour period
in the following manner :

500 kVA for 6 hours, 1000 kVA for 6 hours and 1500 kVA for 12 hours.

Quotations have been received for two transformers, each rated at 1,500 kVA.
Transformer-1 has an iron loss of 2.7 kW and a full load copper loss of 18.1 kW , while
Transformer-2 has an iron loss of 3.2 kW and a full-load copper loss of 19.8 kW.

(i) Calculate the annual cost of losses for each transformer at 365 days of operation if
electrical energy cost is Rs. 6 per kWh.

(ii) If the transformer-1 is to be purchased at an additional cost of Rs.25,000 over

transformer-2, how would you justify it to the finance department ?

Ans (i) Cost of Losses:

Transformer 1
Energy loss per day due to iron loss = 24 x 2.7 = 64.8 kWh
2 2
Energy loss per day due to copper loss = [ x 18.1 x 6] + [ x 18.1 x 6] +
2
[ x 18.1 x 12]
= (12.1) + (48.3) + (217.2) = 277.6 kWh
Total energy loss per annum = (64.8 +277.6) x 365 = 1,24,976 kWh
Annual cost of energy losses = Rs 6 x 124976 kWh = Rs. 7,49,856…………
(3 Marks)

Transformer 2
Energy loss per day due to iron loss = 24 x 3.2 = 76.8 kWh
2 2
Energy loss per day due to copper loss = [ x 19.8 x 6] + [ x 19.8 x 6]
2
+[ x 19.8 x 12]
= (13.2) + (52.3) + (237.6) = 303 kWh
Total energy loss per annum = (76.8 + 303) x 365 = 1,38,663 kWh
Annual cost of energy losses = Rs.6 x 1,38,663 = Rs. 8,31,978…
(3 Marks)
(ii)

The capital cost of transformer - 1 is Rs.25,000 more than that of transformer - 2

Annual saving in energy cost due to losses = (Rs 8,31,978 - Rs 7,49,856) = Rs 82,122

Pay Back of additional investment = (25000 / 82,122) = around 4 months = 0.3 Yrs
4 Marks

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Paper 3 – Set A with Solutions

L-2 a) In an air-handling unit (AHU), the filter area is 1.5 m 2 while air velocity is 2.2 m/s. The
inlet air has an enthalpy of 67 kJ/kg. At the outlet of AHU, air has an enthalpy of
56 kJ/kg. The density of air of 1.3 kg/m3. Estimate the TR of the air-handling unit?

b) List out any five energy conservation measures for energy use in buildings

Ans a) TR of AHU = (Enthalpy difference x density x area x velocity x 3600)

/ (4.187 x 3024)
= (67-56) x 1.3 x 1.5 x 2.2 x 3600 / (4.187x 3024)
= 13.41 TR………………..2.5 marks
b)

1. Weather-stripping of Windows and Doors : Minimize exfiltration of cool air

and infiltration of warm air through leaky windows and doors by
incorporating effective means of weather stripping

2. Stripping. Self-closing doors should also be provided where heavy traffic of

people is anticipated.

3. Temperature and Humidity Setting: Ensure human comfort by setting the

temperature to between 23oC and 25oC and the relative humidity between
55% to 65%.

4. Chilled Water Leaving Temperature: Ensure higher chiller energy efficiency

by maintaining the chilled water leaving temperature at or above 7o C. As a
rule of thumb, the efficiency of a centrifugal chiller increases by about 2¼ %
for every 1o C rise in the chilled water leaving temperature.

5. Chilled Water Pipes and Air Ducts: Ensure that the insulation of the chilled
water pipes and ducting system is maintained in good condition. This helps
to prevent heat gain from the surroundings.

6. Chiller Condenser Tubes: Ensure that mechanical cleaning of the tubes is

carried out at least once every six months. Fouling in the condenser tubes in
the form of slime and scales reduces the heat transfer of the condenser
tubes and thereby reducing the energy efficiency of the chiller.

7. Cooling Towers: Ensure that the cooling towers are clean to allow for
maximum heat transfer so that the temperature of the water returning to the
condenser is less than or equal to the ambient temperature.

8. Air Handling Unit Fan Speed: Install devices such as frequency converters to
vary the fan speed. This will reduce the energy consumption of the fan motor
by as much as 15%.

9. Air Filter Condition: Maintain the filter in a clean condition. This will improve
the heat transfer between air and chilled water and correspondingly reduce
the energy consumption.

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Paper 3 – Set A with Solutions

Note: Any other relevant point may also be considered

………………..7.5 marks
( each point carries 1.5 marks and maximum five points has to be considered)
L-3 Fill in the blanks for the following:

1. The dry bulb temperature is 30 0C and the wet bulb temperature is 30 0C. The relative
humidity is _________%.

2. Cavitations may occur in a pump when the local static pressure in a fluid reaches a level below
the _________ pressure of the liquid at the actual temperature.

3. As the “Approach” decreases, the other parameters remaining constant, the effectiveness of
cooling tower will __________.
4. The ratio of luminous flux emitted by a lamp to the power consumed by the lamp is
called_________________.

5. A centrifugal pump raises water to a height of 12 meter If the same pump handles brine with
specific gravity of 1.2, the height to which the brine will be raised is __________m.

6. Harmonics in electricity supply are multiples of the ____________ frequency.

7. A motor which can conveniently be operated at lagging as well as leading power factors is the
__________ motor.

8. As per Energy Conservation Building Code, the Effective Aperture (EA) is ________, given
that Window Wall Ratio (WWR) is 0.40 and Visible Light Transmittance (VLT) is 0.25.

9. In an amorphous core distribution transformer, ______ loss is less than a conventional

transformer

10. In case of centrifugal pumps, impeller diameter changes are generally limited to reducing the
diameter to about _______% of maximum size.

Ans 1. RH = 100%
2. Vapor
3. Increases
4. Luminous efficacy
5. 12 meter or the same
6. Fundamental or 50 Hz
7. Synchronous
8. 0.10
9. No load ( other correct answers could be : fixed, iron, total)
10. 75% (or 80%)
………………..10 marks
(Each one question carries one mark)
L-4 A belt-driven centrifugal fan supplies air to a series of process stations as shown in the
figure below :

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Paper 3 – Set A with Solutions

While doing an air balance check on the system, the damper on the main duct and all
system dampers had to be partially closed to reduce air flow to the design values.

Energy auditor has recommended that fan power can be saved by fully opening the main
damper and reducing the fan speed by changing the fan pulley diameter.

The following initial conditions were measured on the main air supply system:

- Air Volume Flow Rate : 68,400 m3/hr

- Fan Differential Static Pressure : 112 mmWC
- Pressure differential across main damper : 17 mmWC

The following initial conditions were measured on the air supply fan and motor:

- Motor input power : 26.8 kW

- Supply Fan Speed : 600 rpm
- Motor Speed : 1,460 rpm
- Fan pulley Diameter : 560 mm
- Motor pulley Diameter : 230 mm

Calculate -:
(a) The annual energy savings considering 6000 hours of operation per year.
(b) The new fan pulley diameter.
Ans
- Fan Flow = (68400 / 3600) = 19 m 3 / sec

- The input fan motor power in case-1 (W 1) = 26.8 kW

- Theoretical air power with damper in original

partially-closed position (W Th1) = (m3/s) x (mmWC) / 102

= (19 x 112) / (102) = 20.86 kW

………………..2 marks
- Theoretical air power with damper in new
fully-open position would be position (W Th2) = (m3/s) x (mmWC) / 102

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Paper 3 – Set A with Solutions

= (19 x 95) / 102

= 17.7 kW
………………..2 marks
- Reduction in differential static pressure across
the fan with the main damper fully open = (112-17) = 95 mmWC

The input fan motor power in case-2 (W 2) is estimated by proportionality using theoretical
fan powers of the fan in the two cases

i.e.( W 1 / W 2) = (W Th1 / W Th2)

Fan motor input in case-2 (W 2) = W 1 x (W Th1 / WTh2)

= 26.8 x (17.7/20.86) = 22.7 kW

………………..2 marks
Annual Energy saving :

Annual Energy saving = Power Reduction x Op. Hours

= (26.8 kW - 22.7 kW) x 6000 hrs

= 24600 kWh
………………..2 marks
Fan pulley diameter change for reduced speed :

The governing equation for reduced fan

speed (N2) to supply equal air flow with
reduced static pressure differential : (N 1/N2) = (p1/p2)0.5

Therefore N2 = N1 x (p2/p1)0.5
= 600 x (95/112)0.5 = 553 RPM

The governing equation for fan pulley

diameter change is : N 1D1 =N2D2
(where : N is the speed in rpm and
D is the pulley diameter)

Therefore D2 = (N1/N2) x D1

= (600 / 553) x 560 = 608 mm

………………..2 marks

L-5 a) A 3-Phase, 50 kW rated Induction motor drawing 44 kW in a manufacturing industry

has a power factor of 0.75 lagging. What size of capacitor in kVAr in each phase is
required to improve the operating power factor to 0.96?
What is the reduction in current and kVA due to capacitor installation at operating

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Paper 3 – Set A with Solutions

voltage of 415 V ?
b) List five energy losses in an induction motor

Ans a) Motor input =P = 44kW

Original P.F = Cosθ1 = 0.75
Final P.F = Cosθ2 = 0.96
-1
θ1 = Cos (0.75) = 41°.41;
Tan θ1 = Tan (41°.41) = 0.88
θ2 = Cos-1(0.96) = 16°.26;
Tan θ2 = Tan (16°.26) = 0.29

Required Capacitor kVAR to improve P.F from 0.75 to 0.96

Required Capacitor kVAR = P (Tan θ1 – Tan θ2)
= 44 kW (0.88 – 0.29)
= 25.96 kVAR
………………..2.5 marks
Rating of Capacitors connected in each Phase
25.96/3 = 8.65 kVAR

Current drawn at 0.75 PF = 44 / √3 x 0.415 x 0.75 = 81.6 A

Current drawn at 0.96 PF = 44 / √3 x 0.415 x 0.96 = 63.76 A

Reduction in current drawn = 81.6 – 63.76 = 17.84 A

Initial kVA at 0.75 PF = 44 / 0.75 = 58.67 kVA

kVA at 0.96 PF = 44 / 0.96 = 45.83 kVA

Reduction in kVA = 58.67 – 45.83 = 12.84 kVA

………………..2.5 marks
b)
1. Iron 2. Stator I2R 3. Rotor I2R 4.Friction and windage 5. Stray load
………………..5 marks

Write short notes on

L-6
i) Ice Bank System in refrigeration
ii) Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System
iii) Harmonics in electrical system and its impacts

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Paper 3 – Set A with Solutions

(i) (Page 136 book 3)

Ans
Ice Bank Systems:
• Ice Bank System is a proven technology that has been utilized for decades
Thermal energy storage takes advantage of low cost, off-peak electricity, produced
more efficiently throughout the night, to create and store cooling energy for use
when electricity tariffs are higher, typically during the day.
• The essential element for either full- or partial- storage configurations are thermal-
energy storage tanks.
How Ice Bank Works?
During off-peak night time hours, the chiller charges the ICEBANK tanks for use during
the next day’s cooling.
The lowest possible average load is obtained by extending the chiller hours of operation.
………………..3.33 marks

(ii) (Page 30 book 3)

Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System
• The absorption chiller is a machine, which produces chilled water by using heat
such as steam, hot water, gas, oil etc.
• Chilled water is produced by the principle that liquid (refrigerant), which evaporates
at low temperature, absorbs heat from surrounding when it evaporates.
• Pure water is used as refrigerant and lithium bromide solution is used as
absorbent
• Heat for the vapour absorption refrigeration system can be provided by waste heat
extracted from process, diesel generator sets etc. Absorption systems require
electricity to run pumps only.
• Depending on the temperature required and the power cost, it may even by
economical to generate heat / steam to operate the absorption system.

Features of VAR systems

• Li-Br-water absorption refrigeration systems have a Coefficient of Performance
(COP) in the range of 0.65 - 0.70 and can provide chilled water at 6.7 oC with a
cooling water temperature of 30 oC.
• Systems capable of providing chilled water at 3 oC are also available. Ammonia
based systems operate at above atmospheric pressures and are capable of low
temperature operation (below 0 oC).
• Absorption machines of capacities in the range of 10-1500 tons are available.
• Although the initial cost of absorption system is higher than compression system,
operational cost is much lower-if waste heat is used
………………..3.33 marks
(iii) (Page 114 book 3)
Harmonics in electrical system and its impacts
• Harmonics are multiples of the fundamental frequency of an electrical power
system.
• If, for example, the fundamental frequency is 50 Hz, then the 5th harmonic is five
times that frequency, or 250 Hz.
• Likewise, the 7th harmonic is seven times the fundamental or 350 Hz, and so on

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Paper 3 – Set A with Solutions

for higher order harmonics

Some of the Harmonic problems are
1. Blinking of Incandescent Lights
2. Capacitor Failure
3. Conductor Failure
4. Flickering of Fluorescent Lights
5. Motor Failures (overheating)
6. Transformer Failures
………………..3.33 marks

-------- End of Section - III -----

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency
 Paper 3 Set A

19th NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION

FOR
ENERGY MANAGERS & ENERGY AUDITORS – SEPTEMBER, 2018

PAPER – 3 : ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ELECTRICAL UTILITIES

Section – I: OBJECTIVE TYPE Marks: 50 x 1 = 50

(i) Answer all 50 questions
(ii) Each question carries One mark
(iii) Please hatch the appropriate oval in the OMR answer sheet with HB pencil only, as per
instructions

1. Which of the following incandescent bulbs will have the least resistance ?

a) 220 V, 60 W b) 220 V, 100 W

c) 115 V, 60 W d) 115 V, 100 W

2. In a rolling mill, the loading on the transformer was 1200 kVA with the power factor of 0.86.
The plant improved the power factor to 0.98 by adding capacitors. What is the reduction
in kVA ?
a) 144 b) 147

c) 171 d) 163.3
3. A 22 kW, 415 V, 45 A, 0.8 pf, 1475 rpm, 4 pole 3 phase induction motor operating at
420 V, 40 A and 0.8 pf. What will be the motor efficiency?
a) 85.0 % b) 94.5 %

c) 89.9 % d) None of the above

4. The purpose of inter-cooling in a multistage compressor is to
a) Increase the pressure of air b) Reduce the work of compression

c) Separate moisture and oil vapour d) None of the above

5. One ton of refrigeration is not equal to__________.
a) 3024 kCal/hr b) 3.51 kW

c) 12000 Btu/hr d) 860 kCal/hr

6. If two identical pumps operate in series, their shut-off head is
a) Not affected b) More than double

c) Doubled d) Less than double

7. Which of the following is not a part of vapour compression refrigeration cycle ?
a) Compressor b) Evaporator

c) Condenser d) Generator

8. If the power consumed by an air conditioner compressor is 1.7 kW per ton of refrigeration, then its
energy efficiency ratio (Watt/Watt) is _____

a) 1.7 b) 2.1

c) 0.59 d) None of the above

9. The adsorption material used in an adsorption air dryer is

a) Calcium chloride b) Magnesium chloride

c) Activated alumina d) Potassium chloride

10. The cooling tower size is _____________ to the entering Wet Bulb Temprature (WBT), when the heat
load, range and approach are constant.

a) Directly proportional b) Inversely proportional

c) Constant d) None of above

11. The T5, T8 and T12 fluorescent tube light are categorized based on

a) Diameter of the tube b) Length of the tube

c) Both diameter and length of the tube d) Power consumption

12. If the wet bulb temperature of air is 38 0C, then it’s relative humidity is __________%.

a) 38 % b) 90 %

c) 100 % d) Insufficient data

13. The hydraulic power in a pumping system depends on

a) Pump efficiency b) Motor efficiency

c) Both motor and pump efficiency d) None of the above

14. Small diameter by-pass lines are installed in pumps sometimes to ________________.

a) Save energy b) Control pump delivery head

c) Prevent pump running at zero flow d) Reduce pump power consumption

15. It is acceptable to run pumps in parallel provided their_________ are similar

a) Suction heads b) Discharge heads

c) Closed valve heads d) Total head at full flow

16. L / G ratio in a cooling tower is the ratio of _________________.

a) Length and girth b) Length and Temperature gradient

c) Water flow rate and air mass flow rate d) Air mass flow rate and water flow rate

17. Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) fans consume less energy than aluminum fans because

a) They are lighter b) They have better efficiencies

c) They encounter less system resistance d) They deliver less air flow
18. Ratio of luminous flux (lumen) emitted by a lamp to the power consumed (watt) by the lamp is called

a) Luminous intensity b) Luminous efficacy

c) Reflectance d) Luminance

19. Illuminance of a surface is expressed in

a) Radians b) Lux

c) Lumens d) LPD
20. Use of soft starters for induction motors results in

a) Lower mechanical stress b) Lower power factor

c) Higher maximum demand d) All the above

21. The Energy Performance Index (EPI) of a building as per Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)
and as defined in the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 is:

a) kWh per square meter per year b) kWh per square meter

c) kW per square meter d) kWh per year

22. Energy Conservation Act covers buildings having a connected load of

a) 100 kW and above b) 100 kVA and above

c) 500 kW and above d) All buildings with HT connection

23. In a solar PV system the conversion from DC to AC is carried out by

a) Converter b) Charger
c) Battery d) Inverter

24. The inlet air temperature to a two stage reciprocating air compressor is 35 0C. At which of the
following 2nd stage inlet temperature’s the compressor will consume least power ?

a) 75 0C b) 65 0C

c) 60 0C d) 50 0C

25. A fan is drawing 16 kW at 800 RPM. If the speed is reduced to 600 RPM then the power drawn by
the fan would be

a) 12 kW b) 9 kW
c) 6.75 kW d) None of the above
26. In which of the following fans air enters and leaves the fan with no change in direction ?
a) Forward curved b) Backward curved
c) Radial d) Propeller

27. Increasing the Cycles of Concentration (C.O.C) of circulating water in a cooling tower,
the blow down quantity will

a) Increase b) Decrease

c) Not change d) None of the above

28. __________ can be achieved using infrared, acoustic, ultrasonic or microwave sensors for energy
efficient lighting control.

a) Time-based control b) Daylight-linked control

c) Occupancy-linked control d) Localized switching

29. The 5th and 7th harmonic in a 50 Hz power supply system will have:

a) Voltage and current distortions with 55 Hz & 57 Hz

b) Voltage and current distortions with 500 Hz & 700 Hz
c) Voltage and current distortions with 250 Hz & 350 Hz
 d) No voltage and current distortion at all

30. A 7.5 kW, 415 V, 15 A, 970 RPM, 3 phase rated induction motor with full load efficiency of 86 %
draws 7.5 A and 3.23 kW of input power. The percentage loading of the motor is about

a) 37 % b) 43 %

c) 50 % d) None of the above

31. A two pole induction motor operating at 50 Hz, with 1 % slip will run at an actual speed of

a) 3000 RPM b) 3030 RPM

c) 2970 RPM d) None of the above

32. The value, by which the pressure in the pump suction exceeds the liquid vapour pressure, is
expressed as

a) Net positive suction head available b) Static head

c) Dynamic head d) Suction head

33. Which of the following ambient conditions will evaporate minimum amount of water in a cooling
tower ?

a) 35 0C DBT and 30 0C WBT b) 38 0C DBT and 31 0C WBT

c) 38 0C DBT and 37 0C WBT d) 35 0C DBT and 29 0C WBT

34. A fan is operating at 970 RPM developing a flow of 3000 Nm 3/hour at a static pressure of
650 mmWC. If the speed is reduced to 700 RPM, the static pressure (mmWC) developed will be

a) 244.3 b) 650

c) 469 d) None of the above

35. Select the incorrect statement:

a) Transformers operating near saturation level create harmonics

b) Devices that draw sinusoidal currents when a sinusoidal voltage is applied create
harmonics

c) Harmonics are multiples of the supply frequency

d) Harmonics occur as spikes at intervals which are multiples of the supply frequency

36. The illuminance is 10 lm/m² from a lamp at 1 meter distance. The illuminance at half the distance
will be

a) 40 lm/m² b) 10 lm/m²

c) 5 lm/m² d) None of the above

37. In an engine room 15 m long, 10 m wide and 4 m high, ventilation requirement in m 3/hr for 20 air
changes/hr is

a) 6000 b) 9000

c) 12000 d) None of the above

38. A package air conditioner of 5 TR capacity delivers a cooling effect of 4 TR. If Energy Efficiency Ratio
(W/W) is 2.90, the power in kW drawn by compressor would be:

a) 4.84 b) 1.38

c) 1.724 d) None of the above

39. A 5 kVAr, 415 V rated power factor capacitor was found to be having 5.5 kVAr operating capacity.
The operating supply voltage at the same supply frequency would be approximately.

a) 400 V b) 415 V

c) 435 V d) None of the above

40. The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) of window of a building is 0.30. This means that

a) The window allows 70 % of the sun’s heat to pass through into interior of the buildings

b) The window allows 30 % of the sun’s heat to pass through into the building interior

c) 70 % of the sun’s heat is incident on the window

d) The window reflects back to exterior a minimum of 30 % of the sun’s heat

41. The most energy intensive heat transfer loop of a vapour compression refrigeration
system is:

a) Indoor air loop b) Chilled water loop

c) Refrigerant loop d) Condenser water loop

42. One of the thermal power plants operating with 2 nos. of 500 MW units has reported the operating
heat rate of 11250 kJ/kW. The Plant Load Factor (PLF) of the power plant is 73 %.
The operating efficiency of the power plant will be

a) 38 % b) 35 %

c) 30 % d) 32 %

43. Aggregate Technical & Commercial loss in distribution system covers

a) I2R losses of all transformers b) Transmission & distribution loss

c) Only transmission losses d) Energy and monetary loss

44. The power measured in a boiler ID fan is 52 kW operating at 49 Hz. As an energy conservation
measure the Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) was installed and the fan was operated at
34 Hz. The estimated power savings will be

a) 36 kW b) 17.2 kW

c) 34.7 kW d) 35 .7 kW

45. The isothermal power of a 500 CFM air compressor is 72 kW and the efficiency is 78 %.
The actual power drawn by the compressor will be

a) 56 kW b) 92 kW

c) 72 kW d) None of the above

46. A heat pump used in a heat recovery application extracts 66220 kcal/hr and the power consumed
by the heat pump is 23 kW. The estimated heat supplied by the heat pump is

a) 2916 kcal/hr b) 47300 kcal/hr

c) 86860 kcal/hr d) 86000 kcal/hr

47. A coal fired boiler primary air fan is maintaining a velocity pressure of 70 mmWC and the air
temperature is 380C. The density of the air is 1.135 kg/m3 and the pitot tube constant is 0.85. The
velocity of air in m/sec will be

a) 25.6 b) 29.56

c) 28.67 d) None of the above

48. A two stage air compressor drawing 75 kW has heat rejection of 862 kCal/kWh.
The required capacity of the cooling tower when the operating temperature difference
of 5 0C will be ________TR.

a) 21.55 b) 107.5

c) 22.93 d) 57.4

49. The star rating scheme of Fluorescent Tube light as per BEE Standards & Labelling Scheme is
based on

a) Lumen Output b) Lux per Watt

c) Lux per Watt per m2 d) Lumen per Watt at different

operating hours
50. A pump with 230 mm diameter impeller is delivering a flow of 150 m 3/hr. If the flow is to be
reduced to 110 m3/hr by trimming the impeller, what should be the approximate impeller size?
a) 195 mm b) 175 mm

c) 169 mm d) 207 mm

-------- End of Section - I --------

Section – II: SHORT DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 8 x 5 = 40

(i) Section II contains Eight questions (S1- S8)

(ii) Each question carries Five marks

S-1 The operating data of an induced draft-cooling tower is as follows:

Observed range : 8 0C.
Cooling water flow rate : 12,500 m3/hr
Drift loss : 0.1 % of circulation rate
Wet Bulb Temperature : 27 0C
Ambient Dry Bulb Temperature : 35 0C
Effectiveness : 67 %
Cycle of Concentration :3
Estimate the evaporation loss; make up water requirement and TR load of cooling tower.

Ans Evaporation loss = 0.00085 X 1.8 X 12500 X 8 = 153 m 3/hr

Blow Down =153 /(3-1)= 76.5 m3/hr

Make up =153 + 76.5 + (12500*0.001)= 242 m3/hr

Heat load =12500*1000*8/3024=33069 TR

S-2 A plant is operating a chilled water system always at full load. The chilled water inlet and outlet
temperatures are 12 0C and 7 0C respectively. The chilled water pump discharge pressure is 3.6
kg/cm2g and the suction is 5 meters above the pump centerline. The power drawn by the chilled
water pump’s motor is 70 kW and an efficiency of 90 %. The chilled water pump efficiency at the
operating point from pump characteristic curve is 60 %. Find out the operating refrigeration load
in TR.

Ans Total head 36 – 5 = 31 m

Pump shaft power 70 x 0.9
63 kW
Flow rate (63 x 1000) X 0.6 / 31 x 1000 x 9.81
0.124297 m3/s
447.5 m3/hr
Refrigeration load (447500 x 5) / 3024
740 TR
S-3 In an air washer of a textile humidification system with an airflow of 3000 m3/h at 25 0C and 10
% relative humidity is humidified to 60 % relative humidity by adding water through spray
nozzles. The specific humidity of air at inlet and outlet are 0.002 kg/kg of dry air and 0.0062
kg/kg of dry air respectively. The density of air at 25 0C is 1.184 kg/m3. Calculate the amount of
water required in kg/hr.
The amount of water required:
Ans
mw =v ρ ( out - in)
= 3000 X 1.184 X (0.0062- 0.002)
= 14.9 kg/h

S-4 In a Thermal Power Station, the steam input to a turbine operating on a fully condensing mode
is 100 TPH. The heat rejection requirement of the steam turbine condenser is 555 kcal/kg of
steam condensed. The temperature of cooling water at the inlet and outlet of the turbine
condenser is 27 0C and 37 0C respectively. Find out the circulating cooling water flow.

Ans The quantum of heat rejected in the turbine condenser

= Quantum of steam condensed (kg) x heat rejection (kcal/kg)
= 100,000 x 555 = 55.5 Million kcal/h.

Heat gained by circulating cooling water = Heat rejected in the condenser

Circulating cooling water flow
= 100,000 x 555 / (37-27) x specific heat (1)

= 5550 m3/hr

S-5 List any five benefits of power factor improvement in an industrial power distribution system

Ans Refer Guide Book No 3, Chapter 1, Page No 11

During the performance evaluation of a DG set, the following parameters were noted
S-6

Capacity of DG set 1500 kVA

Test duration 36 minutes

Units generated 442 kWh

 Average Power factor 0.92 pf

Length of diesel tank 90 cm

Width of diesel tank 90 cm

Height of the diesel tank 90 cm

Initial tank dip level (from top) 63 cm

Final tank dip level (from top) 79 cm

Calculate the following:

1. Diesel consumption (Litres) (1 Mark)
2. Average load (kW) (1 Mark)
3. Percentage Loading (%) (2 Marks)
4. Specific power generation (kWh/Litre) (1 Mark)

1. Diesel Consumption = 0.9x0.9x0.16 =129.6 Liters

Ans 2. Average load (kW) = (442/36)x60 =736.7 kW
3. Percentage Loading (%) = (736.7/.92)/1500 =53%
4. Specific power generation (kWh/Litre) (442/129.6) =3.41 kWh/Litre

How does a motor lose its efficiency upon rewinding?(2.5 Marks)

S-7 What two parameters will indicate the efficacy of the rewinding? (2.5 Marks)

Ans Refer Guide Book No 3, Chapter 2, Page No 61

S-8 A medium sized engineering industry has installed two 480 CFM screw compressors,
A & B. Compressor-A is operating at full load and Compressor-B is running in load - unload
condition. The load power of both the compressor is 74 kW and the unload power of the
Compressor-B is 26 kW. Both the compressors are operated during working day.
The percentage loading of the Compressor-B during working day is 64 %. After arresting the
leakage in the system the loading of the compressor was found to be 35 %. Estimate the energy
savings per day.
Existing Case:
Ans Energy consumed per hour by Compressor -A= 74 kW
Energy consumed per hour by Compressor -B= 0.64 x 74 + 0.36 X 26 = 56.72 kW
Total energy consumed (Compressor A& B) = 74 + 56.72 = 130.72 kW/hr
Energy consumed per day= 130.72 X 24 hrs = 3137.3 kWh/day
Leakage Calculation:
Energy consumed per hour by Compressor -B= 0.64 x 74 + 0.36 X 26 = 56.72 kW
Energy consumed per hour by Compressor -B= 0.35 x 74 + 0.65 X 26 = 42.8 kW
Difference in power consumption = 56.72 - 42.8 = 13.92 kW/hr
Savings by arresting leakage per day= 13.92 X 24 = 334 kWh/day

-------- End of Section - II --------

Section – III: LONG DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 6 x 10 = 60

(i) Section III contains Six questions (L1- L6)

(ii) Each question carries Ten marks
L-1 A food processing plant has a contract demand of 2500 kVA with the power supply company. The
average maximum demand of the plant is 2000 kVA at a power factor of 0.95.
The maximum demand is billed at the rate of Rs.300/kVA. The minimum billable maximum
demand is 75 % of the contract demand. An incentive of 0.5 % reduction in energy charges
component of electricity bill are provided for every 0.01 increase in power factor over and above
0.95. The average energy charge component of the electricity bill per month for the company is
Rs.10 lakhs. The plant decides to improve the power factor to unity. Determine the power factor
capacitor kVAr required, annual reduction in maximum demand charges and energy charge
component. What will be the simple payback period if the cost of power factor capacitors is
Rs.800/kVAr ?

kW drawn 2000 x 0.95 = 1900 kW

Ans
Kvar required to improve power factor from kW ( tan 1 – tan 2)
0.95 to 1
kW ( tan (cos-1) – tan (cos-2)
1900 ( tan (cos-0.95) – tan (cos-1)
1900 (0.329 - 0)
625 kVAr

Cost of capacitors @Rs.800/kVAr Rs.5,00,000

Maximum demand at unity power factor 1900/1 = 1900 kVA

75 % of contract demand 1875 kVA

Reduction in Demand charges 100 kVA x Rs.300
Rs.30000 x 12
Rs.3,60,000

Percentage reduction in energy charge from 2.5 %

0.95 to 1 @ 0.5 % for every 0.01 increase
Monthly energy cost component of the bill Rs.10,00,000
Reduction in energy cost component 10,00,000 x (2.5/100)
Rs.25,000/month
Annual reduction Rs.25,000 x 12
Rs.3,00,000

Savings in electricty bill Rs.6,60,000

Investment Rs.5,00,000
Payback period 5,00,000/6,60,000
0.76 years or 9 months

L-2 Write short notes on the following with respect to the compressed air system :
(each carries 2.5 Marks)
a) Refrigeration drier
b) Heat of compression drier
c) Role of air receiver
d) Dew point
a) Refer Guide Book No 3, Chapter 3, Page No 94
b) Refer Guide Book No 3, Chapter 3, Page No 95
c) Refer Guide Book No 3, Chapter 3, Page No 97
d) Refer Guide Book No 3, Chapter 3, Page No 93
In a boiler, the forced draught fan develops a total static pressure of 300 mmWC. Determine the
shaft power (in kW) required to drive the fan if 10,000 kg of coal is burnt per hour with 13 kg of air
L-3
per kg of coal burnt. The boiler house temperature is 20 0C and static efficiency of the fan is 80 %.

The operating air density may be calculated from the following:

 R = 847.84 mmWC m3/kg mole K and Molecular weight of air, M = 28.92 kg/kg mole.

Total Pressure = 300 mm of WC

Mass of air handled, m = 10000 × 13/ 3600 = 36.11 kg/s

Atmospheric pressure, P = 1 kg/ cm2 = 10 mtr of WC = 10,000 mm of WC.

Temperature T = 20 + 273 = 293 K

Gas Constant for air, R = 847.84 mm WC m3/kg mole K

Molecular weight of air, M = 28.92 kg/kg mole

Density, kg/m3 = (P x M) / (R X T) = (10000 x 28.92) / (847.84 x 293)

= 1.164 kg/m3

Volume in m3/s = mass (kg/s) / density (kg/m3)

= 36.11 / 1.164
= 31.02 m3/s

Power to fan shaft, kW

= [Volume (m3/s) x Total pressure (mm of WC)] / [102 x fan efficiency]
= [31.02 x 300] / [102 x 0.8]
= 114 kW

L-4 A 7.5 TR package air conditioner is provided for a UPS room for removing the heat generated from
the UPS of rated capacity 40 kVA. The following parameters were noticed while performing the
assessment of the total system.

UPS Parameters:

Rating Input Power (kW) Output Power (kW)

On Load (16 hrs) 11.94 8.61

40 kVA
No Load (8 hrs) 1.16 0.00

Air conditioner parameters:

Installed capacity of Air conditioner 7.5 TR

Outdoor unit (condenser) air velocity 6.1 m/s

Radius of the fan opening at the point of velocity measurement 0.30 M

in outdoor unit

Air Density 1.174 kg/m3

Ambient temperature 305 0K

Temperature of hot air (condenser outlet) 313.5 0K

Specific heat of air 1.009 kJ/kg K

 Power drawn by the compressor 5.40 kW

Efficiency of the compressor motor 90 %

Calculate

a) Present delivery capacity of air conditioner (TR) (3 Marks)

b) Power drawn per TR of refrigeration (3 Marks)
c) Calculate the annual energy savings for 7200 hrs, if the UPS is relocated
to a non-air-conditioned ventilated area. Assume energy cost Rs.8/kWh. (4 Marks)

Capacity Installed 7.5 TR

Ans
Outdoor unit air velocity 6.1 m/s
Radius of the opening 0.30 m
Area of cross section (3.14 x 0.3^2) 0.283 m2
Total Air flow (0.283 x 6.1) 1.72 m3/s
Density of the air 1.174 kg/m3
Mass of air, m (1.72x1.174) 2.02 kg/s
Ambient temperature, T1 305 oK

Air temperature, T2 313.5 oK

Difference in Temperature (T2-T1), (dT) 8.5 oK

Specific Heat at Constant pressure, cp 1.009 kJ/kgK

Heat Transfer (mxCpx(T2-T1)) 17.32 kJ/s

Heat transfer per hour 62352 kJ/hr
14917 kcal/Hr
Heat input from the compressor (5.4x0.9x860) 4180 kcal/Hr
Evaporator heat load (14949-4180) 10737 kcal/Hr
1 Tonne of refrigeration 3024 kCal/Hr
Effective TR 3.55 TR
Power drawn by the compressor 5.40 kW
power taken per TR of refrigeration 1.52 kW/ TR

Heat Load generated by UPS in Conditioned Space

Input Output Heat Load
Rating/ Location Power Power Total
(kW) kCal/Sec kCal/Hr TR/hr
(kW) (kW) TR/day
 On
Load 11.94 8.61 3.33 0.80 2880 0.95 15.2
(16hrs)
40 kVA
No
Load 1.16 0 1.16 0.28 1008 0.33 2.64
(8hrs)
Total 17.84

The savings that can be achieved by providing clean, cool and dust free environment for UPS
operation is given below.

AC Load generated by UPS/ day = 17.84 TR

Power taken by AC to generate 17.82 TR at 1.52 kW/ TR = 27.12 kW

Annual energy savings at 300 days of operation = 8136 kWh

Cost of power = Rs.8/ kWh

Annual Cost Savings = Rs.65,088/-
One of the textile processing plants has installed two numbers of 6 MW gas turbines and also Heat
Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) to generate steam from the hot gases. The steam generated from
L-5
HRSG is utilized for process steam requirement and also for 500 TR Vapour Absorption Machine
(VAM). The VAM consumes 4.4 kg steam per TR and is operated at full load.
Due to increase in gas price the plant has stopped gas turbine operations and avails power supply
from the grid. To meet the steam requirement the plant has installed two numbers of 10 TPH Agro
Waste Boilers and steam is supplied to the process plant as well as to VAM machine. The average
cost of steam is Rs.1200/- per ton from agro waste boiler. The plant operates for 7000 hours in a
year.
The management is planning to replace the VAM chillers by electrical centrifugal chiller which will
operate at 0.7 kW/TR.
Compare the annual operating costs of electrical chiller and VAM. The cost of grid power is Rs
6.12/kWh. Consider all the other auxiliary power remains same in both the cases.
Do you agree with the management decision of operating VAM machine for chilling requirements?
Capacity of VAM Machine = 500 TR
Steam required/TR = 4.4 Kg/TR
Ans Total Steam requirement = 500 X 4.4 = 2200 Kg/hr = 2.2 TPH
Cost of steam from Agro Boiler = 2.2 X 1200 = Rs 2640 / hr

Power consumed by electric chiller = 0.7 X 500 = 350 kW

Cost of electricity = Rs 6.12/kWh
Operating cost of electric chiller = 350 x 6.12 = Rs 2142

Savings by Electric chiller = 2640- 2142 = Rs.498/ hr

Annual operating savings = 7000 X 498 = Rs 34,86,000/-

Disagree with the management decision.

 A distribution company has taken initiatives to reduce Aggregate Technical & Commercial (AT & C)
L-6 loss in their network. The energy supplied, received and revenue details are given below :

Input energy = 60 MU

Metered Billed Energy = 43 MU

Average Billing = 3 MU

Amount Billed = Rs. 540 Million

Arrears collected = Rs. 80 Million

Amount received = Rs. 470 Million

a) Estimate the following : (each carries 2.5 Marks)

i) AT & C loss in % and revenue realized in Rs. /kWh

ii) Revenue loss per kwh and monthly loss, if the purchased energy cost is Rs. 8.10/kWh

b) List five measures to reduce commercial loss in the network (5 Marks)

a)
Billing efficiency = (43+3) /60 X 100 = 76.7 %
Ans
Collection efficiency = ((470-80)/540) X 100 = 72.2 %
AT&C Loss = 1- (Billing efficiency x Collection Efficiency) x 100
= 1- (0.767 x 0.722) X100 = 44.62 %
Revenue realised / kwh = (470-80)/60 = Rs 6.5/kWh
Revenue loss / kwh = Rs 8.10- 6.5 = Rs. 1.6/kWh
Monthly Revenue loss = 60 X 1.6 = Rs 96 Million or (Rs.9,60,00,000/-)

b) Few measures to reduce commercial losses in distribution system include:

Refer Guide Book No 3, Chapter 1, Page No 27

-------- End of Section - III --------

 Paper 3 Code : Green

20th NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION

FOR
ENERGY MANAGERS & ENERGY AUDITORS – September, 2019

PAPER – 3: ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ELECTRICAL UTILITIES

Section – I: OBJECTIVE TYPE Marks: 50 x 1 = 50

i) Answer all 50 questions

ii) Each question carries one mark
iii) Please hatch the appropriate oval in the OMR answer sheet with HB pencil only, as per
instructions

1. A medium voltage end consumer receives 83 million units with a transmission and distribution
cascade efficiency of 82%. The million units generated will be ____________.

a) 101.2 b) 68.1 c) 83 d) None of the above

2. A 1000 kW Gas engine is designed for 38 % efficiency. The operating load of the engine is
825 kW. If the GCV of gas is 8700 kcal/m 3, the hourly gas consumption will be
____________m3/hr

a) 214.6 b) 260.13 c)188.89 d) 272.74

3. In an electrical power system, transmission efficiency increases as _______________.

a) both voltage and power factor increases

b) both voltage and power factor decreases
c) voltage increases but power factor decreases
d) Voltage decreases but power factor increases.
4. Which of the following is expressed in terms of percentage?

a) Absolute humidity
b) Relative humidity
c) Specific Gravity
d) All of the above
5. Which among the following is one of the parameters used to classify fans, blowers &
Compressors?

a) Volume flow rate

b) Mass flow rate
c) Specific ratio
d) None of the above
6. What is the function of drift eliminators in cooling towers?

a) maximize water and air contact

b) capture water droplets escaping with air stream
c) enables entry of air to the cooling tower
d) eliminates uneven distribution of water into the cooling tower
7. Which of the following statements is not true regarding centrifugal pumps?

a) Flow is zero at shut off head

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b) Maximum efficiency will be at design rated flow of the pump

c) Head decreases with increase in flow
d) Power increases with throttling
8. Which of the following is not true with respect to Color Rendering Index (CRI)?

a) The CRI is expressed in a relative scale ranging from 0 -100.

b) CRI indicates, how perceived colors match with actual colors.
c) LED lamps are having comparatively higher CRI than Incandescent Lamps.
d) The higher the color rendering index, the less color shift or distortion occurs
9. Flow control with ___________in a fan system will not change the fan characteristic
curve.

a) Inlet guide vane

b) speed change with variable frequency drive
c) speed change with hydraulic coupling
d) discharge damper
10. The primary purpose of inter-cooling in a multistage compressor is to _____________.

a) remove the moisture in the air

b) reduce the work of compression
c) separate moisture and oil vapour
d) none of the above
11. Illuminance of a surface is expressed in _____________

a) radians b) lux c) lumens d) LPD

12. A pump discharge has to be reduced from 120 m 3/hr to 110 m3/hr by trimming the
impeller. What should be the percentage reduction in impeller size?

a)10.52 % b) 8.34% c) 9.7 1% d)17.1%

13. Which of the following power plants has the highest efficiency?
a) Open cycle Gas Turbine
b) Diesel Engine
c) Combined cycle gas turbine
d) Conventional coal plants
14. COP of a single effect absorption refrigeration system is likely to be in the range
of____________

a) 0.6 to 0.7 b) 1to 1.2 c) 1.5 to 2 d) 3.0 to 4.0

15. If 30240 kcal of heat is removed from a room every hour then the refrigeration tonnage will
be nearly equal to____________.

a) 30.24TR b) 3.024TR c) 1TR d) 10 TR

16. HVDS (High Voltage Distribution System) is preferred to___________________

a) Reduce technical loss in distribution system

b) Reduce commercial loss in distribution system
c) Reduce capital investment
d) Reduce energy bill for the end consumer

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17. When evaporator temperature is reduced,________

a) refrigeration capacity increases

b) refrigeration capacity decreases
c) specific power consumption remains same
d) condenser load increases
18. A 4 pole 50 Hz induction motor is running at 1470 rpm. What is the slip value?

a) 0.2 b) 0.02 c) 0.04 d) 0.4

19. The basic function of an air dryer in an air compressor is to

a) Prevent dust from entering the compressor

b) Remove moisture before the intercooler
c) Remove moisture in compressor suction
d) Remove moisture in air supplied to the plants

20. Power factor is highest in the case of_________________

a) Sodium vapour lamps
b) Induction lamps
c) LED Lamps
d) Incandescent lamps
21. If the COP of a vapour compression system is 3.5 and the motor draws a power of 10.8 kW at
90% motor efficiency, the cooling effect of vapour compression system will be_________.

a) 34 kW b) 42 kW c) 2.8 kW d) 3.4 kW
22. The blow down requirement in m3/hr of a cooling tower with evaporation rate of 16 m3/hr and
CoC of 3 is ____________.

a) 4 b) 5.3 c) 8 d ) 48
23. The percentage reduction in distribution losses when tail end power factor is raised from 0.8
to 0.95 is__________

a) 29.4% b)15.5% c)16.6% d)24.7%

24. Energy performance index (EPI) kWh/m2 /yr is the ratio of total building annual energy
consumption to __________

a) Built up area
b) Carpet area
c) Roof Area
d) Window and Wall Area
25. Which of the following is not a climate zone as per ECBC classification?

a) hot-dry b) warm-humid c) Cold-humid d) cold

26. In a pumping system, if the temperature of the liquid handled increases,
then___________________.

a) NPSHa increases
b) NPSHa decreases
c) NPSHa remains constant
d) NPSHa and NPSHr are independent of temperature

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27. Which of the following component has maximum effect on cooling tower performance?

a) Fill media b) drift c) louvers d) casing

28. In a vapour compression refrigeration system, the quantum of energy transferred at
condenser is more than the energy transferred at ___________.

a) Compressor
b) Expansion Valve
c) Evaporator
d) All of the above
29. Demand side Management helps ____________

a) to reduce the energy losses b) to reduce system peak demand

c) to promote energy efficiency among users. d) All of the above
30. Which one of the following is true to estimate the range of cooling tower?

a) Range = Cooling water inlet temperature – Wet bulb temperature

b) Range = Cooling water outlet temperature – Wet bulb temperature
c) Range = Wet Bulb Temperature – Cooling Water Inlet Temperature
d) None of the above
31. Modest flow variation between 80% to 100%, in a centrifugal fan is achieved more efficiently
with ___________________.

a) Inlet damper
b) Outlet damper
c) Inlet guide vanes
d) Impeller Change
32. ____________is used as refrigerant both in vapour compression and vapour absorption
systems

a) Lithium Bromide b) Water c) HFC 134A d) Ammonia

33. In electrical distribution system, commercial loss covers discrepancies due to
________________.

Meter Reading b) Metering c) Collection Efficiency d) All of the above

34. Which of the following parameters is not required for evaluating volumetric efficiency of
reciprocating air compressor?
a) Power input b) FAD c) Cylinder Stroke d) Cylinder bore
35. _____________ is not used for speed control.

a) Variable Frequency drive

b) Soft starter
c) Hydraulic coupling
Eddy current drives
36. When compared to standard motors, energy efficient motors will have ____________.
a) Higher slip
b) Higher starting torque
c) Lower No load current
All the above

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37. For a given air requirement, providing higher volume air receiver will ________________.

a) Increase energy consumption

b) Reduce energy consumption
c) Reduce Unload Power
d) Reduce Pressure fluctuations

38. Harmonics generation will be more in _________________

a. Inverter drives b. LED Lamps c. Transformers d. Resistance heaters

39. Thermal Power Plant efficiency is low due to ____________________.

a) Higher steam Pressure

b) Higher superheat temperature
c) Low GCV coal
d) Higher Heat loss in condenser
40. Among the following, _____________ has highest design efficiency.

a) High tension motors

b) Power transformers
c) Alternators
d) Electric melting furnaces
41. The difference between wet bulb temperature and cooling water inlet temperature in a cooling
tower is called _______________.

a)Approach b) Range c) Effectiveness d) None of the above

42. Technical loss in a distribution system can be reduced by _________________.

a) Maintaining low HT/LT ratio b) Accurate meter reading

c) High voltage supply to consumers d) Improving Collection Efficiency
43. Pressure drop can be reduced in a compressed air distribution line by providing
______________.

a) After Coolers
b) Small diameter distribution pipes
c) High pressure air flow
d) Large Diameter Distribution pipes.
44. Power consumption is very high for ___________ type of compressed air dryers.
a) Refrigeration type
b) Blower reactivated type
c) Heat of compression type
d) Heatless purge type
45. A DC excitation is used to vary the speed of _____________.

a) Eddy Current Coupling

b) fluid coupling
c) variable frequency drive
d) None of the above
46. The isothermal power of 500 CFM air compressor is 72 kW and the efficiency is 76 %. The
actual power drawn by the compressor will be ________

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a) 56 kW b) 94.7 kW c) 89 kW d) 72 kW
47. Power factor improvement of a 75-kW compressor motor will ___________

a) Reduce input power to the motor b) Increase input power to the motor
c) Reduce the compressor motor shaft power d) None of the above
48. A 500-kVA transformer is designed for No load loss of 750 watts and load loss of 5700 Watts.
The calculated total transformer loss is 1662 watts. What will be the percentage loading of
the transformer?

a) 54.8 % b) 29 % c) 40 % d) 25.7 %
49. Rating of PF correction capacitors for Induction Motors terminal should be

a) 100 % kVAr of the induction motor

b) 20 % of Motor Rating
c) 25 % of Motor rating
d) 90 % of the no-load kVAr induction motor
50. LLF in lighting calculation refers to

a) Light Load factor

b) Light lumen factor
c) Light Lux factor
d) Light loss factor

…….……. End of Section – I ……….….

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Section – II: SHORT DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 8 x 5 = 40

(i) Answer all Eight questions

(ii) Each question carries Five marks

S1 Write short notes on any two of the following:

1. Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV) for chillers

2. Evaporative Cooling
3. Heat Pump ( Each 2.5 Marks)

Ans :

1. Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV) for chillers, (Page No. 126)
2. Evaporative Cooling, (Page No. 136)
3. Heat Pump (Page No. 133)
S2 Write short notes on any two of the following:

1. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)

2. Visible Light Transmittance (VLT)
3. Cool Roof ( Each 2.5 Marks)

Ans

1. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), (Page No. 272)

2. Visible Light Transmittance (VLT), (Page No. 272)
3. Cool Roof, (Page No. 271)

S3 One of the Machining centres has installed 2 No’s of 270 cfm compressors for pneumatic
operation and also for cleaning operation of components after machining. The compressors are
operated at 7 kg/cm2(g) and are on-load for 80 % of the time. The load Power and the un-load
Power of each 270 cfm compressor is, 40 kW and 15 kW respectively. The energy audit estimated
that cleaning air requirement is 60% of the air generated.

Calculate the daily energy consumption for cleaning air alone, assuming continuous operation of
the compressor.
Ans :

Compressor capacity = 270 cfm

% Loading = 80 %
Air Delivered by 2 compressors = (270 X 0.80 x 2)
= 432 cfm
Loading Power drawn by the compressors = (40 + 40)
= 80 kW
Un-Loading power drawn by the compressors = (15 + 15)
= 30 kW

Average kW drawn by the compressors = [(80 x (0.8 x24))+ (30x (0.2 x 24))]/(24)
= 70 kW

SEC of compressor = (70/432)

= 0.162 kW/cfm

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Cleaning air consumption at 7 Kg/cm2 = (60 % of generation)

= (0.60 x 432)
= 259 cfm

Energy requirement for Cleaning air per day = (259 x 0.162 x 24)
= 1007 kWh/day

(or) Alternate Solution

=(Load Power x load time) +(Unload Power x Unload

time)
=(40 x 0.8) + (15 x 0.2)
=32+3
=35 KW

Average KW drawn by the compressors = 35 x 2 = 70 KW

Energy requirement for Cleaning air per day = (70 kW x 0.6) x 24

=1008 kWh/day

S-4 In a pharmaceutical industry a centrifugal pump is pumping 80 m3/hr of water into a pressurized
container. The container pressure is 3 kg/cm2(g). The discharge head of the pump is 5 kg/cm 2(g)
and water level is 5 meters below the pump central line. If the power drawn by the motor is 22 kW,
find out the pump efficiency. Assume motor efficiency as 90% and the water density as 1000
kg/m3.
Ans :

Sl.
Parameter Process Value
No.
1 Water Flow Rate (m3/hr) given 80

2 Discharge Head (meters) given 50

3 Suction Head (meter) given -5

4 Power input to Motor (kW) given 22

5 Motor Efficiency given 90%

6 Power Input to Pump (kW) Sl. 4* Sl. 5 =22 x 0.9 = 19.8

7 Liquid kW (Sl. 1/3600)*((Sl. 2*10) - = (80/3600) x (50 -
Sl. 3)*9.81 (-5) x 9.81=11.98

8 Pump Efficiency Sl. 7 / Sl. 6 60.56%

S5 A Refrigeration system designed with 10 TR AHU is operating at 8.25 TR. The measured air
parameters are given below:

Inlet enthalpy = 10.26 kcal/kg

Outlet enthalpy = 7.26 kcal/kg.
Specific volume of air = 0.83 m3/kg

Calculate the volume of air in m3/hr handled by AHU.

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Ans :

Cooling delivered (TR = (Difference in enthalpy) x (Volume of air / sp. volume x 3024)
= (Hi – Ho) x V / (v x 3024)
Volume of air handled by AHU = (TR x v x 3024 / (Hi – Ho))
= ((8.25 x 0.83 x 3024) / (10.26-7.26))
= 6903 m3/hr
S6 A fan is designed for 1300 m3/hr, 50 Hz and drawing 3 kW. If the fan is operated with VFD at 37
Hz for 6000 hours, calculate the velocity of air, when air is supplied through 150 mm diameter duct
and the annual energy savings.
Ans :

Power Drawn at 50 HZ = 3 kW
Operating frequency = 37 Hz
Flow at 37 Hz = 1300 x (37 / 50)
= 962 m3/hr
Diameter of the duct = 150 mm
Area of the duct = 0.0177 m2

Velocity of the air in the duct = [(962 / 3600)] / [(0.0177)]

= 15.09 m/s
Power consumption with 37 Hz = (37/50)3 x 3
= 1.22 kW
Annual Energy Savings for 6000 hours operation = 6000 x (3 -1.22)
= 10,680 kWh
S7 A foundry unit draws power to the tune of 2500 kW. The demand observed during furnace
operation is given below:

5 minutes : 2940 kVA

7 minutes : 2550 kVA
3 minutes : 2777 kVA

If the billing meter is monitoring demand every 15 minutes, calculate the maximum demand
registered and also the average PF, during the demand interval.
Ans :

Maximum demand registered = [ 2940 * (5/15) + 2550 * (7/15) + 2777 * (3/15)]

= [ 980 + 1190 + 555.4]
= 2725.4 kVA
PF
5 minutes: 2940 KVA = (2500 / 2940)
= 0.85
7 minutes 2550 KVA = (2500 / 2550)
= 0.98
3 minutes 2777 kVA. = (2500 / 2777)
= 0.90

Average PF = [ 0.85 *(5/15) + 0.98* (7/15) + 0.9 * (3/15) ]

= 0.92
S8 A process plant has installed 4-cell cooling tower, with 45 kW CT fans for each cell and operating
at 40 kW at 1450 rpm. As a part of the energy conservation program, the existing fan motors are
replaced with two speed motors which would operate at 1450 rpm and 740 rpm. The cooling

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towers are operated at high speed mode for 5300 hours and at low speed mode for 1800 hours, in
a year.

Estimate the annual energy savings when compared to operation of fans continuously at a fixed
speed of 1450 rpm.

Ans :

Present energy consumption of all 4 fans = (4 x 40 x (5300 + 1800))

= 11,36,000 kWh
Energy consumption for fans at 1450 rpm for 5300 hours = (4 x 40 x 5300)
= 8,48,000 kWh
Energy consumption for fans at 740 rpm for 1800 hours = [ (740/1450)3x 40 x 4 x 1800 ]
= 38281 kWh
Annual savings = [ 11,36,000 - (8,48,000+38,281) ]
= 2,49,719 kWh

………..……. End of Section - II ………….….

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Section – III: LONG DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 6 x 10 = 60

(i) Answer all Six questions

(ii) Each question carries Ten marks

L- a) In an energy audit of a fan, it was observed that the fan was delivering 24,000 Nm3/hr of
1 air. Suction static pressure was recorded as -15 mm WC and discharge static pressure as 35
mmWC.

The power measurement of the motor using power analyser was recorded as 7 kW. The motor
operating efficiency taken from motor performance curve was 90%. What is the static
efficiency of the fan?

b) Match the Following

1. Heat Pump – NPSHR

2. Compressor – Static Head
3. Pumping Pressure – Static Pressure
4. Fan – Compressor
5. Pump – Free air delivery test

Soln :

a)
Q = 24.000 Nm3 / hr. = 6.67 m3/sec
Static pressure rise = 35 – (-15)
= 50 mmWC
s =?

Power input to motor = 7 kW

Power input to fan shaft = 7 x 0.90 = 6.3 kW
Fan static = Volume in m3/sec x Pst in mmWc
102 x Power input to shaft
= (6.67 x 50) / (102 x 6.3)
= 0.519 (or) = 51.9 %
b) Match the Following

1. Heat Pump – Compressor

2. Compressor – Free air delivery test
3. Pumping Pressure – Static Head
4. Fan – Static Pressure
5. Pump – NPSHR

L- A. For each one of the following, mention whether they belong to “Prescriptive Method” or
2 “Whole Building Performance Method”.
( 5 Marks)

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1. Compliance by meeting or exceeding specific levels for each individual element of

building
2. Allows Trade-off option for building envelope
3. Allows use of energy simulation software
4. Computer model of the proposed design (energy consumption) is compared with
Standard Design
5. Compliance if energy use in proposed design is less than energy use in standard design
B. Match the Following: ( 5 Marks)

1. Building envelope a) Day lighting of building

2. Passive solar design strategy b) Exfiltration and Infiltration of air
3. Visual Light Transmittance c) Roof, walls, windows, skylights, doors
and other openings
4. Weather stripping d) Property of high solar reflectance and
emittance
5. Cool roof e) Cross ventilation

Ans :

A.

1. Prescriptive Method
2. Prescriptive Method
3. Whole Building Performance Method
4. Whole Building Performance Method
5. Whole Building Performance Method

B.

Roof, walls, windows, skylights, doors and other

1 Building envelope C
openings
Passive solar design
2 E Cross-ventilation
strategy
Visual Light
3 A Day lighting of building
Transmittance
4 Weather stripping B Exfiltration and Infiltration of air
5 Cool roof D Property of high solar reflectance and emittance

L- An energy audit was conducted in a large machine shop and the audit report suggested
3
Motor Operating
Old Motor New Motor
Rating in Load No of motors
Efficiency% efficiency%
kW %
7.5 75 86 89 12
11.5 85 88 91 7
15 70 89 92 11
replacing 30 machine motors with energy efficient motors. The loading details of old and new
motors are given below:

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Assuming motor loading in both cases remains same, calculate the annual energy savings, for
4000 hours operation per year.

Ans :

Motor Operating Actual Old Actual New Old New No of

Rating Load Motor Load Motor Load Motor Motor motors
in KW % In kW In kw efficiency efficiency
7.5/0.86=8.72 7.5/0.89=8.43
7.5 75 =8.72x =8.43x 0.75= 86 89 12
0.75=6.54 6.32
11.5/0.88=13.07 11.5/0.91=12.64
11.5 85 =13.07 x 0.85= =12.64 x 0.85= 88 91 7
11.11 10.74
15/0.89=16.85 15/0.92=16.30
15 70 =16.85x 0.7= =16.30 x 0.7 89 92 11
11.79 11.41

Annual Savings for 7.5 KW Motors,

12 numbers, operating 4000 hours = [ 4,000 (6.54-6.32) x 12 ]
= 10,560 kWh
Annual Savings for 11 KW Motors,
7 numbers, operating 4000 hours = [ 4000 (11.11 -10.74) x 7 ]
= 10,360 kWh
Annual Savings for 15 KW Motors,
11 numbers operating 4000 hours = [ 4,000 (11.79-11.41) x11 ]
= 16,720 kWh

Total annual savings for 30 high efficiency motors = 37,640 kWh

L- A 10 MW co-generation plant is operating at a daily load factor of 85 %. Power is generated at

4 11 KV.

➢ 35 % of the power generated, is exported to grid, through a 7.5 MVA Transformer with 99 %
efficiency.

➢ 32 % power generated, is supplied to mill motors, at 600 Volts, through a 5 MVA step down
transformer, with 98 % efficiency.

➢ The balance power generated is supplied to other LT Loads and auxiliaries, at 415 Volts,
through a 2 MVA transformer, with 98 % efficiency.

Calculate the following:

1) Daily energy exported to grid at 33 KV.
2) Daily mill motors consumption at 600 V.
3) Daily LT loads and auxiliary consumption at 415 V.
4) Daily transformers losses in kWh and % transformers losses
( Each 2.5 Marks)
Ans :

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1.

Daily generation = (10,000 x 0.85 x 24)

= 2,04,000 kWh
Daily energy generation for export purpose = (2,04,000 x 0.35)
= 71,400 KWh

7.5 MVA transformer loss = [ 71,400 - (71,400 x 0.99) ]

= (71,400 – 70,686)
= 714 kWh

Net energy export to the Grid at 33 KV level = (71,400 kWh - 714 kWh)
=70,686 KWh

2.

Daily energy generation for mill motor consumption = (2,04,000 x 0.32)

= 65,280 kWh
5 MVA Transformer loss = [ 65,280 - (65,280 x 0.98 ) ]
= (65,280 - 63,974.4)
= 1,306 kWh
Net mill Consumption = 63,974 KWh

3.

Daily generation for LT loads & Auxiliary consumption = (2,04,000 x 0.33)

= 67,320 kWh
2MVA Transformer loss = [ 67320 - (67320 x 0.98) ]
= 67,320 - 65,974
= 1,346 kWh
Net LT loads & Auxiliary Consumption = 65,974 kWh

4.

Transformers losses = (714 +1306 +1346)

= 3,366 kWh day
% transformers losses = (3,366 / 2,04,000) x 100
= 1.65 %

(Or)

To meet the plant LT loads and co-gen auxiliary load the transformer capacity should be more
than 2 MVA.

L- A small machine shop has installed 220 cfm screw compressor to meet air requirement for
5 various operation. The operating details are given below:

Shift reference Load time in sec Un-Load time in sec

(8 hrs/ Shift)
I 60 10
II 45 25
III 25 45

Load Power = 37 KW
Un-load power = 11 KW

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Calculate the following:

1. Energy loss per day ( 4 Marks)

2. Shift wise average air requirement in cfm ( 2 Marks)
3. The plant has proposed to install a VFD for the compressor. Calculate the energy savings
after installing the VFD operated compressor, if the VFD loss is 3 % of load power.
( 4 Marks)
Ans :

Ist shift consumption = ((60 / 70) x 37) + (10 / 70) x 11) x 8)

= (31.71+1.57) x 8

= 266.24 kWh

IInd shift consumption = ((0.64 x 37 + 0.36 x 11) x 8 )

= (23.68 + 3.96) x 8

= 221.12 kWh

IIIrd shift consumption = ((0.36 x 37 + 0.64 x 11) x 8)

= (13.32 +7.04) x 8)

= 162.88 kWh

Daily Total Energy consumption = (266.24 + 221.12 + 162.88)

= 650.24 kWh

Daily Energy loss due to unloading = (1.57 +3.96 +7.04) x 8

= 100.56 kWh

Daily load cycle Energy consumption = (650.24 – 100.56)

= 549.68 kWh

Daily energy consumption with VFD = (549.68 / 0.97)

= 566.68 kWh

Daily Energy loss due to VFD = (566.68 – 549.68)

= 17 kWh

Daily Net Energy savings with VFD compressor = (100.56 – 17)

= 83.56 kWh

Ist shift air requirement = (0.86 x 220)

= 189.2 cfm

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IInd shift air requirement = (0.64 x 220)

= 140.8 cfm

IIIrd shift air requirement = (0.36 x 220)

= 79.2 cfm

L- (a) What is L/G ratio and how it is useful in operation of a cooling tower ?
6 (3 Marks)
(b) What are the functions of fill media in a cooling tower?
(3 Marks)
(c) Calculate the L/G ratio for the cooling tower given the following:
(4 Marks)
Water Flow = 4540 m3/hour
Approach = 4.45 oC
Air entering enthalpy at 26.67 oC = 24.17 kcal/kg
Air leaving enthalpy at 37.8 oC = 39.67 Kcal/kg
Hot water temperature = 47.77 oC
Cold water temperature = 31.11oC
Ans :
a)
Liquid / Gas (L / G) ratio of a cooling tower is the “ratio between the water and air mass flow
rates”.

Against the design values, seasonal variations require, adjustment and tuning of water and air
flow rates, to get the best cooling tower effectiveness, through measures like, water box loading
changes, blade angle adjustments etc.

By energy balance,

L(T1 - T2) ) = G(h 2- h1)

L / G = (h2 - h1) / (T1 - T2)
L / G = Liquid to gas mass flow ratio (kg/kg)
Where :

T1 = hot water temperature oC

T2 = cold water temperature oC
h2 = Enthalpy of air water vapour mixture at exhaust wet bulb temperature
h1 = Enthalpy of air water vapour mixture at inlet wet bulb temperature

(b) Page 209, para of Function of Fill media in a cooling tower

c)

L/G = (h2 -h1) / (T1 - T2)

L (47.77 - 31.11) = G (39.67 - 24.17)
L / G Ratio = (39.67 - 24.17)/ (47.77 - 31.11)
= 0.93

------- End of Section - III -----

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Regn No: ____ _____________

Name: ___________________
(To be written by the candidates)

7th NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION – Nov. 2008

FOR
ENERGY MANAGERS & ENERGY AUDITORS

PAPER – 3: Energy Efficiency in Electrical Utilities

Date: 23.11.2008 Timings: 0930-1230 HRS Duration: 3 HRS Max. Marks: 150

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Section – II: SHORT DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 8 x 5 = 40

(i) Answer all Eight questions

(ii) Each question carries Five marks

S-1 List any five problems that can arise due to harmonics in a system.
Answer:
The problems that arise due to harmonics in a system are:
a. Blinking of Incandescent Lights - Transformer Saturation
b. Capacitor Failure - Harmonic Resonance
c. Circuit Breakers Tripping - Inductive Heating and Overload
d. Conductor Failure - Inductive Heating
e. Electronic Equipment Shutting down - Voltage Distortion

S-2 Why does the power factor of a induction motor decreases with the decrease in
the applied load on the motor?

kW
The power factor of the motor is given as: Power Factor = Cos φ =
kVA
As the load on the motor decreases, the magnitude of the active current or active
power decreases. However, there is no corresponding decrease in the
magnetizing current or reactive power, which is proportional to the supply
voltage. With the result, the apparent current or apparent power does not
decrease in the same proportion to that of the active current or active power.
Therefore, the motor power factor decrease, with decrease in the applied load.

S-3 A water pump is delivering 300 m3/hr flow at 40 meter head at ambient
conditions. The pump shaft power is 52kW. The impeller diameter is trimmed by
8%. Find out the new water flow, head and pump shaft power at the changed
condition.

Q1 = 300 m3 / hr.

D2 = 0.92 D1

Q2 = ?

Q α D Q1 D1
Q2 = D2

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300 = D1
Q2 0.92 D1

Q2 = 0.92 x 300
Q2 = 276 m3 /hr.

Head= ( D1/0.92 D1)2 = (1.0869)2 =1.1815

40/H2 = 1.1815
H2 = 40/1.1815=33.85 m

Power= ( D1/0.92 D1)3= (1.0869)3=1.284

52/P2 =1.284
P2= 52/1.284
= 38.94 kW

S-4 If inlet and outlet water temperatures of a cooling tower are 42oC and 36oC
respectively and atmospheric DBT and WBT are 39 oC and 32 oC respectively,
find out the range, approach and the effectiveness of cooling tower.

Range: 42-36=6 deg C

Approach: = 36-32= 4 deg C

Cooling Tower Effectiveness = Range / (Range + Approach).

= 6/ (6+4)
= 0.60

S-5 Draw a sketch of a typical centrifugal fan characteristic curve along with system
resistance. (Note: No explanation is required)

Y axis can be total pressure or static pressure

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S-6 The COP of a vapour compression refrigeration system is 3.0. If the compressor
motor draws power of 15 kW at 90% motor efficiency, find out the tonnage of the
refrigeration system.

Answer:
Power input to compressor = 0.90 x 15
= 13.5kw

Cooling effect = 13.5 x 3.0

= 40.5 kw

40.5 kW x 860 kcal/kwh = 34830 kcals/hr

Refrigeration tonnage = 34830/3024

= 11.52 Tonnes

S-7 List any 5 energy conservation opportunity in an air compression system

Answer
ƒ Ensure air intake to compressor is not warm and humid by locating
compressors in well-ventilated area or by drawing cold air from outside.
Every 40C rise in air inlet temperature will increase power consumption by 1
percent.

ƒ Clean air-inlet filters regularly. Compressor efficiency will be reduced by 2

percent for every 250 mm WC pressure drop across the filter.

ƒ Keep compressor valves in good condition by removing and inspecting once

every six months. Worn-out valves can reduce compressor efficiency by as
much as 50 percent.

ƒ Install manometers across the filter and monitor the pressure drop as a guide
to replacement of element.

ƒ Minimize low-load compressor operation; if air demand is less than 50

percent of compressor capacity, consider change over to a smaller
compressor or reduce compressor speed appropriately (by reducing motor
pulley size) in case of belt driven compressors.

ƒ Consider the use of regenerative air dryers, which uses the heat of
compressed air to remove moisture.

ƒ Fouled inter-coolers reduce compressor efficiency and cause more water

condensation in air receivers and distribution lines resulting in increased
corrosion. Periodic cleaning of inter-coolers must be ensured.

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ƒ Compressor free air delivery test (FAD) must be done periodically to check
the present operating capacity against its design capacity and corrective
steps must be taken if required.

ƒ If more than one compressor is feeding to a common header, compressors

must be operated in such a way that only one small compressor should
handle the load variations whereas other compressors will operate at full
load.

ƒ The possibility of heat recovery from hot compressed air to generate hot air
or water for process application must be economically analyzed in case of
large compressors.

ƒ Consideration should be given to two-stage or multistage compressor as it

consumes less power for the same air output than a single stage
compressor.

ƒ If pressure requirements for processes are widely different (e.g. 3 bar to 7

bar), it is advisable to have two separate compressed air systems.

ƒ Reduce compressor delivery pressure, wherever possible, to save energy.

ƒ Provide extra air receivers at points of high cyclic-air demand which permits
operation without extra compressor capacity.

ƒ Retrofit with variable speed drives in big compressors, say over 100 kW, to
eliminate the `unloaded’ running condition altogether.

ƒ Keep the minimum possible range between load and unload pressure
settings.

ƒ Automatic timer controlled drain traps wastes compressed air every time the
valve opens. So frequency of drainage should be optimized.

ƒ Check air compressor logs regularly for abnormal readings, especially motor
current cooling water flow and temperature, inter-stage and discharge
pressures and temperatures and compressor load-cycle.

ƒ Compressed air leakage of 40- 50 percent is not uncommon. Carry out

periodic leak tests to estimate the quantity of leakage.

ƒ Install equipment interlocked solenoid cut-off valves in the air system so that
air supply to a machine can be switched off when not in use.

ƒ Present energy prices justify liberal designs of pipeline sizes to reduce

pressure drops.

ƒ Compressed air piping layout should be made preferably as a ring main to

provide desired pressures for all users.

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ƒ A smaller dedicated compressor can be installed at load point, located far off
from the central compressor house, instead of supplying air through lengthy
pipelines.

ƒ All pneumatic equipment should be properly lubricated, which will reduce

friction, prevent wear of seals and other rubber parts thus preventing energy
wastage due to excessive air consumption or leakage.

ƒ Misuse of compressed air such as for body cleaning, agitation, general floor
cleaning, and other similar applications must be discouraged in order to save
compressed air and energy.

ƒ Pneumatic equipment should not be operated above the recommended

operating pressure as this not only wastes energy bus can also lead to
excessive wear of equipment’s components which leads to further energy
wastage.

ƒ Pneumatic transport can be replaced by mechanical system as the former

consumed about 8 times more energy. Highest possibility of energy savings
is by reducing compressed air use.

ƒ Pneumatic tools such as drill and grinders consume about 20 times more
energy than motor driven tools. Hence they have to be used efficiently.
Wherever possible, they should be replaced with electrically operated tools.

ƒ Where possible welding is a good practice and should be preferred over

threaded connections.

ƒ On account of high pressure drop, ball or plug or gate valves are preferable
over globe valves in compressed air lines.

S-8 A Reciprocating Compressor with 220 CFM capacity is connected with a 75 HP

motor. The energy manager of the plant noticed frequent unloading and loading
of compressor .In your opinion, what reasons he may conclude for this situation
and accordingly propose the remedial actions.

Answer:

There could be three reason(s)

1. Requirement of compressed air for plant is very less.
2. Compressor selected is higher capacity.
3. Malfunctioning of unloader valves.

To replace existing Motor with smaller capacity motor after measuring actual
requirement of compressed air, this could be done by measuring loading and
unloading time of compressor.

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OR
To increase driven side Pulley size. It will reduce capacity of compressor as well
power consumption
OR
To go for VFD

-------- End of Section – II ---------

Section – III: LONG DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 6 x 10 = 60

(i) Answer all Six questions

(ii) Each question carries Ten marks

L-1 A 7.5 kW, 415 V, 14.5 Amp,4 pole, 50 Hz rated, 3 phase squirrel cage induction
motor has a half load efficiency of 84% and power factor of 0.7. Find the
following if the motor operates at 50% of its rated output.

a) Current drawn by the motor

b) Ratio of the current drawn to its rated current. Is this exactly 50% at half
loading? If not, briefly explain the reasons for the same.
c) RPM at a half load slip of 2%

ANS:

a) Pin (Input power) = 7.5x0.5/ 0.84 = 4.46428 kW

I(Input current) = 4.46428/ (√3 x 0.415 x 0.70) = 8.87 A

b) Ratio of the current drawn to its rated current = 9/14.5=61.2%

NO, this ratio is not exactly half.

The current drawn by the motor is the resultant sum of the active and
reactive current of the induction motor. The reactive current drawn is
independent of load as it is supply voltage dependent, and hence remains
constant as long as the supplied voltage remains constant. On the other
hand, active current drawn is directly proportional to load and changes in
direct proportion to the load. Therefore, the resultant of active current and
reactive current, which is the current drawn by the motor, does not change
in direct proportion to the change in load as one of the current component
is load independent. Therefore, current drawn by the induction motor at
any part load may not be a true reflection of the load.

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c) Ns = 120 x f / p = 120 x 50 / 4 = 1500 RPM

N = Ns ( 1- S )
= 1500 ( 1- 0.02)
= 1470 RPM

L-2 Give very short answers for the following

1. Which loss is assumed in the efficiency determination of an induction motor?

2. Which parameter needs to be measured to assess the percentage loading of
a motor by slip method neglecting voltage correction?
3. What is meant by the term “specific power requirement” with respect to air
compressors? State the units.
4. Which three variables need to be measured to calculate the efficiency of a
pump?
5. Which expression to state the energy efficiency of a chiller does not follow the
trend “a higher number means a more efficient system”?

ANS:

1 Stray losses
2. Motor speed
3. The ratio of power consumption (in kW) to the volume delivered at ambient
conditions. Unit is kW per cubic meter per hour or kW/(m3/hr)
4) The variables to be measured (i) volumetric flow (ii) pressure difference
across the pump and (iii) electrical power input to the motor driving the
pump.
5) The expression “power per ton” (in kW/ton) does not follow the trend. The
higher the number the more inefficient the chiller.

L-3 The suction head of a pump is 3 m below the pump centerline. The pump
discharge pressure is 2.9 kg/cm2. The flow rate of water is 90 m3 /hr. Find out
the pump efficiency if the actual power input by the motor is 15kW. Assume
motor efficiency at the operating load as 88%.

Discharge Head : 2.9 kg/cm2 equals 29 metre head.

Suction Head : - 3 metre.
Total Head : 29 – (-3) = 32 metre.
Hydraulic Power : (90/3600) x 1000 x 9.81 x 32/1000 = 7.848 kW
Pump Efficiency : 100 x 7.848/(15x0.88) = 59.45%

L-4 A V-belt driven centrifugal fan is supplying air in a process plant. The
performance test conducted by an energy auditor on the fan generated the
following data:

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Ambient temperature 30oC

Density of air at 0oC 1.293 kg/m3
Diameter of the discharge air duct 0.8 m
Velocity pressure measured by Pitot tube in 45 mmWC
discharge duct
Pitot tube coefficient 0.9
Static pressure at fan inlet - 20 mmWC
Static pressure at fan outlet 185 mmWC
Power drawn by the motor coupled with the fan 70 kW
Belt transmission efficiency 96%
Motor efficiency at the operating load 90 %

The energy auditor concludes after analyzing the above data that the efficiency
of the fan is about 33.3%. Do you agree with his above observation? If not, can
you find the mistake made by the auditor?

Ans:

Ambient temperature 30oC

Diameter of the discharge air duct 0.8 m
Velocity pressure measured by Pitot tube 45 mmWC
Static pressure at fan inlet - 20 mmWC
Static pressure at fan outlet 185 mmWC
Power drawn by the motor 70 kW
Transmission efficiency 96%
Motor efficiency 90 %
Area of the discharge duct 3.14 x 0.8 x 0.8 x 1/4
0.502672 m2
Pitot tube coefficient 0.9
Corrected gas density (273 x 1.293) / (273 + 30) = 1.165

Air velocity Cp x √ 2 x 9.81 x U p x γ

γ

0.9 x Sq rt.(2 x 9.81 x 45 x 1.165)

1.165
24.776 m/s

Volume 24.776 x 0.502672

12.4543 m3/s
Power input to the shaft 70 x 0.96 x 0.9
60.48 kW

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Volume in m3 / Sec x total static pressure in mmwc

Static Fan Efficiency % =
102 x Power input to the shaft in (kW)

Fan static Efficiency 12.4543 x (185 – (-20)

102 x 60.48
41%

No, the fan static efficiency is 41%. The auditor, while working out the total static
pressure has committed a mistake. He has taken suction pressure as positive.

Fan static Efficiency = 12.4543 x (185 – (20)

102 x 60.48

= 33.3%

L-5 The parameters measured for of a centrifugal chiller are as follows:

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i. Evaluate the CoP of centrifugal chiller

ii. Find the ratio of evaporator refrigeration load(TR) to condenser heat rejection
load(TR)

Ans. i. Refrigeration load (TR) : (m x cp x ♠t)/3024

: 8o x 3600 x 1 x (13-8)/3024
: 476 TR

Cooling effect (kW)

Coefficient of performance COP =
Power input to compressor (kW)
= (476TRx3024/860) / 300= 5.579

ii. Evaporator cooling load (TR) : 476 TR

Condenser heat rejection load (TR) : 185 x 3600 x (28 – 25.2)/3024
: 616 TR
Evaporator 476
Ratio : = = 0.77
Condenser 616

L-6: a) Two FD fans, one fan on each side of the Boiler, are supplying the total
combustion air requirement for a boiler. These fans are connected to a common
header through discharge dampers. Each fan is having 260 kW rating and
provided with VSDs. Each fan is designed to cater 60% of Boiler capacity
(MCR).

It was observed by an energy auditor that when one FD fan was in service
(when the boiler requirement is below 60% MCR), power drawn by that fan is
105 kW at 570 rpm where as the total power drawn by keeping both the fans in
service for the same steam generation (below 60% MCR) is around 70 kW only
(each fan is drawing 35 kW at 430 rpm).

In your opinion what could be the reasons for low power consumption with both
fans in service than a single fan for generation of same quantity of steam? (Note:
No calculation or working is required. Only brief explanation is sufficient)

Answer:

When one fan was in service as it was common discharge header system the possibility
of recirculation of part of air from the running fan cannot be ruled out due to passing of
discharge dampers and inlet vane of the fan that is not in service. This increases the air
requirement for maintaining the same excess oxygen conditions, hence increase in load
on the running fan.

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Second reason can be that when only one fan is in service as airflow is from one side
only, increases the system resistance than when same air is distributed from both the
sides. This forces the single fan to develop more head for the same total airflow, hence
operation at higher RPM. With both fans in service the system resistance will be low
distributed flow.

Because of the above reasons there is a net saving of energy when both fans are in
service than single fan.

b) On the advice of an energy auditor, a chemical plant replaced the existing

standard induction motor powering a centrifugal pump with a new energy
efficient induction motor of same kW ratings and number of poles. The plant
energy manager observed that the temperature rise of the stator windings of
energy efficient induction motor was comparatively higher than that of the
standard induction motor. Briefly explain any reason for this situation

Answer

Due to lower slip level in energy efficient motor (EEM), operate at slightly higher speeds,
and result in operation at a higher point in the load curve of the pump. This increase in
load is proportional to approximately the cube of the increase in speed. This means
motor must produce more horsepower (i.e, EEM may be operating above its rated
power).

Because the temperature rise in a motor increases slightly less than the square of the
horse power output, the net effect is that the temperature rise of the rotor is
roughly proportional to the fifth power of the increase in rotor speed.

……………. End of Section – III ………….…

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Regn No: _________________

Name: ___________________
(To be written by the candidates)

8th NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION – May, 2009

FOR
ENERGY MANAGERS & ENERGY AUDITORS

PAPER – 3: Energy Efficiency in Electrical Utilities

Date: 24.05.2009 Timings: 0930-1230 HRS Duration: 3 HRS Max. Marks: 150

General instructions:
o Please check that this question paper contains 8 printed pages
o Please check that this question paper contains 64 questions
o The question paper is divided into three sections
o All questions in all three sections are compulsory
1 All parts of a question should be answered at one place

Section – I: OBJECTIVE TYPE Marks: 50 x 1 = 50

(i) Answer all 50 questions

(ii) Each question carries one mark
(iii) Please hatch the appropriate oval in the OMR answer sheet with Black Pen or Black
HB Pencil, as per instructions

1 Select the wrong statement:

a) ‘Heat Rate’ reflects the efficiency of generation.

b) ‘Heat Rate’ is the heat input in kilo Calories or kilo Joules, for generating ‘one’ kilo
Watt of electrical output.
c) ‘Heat Rate’ is inverse of the efficiency of power generation.
d) design ‘Heat Rate’ of a 500MW thermal generating unit is lower than that of a 110 MW
thermal generating unit.
2 In an industry, if the drawl over a recording cycle of 30 minutes is :

2500 kVA for 10 minutes

3600 kVA for 6 minutes
4100 kVA for 12 minutes
3800 kVA for 2 minutes

The MD recorder will be computing MD as

a) 3446 b) 3600 c) 3800 d) 4100

3 A bulk power factor correction system which is left connected to an installation where the load
has reduced considerably may result in

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a) leading power factor at input electric supply

b) damage to the installation cables
c) considerable reduction in maximum demand
d) a reduced supply tariff
4 The total loss for a transformer loading at 60% and with no load and full load losses of 3 kW
and 25 kW respectively, is

a) 3 kW b) 12 kW c) 18 kW d) 25 kW
5 A pure resistive load in an alternating current (AC) circuit draws only

a) lagging reactive power b) active power

c) leading reactive power d) active apparent power
6 The nearest kVAr compensation required for improving the power factor of a 1000 kW load
from 0.95 leading power factor to unity power factor is

a) 328 kVAr b) 750 kVAr c) 1000 kVAr d) none of the above

7 The ratings of the PF correction capacitors at motor terminals for a 37 kW induction motor at
3000 rpm synchronous speed will be---------------------in comparison to the same sized induction
motor at 1500 rpm synchronous speed

a) more b) less c) same d) dependant on the connected load

8 The largest potential for electricity savings with variable speed drives is generally in

a) variable torque applications b) constant torque applications

c) conveyor belt applications d) balance torque applications

9 A 7.5 kW, 415 V, 15 A, 970 RPM, 3 phase rated induction motor with full load efficiency of
86% draws 7.5 A and 3.23 kW of input power. The percentage loading of the motor is about

a) 37 % b) 43 % c) 50% d) none of the above

10 Select the correct statement?

a) efficiency of an induction motor remains same at all the loading

b) squirrel cage induction motors are comparatively more efficient than Slip ring induction
motors of the same ratings.
c) power factor of an induction motor remains constant during 50 -100% loading conditions
d) slip of the induction motor is more at the full load than at the part load

11 A two pole induction motor operating at 50 Hz, with 1% slip will run at an actual speed of

a) 3000 RPM b) 3030 RPM c) 2970 RPM d) none of the above

12 A super thermal power station of 2500 MW installed capacity generated

14,000 million units in a year. Its annual Plant Load Factor (PLF) is:

a) 60% b) 79% c) 64% d) none of the above

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13 Select the incorrect statement

a) low speed Squirrel cage induction motors are normally less efficient than high speed
Squirrel cage induction motors
b) the capacitor requirement for PF improvement at induction motor terminals
decreases with decrease in rated speed of the induction motors of the same sizes
c) induction motor efficiency increases with increase in its rated capacity
d) totally-enclosed, fan cooled (TEFC) motors are more efficient than Screen–protected, drip-
proof (SPDP) induction motors

14 The efficiency of compressed air system is around

a) 10% b) 50% c) 60% d) 90%

15 FAD refers to the compressed air at

a) at ISO stated conditions b) Inlet conditions c) at outlet conditions d) at STP

16 Select the incorrect statement:

a) compressor efficiency will be reduced by about 2 percent for every 250 mm WC pressure
drop across the air inlet filters.
0
b) every 4 C rise in inlet air temperature results in a higher energy consumption by 1 % to
achieve equivalent output
0
c) an increase of 5.5 C in the inlet air temperature to the second stage results in a 2 %
increase in the specific energy consumption.
d) compressed air receiver volume should be 100% of the rated hourly free air output

17 Which of the following is not a part of the vapour compression refrigeration system

a) compressor b) evaporator c) condenser d) absorber

18 The refrigerant used in vapour absorption systems is

a) steam b) pure water c) freon d) lithium bromide

19 The COP of a vapour compression refrigeration system is 3.0. If the power input to
compressor is 100 kW , the tonnage of refrigeration system is given by

a) 85.3 b) 9.48 c) 300 d) none of the above

3 o o
20 The refrigeration load in TR when 30 m /hr of water is cooled from a 14 C to 6.5 C is about

a) 74.4 b) 64.5 c) 261.6 d) none of the above

21 The term Refrigeration means

a) addition of cooling b) removal of heat

c) removal and relocation of heat d) replacement of heat
22 For fans, the relation between power P and speed N is

2 3
P N1 P N1 P N1
a) 1 = b) 1 = c) 1 = d) none of the above
P2 N 2 P2 N 2 2 P2 N 2 3

23 Friction loss in a piping system carrying fluid is proportional to

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2
a) fluid flow b) (fluid flow) c) 1 d) 1
2
fluid flow (fluid flow)

24 _____ fans are known as “non-overloading“ because change in static pressure do not overload
the motor

a) radial b) forward- curved c) backward-inclined d) tube- axial

25 Ammonia can be used as a refrigerant in

a) vapour compression chiller b) vapour absorption chiller

c) both vapour compression and absorption chillers d) none of them
26 The value, by which the pressure in the pump suction exceeds the liquid vapour pressure, is
expressed as

a) net positive suction head available b) static head

c) dynamic head d) suction head
27 When the local static pressure in a fluid reaches a level below the vapor pressure of the liquid
at the actual temperature, ____________ may occur in a pump.

a) water hammering b) water chilling c) cavitation d) none of the above

28 Installation of "exclusive" transformer for lighting has following advantage

a) "Voltage" fluctuations in lighting circuit can be minimized by isolating from the power
feeders.
b) This will reduce the voltage related problems, which in turn increases the efficiency of the
lighting system.
c) With proper control device “over voltage” that might occur during lean load or off-peak can
be avoided, in turn excess energy consumption and improved lamp life
d) all the above
29 Parallel operation of two identical fans in a ducted system

a) will double the flow b) will double the fan static pressure
c) will not double the flow d) will increase flow by more than two times
30 Normally the guaranteed best approach a cooling tower can achieve is
o o o o
a) 5 C b) 8 C c) 12 C d) 2.8 C
31 Select the wrong statement ---

a) for a given heat rejection duty, a higher range will reduce the circulating water flow rate
b) when the cycle of concentration is left at one, all water left in the cooling tower after
evaporation needs to be removed as blowdown.
c) a better indicators for cooling tower performance is Range
o o
d) a cooling tower size will be greater for 20 C Wet bulb temperature (WBT) than for a 30 C
WBT, for the same circulation, range and approach
32 Which of the following ambient conditions will evaporate minimum amount of water in a cooling
tower
o o o o
a) 35 C DBT and 30 C WBT b) 38 C DBT and 31 C WBT
o o o o
c) 38 C DBT and 37 C WBT d) 35 C DBT and 29 C WBT

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33 Input power to the motor driving a pump is 30 kW. The motor efficiency is 0.9. The power
transmitted to the water is 16.2 kW. The pump efficiency is

a) 60% b) 90% c) 54% d) none of the above

34 A 500 cfm reciprocating compressor is operating to meet a constant demand of 300 cfm. The
least cost energy efficient solution will be

a) load and unload

b) reducing the speed of compressor by increasing the compressor pulley size appropriately
c) variable frequency drive
d) reducing the speed of compressor by reducing the motor pulley size appropriately
35 Which of the following lamp has the highest efficacy?

a) metal halide b) halogen lamps c) HPMV d) HPSV

36 Harmonics are generated by

a) variable frequency drive b) fluid coupling

c) eddy current drive d) energy efficient motor
37 The inputs required for an automatic power factor controller using kVAR control

a) current b) voltage c) capacitance d) both a and b

38 The unit of one lux is

a) 1000 lumen per square feet b) 10 lumen per square meter

c) 1 lumen per square meter d) 1 lumen per square feet
39 The efficiency of a pump does not depend on

a) suction head b) discharge head c) density of fluid d) motor efficiency

40 The flow output of which of the following changes with the discharge pressure

a) reciprocating compressor b) centrifugal compressor

c) screw compressor d) none of the above
3
41 A fan is operating at 970 RPM developing a flow of 3000 Nm /hr. at a static pressure of 650
mmWC. If the speed is reduced to 700 RPM, the static pressure (mmWC) developed will be

a) 244.3 b) 388.5 c) 469 d) none of the above

42 Luminous efficacy of a lamp is given by

a) Lux/Watt b) lumens/Watt c) Watt/Lux d) Watt/lumens

43 A fluorescent tube light fitted with an electronic choke will

a) operate at 50 Hz b) not need a starter

c) operate at 0.5 power factor d) none of the above
44 An engineering industry which was operating with a maximum demand of 500 kVA at 0.9
power factor improved its power factor to 0.99 by installing power factor correction capacitors
near the load centres. The percentage reduction in distribution losses within the plant will be

a) 17.35% b) 1.21% c) 86.75% d) none of the above

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45 Lower load side power factor for a DG Set:

a) demands higher excitation currents and results in increased losses

b) results in higher kVA loading of generator
c) results in lower operating efficiency and higher specific fuel consumption of DG set
d) all the above
46 The main precaution to be taken care by the waste heat recovery device manufacturer to
prevent the problem in a DG set during operation is:

a) voltage unbalance on generator b) back pressure on engine

c) excessive steam generation d) turbulence in exhaust gases
47 Use of soft starters for induction motors results in

a) lower mechanical stress b) lower power factor

c) higher maximum demand d) all the above
48 Which of the following refrigeration systems uses vacuum for operation ?

a) vapour compression system using R-11

b) vapour compression system using HFC 134A
c) vapour absorption system using lithium bromide –water
d) none of the above
49 Which of the following electrical equipment has the highest efficiency ?

a) synchronous motor b) dc shunt motor

c) induction motor d) transformer
50 Select the incorrect statement:

a) transformers operating near saturation level create harmonics

b) devices that draw sinusoidal currents when a sinusoidal voltage is applied create harmonics
c) harmonics are multiples of the supply frequency
d) harmonics occur as spikes at intervals which are multiples of the supply frequency

…….……. End of Section – I ………..….

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Section – II: SHORT DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 8 x 5 = 40

(i) Answer all Eight questions

(ii) Each question carries Five marks

S-1 Briefly explain transformer losses and how the total transformer losses
at any load level can be computed.
Answer:
Transformer losses consist of two parts: No-load loss and Load loss

1. No-load loss (also called core loss) is the power consumed to sustain the
magnetic field in the transformer's steel core. Core loss occurs whenever the
transformer is energized; core loss does not vary with load. Core losses are
caused by two factors: hysteresis and eddy current losses. Hysteresis loss is
that energy lost by reversing the magnetic field in the core as the magnetizing
AC rises and falls and reverses direction. Eddy current loss is a result of
induced currents circulating in the core.

2. Load loss (also called copper loss) is associated with full-load current flow in
the transformer windings. Copper loss is power lost in the primary and
secondary windings of a transformer due to the ohmic resistance of the
windings. Copper loss varies with the square of the load current. (P=I2R).

For a given transformer, the manufacturer can supply values for no-load loss, PNO-
LOAD, and load loss, PLOAD. The total transformer loss, PTOTAL, at any load level can
then be calculated from:
PTOTAL = PNO-LOAD+ (% Load/100)2 x PLOAD

Where transformer loading is known, the actual transformers loss at given load can
be computed as:

2
 kVA Load 
 No load loss    full load loss
 Rated kVA 

S-2 The power input to a three phase induction motor is 45 kW. If the
induction motor is operating at a slip of 2% and with total stator losses
of 1.80 kW, find the total mechanical power developed.

Solution:

Stator input: 45kW

Stator losses: 1.80 kW

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Stator output: 45-1.80= 43.2kW

OR Rotor Input= 43.2 kW
Slip= 2%
Mechanical Power Out put= ( 1-s)x Rotor Input
= 42.336 kW

S-3 List any five energy conservation opportunities in pumping system.

Answer:

1. Avoid over sizing of pumps

2. Consider impeller trimming and other “easy-to implement” alternatives
3. Consider variable speed drives wherever possible
4. Operate pumps near best efficiency point.
5. Modify pumping system/pumps losses to minimize throttling.
6. Stop running multiple pumps - add an auto-start for an on-line spare or add a
booster pump in the problem area.
7. Conduct water balance to minimise water consumption
8. Replace old pumps by energy efficient pumps

S-4 A water pump of a process plant is analysed for efficiency and following
data is collected:

Flow: 60 m3/hr, Total head: 30 meters, Power drawn by motor– 7.4 kW,
Motor efficiency – 90%

Determine the pump efficiency

Answer

Hydraulic power Q (m3/s) x total head (m) x 1000 x 9.81

/1000
(60/3600) x 30 x 1000 x 9.81/1000
Hydraulic power 4.905kW

Power input to pump 7.4x 0.9

6.66 kW
Pump efficiency 4.905/6.66
73.6 %

S-5 Name any five methods of capacity controls for fans (Note: no
explanation is required)

Answer

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1. Pulley Change
2. Damper Controls
3. Inlet Guide Vanes
4. Variable Speed Drives
5. Parallel Operation

S-6 A genset is operating at 700 kW loading with 450OC exhaust gas

temperature: The DG set generates 8 kg gas/ kWh generated, and
specific heat of gas at 0.25 kCal/ kg OC. A heat recovery boiler is
installed after which the exhaust temperature drops by 260oC. How much
steam will be generated at 3 kg/ cm2 with enthalpy of 650.57 kCal/ kg.
Assume boiler feed water temperature as 60oC.

Answer
= 700 kWh x 8 kg gas generated/ kWh output x 0.25 kCal/ kg oC x (450oC-260
o
C) =2,66,000 kCal/hr
Steam generation = 2,66,000 kCal/hr / (650.57 kCal/kg – 60) = 450 kg/ hr.

S-7 An energy audit of a fan was carried out. It was observed that fan was
delivering 15,000 Nm3/hr of air at static pressure rise of 60 mm WC. The
power measurement of the 3-phase induction motor coupled with the fan
recorded 1.92 kW/ phase on an average. The motor operating efficiency
was assessed as 0.88 from the motor performance curves. What would
be the fan static efficiency ?.

Answer:

Q = 15,000 Nm3 / hr.= 4.1667 m3/sec ,

SP = 60 mmWC,
St = ?,

Power input to motor= 1.92x3=5.76 kW

P ower input to fan shaft=5.76 x0.88=5.067 kW

Fan static  = Volume in m3/sec x Pst in mmWc

102 x Power I/p to shaft

= 4.167 x 60
102 x 5.067
=0.484
= 48.4%

S-8 Discuss in brief any three methods by which energy can be saved in an
air conditioning system.

Answer:

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a) Cold Insulation

Insulate all cold lines / vessels using economic insulation thickness to minimize
heat gains; and choose appropriate (correct) insulation.

b) Building Envelop

Optimise air conditioning volumes by measures such as use of false ceiling and
segregation of critical areas for air conditioning by air curtains.

c) Building Heat Loads Minimisation

Minimise the air conditioning loads by measures such as roof cooling, roof
painting, efficient lighting, pre-cooling of fresh air by air- to-air heat exchangers,
variable volume air system, otpimal thermo-static setting of temperature of air
conditioned spaces, sun film applications, etc.

e) Process Heat Loads Minimisation

Minimize process heat loads in terms of TR capacity as well as refrigeration level,

i.e., temperature required, by way of:
i) Flow optimization
ii) Heat transfer area increase to accept higher temperature coolant
iii) Avoiding wastages like heat gains, loss of chilled water, idle flows.
iv) Frequent cleaning / de-scaling of all heat exchangers

-------- End of Section – II ---------

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Section – III: LONG DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 6 x 10 = 60

(i) Answer all Six questions

(ii) Each question carries Ten marks

L-1 An energy audit of electricity bills of a process plant was conducted. The plant
has a contract demand of 3000 kVA with the power supply company. The
average maximum demand of the plant is 2300 kVA/month at a power factor of
0.95. The maximum demand is billed at the rate of Rs.500/kVA/month. The
minimum billable maximum demand is 75 % of the contract demand. An
incentive of 0.5 % reduction in energy charges component of electricity bill are
provided for every 0.01 increase in power factor over and above 0.95. The
average energy charge component of the electricity bill per month for the
company is Rs.11 lakhs.
The plant decides to improve the power factor to unity. Determine the power
factor capacitor kVAr required, annual reduction in maximum demand charges
and energy charge component. What will be the simple payback period if the
cost of power factor capacitors is Rs.800/kVAr.

Answer

kW drawn 2300 x 0.95 =

2185 kW
Kvar required to improve power factor from 0.95 kW ( tan 1 – tan 2)
to 1
kW ( tan (cos-1) – tan (cos-2)
2185 ( tan (cos- – tan (cos-
2185(0.329 - 0)
719 kVAr
Cost of capacitors @Rs.800/kVAr Rs.5,75,200

Maximum demand at unity power factor 2185/1 = 2185 kVA

75 % of contract demand 3000x0.75=2250 kVA
Reduction in Demand charges 2300-2250=50kVa, as the plant has to
pay MD charges on minimum billable
demand of 2250, and not on the
improved MD of 2185 kVA in this case

50kVA/month x 12 months x Rs.500

kVA/ month= Rs.3,00,000
Percentage reduction in energy charge from 0.95 2.5 %
to 1 @ 0.5 % for every 0.01 increase
Monthly energy cost component of the bill Rs.11,00,000
Reduction in energy cost component 11,00,000 x (2.5/100)

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Rs.27,500/month
Annual reduction Rs.27,500 x 12
Rs.3,30,000
Savings in electricity bill Rs.6,30,000
Investment Rs.5,75,200
Payback period 5,75,200/6,30,000
0.91 years or 11months

L-2 Fill in the blanks for the following

1. The intersection point of the pump curve and the system curve is
called_____________
2. Presenting the load demand of a consumer against time of the day is
known as______
3. The vector sum of active power and reactive power is ____.
4. The ratio of isothermal power to actual measured input power of an air
compressor is known as------:
5. The input energy for refrigeration in vapour absorption refrigeration
plants is____
6. The fan which is choosen for moving large flows against relatively low
pressures is_____ curved fan.
7. The system resistance in a fan ducting system refers to ____________
pressure
8. The friction loss, on the liquid being moved, in pipes, valves and
equipment in the system is called ________ head.
9. The ratio of luminous flux emitted by a lamp to the power consumed
by the lamp is called_________________.
10. In an amorphous core distribution transformer, ______ loss is less
than a conventional transformer

ANS:
1 Best efficiency point / pump operating point/ duty point
2. Load curve
3. Apparent Power
4. Isothermal efficiency
5. Thermal energy (or steam or waste heat or gas or any energy related to
thermal energy)
6. Forward Curve
7. Static
8.Dynamic/friction head
9.Luminous efficacy

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10. No load

L-3 A free air delivery test was carried out before conducting a leakage test on a
reciprocating air compressor in an engineering industry and following were the
observations:

Receiver capacity : 10 m3
Initial pressure : 0.2 kg / cm2g
Final pressure : 7.0 kg / cm2g
3
Additional hold-up volume : 0.2 m
Atmospheric pressure : 1.026 kg / cm2 abs.
Compressor pump-up time : 4.5 minutes
The following was observed during the conduct of leakage test during the lunch time
when no pneumatic equipment/ control valves were in operation:
a) Compressor on load time is 30 seconds and unloading pressure is 7
kg/cm2g
b) Average power drawn by the compressor during loading is 90 kW
c) compressor unload time and loading pressure are 70 seconds and 6.6
kg/cm2 g respectively.

Find out the following:

(i) Compressor output in m3/hr(neglect temperature correction)
(ii) Specific Power Consumption, kW/ m3/hr
(iii) % air leakage in the system
(iv) leakage quantity in m3/hr
(v) power lost due to leakage

Ans.
(i)
P2  P1   Total Volume
Compressor output m3/minute :
Atm. Pressure  Pumpup time

:
7.0  0.2  10.2 = 15.0227 m3/minute
1.026  4.5
: 901.36 m3/hr

power consumption : 90 kW
output : 901.36 m3/hr
(ii)
Specific power consumption : 90/901.36 = 0.099 kW/m3/hr
(iii) % Leakage in the system
Load time (T) : 30 secs.
Un load time (t) : 70 secs

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T
% leakage in the system : x 100
(T  t)
30
: x 100
(30  70)
: 30%
iv) Leakage quantity : 0.30x901.36
: 270.41 m3/hr
v) Power lost due to leakage : Leakage quantity x specific power
consumption
: 270.41 x 0.099
: 26.77 kW

L-4 a) In a Thermal Power Station, the steam input to a turbine operating on a

fully condensing mode is 100 Tonnes/Hr. The heat rejection requirement
of the steam turbine condenser is 555 kCals/kg of steam condensed. The
temperatures at the inlet to and outlet from the turbine condenser are
measured to be 27oC and 37o C respectively. Find out the circulating
cooling water flow.

b) An energy audit was conducted to find out the ton of refrigeration (TR) of
an Air Handling Unit (AHU). The audit observations are as under.

Parameter AHU
Evaporator area (m2) 9.0
Inlet velocity (m/s) 1.81
Inlet air DBT (°C) 21.5
RH (%) 75.0
Enthalpy 53.0
(kJ/kg)
Out let air DBT (°C) 17.4
RH (%) 90.0
Enthalpy 46.4
(kJ/kg)
Density of air 1.14
(kg/m3)

Find out the TR of AHU.

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Answer:

The quantum of heat rejected in the turbine condenser=

Quantum of steam condensed (kg) * heat rejection
( kcal/kg)
= 100,000 * 555= 55.5 million kcals /Hr Marks: 2
Heat gained by circulating c. w = Heat rejected in the condenser
Circulating water flow= 100,000 * 555/ (37-27) * specific heat ( 1)
= 5550 m3/ Hr 5 Marks
b)AHU refrigeration load =
Air flow rate (m 3 / h) x Density of air (kg / m 3 ) x Difference in enthalpy
3024 x 4.18
(9.0 x1.81 x 3600 ) x (1.14) (53  46.4)
AHU = = 34.9 TR
3024 x 4.18
5 marks

L-5 A Cooling Tower cools 1565 m3/hr of water from 44º C to 37.6º C at 29.3º
C wet bulb temperature. The cooling tower fan flow air rate is 989544
m3/hr (air density =1.08 kg/m3) and operates at 2.7 cycles of
concentration.

Find

a) Range,
b) Approach,
c) % CT Effectiveness
d) L/G Ratio in kg/kg
e) Cooling Duty Handled in TR
f) Evaporation Losses in m3/hr
g) Blow down requirement in m3/hr
h) Make up water requirement/cell in m3/hr

Ans:

* CT Flow, m3/hr = 1565 (1565000 kg/hr)

* CT Fan Flow, m3/hr = 989544
* CT Fan Flow kg/hr = 1068708
@ Density of 1.08 kg/m3
d) L/G Ratio of C.T. kg/kg = 1.464
a) CT Range = (44 – 37.6) = 6.4oC

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b) CT Approach = (37.6 – 29.3) = 8.3oC

c) % CT Effectiveness = 100 * [Range/Range +
Approach]
= 100 * (6.4) / (6.4 + 8.3)
= 43.53
*

e) Cooling Duty Handled in kCal = 1565 * 6.4 * 103

(i.e., Flow * Temperature Difference in = 10016 * 103 kCal/hr /
kCal/hr) 3024
3312 TR
3
f) Evaporation Losses in m /hr = 0.00085 x 1.8 x 1565 x
6.4
= 15.32 m3/hr
* Percentage Evaporation Loss = [15.32/1565]*100
= 0.98 %
g) Blow down requirement for site COC of 2.7 = Evaporation
losses/COC–1
= 15.32/(2.7–1) = 9 m3/hr
h) Make up water requirement in m3/hr = Evaporation Loss +
Blow down Loss
= 15.32 + 9
= 24.32

L-6 Write short notes on

(i) Effect of supply voltage on capacitors rating
(ii) Pump impeller trimming
(iii) Affinity laws for centrifugal machines

i) Ideally capacitor voltage rating is to match the supply voltage. If the supply voltage is
2 2
lower, the reactive kVAr produced will be the ratio V /V where V is the actual supply
1 2 1
voltage, V is the rated voltage.
2

……. End of Section – III ………….…

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 Paper 3 –Set A Solutions

Regn No: _________________

Name: ___________________

(To be written by the candidate)

9th NATIONAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION – December, 2009

FOR
ENERGY MANAGERS AND ENERGY AUDITORS

PAPER – 3: Energy Efficiency in Electrical Utilities

Date: 20.12.2009 Timings: 0930-1230 HRS Duration: 3 HRS Max. Marks: 150

General instructions:
o Please check that this question paper contains 15 printed pages
o Please check that this question paper contains 64 questions
o The question paper is divided into three sections
o All questions in all three sections are compulsory
o All parts of a question should be answered at one place

Section – I: OBJECTIVE TYPE Marks: 50 x 1 = 50

(i) Answer all 50 questions

(ii) Each question carries one mark
(iii) Please hatch the appropriate oval in the OMR answer sheet with Black Pen or
HB pencil, as per instructions

1 In the city electrical distribution scheme, a proposal is being prepared to upgrade 33 kV

network to 66 kV. The distribution loss, corresponding to the same quantum of load in
the proposed upgraded system will be

a) less by 25% b) less by 33%

c) less by 75% d) none of the above
2 Rating of power factor correction capacitors at induction motor terminals should be

a) 100% of no load magnetizing kVAr of induction motor

b) 90% of no load magnetizing kVAr of induction motor
c) 120% of no load magnetizing kVAr of induction motor
d) none of the above
3 Select the correct statement:

a) the advantage of PF improvement by capacitor addition in an electric network is that

active power component of the network is reduced
b) the power factor indicated in the monthly electricity bill is the lowest power factor
recorded at any time during the billing month

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 Paper 3 –Set A Solutions

c) PF capacitors operating at lower voltage then their rated values have higher operating
kVArs then their rated values
d) the power factor of an induction motor decreases with decrease in percentage motor
loading
4 If the efficiencies of a power plant, transmission and distribution systems are 30%, 95%
& 85% respectively, the cascade efficiency of power generation, and transmission
system is given by

a) 24.23% b) 28.5 % c) 80.75% d) 95%

5 Which of the following is not likely to create harmonics in an electrical system?

a) soft starters b) variable frequency drives

c) uninterrupted power supply source (UPS) d) induction motors
6 What is the % slip of a 4 pole induction motor if the shaft speed at 49.5 Hz supply
frequency is 1460 rpm?

a) 1.68 b) 2.66 c) 1.71 d) none of the above

7 During induction motor operation, magnetic field is established in

a) stator winding only b) rotor winding only

c) stator and rotor windings d) at carbon brushes
8 An induction motor rated for 7.5 kW and 90 % efficiency at full load, was drawing 5 kW.
The percentage loading on the motor is

a) 60 % b) 66.66% c) 74% d) none of the above

9 If the apparent power drawn over a recording cycle of 30 minutes is 3000kVA for 10
minutes, 2400kVA for 15 minutes and 2900 for 5 minutes, the MD recorder will commute
MD as

a) 3000 kVA b) 2400 kVA c) 2683 kVA d) none of the above

10 The performance of rewinding of an induction motor can be assessed by which of the
following factors?

a) load current b) stator resistance

c) no load current d) both no load current and stator resistance
11 The pressure drop in mains header at the farthest point of an industrial compressed air
network shall not exceed

d) 2 bar b) 0.3 bar c) 0.5 bar d) 1.0 bar

12 The Free Air Delivery capacity of a reciprocating compressor is directly proportional to

a) pressure b) volume c) speed d) all of the above

o
13 The inlet air temperature to a two stage reciprocating air compressor is 35 C. At which
nd
of the following 2 stage inlet temperatures the compressor will consume least power?
o o o o
a) 75 C b) 65 C c) 60 C d) 50 C

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14 At which of the following discharge pressures, the reciprocating air compressor will
consume maximum power
2 2
a) 3 bar b) 3.5 kg/cm c) 150 psi d) 6 kg/cm
15 Which of the following is not true of air receivers?

a) smoothens pulsating air output b) stores large volumes of air

c) a source for draining moisture d) increases the pressure of air
16 A 1.5 ton air conditioner installed in a room and working continuously for two hours will
remove heat of

a) 3024 kCals b) 6048 kCals c) 9072 kCals d) none of the above

17 Which of the following can be used as refrigerant both in vapour compressor and vapour
absorption systems

a) Ammonia b) R – 11 c) R-12 d) Lithium Bromide

0 0
18 Chilled water enters evaporator at 12 C and leaves at 6 C. The flow rate of chilled water
3
was measured as 300 m /hr. The tons of refrigeration capacity is

a) 0.595 b) 595.24 c) 35.7 d) none of the above

19 Centrifugal compressors are most efficient when they are operating at_____.

a) 50% load b) full load c) 75% load d) all load conditions

20 The Coefficient of Performance (COP) of Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System (VAR)

a) is higher than that of Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR) System

b) is lower than that of Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR) System
c) is same as that of Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR) System
d) is normally 4 to 4.5

21 Backward-inclined fans are known as _____ because change in static pressure does not
overload the motor

a) overloading b) non-overloading
c) radial d) axial
22 The fan characteristic curve is a plot of

a) static pressure vs flow b) dynamic pressure vs flow

c) total pressure vs flow d) suction pressure vs flow
23 A fan is drawing 16 kW at 800 RPM. If the speed is reduced to 600 RPM then the power
drawn by the fan would be

a) 12 kW b) 9 kW c) 6.75 kW d) none of the above

24 The hydraulic power of a motor pump set is 8.5 kW. If the power drawn by the motor is
15.5 kW at a 89% efficiency, the pump efficiency is given by

a) 54.8% b) 61.6% c) 48.8% d) none of the above

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 Paper 3 –Set A Solutions

25 For the same flow through which of the following diameter pipes, the pump will work with
maximum pressure

a) 80 mm b) 100 mm c) 120 mm d) 1400 mm

o o
26 If inlet and outlet water temperatures of a cooling tower are 44 C and 38 C respectively
o o
and atmospheric DBT and WBT are 40 C and 35 C respectively, then the effectiveness
of cooling tower is

a)54.5 % b) 66.6% c) 75% d) none of the above

27 In which of the following fans air enters and leaves the fan with no change in direction

a) forward curved b) backward curved c) radial d) propeller

28 The motor efficiency is 0.9 and the pump efficiency is 0.6.The input power to the motor
driving the pump is 28 kW. The power transmitted to the water is

a) 15.12 kW b) 28 kW c) 25.2 kW d) none of the above

3
29 A water pump is delivering 200 m /hr at ambient conditions. The impeller diameter is
trimmed by 10%. The water flow at the changed conditions is
3 3 3
a) 220 m /hr b) 180 m /hr c) 162 m /hr d) none of the above
30 The operating point in a pumping system is identified by

a) point of intersection of system curve and efficiency curve

b) point of intersection of pump curve and theoretical power curve
c) point of intersection of pump curve and system curve
d) point of intersection of NPSH curve and pump curve
31 Increasing the Cycles of Concentration (C.O.C) in circulating water in a cooling tower,
the blow down quantity will

a) increase b) decrease c) not change d) none of the above

32 At which of the following condenser temperatures, the power consumption of a vapour
compression refrigeration system will be the least
o o o o
a) 26 C b) 28 C c) 29 C d) 25 C
33 Which of the following ambient conditions will not evaporate maximum amount of water
in a cooling tower
o o o o
a) 41 C DBT and 38 C WBT b) 38 C DBT and 37 C WBT
o o o o
c) 36 C DBT and 30 C WBT d) 36 C DBT and 31 C WBT
o o
34 If inlet and outlet water temperatures of a cooling tower are 39 C and 33 C respectively
o o
and atmospheric DBT and WBT are 35 C and 28 C respectively then the approach of
cooling tower is
o o o o
a) 3 C b) 4 C c) 5 C d) 6 C
3 o
35 If flow rate is 100m /hr and the range is 8 C for a cooling tower, then its heat load in
kCal/hr will be.

a) 800 b) 8,000 c) 80,000 d) 800,000

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 Paper 3 –Set A Solutions

36 Which method uses infrared, acoustic, ultrasonic or microwave sensors for lighting
control?

a) time-based control b) daylight-linked control

c) occupancy-linked control d) localized switching
37 If voltage is increased from 230 V to 250 V for a fluorescent tube light, it will result in

a) reduced power consumption b) increased power consumption

c) decreased light levels d) no change in power consumption and light levels
th th
38 The 5 and 7 harmonic in a 50 Hz power supply system will have:

a) voltage and current distortions with 55 Hz & 57 Hz

b) voltage and current distortions with 500 Hz & 700 Hz
c) voltage and current distortions with 250 Hz & 350 Hz
d) no voltage and current distortion at all
39 Automatic power factor controller using kVAr control, requires sensing of

a) current b) voltage c) capacitance d) both a and b

40 The COP of a vapour compression system is 3.0. If the motor draws power of 11 kW at
90% motor efficiency, the cooling effect of vapour compression system will be

a) 29.7 kW b) 37.8 kW
c) 0.36 kW d) none of the above as cooling effect is always measured in TR
41 Which of the following can also act as a heat pump?

a) centrifugal pump b) centrifugal compressor

c) air conditioner d) none of the above
42 A slide valve is used for capacity control in which of the following refrigeration
compressors?

a) reciprocating b) centrifugal c) screw d) scroll

43 In a DG set, a 3 phase alternator is supplying on an average 100 A at 420 V and 0.9 pf
to a load. If the specific fuel consumption of this DG set is 0.30 lts/ kWh at that load, then
how much fuel is consumed while delivering generated power for one hour?

a) 11.34 litre b) 19.64 litre c) 21.82 litre d) 218.23 litre

44 The largest potential for electricity savings with variable speed drives is generally for:

a) variable torque applications b) constant torque loads

c) constant power load d) combination of above
45 The electronic ballast fitted in a tube light fitting does not have one of the following
characteristics

a) lower operational losses than conventional ballasts

b) tuned circuit to deliver power at 28-32 KHz
c) requiring a starter
d) low temperature rise

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 Paper 3 –Set A Solutions

46 Maximum demand controller is used to

a) switch off non-essential loads in a logical sequence

b) switch off essential loads in a logical sequence
c) controls the reactive power of the plant
d) all the above.
47 In a fluid coupling, connecting an induction motor and a fan

a) motor speed can be changed by the fluid coupling

b) fan speed can be changed by the fluid coupling
c) both motor and fan speed can be changed by the fluid coupling
d) none of the above is possible
48 In a "V" belt coupled fan drive, the measured speed at motor end 6" diameter pulley is
1480 rpm and that at fan end 10" diameter pulley is 820 RPM. What is the slippage loss
in %?

a) 7.66 b) 8.29 c) 6.67 d) insufficient data, cannot be worked out

49 Select the incorrect statement:

a) slip ring induction motors are normally less efficient than squirrel cage induction
motors
b) high speed squirrel cage induction motors are normally less efficient than low speed
Squirrel cage induction motors
c) the capacitor requirement for PF improvement at induction motor terminal increases
with decrease in rated speed of the induction motor
d) induction motor efficiency increases with increase in its rated capacity
50 Coefficient of Performance (COP) for a refrigeration compressor is given by

a) kW/TR
b) power input to compressor (kW) / cooling effect (kW)
c) cooling effect (kW) / Power input to compressor (kW)
d) none of the above

……. End of Section – I …….

Section – II: SHORT DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 8 x 5 = 40

(i) Answer all Eight questions

(ii) Each question carries Five marks

S-1 a) A 10 kVAr, 415 V rated power factor capacitor was found to be having terminal supply
voltage of 440 V. Calculate the capacity of the power factor capacitor at the operating
supply voltage.

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 Paper 3 –Set A Solutions

b) What would be the nearest kVAr compensation required for changing the power factor
of a 500 kW load from 0.9 lead to unity power factor ?

Ans: a) Capacitor capacity at 440V= (440/415)2 X 10= 11.24 kVAR

(3 Marks)

b) No further compensation is required as the power factor is already leading

(2 Marks)

S-2 Fill in the blanks

a) Heat Rate of a thermal power plant is expressed in ________

b) With increase in design speed of induction motors ,the required capacitive kVAr for
reactive power compensation for the same capacity range will ____
c) An air dryer in a compressed air system reduces ____ point of air.
d) A Pitot tube measures the difference between ____ and ______ pressures of the fluid
e) The friction loss in a pipe carrying a fluid is proportional to the ____power of pipe
diameter

Ans:
a) kCal/kWh
b) decrease
c) dew
d) total and static
e) fifth
(1 Mark each)

S-3 A pump is delivering 40 m3/hr of water with a discharge pressure of 29 metre. The
water is drawn from a sump where water level is 6 metre below the pump centerline.
The power drawn by the motor is 7.5 kW at 89% motor efficiency. Find out the pump
efficiency.

Ans:
Hydraulic power Ph = Q (m3/s) xTotal head, hd - hs (m) x  (kg/m3) x g (m/s2) / 1000

Q = 40/3600 m3/s , hd - hs = 29 – (-6) = 35 m

Hydraulic power Ph = (40/3600) x 35 x 1000 x 9.81 / 1000

= 3.815 kW
(2 Marks)

Pump shaft power = 7.5 kW x 0.89

= 6.675 kW

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 Paper 3 –Set A Solutions

(2 Marks)
Pump efficiency = hydraulic power / pump shaft power

= 3.815 /6.675
= 57.15 %
(1 Mark)

S-4 Define one ‘Ton of Refrigeration (TR)’. How do you calculate TR across the Air
Handling Units?

Ans: A ton of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat to be removed in order to

form one ton of ice in 24 hours when the initial temperature of water is 0 °C. This is
equivalent to 50.4 Kcal/min or 3024 Kcal/h in metric system
(2 Marks)
Refrigeration load in TR is assessed as ;
Q  ρ  h in  h out 
TR 
3024
Where Q is the air flow in CMH
 is density of air kg/m3
h in is enthalpy of inlet air kCal/kg
h out is enthalpy of outlet air kCal/kg
(3 Mark)

S-5 Estimate the cooling tower capacity (TR) and approach with the following parameters

Water flow rate through CT = 120 m3/hr

Specific heat of water = 1 kCal/kg °C
Inlet water temperature = 42 °C
Outlet water temperature = 36 °C
Ambient WBT = 32 °C

Ans:
Cooling tower capacity (TR) = (flow rate x density x sp.heat x diff. temp)/ 3024
= 120 x 1000 x 1.0 x (42-36)/ 3024
= 238 TR
(3 Marks)
Approach = 36- 32 = 4oC
(2 Marks)

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 Paper 3 –Set A Solutions

S-6 A fan is delivering 20,000 Nm3/hr. of air at static pressure difference of 70 mm WC. If
the fan static efficiency is 55%, find out the shaft power of the fan.

Ans:
Q = 20,000 Nm3 / hr. , Pst = 70 mmWC, St = 55% , P = ?

= 20,000/3600 = 5.56 m3/sec

Fan static St = Volume in m3/sec x Pst in mmWc

102 x Power input to shaft
(3 Marks)
0.55 = 5.56 x 70
102 x P

Shaft power drawn = 6.94 kW

(2 Marks)

S-7 a) Briefly explain the difference between a ‘filament lamp’ and a ‘gas discharge lamp’?
b) State any 3 best practices in a lighting system for energy savings?

Ans:

a) Filament lamps like incandescent lamps produce light by virtue of a filament heated
to incandescence by the flow of electric current through it. The light from a gas
discharge lamp is not produced by heating a filament, but by the excitation of gas
contained in either a tubular or elliptical outer bulb.
(2 Marks)

b) Installation of energy efficient fluorescent lamps in place of “Conventional”

fluorescent lamps.
1. Installation of Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL's) in place of incandescent
lamps.
2. Installation of metal halide lamps in place of mercury / sodium vapour lamps.
3. Installation of High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV) lamps for applications
where colour rendering is not critical.
4. Installation of LED panel indicator lamps in place of filament lamps.
5. Light distribution
6. Grouping of lighting system, to provide greater flexibility in lighting control
7. Installation of microprocessor based controllers
8. Optimum usage of daylighting
9. Installation of "exclusive" transformer for lighting
10. Installation of servo stabilizer for lighting feeder
11. Installation of high frequency (HF) electronic ballasts in place of conventional
ballasts
(3 Marks for any three points)

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 Paper 3 –Set A Solutions

S-8 Calculate the free air delivery (FAD) capacity of a compressor in m3/min for the
following observed data:

Receiver capacity: 0.5 m3

Initial pressure (with empty receiver): 0 kg/cm2 (g)
Final pressure: 7 kg/cm2 (g)
Initial air temperature: 32oC
Final air temperature: 51 oC
Additional holdup volume: 0.03 m3
Compressor pump up time: 4.5 minutes
Atmospheric pressure: 1.026 kg/ cm2 absolute

Ans:

P2  P1 V  273  t1 
=    
P0 t  273  t 2 
(3 Marks)
7  0 (0.5  0.03)  273  32 
=   
1.026 4.5  273  51 
= 0.7564 m3/min
(2 Marks)

……. End of Section - II …….

Section – III: LONG DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS Marks: 6 x 10 = 60

(i) Answer all Six questions

(ii) Each question carries Ten marks

L-1 a) A small scale industry has a constant load of 380 kVA. It has installed two
transformers of 500 kVA each. The no load loss and full load copper loss of each 500
kVA transformer is 750 W and 5410 W respectively. From the energy efficiency point
of view the small scale industry management wants to take a decision on whether to
operate a single transformer or two transformers equally sharing the load. What is
your recommendation ?

b) A no load test conducted on a three phase delta connected induction motor gave the
following values:

No load power = 890 W

o
Stator resistance per phase at 30 C = 0.233 Ohms
No load current = 14.5 A

Calculate the fixed losses for the motor.

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 Paper 3 –Set A Solutions

Answer a)

1 x 500 kVA

Transformer loss at 380 kVA load No load loss + [kVA load/Rated kVA]2 x
full load loss = 750 + [(380/500)2 x 5410]
= 750 + (0.5776 x 5410)
750 + 3124.8
3874.8 W

2 x 500 at 50% load (190 kVA) each 2 x [750 + {(190/500)2 x 5410}]

2 x [750+(0.1444x5410)]
2 x (750 + 781.2)
2 x (1531.2)
= 3062.9 W

Two transformers are better because the losses are the least and there is a
saving of 812.4 watts.
(5 Marks)

Answer b)

No load power 890 W

Stator resistance at 30oC 0.233 Ohms
No load current 14.5 A
Stator Copper loss at no load 3 x (14.5/√3)2 x 0.233 Ohms
= 48.985 W
Fixed losses 890 – 48.985
= 841 W
(5 Marks)

L-2 A 15 kW, 415 V, 26 A, 4 pole, 50 Hz, 3 phase rated squirrel cage induction motor has
a full load efficiency and power factor of 90% and 0.89 respectively.

An energy auditor measures the following operating data of the motor

(a) Supply voltage = 408 V

(b) Current drawn = 15 A
(c) PF = 0.81
(d) Supply frequency = 49.9 Hz
(e) RPM = 1488

Find out the following at the motor operating conditions:

1. Power input in kW
2. % motor loading
3. % slip

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 Paper 3 –Set A Solutions

Ans:

1. Power input = 1.7321 x 0.408 x 15 x 0.81 = 8.586 kW

(4 Marks)
2. % motor loading = power input/ rated input x 100 = 8.586/ (15/0.9)
= 8.586/ 16.666 = 63.6%
(3 Marks)
3. Synchronous RPM at 49.9 Hz,
NS = 120 f/ P = 120 x 49.9/ 4 = 1497 RPM
% slip = (Ns – N)/ Ns x 100 = (1497 – 1488) / 1497 = 12/ 1497 x 100 = 0.8016%
(3 Marks)

L-3 a) What is the impact of condensing temperature and evaporator temperature on the
Coefficient of Performance (COP) of a refrigeration system?

b) Why is it beneficial to operate induction motors in star mode operating at loads below
50 % of rated capacity?

c) In a throttle valve-controlled pumping system with oversized pump, name any 3

solutions for improving energy efficiency..

Ans: a) COP increases with reduction in condensing temperature and rise in

evaporator temperature.
(2 Marks)
b) For motors which consistently operate at loads below 50 % of rated capacity,
an inexpensive and effective measure might be to operate in star mode. A
change from the standard delta operation to star operation involves re-
configuring the wiring of the three phases of power input at the terminal box.
Operating in the star mode leads to a voltage reduction by a factor of ‘ 3 ’.
Motor output falls to one-third of the value in the delta mode, but performance
characteristics as a function of load remain unchanged. Thus, full-load
operation in star mode gives higher efficiency and power factor than partial
load operation in the delta mode. However, motor operation in the star mode is
possible only for applications where the torque-to-speed requirement is lower
at reduced load.
(4 Marks)
c) 1.Trim impeller,
2. smaller impeller,
3. variable speed drive,
4. two speed motor, and
5. lower rpm motor
(4 Marks)

L-4 A compressed air leakage test was conducted by an energy auditor in an engineering
industry, which normally runs 3 nos. of 500 cfm reciprocating compressors. The
compressed air system is maintained at the normal loading-unloading settings of 6.6

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 Paper 3 –Set A Solutions

kg/cm2g and 7.0 kg/ cm2g respectively. The following was observed for a period of 10
minutes trial by running a 500 cfm compressor during an off day:

On load time = 30 secs

Unload time = 110 secs.

Subsequently some of the air leakage points were attended and the leakage test was
repeated. The following was observed while maintaining the same loading &
unloading pressure settings and trial period:

On load time = 18 secs

Unload time = 145 secs.

The average power drawn during the above 2 trials was observed as 71 kW during
load and 16 kW during unload condition. Calculate the annual cost savings for
4000 hr/ year of compressor operation. Assume energy charge of Rs. 6.00 per kWh.

Ans:

Leakage quantity when loading is 30 secs and unloading is 110 secs

= (30x 500) / (30+110) = 0.21428 x 500 cfm = 107 cfm
(2 Marks)
Leakage quantity when loading is 18 secs
and unloading is 140 secs.

= (18 x 500) / (18+145) = 0.11x500=55 cfm

(2 Marks)
3
Specific power consumption = 71kWh / (500 x 60 cfh) = 0.0023666 kW/ ft
(2 Marks)
Reduction in leakage quantity =107 – 55 = 52 cfm = 3120 cfh

Energy savings per hour =3120 x 0.0023666 = 7.383792 kWh

(2 Marks)
Cost savings @ Rs.6/kWh @4000hrs/annum

=7.383792 kWh x 4000hrs/annum x Rs.6 /kWh= Rs.1,77,211/ annum

(2 Marks)

L-5 a) Define Range, approach and effectiveness in cooling tower operation

b) An induced draft-cooling tower is designed for a range of 8° C. The energy auditor

finds the operating range as 2 °C. In your opinion what could be the reasons for such
situation

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 Paper 3 –Set A Solutions

Answer a):

i) “Range” is the difference between the cooling tower water inlet and outlet
temperature.
ii) “Approach” is the difference between the cooling tower outlet cold water
temperature and ambient wet bulb temperature. Although, both range and
approach should be monitored, the `Approach’ is a better indicator of cooling
tower performance.
iii) Cooling tower effectiveness (in percentage) is the ratio of range, to the ideal
range, i.e., difference between cooling water inlet temperature and ambient wet
bulb temperature, or in other words it is = Range / (Range + Approach).

(6 Marks)

Answer b)
1. There may be excess cooling water flow rate
2. There may be reduced heat load from the process
3. Some of the cooling tower cells fan is switched off
4. Approach may be poor because of high humid condition
5. Nozzles may be blocked

(4 Marks)

L6 In an alkali chemical plant, salt brine flow at the rate of 18 m3/ hr is cooled down from
12 °C to 7 °C using chilled water. The chiller unit compressor motor draws 31 kW
power and total input power to the allied accessories is 16 kW. The operating
efficiency of the motor is 90%. The salt brine density is 1.2 kg/litre and specific heat
capacity is 0.97 kCal/kg °C.

a) What is the refrigeration load (TR) imposed by the brine cooling?

b) What is the COP of refrigeration compressor?
c) What is the overall specific power consumption in kW/TR ?

Answer:

a) The refrigeration load in TR = Q. Cp. (Ti – To ) / 3024

where Q= mass flow rate of brine in kg/hr

Cp = specific heat capacity of brine in kCal/ kg deg.C
Ti & To= inlet and outlet temperature

Refrigeration load imposed by the brine TR:

TR= {18,000* 1.2 * 0.97 (12-7)}/3024
= 34.64 TR
(4 Marks)

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 Paper 3 –Set A Solutions

b) COP of refrigeration compressor = 3.516 * TR

Power input to the compressor (kW)

= 3.516 * 34.64 / (31*0.9)

= 4.365
(3 Marks)

C) Overall specific power consumption in kW/ TR = 31 + 16/ 34.64 = 47/ 34.64

= 1.3568 kW/ TR
(3 Marks)

……. End of Section - III …….

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