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Bihar STET Computer Fundamentals Notes

The document covers essential computer fundamentals, including number systems (binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal) and their conversions. It outlines the evolution of computer generations from vacuum tubes to AI-based systems and describes the functional components of a computer, including the CPU, memory, and I/O devices. Additionally, it explains the differences between primary and secondary memory, lists various input/output devices, and discusses the functions and types of operating systems.

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1K views3 pages

Bihar STET Computer Fundamentals Notes

The document covers essential computer fundamentals, including number systems (binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal) and their conversions. It outlines the evolution of computer generations from vacuum tubes to AI-based systems and describes the functional components of a computer, including the CPU, memory, and I/O devices. Additionally, it explains the differences between primary and secondary memory, lists various input/output devices, and discusses the functions and types of operating systems.

Uploaded by

pankaj yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bihar STET - Computer Fundamentals Notes

1. Number Systems and Conversions (Binary, Octal, Decimal, Hexadecimal)

Number systems are used to represent data in computers:

- Decimal (Base 10): Uses digits 0-9.

- Binary (Base 2): Uses 0 and 1; fundamental to computing.

- Octal (Base 8): Uses digits 0-7.

- Hexadecimal (Base 16): Uses 0-9 and A-F.

Conversions:

- Decimal to Binary: Divide by 2, record remainders.

- Binary to Decimal: Multiply each bit by 2^position.

- Binary to Hex: Group 4 binary digits = 1 hex digit.

- Octal to Binary: Replace each digit with 3-bit binary.

2. Computer Generations

- 1st Generation (1940-1956): Vacuum tubes, very slow, large.

- 2nd Generation (1956-1963): Transistors used.

- 3rd Generation (1964-1971): Integrated Circuits (ICs).

- 4th Generation (1971-Present): Microprocessors.

- 5th Generation (Present & Beyond): AI-based systems, quantum computing.

3. Functional Components of Computer (CPU, Memory, I/O Devices)

- CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer; includes:

- ALU: Performs arithmetic and logical operations.

- CU: Controls the operation of all parts.

- Memory: Stores data and instructions.

- I/O Devices:
Bihar STET - Computer Fundamentals Notes

- Input devices: Keyboard, Mouse

- Output devices: Monitor, Printer

4. Primary and Secondary Memory

- Primary Memory:

- RAM (volatile, temporary storage)

- ROM (non-volatile, stores BIOS)

- Cache Memory: Faster, between RAM and CPU

- Secondary Memory:

- Hard Drive, SSDs, Pen Drive, CD/DVD

- Non-volatile, permanent storage

5. Input/Output Devices

- Input Devices: Used to enter data into computer.

- Examples: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone

- Output Devices: Display or provide result to user.

- Examples: Monitor, Printer, Speaker, Projector

6. Operating Systems (Functions, Types)

- Functions:

- Manage hardware and software resources

- File management

- Process and memory management

- User interface
Bihar STET - Computer Fundamentals Notes

- Types:

- Batch OS

- Time-sharing OS

- Distributed OS

- Real-time OS

- Network OS

- Mobile OS (Android, iOS)

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