Mysore University School of Engineering

8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006

Elements of Mechanical Engineering

(21EME15-25)

MODULE 03 NOTES

Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006
 Mysore University School of Engineering
8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006

Module 03: Course Content

3.0 Refrigeration Air conditioning:
3.1 Introduction to Refrigeration
3.2 Terminologies used in Refrigeration
a) Refrigerants
b) Refrigerating effect,
c) Ton of Refrigeration,
d) Ice making capacity,
e) COP,
f) Relative COP,
g) Unit of Refrigeration.
3.3 Refrigerants and its Types,
3.4 Properties of refrigerants,
3.5 List of commonly used refrigerants.
3.6 Working Principles and applications of Domestic refrigerator.
3.7 Working Principles and applications air conditioners.

Power Transmission:
3.8 Types of Power Transmissions
3.9 Belt Drives and its Types
3.10 Length of belt and Tension in Belt Derivation
a) Length of Belt in Open belt Drive
b) Length of Belt in Cross Belt drives
c) Tension in Belt Drive
3.11 Definition-slip, creep, velocity ratio,
3.12 Gear Drives
3.13 Types of gears,
3.14 advantages and disadvantages of Gear Drives over belt drives.
3.15 Simple numerical problems.

Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006
 Mysore University School of Engineering
8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006
3.0 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
3.1 Introduction to Refrigeration
Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from a space or substance to lower its temperature and maintain
it at a desired level. This process is essential in various industries, including food storage, pharmaceuticals,
and manufacturing, as well as in air conditioning and comfort cooling. It relies on thermodynamic principles
to achieve temperature control and maintain the desired conditions in various applications.
Basic Principles of Refrigeration
Refrigeration operates on the basic principle of heat transfer, where heat is moved from a low-temperature
area (such as the inside of a refrigerator or freezer) to a higher-temperature area (usually the surrounding
environment). This is typically done using a refrigeration cycle, which involves the following key components:
1. Evaporator: This is where the refrigerant absorbs heat from the space or object being cooled. As the
refrigerant evaporates from a liquid to a gas, it absorbs heat from the surroundings.
2. Compressor: The refrigerant gas is then compressed, which increases its pressure and temperature.
This high-pressure, high-temperature gas is then moved
toward the condenser.
3. Condenser: In the condenser, the hot, pressurized
refrigerant gas is cooled down by releasing heat to the
environment. As it cools, the gas condenses into a liquid.
4. Expansion Valve: The high-pressure liquid refrigerant is
then passed through an expansion valve, which causes it
to expand and drop in pressure. This sudden reduction in
pressure causes the refrigerant to cool further, preparing it
to absorb heat again in the evaporator.
This continuous cycle of heat absorption, compression, condensation, and expansion is what keeps the
refrigeration system running and effectively lowers the temperature of the space or item being cooled.

Types of Refrigeration Systems

1. Mechanical Refrigeration: This is the most common type, using a compressor, evaporator, condenser,
and expansion valve to cool spaces. It is used in household refrigerators, air conditioners, industrial
refrigeration, and more.
2. Absorption Refrigeration: This system uses heat (rather than mechanical energy) to drive the
refrigeration cycle. It is commonly used in applications where electricity is not readily available, such
as in some RV refrigerators and industrial systems that utilize waste heat.
3. Thermoelectric Refrigeration: This type uses the Peltier effect, where heat is transferred from one
side of a thermoelectric module to another when a current flows through it. It is used for small-scale
cooling applications, like cooling electronic devices.
Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006
 Mysore University School of Engineering
8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006
4. Cryogenic Refrigeration: This is used to reach extremely low temperatures, such as in
liquid nitrogen or liquefied natural gas production, and requires specialized equipment for achieving
sub-zero cooling.

Applications of Refrigeration
Refrigeration is integral to modern life and industry. Some of its key applications include:
• Food Preservation
• Air Conditioning
• Medical and Pharmaceutical Storage
• Industrial Processes
• Cold Storage

3.2 Terminologies used in Refrigeration System

a) Refrigerants: The substances used in refrigeration systems to transfer heat are called refrigerants. These
can be natural or synthetic compounds that undergo phase changes (from liquid to gas and back) during the
refrigeration cycle. Common refrigerants include ammonia (NH₃), freons (chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs,
though their use has been phased out due to environmental concerns), and newer compounds like
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are more environmentally friendly.
b) Refrigerating Effect: The refrigerating effect is the amount of heat that a refrigeration system can remove
from a substance (or space) per unit of time. It is usually expressed in terms of kJ or BTU (British Thermal
Unit) per minute or hour.
c) Ton of Refrigeration (TR): One ton of refrigeration is the rate at which heat must be removed to freeze 1
ton (1000 kg) of water at 0°C in 24 hours. It is equivalent to 3.517 kW or 12,000 BTU/hr. Mathematically, 1
ton of refrigeration = 3.517 kW.
d) Ice Making Capacity: This refers to the amount of ice that can be produced by a refrigeration system,
often measured in tons. For example, a system with a 5-ton ice-making capacity can produce 5 tons of ice in
24 hours.
e) Coefficient of Performance (COP): The COP of a refrigeration system is the ratio of the amount of heat
removed (refrigerating effect) to the work input (energy consumed by the compressor). It is a measure of the
system's efficiency. Higher COP indicates better efficiency.
𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕
𝑪𝑶𝑷 =
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
f) Relative COP: Relative COP refers to the ratio of the COP of a refrigeration cycle at a given temperature
to the COP of an ideal (Carnot) refrigeration cycle operating between the same temperatures.
g) Unit of Refrigeration: The standard unit of refrigeration is the ton of refrigeration (TR). As mentioned
earlier, 1 ton of refrigeration is equivalent to 3.517 kW or 12,000 BTU/hr.

Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006
 Mysore University School of Engineering
8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006
3.3 Refrigerants and its Types
A refrigerant is a substance used in a refrigeration system to absorb and release heat as it undergoes phase
changes (liquid to gas and vice versa). The refrigerant's properties such as boiling point, latent heat, and
toxicity are important in choosing the right refrigerant.

Types of Refrigerants:
a) Natural Refrigerants: These are naturally occurring substances like ammonia (R-717), carbon dioxide
(R-744), and water (R-718).
b) Synthetic Refrigerants: These include halogenated hydrocarbons like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), such as R-22, R-134a, R-410A.

3.4 Properties of Good Refrigerants

a) Boiling Point: Refrigerants should have a low boiling point so they can evaporate and absorb heat at a
lower temperature.
b) Latent Heat of Vaporization: High latent heat allows the refrigerant to absorb more heat during the
phase change from liquid to vapor.
c) Non-toxicity: Refrigerants should ideally be non-toxic and non-flammable for safety reasons.
d) Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP): This refers to the potential of a refrigerant to deplete the ozone layer.
CFCs have a high ODP, while HFCs have a lower ODP.
e) Global Warming Potential (GWP): The GWP measures the refrigerant's impact on global warming,
with CO2 having a GWP of 1. HFCs tend to have higher GWPs.

3.5 List of Commonly Used Refrigerants

❖ R-134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane): Widely used in domestic refrigerators and automobile air conditioning.
❖ R-22 (Chlorodifluoromethane): Used in residential air conditioners and refrigeration systems.
❖ R-410A (Azeotropic Mixture): Common in modern air conditioning systems as a replacement for R-22.
❖ R-12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane): Formerly used in refrigeration but phased out due to ozone depletion.
❖ Ammonia (R-717): Used in industrial refrigeration systems.
❖ CO2 (R-744): Gaining popularity as a low-GWP refrigerant for various refrigeration applications.

3.6 Working Principles and Applications of Domestic Refrigerators

Working Principle: A domestic refrigerator works on the principle of the vapor compression refrigeration
cycle. The main components include the compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. The
refrigerant absorbs heat from the fridge’s interior and releases it to the surrounding air outside. The cycle
involves compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation.

Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006
 Mysore University School of Engineering
8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006

The heat of the items, to be cooled is carried to the evaporator coils by means of air trapped in the cabinet.
The working fluid, known as a refrigerant, used in refrigerator readily evaporates and condenses or changes
alternately between the vapor and liquid phases without leaving the refrigerator. The refrigerant keeps
circulating from evaporator coil to condenser till compressor motor is connected to the supply.

Construction:
The common type of domestic refrigerator has a cabinet
shaped with compressor, the condenser and receiver fitted in
their basement. The expansion valve and evaporator coils
are exposed in the storage cabinet with the pipes, carrying
liquid refrigerant passing through the body. Generally,
methylene chloride, Freon-12, and Freon-11 are used as the
refrigerants.
Refrigeration is not only provided with double-walled cabinet
packed with materials having high thermal insulation such as
fiberglass, cork or expanded rubber but also all around the
inside of door flap soft rubber seal is used which makes the
cabinet airtight.

Working:
During evaporation, it absorbs heat from items placed in the refrigerator and in condensing or cooling or
liquefying it rejects heat outside the refrigerator. The heat absorbed from items placed in the refrigerator during
evaporation is used as its latent heat for converting it from liquid to vapor. Thus, a cooling effect is created in
the working fluid. And this decreases the temperature inside the refrigerator.

When a predetermined value of the temperature is achieved inside the refrigerator, thermostat switch operates
and disconnects the compressor motor from the electric supply. Further circulation of refrigerant and its
cooling effect stops.

After some time, when the temperature increases and reaches up to a predetermined value, thermostat operates
again and connects the compressor motor to the supply. And the cooling process starts again. This cycle is
repeated continuously to maintain the temperature in a predetermined temperature range.

In this way, the refrigerant is circulated through the coils of the refrigerator to maintain the temperature in the
required temperature range.
Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006
 Mysore University School of Engineering
8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006
3.7 Working Principles and Applications of Air Conditioners

-Working Principle: An air conditioner works similarly to a refrigerator but is designed to cool the air in a
room or space. The cycle involves evaporating the refrigerant inside the evaporator coil to absorb heat and
then compressing the refrigerant to expel the heat outside through the condenser coil.

Construction:
Air Conditioner is Constructed with The Following 4 Main Sections.
1) Refrigerant circuit components: Circulates refrigerant for absorption and radiation of heat. (Comp.
evaporator, condenser, Metering Device (Expansion) etc.).
2) Fan section: Cool air distribution (indoor), radiation of heat (outdoor) (Fan, fan motor, etc) in cooling
mode.
3) Electrical parts: Controls for A/C (remote controller, printed circuit boards, wiring, etc.)
4) Other Accessories: Casing, air filter, etc.

Working:
starting indoors, where the refrigerant is cold, low-pressure mixture of liquid and vapor that enters the
evaporator. The indoor fan blows hot air from the living space over the evaporator, which absorbs the heat,
cooling the air blown back into the living space. The heat absorbed by the evaporator turns the refrigerant
completely into vapor, and is carried outside as the refrigerant travels to the compressor.
The compressor dramatically increases the pressure and the temperature of the vaporized refrigerant and drives
it to the condenser. The refrigerant is now hotter than the outside air, and as that air is blown by the outdoor
fan over the condenser, the refrigerant cools and condenses into liquid form.
The liquefied refrigerant enters the metering device, which lowers the pressure and the temperature of the
refrigerant and sends it back to the evaporator, as the cycle is repeated.

-Applications: Air conditioners are used in homes, offices, cars, and industrial environments to provide cooling
and maintain comfort in warmer climates.

Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006
 Mysore University School of Engineering
8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006
Power Transmission
Power transmission systems are essential to many industries and applications, from mechanical systems in
machinery to electrical power distribution across vast distances. The choice of power transmission method
depends on factors such as the distance to be covered, the amount of power required, cost considerations, and
environmental factors.
• Mechanical Power Transmission methods like belts, gears, chains, and couplings are ideal for
transferring mechanical energy within machines or vehicles.
• Electrical Power Transmission systems, including overhead lines, underground cables, and
transformers, are more suitable for distributing electrical energy from power stations to consumers.

3.8 Types of Power Transmissions

In Mechanical power transmission involves transferring mechanical energy (torque and rotational movement)
through mechanical systems. These systems are used to drive machines, vehicles, conveyors, and other
machinery. The key methods used in mechanical power transmission are:

a. Belt and Pulley Systems

• Description: This system uses belts (usually made of rubber, leather, or synthetic material) that run
over pulleys to transfer power from one shaft to another.
• Application: Used in a variety of applications, including automotive engines, industrial machinery.
• Advantages: Simple construction, low cost, and ease of maintenance.
• Disadvantages: Limited power transmission capacity, potential slippage, and wear over time.

b. Gear Systems
• Description: Gears are used to transmit rotational motion and torque between shafts. The most
common types include spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, and worm gears.
• Application: Found in almost all mechanical devices that require torque transmission, such as car
engines, industrial machines, and clocks.
• Advantages: High efficiency, reliable, and capable of transmitting high power.
• Disadvantages: Requires precise alignment and can be noisy.

c. Chain and Sprocket Systems

• Description: Chains and sprockets are used to transfer rotational power between two shafts. The chain
links engage with the sprockets to provide positive power transmission.
• Application: Commonly used in bicycles, motorcycles, and heavy machinery.
• Advantages: Higher torque transmission than belts, more durable.
• Disadvantages: Maintenance-intensive (lubrication and tension adjustment) and noisy.
Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006
 Mysore University School of Engineering
8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006
d. Couplings
• Description: Couplings are used to connect two shafts and transmit rotary motion. They can be rigid
or flexible.
• Application: Common in machinery where two rotating shafts need to be connected.
• Advantages: Can accommodate misalignment, absorbs shock loads, and offers smooth operation.
• Disadvantages: Depending on type, they may require maintenance or be vulnerable to wear.

e. Friction Drives
• Description: These systems transfer power using friction between rotating wheels or discs. Common
types include cone drives and friction belts.
• Application: Often used in vehicles (e.g., continuously variable transmissions or CVTs)
• Advantages: Simple design, smooth operation.
• Disadvantages: Less efficient at high loads, potential for wear.

3.9 Belt Drives and its Types

Belts are used to transfer power from one shaft to another through pulleys that rotate at the same or different
speeds. The amount of energy transmitted is determined by the following variables:
1. The belt's velocities.
2. The amount of tension applied to the pulleys by the belt.
3. The belt's arc of contact with the smaller pulley.
4. The circumstances under which the belt is worn.
• The shafts should be properly aligned to ensure uniform tension.
• The pulleys should not be too close together in order for the arc of contact and should not be too far.
• The tight side of the belt should be at the bottom.
• The loose side of the belt should be at the top.
The powered pulley will revolve in the opposite direction if the belt is attached in the opposite direction. The
friction between the belts and pulleys causes the pulling action. The pulled action is absorbed by the driven
pulley, which rotates in the same direction as the driver pulley. Because of friction, when the driver's pulley
rotates, the belt is pulled. The other side of the belt, known as the slack side, will be loose. The more friction
there is, the better the power transmission and the lower the possibility of slippage. Belt drive power
transmission capacity is determined by the co-officiant of friction between the belt and the pulley, belt velocity,
wrap angle, and belt unit mass. Types of Belts: Belt has been categorized into four types which are,
Flat belt
V belt and
Circular belt
Timing belt
Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006
 Mysore University School of Engineering
8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006
Types of Belt Drives: The following are the 5 main types of Belt Drives:
1. Open belt drive.
2. Cross belt drive.
3. Stepped cone pulley or speed cone drive.
4. Fast and loose pulleys.
5. Jockey pulley drive.
a) Open Belt Drives
• The belt is used in these types of belt drives when two parallel
shafts must revolve in the same direction.
• When the shafts are far apart, the lower side of the belt should
be tight, and the top side should be slack; this is because if the
upper side becomes slack, it would droop owing to its own
weight, increasing the arc of contact.
b) Cross Belt Drives
• When two parallel shafts have to rotate in the opposite
direction, this form of belt drive is used
• The shafts must be set at a maximum distance from each other
and operated at extremely low speeds to minimize excessive
wear at the junction where the belts intersect.
c) Stepped Cone Pulley or Speed Cone Drive
• stepped cone pulley is an integrated casting with three or more pulleys
of varying sizes adjacent to one another.
• On the driven shaft, one set of stepped cone pulley is attached in reverse.
One pair of pulleys will be wrapped in an unending belt.
• The speed of the driven shaft can be adjusted by transferring the belt
from one pair of pulleys to the other.
•When the driving and driven pulleys are shifted on various pairs of
pulleys, the same belt will operate.
d) Fast and Loose Pulley Drive
• Driven or machine shaft can be started or stopped at any time without
interfering with the driving shaft.
• A fast pulley is a pulley that is keyed to the machine shaft and runs at the
same speed as the machine shaft.
• A loose pulley is incapable of delivering any power since it runs freely over the machine shaft.
• These belt drives are employed in machine tools where the speed of the driven shaft must be altered often,
such as a lathe or a drilling machine.
Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006
 Mysore University School of Engineering
8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006
3.10 Length of Belt and Tension in Belt Derivation
a) Length of Belt Derivation for Open Belt Drive

b) Length of Belt Derivation for Cross Belt Drive

Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006
 Mysore University School of Engineering
8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006
c) Tension in Belt Drive

3.11 Definition-slip, creep, velocity ratio,

Slip: Slip refers to the relative motion between two surfaces in contact, where one moves faster than the
other. Slip is the relative motion between surfaces.
• In the context of belt drives or pulley systems, slip is the difference between the speed at which a
driving pulley or wheel moves compared to the driven pulley. It's often expressed as a percentage of the
speed difference.
• In gears, slip is the loss of contact between gear teeth during meshing, resulting in slight relative
movement between them. This can affect the efficiency of the system.
Formula for slip in belts:

Creep: Creep is the gradual, slow movement of one surface over another, which occurs when there is a
constant load over a long period. It is common in materials that undergo deformation under pressure, such as
in bearings or gears. Creep is the slow, gradual movement or deformation over time under load.
• In the case of belt drives, creep refers to the small and often gradual change in the length of the belt
as it moves, which can cause a slight loss of power and efficiency. It results from the belt stretching
due to tension or load.
Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006
 Mysore University School of Engineering
8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006
• In gears, creep is related to the slow and gradual movement or deformation of the material
under pressure, often due to prolonged stress.

Velocity Ratio: Velocity Ratio (VR) is the ratio of the speeds of the driving and driven components in a
mechanical system like gears, pulleys, or belts. Velocity Ratio is the ratio of the speeds of two
interconnected moving parts.
• It defines how the speed of one rotating body is related to the speed of another when they are
interconnected. A higher velocity ratio means that the driven part will rotate faster than the driving
part (and vice versa).
Formula for Velocity Ratio:

3.12 Gear Drives

A gear drive is a mechanical system used to transmit power and motion between machine components through
the use of gears. Gears are toothed wheels that mesh with each other to transfer torque and rotational motion,
enabling machines to perform tasks with different speeds, directions, and forces.
Gear drives are widely used in various industries, such as automotive, manufacturing, and robotics, due to
their ability to provide high precision, reliable power transmission, and adjustable speed ratios.
Examples of Gear Drive are: Spur Gear Drive, Helical Gear Drive, Bevel Gear Drive, Worm Gear Drive.

3.13 Types of gears

Gears are of many types. These are classified according to the inclination of their teeth as follows.
1. Spur gears;
Spur gear drive is the simplest type of drive and is most commonly used. They have
straight teeth, whose axis is parallel to the axis of the gear.

Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006
 Mysore University School of Engineering
8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006
2. Helical gears;
Helical gears have their teeth inclined at helix angle α, as shown in
Figure. Owing to this inclination, these gears give rise to axial thrust.
This thrust can be canceled using double helical gears called
Herringbone gears.

3. Bevel gears;
Bevel gears are used, where power is to be transmitted at an angle. The gear
blank takes the form of a cone’s frustum instead of a cylinder.
The thickness of teeth and height also decreases towards the center. All teeth
point towards the center.

4. Worm and worm wheel

Worm and worm gears are used when large speed reduction is required. A ratio of up to
20 or even more can be got in one stage only.
The worm is in the form of a threaded screw of the trapezoidal section, with a large pitch
that matches the worm wheel with mating grooves of the same profile.

3.14 advantages and disadvantages of Gear Drives over belt drives.

Aspect Advantages of Gear Drives over Belt Drives Disadvantages of Gear Drives over Belt Drives
Power Can transmit higher power and torque More expensive due to precision manufacturing
Transmission efficiently. and complex design.
Higher efficiency (98-99%) with minimal Can generate heat, requiring cooling mechanisms
Efficiency
power loss. in high-load applications.
Size and More compact, especially in high-torque and More complex and bulky in terms of design and
Compactness high-speed applications. installation compared to belts.
Space Can achieve high torque transmission in Gear systems often require more complex
Requirements smaller spaces. housing and can take up more space.
Offers fixed, precise speed ratios, ideal for Fixed ratios, with no flexibility to adjust speeds
Control
accurate motion control. without redesigning the system.
Higher noise levels, particularly at high speeds Belt drives tend to be quieter in operation,
Noise
(spur gears). especially at low speeds.
Long-term durability with less frequent need Higher maintenance needs for lubrication and
Maintenance
for replacements. wear parts.
Direction of Can easily change the direction of motion, Belt drives cannot easily change direction and
Motion especially with bevel gears. require more components for such adjustments.

Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006
 Mysore University School of Engineering
8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006
3.15 Simple numerical problems.
a) Numerical Problem on Open Belt Drive
Question: In an open belt drive system, the diameter of the driving pulley is 400 mm, and the diameter of
the driven pulley is 800 mm. The speed of the driving pulley is 1200 rpm. Calculate the speed of the driven
pulley.
Given data: Diameter of driving pulley (D1) = 400 mm
Diameter of driven pulley (D2) = 800 mm
Speed of driving pulley (N1) = 1200 rpm
Formula: For an open belt drive, the relationship between the speeds of the pulleys is
given by the formula:
Where: N1 = Speed of the driving pulley (in rpm)
N2 = Speed of the driven pulley (in rpm)
D1 = Diameter of the driving pulley (in mm)
D2 = Diameter of the driven pulley (in mm)
Solution: Substitute the given values into the formula:

Answer: The speed of the driven pulley is 600 rpm.

b) Numerical Problem on Cross Belt Drive

Question: In a cross-belt drive system, the diameter of the driving pulley is 350 mm, and the diameter of the
driven pulley is 700 mm. The speed of the driving pulley is 900 rpm. Calculate the speed of the driven
pulley.
Given data: Diameter of driving pulley (D1) = 350 mm
Diameter of driven pulley (D2) = 700 mm
Speed of driving pulley (N1) = 900 rpm
Formula: For a cross-belt drive, the relationship between the speeds of the pulleys is the
same as an open belt drive:
Where: N1 = Speed of the driving pulley (in rpm)
N2 = Speed of the driven pulley (in rpm)
D1 = Diameter of the driving pulley (in mm)
D2 = Diameter of the driven pulley (in mm)
Solution: Substitute the given values into the formula:

Answer: The speed of the driven pulley is 450 rpm.

Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006
 Mysore University School of Engineering
8J99+QC7, Manasa Gangothiri, Mysuru, Karnataka 570006
c) Numerical Problem on Spur Gear
Question: In a spur gear system, the driving gear has 30 teeth and the driven gear has 60 teeth. The driving
gear rotates at 1200 rpm. Calculate the speed of the driven gear.
Given:
• Number of teeth on driving gear (T1) = 30
• Number of teeth on driven gear (T2) = 60
• Speed of driving gear (N1) = 1200 rpm
Formula: For a spur gear system, the relationship between the speeds of the gears is given by:
Where:
• N1 = Speed of the driving gear (in rpm)
• N2 = Speed of the driven gear (in rpm)
• T1 = Number of teeth on the driving gear
• T2 = Number of teeth on the driven gear

Answer: The speed of the driven gear is 600 rpm.

d) Numerical Problem on Helical Gear

Question: In a helical gear system, the driving gear has 24 teeth, and the driven gear has 72 teeth. The
driving gear rotates at 800 rpm. Calculate the speed of the driven gear.
Given:
• Number of teeth on driving gear (T1) = 24
• Number of teeth on driven gear (T2) = 72
• Speed of driving gear (N1) = 800 rpm
Formula: For helical gears, the speed ratio is also determined by the number of teeth on the
gears, similar to spur gears:

Where:
• N1 = Speed of the driving gear (in rpm)
• N2 = Speed of the driven gear (in rpm)
• T1 = Number of teeth on the driving gear
• T2 = Number of teeth on the driven gear
Solution:
Answer: The speed of the driven gear is approximately 267 rpm.

Prepared by: Mr Thanmay J S, Assistant Professor, Bio-Medical & Robotics Engineering, UoM, SoE, Mysore 57006