Smart Way group Sha’alan Alyousef (Abou Anas) 67773553
Tutoring all university courses (Kuwait university/ Arab Open University/ American university /
Applied Education/ Basic education college/ AUM).
معهد سمارت لتدريس مواد الجامعات داخل الكويت وخارجها والمعاهد التطبيقية والتربية األساسية ومساندة
.طالب الماجستير والدكتوراه والتدريب للمقابالت بوزارة التربية لوظيفة معلم
Chapter Two : Brain and Language
1. The brain is the most complex organ of the body. It lies under the skull and
consists of approximately 100 billion nerve cells (neurons) and billions of
fibers that interconnect them.
2. The cortex: The surface of the brain is the cortex, often called “gray matter,”
consisting of billions of neurons. It receives messages from all of the sensory
organs
3. The brain is composed of cerebral hemispheres, one on the right and one on
the left, joined by the corpus callosum, a network of more than 200 million
fibers.The corpus callosum allows the two hemispheres of the brain to
communicate with each other. Without this system of connections.
4.
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Smart Way group Sha’alan Alyousef (Abou Anas) 67773553
Tutoring all university courses (Kuwait university/ Arab Open University/ American university /
Applied Education/ Basic education college/ AUM).
معهد سمارت لتدريس مواد الجامعات داخل الكويت وخارجها والمعاهد التطبيقية والتربية األساسية ومساندة
.طالب الماجستير والدكتوراه والتدريب للمقابالت بوزارة التربية لوظيفة معلم
5. Contralateral brain function: Sensory information from the right side of
the body is received by the left hemisphere of the brain, and sensory input
to the left side of the body is received by the right hemisphere.
6. Localization: Gall proposed the theory of localization that different human
cognitive abilities and behaviors are localized in specific parts of the brain.
For example, language is located in the frontal lobes of the brain.
7. Aphasia: Aphasia is the neurological term for any language disorder that
results from brain damage caused by disease or trauma. The study of
aphasia is an important research in understanding the relationship
between brain and language.
8. Broca’s area: Broca proposed that language is localized to the left
hemisphere of the brain, and more specifically to the front part of the left
hemisphere. He claimed that we speak with the left hemisphere. Broca’s
finding was based on a study of his patients who suffered language deficits
after brain injury to the left frontal lobe.
9. Wernicke’s area: Carl Wernicke described another variety of aphasia that
occurred in patients with lesions in areas of the left hemisphere temporal
lobe.
10. Where is langauge localized/ lateralized in the mind? Language is
lateralized to the left hemisphere.
11. Lateralization: it refers to the localization of function to one hemisphere
of the brain. For example, Language is lateralized to the left hemisphere.
12. Most aphasics do not show total language loss. Rather, different aspects
of languuage are reduced because of the brain damage.
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Smart Way group Sha’alan Alyousef (Abou Anas) 67773553
Tutoring all university courses (Kuwait university/ Arab Open University/ American university /
Applied Education/ Basic education college/ AUM).
معهد سمارت لتدريس مواد الجامعات داخل الكويت وخارجها والمعاهد التطبيقية والتربية األساسية ومساندة
.طالب الماجستير والدكتوراه والتدريب للمقابالت بوزارة التربية لوظيفة معلم
13. Broca’s aphasia/ Agrammatic aphasics: it refers to labored speech and
certain kinds of word-finding difficulties, and it is a disorder that affects a
person’s ability to form sentences with the rules of syntax results from brain
damage caused by disease or trauma. The language produced is often
agrammatic and lacks “function words” articles, prepositions, pronouns,
auxiliary verbs, and other grammatical elements. Broca’s aphasics also omit
inflections such as the past tense suffix -ed or the third person singular verb
ending -s. They have a difficulty in understanding complex sentences, and
they cannot rely on their real-world knowledge. For example, an
agrammatic aphasic may have difficulty knowing who kissed whom in
questions like:
14.
They are confused as to who is chasing whom in passive sentences such as:
“The cat was chased by the dog.”
15. Wernicke’s aphasia: patients are unlike Broca’s patients, and they
produce fluent speech with good intonation, and they may follow the rules
of syntax. However, their language is often semantically incoherent. They
have difficulty naming objects presented to them and also in choosing words
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Smart Way group Sha’alan Alyousef (Abou Anas) 67773553
Tutoring all university courses (Kuwait university/ Arab Open University/ American university /
Applied Education/ Basic education college/ AUM).
معهد سمارت لتدريس مواد الجامعات داخل الكويت وخارجها والمعاهد التطبيقية والتربية األساسية ومساندة
.طالب الماجستير والدكتوراه والتدريب للمقابالت بوزارة التربية لوظيفة معلم
in spontaneous speech. They may make numerous lexical errors (word
substitutions), often producing jargon and nonsense words.
For example, one patient replied to a question about his health with:
16. Jargon aphasia: it refers to patients with severe Wernicke’s
aphasia.
17. Modular organization of language in the brain: it refers to the
linguistic deficits exhibited by people with Broca’s and Wernicke’s
aphasia. The damage to different parts of the brain results in different
kinds of linguistic impairment.
18. Dyslexia: it refers to reading disorders.
19. Acquired dyslexics: Many word substitutions are made by
people who become dyslexic after brain damage. They are called acquired
dyslexics because before their brain lesions they were normal readers. The
omission of function words (articles,pronouns, prepostion) in the speech of
agrammatic aphasics is observed in acquired dyslexia.
20.
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Smart Way group Sha’alan Alyousef (Abou Anas) 67773553
Tutoring all university courses (Kuwait university/ Arab Open University/ American university /
Applied Education/ Basic education college/ AUM).
معهد سمارت لتدريس مواد الجامعات داخل الكويت وخارجها والمعاهد التطبيقية والتربية األساسية ومساندة
.طالب الماجستير والدكتوراه والتدريب للمقابالت بوزارة التربية لوظيفة معلم
21. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: it is referred to as TOT and it is
not uncommon. But if the person could rarely find the word he wanted,
imagine how frustrated you would be.
22. Anomia: the inability to find the word you wish to speak.
23. The language difficulties suffered by aphasics are not caused by
any general cognitive or intellectual impairment or loss of motor or
sensory controls of the nerves and muscles of the speech organs or hearing
apparatus.
24. Aphasics can produce and hear sounds.
25. Whatever loss Aphasics suffer has to do only with the language
faculty (or specific parts of it).
26. Lateralization of language to the left hemisphere is a process
that begins very early in life.
27. Split-brain patients: it referes to people severing
communication between their two hemispheres of the Brain. When this
pathway is severed, there is no communication between the “two brains.
When the brain is surgically split, certain information from the left side of
the body is received only by the right side of the brain, and vice versa.
28. The critical period/ The critical-age hypothesis: language is
biologically based and the ability to learn a native language develops
within a fixed period, from birth to middle childhood. During this critical
period, language acquisition proceeds easily, swiftly, and without external
intervention. After this period, the acquisition of grammar is difficult and,
for most individuals, never fully achieved. Children deprived of language
during this critical period show atypical patterns of brain lateralization.
5|Page
Smart Way group Sha’alan Alyousef (Abou Anas) 67773553
Tutoring all university courses (Kuwait university/ Arab Open University/ American university /
Applied Education/ Basic education college/ AUM).
معهد سمارت لتدريس مواد الجامعات داخل الكويت وخارجها والمعاهد التطبيقية والتربية األساسية ومساندة
.طالب الماجستير والدكتوراه والتدريب للمقابالت بوزارة التربية لوظيفة معلم
29. Neurolinguistics: is the study of the brain mechanisms and
anatomical structures that underlie linguistic competence and
performance.
30. Genie: she was a girl that was isolated in a room for 13 or 14
years without social commuincation. Genie was able to learn a large
vocabulary, including colors, shapes, objects, natural categories, and
abstract as well as concrete terms, but her grammatical skills never fully
developed. Genie’s utterances were with little grammatical structure. Many
utterances by Genie at the age of fifteen and olderare like the two-year-old
children, and not unlike utterances of Broca’s aphasia patients.
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