Module 1: Safety Practice and Hand Tools

Exercise 1.1.01 Organization of ITIs and Scope of the Electrician Trade

Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you shall be able to:
 State a brief introduction about Industrial Training Institutes (ITI).
 Explain the organized structure of the Institute.

Brief Introduction of Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs)

 Role in Economy:
o ITIs play a crucial role in providing skilled manpower, contributing
significantly to the country’s economy.
 Oversight and Governance:
o The Directorate General of Training (DGT) operates under the
Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).
o DGT offers various vocational training programs based on the
economy and labor market demand.
 National Council of Vocational Training (NCVT):
o The NCVT governs vocational training and ensures that it is aligned
with industry standards.
 Training Programs:
o ITIs offer programs under Craftsman Training Scheme (CTS) and
Apprenticeship Training Scheme (ATS).
o These programs aim to provide practical, industry-relevant skills.

 Number of ITIs:
o As of April 2016, there are 13,105 ITIs in India, including 2,293
government ITIs and 10,812 private ITIs.
 Trades Offered:
o ITIs provide training in 132 trades (both engineering and non-
engineering) over 1 to 2 years.
o The eligibility for admission is typically 8th, 10th, or 12th pass,
depending on the trade.
 Semester System:
o In 2013, a semester pattern was introduced, with each semester
lasting 6 months.
 o The syllabus was revised, and in 2014, the Sector Mentor Council
(SMC) introduced a re-revised syllabus under 11 sectors for
around 80 trades.
 Exams and Certification:
o After each semester, an All India Trade Test (AITT) is conducted
in July and January.
o The test uses OMR answer sheets with multiple-choice
questions.
o After passing the test, students receive a National Trade
Certificate (NTC), which is internationally recognized.
 Introduction of NSQF:
o In 2017, some trades were upgraded with the National Skill
Qualification Framework (NSQF) at Level 4 and Level 5.
 Apprenticeship Training:
o After obtaining the NTC, candidates must undergo Apprenticeship
Training for 1-2 years under the Apprenticeship Act 1961.
o Apprentices receive a stipend during this training and undergo an
All India Apprentice Test at the end.
 Career Opportunities:
o After completing the Apprenticeship, graduates can work in private
or government establishments in India or abroad.
o Alternatively, they can start their own small-scale industries in
manufacturing or services, with access to government loans and
subsidies.

Organizational Structure of ITIs

 Head of the Institute:
o The principal is the head of the institute.

o A vice-principal (VP) assists the principal in administrative and

academic matters.
 Management and Supervisory Staff:
o Training Officers (TO) and Group Instructors (GI) are
responsible for managing and supervising the training of students in
various trades.
 Instructional Staff:
o Assistant Training Officers (ATO) and Junior Training Officers
(JTO) assist in delivering training and support the primary training
staff.
 o Vocational Instructors (VI) are the core teaching staff for specific
trades and technical subjects.
 Support Staff:
o Staff roles include administrative positions, Hostel
Superintendent (HS), Physical Education Trainers (PET),
Library In-charge, and Pharmacist.
o These positions ensure smooth functioning and student welfare.

 Specialized Staff for Non-Trade Subjects:

o Workshop Calculations, Engineering Drawing, and
Employability Skills are taught by specialized instructors.
Scope of the Electrician Trade

Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you shall be able to:
 Explain the duties of Electrician-General and Electrical Fitter and
their NCO (National Classification of Occupations) codes.
 State the key skills and career pathways for electricians.
 List out job opportunities and self-employment opportunities in the
electrician trade.

Organizational Structure of ITIs:

 Head of the Institute:
o Principal (overall in-charge).

o Vice-Principal (VP) (assists the principal).

 Training Staff:
o Training Officers (TO)/Group Instructors (GI): Management and
supervisory roles.
o Assistant Training Officers (ATO), Junior Training Officers
(JTO), Vocational Instructors (VI): Teach specific trades and
subjects like Workshop Calculations, Engineering Drawing, and
Employability Skills.
 Administrative Staff:
o Hostel Superintendent (H.S.): Manages hostel facilities.

o Physical Education Trainer (PET): Oversees physical training.

o Library Incharge: Manages the library.

 o Pharmacist: Provides medical assistance.

Welcome to the Electrician Trade:

 The Electrician Trade under the Craftsman Training Scheme (CTS) is
one of the most popular trades in ITIs.
 It is a 2-year (4-semester) program.
 The curriculum includes:
o Domain Area: Trade Practical and Trade Theory.

o Core Area: Workshop Calculation and Science, Engineering

Drawing, and Employability Skills (soft and life skills).
 Professional Classifications in Electrician Trade (NCO 2015):
o Electrician-General (NCO Code: 7411.0100)

o Electrical Fitter (NCO Code: 7412.0200)

Duties of Electrician-General and Electrical Fitter:

Electrician-General (NCO Code: 7411.0100):
 Installs, maintains, and repairs electrical machinery, equipment, and
fittings in factories, workshops, powerhouses, businesses, and residential
premises.
 Studies drawings and specifications to determine electrical circuits and
installations.
 Positions and installs electrical motors, transformers, switchboards,
microphones, loudspeakers, and lighting fixtures.
 Makes connections and solders terminals.
 Tests electrical installations and equipment using tools
like megger and test lamps.
 Repairs or replaces defective wiring, fuses, and parts.
 May perform armature winding, draw wires, and do simple cable joining.
 May operate and maintain electrical motors and pumps.
Electrical Fitter (NCO Code: 7412.0200):
 Fits and assembles electrical machinery and equipment like motors,
transformers, generators, and switchgears.
 Studies drawings and wiring diagrams to collect and check prefabricated
components.
  Fits mechanical components, resistance, and insulators as per
specifications.
 Makes electrical connections and solders points as specified.
 Checks for continuity, resistance, circuit shorting, leakage, and earthing
using tools like megger, ammeter, and voltmeter.
 Erects equipment like bus bars, panel boards, fuse boxes, and switchgears.
 Installs motors, generators, and transformers using lifting and hoisting
equipment.
 Locates faults, replaces blown fuses, and repairs electrical units.
 May specialize in repairing specific electrical appliances or machinery.

Key Skills of an Electrician:

After passing the electrician trade, students can:
 Read and interpret technical documents, plan work processes, and identify
materials and tools.
 Perform tasks with consideration for safety rules, accident prevention,
and environmental protection.
 Apply professional skills, knowledge, and employability skills in their work.
 Check and rectify errors in jobs/assemblies as per drawings.
 Document technical parameters related to tasks.
 Use tools like megger, ammeter, and voltmeter effectively.

Career Progress Pathways:

After completing the electrician trade, students can:
 Appear for the 10+2 examination through National Institute of Open
Schooling (NIOS) for higher secondary certification.
 Pursue diploma courses in engineering through lateral entry.
 Join Apprenticeship Training in industries to obtain a National
Apprenticeship Certificate (NAC).
 Enroll in Craftsman Instructor Training Scheme (CITS) to become an
instructor in ITIs.
 Obtain a Wireman 'B' License from Electrical Licensing Board
Authorities.

Job Opportunities:
Electricians have numerous job opportunities in:
 Government and Semi-Government Establishments:
o Local electricity boards, railways, telephone departments, and
airports.
 Factories (Public/Private):
o Install, test, and maintain electrical equipment.

 Auditoriums and Cinema Halls:

o Maintain electrical systems.

 Switchgear Factories:
o Assemble electrical control gears and switches on panel boards.

 Winding Shops:
o Wind electrical motors.

 Electrical Shops:
o Repair electrical appliances.

 Hotels, Resorts, Hospitals, and Flats:

o Install, service, and maintain electrical equipment.

 Domestic Appliances Manufacturing Factories:

o Work as assemblers.

 Reputed Companies:
o Serve as service technicians for domestic appliances.

Self-Employment Opportunities:
Electricians can start their own businesses, such as:
 Service Centers: Repair electrical switchgear and motors in rural and
urban areas.
 Maintenance Contractors: Handle wiring installations in hotels, resorts,
hospitals, and banks.
 Manufacturers: Produce sub-assemblies for electrical panels.
 Contractors: Undertake domestic and industrial wiring projects.
 Armature Winders: Wind electrical motors.
 Repairers: Fix simple electronic gadgets and domestic appliances.
 Dealerships/Agencies: Sell electrical hardware.
  Audio/Radio/TV Mechanics: With additional training, repair audio and
video equipment.

Key Takeaways for Students:

 The electrician trade offers diverse career opportunities in both
government and private sectors.
 You can work as an Electrician-General or Electrical Fitter, depending
on your skills and interests.
 After ITI, you can pursue higher education, apprenticeship training,
or self-employment.
 Develop key skills like reading technical documents, using tools, and
ensuring safety to excel in this trade.
Exercise 1.1.02 & 1.1.03 Safety rules - Safety signs – Hazards
Safety Rules - Safety Signs - Hazards

Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you shall be able to:
 Explain the necessity of adopting safety rules.
 List the safety rules to be followed by electricians.
 Explain how to treat a person for electric shock/injury.

Necessity of Safety Rules:

 Safety consciousness is essential for any job.
 Safe working habits save lives, money, and materials.
 Unsafe habits lead to:
o Loss of production and profits.

o Personal injuries or even death.

 Electricians face occupational hazards, so safety rules are crucial.

 Remember: "Electricity is a good servant but a bad master."

Safety Rules for Electricians:

1. Qualified Personnel:
o Only qualified persons should perform electrical work.

2. Workshop Cleanliness:
 o Keep the workshop floor clean and tools in good condition.

3. Working on Live Circuits:

o Avoid working on live circuits. If unavoidable, use rubber
gloves and rubber mats.
4. Insulated Tools:
o Use wooden or PVC insulated handle screwdrivers for
electrical work.
5. Avoid Bare Conductors:
o Never touch bare conductors.

6. Soldering Safety:
o Place hot soldering irons on their stand. Never leave a heated
soldering iron on a bench or table (fire hazard).
7. Correct Fuse Capacity:
o Use fuses of the correct capacity.

o Low-capacity fuses blow out easily, while high-capacity fuses offer

no protection.
8. Fuse Replacement:
o Replace or remove fuses only after switching off the circuit.

9. Extension Cords:
o Use extension cords with lamp guards to protect lamps and
prevent fire hazards.
10.BIS (ISI) Marked Accessories:
o Use sockets, plugs, switches, and appliances with BIS (ISI) marks
for safety and quality.
11.Avoid Temporary Wiring:
o Never extend electrical circuits with temporary wiring.

12.Insulated Stools/Ladders:
o Stand on a wooden stool or insulated ladder when repairing live
circuits.
13.Rubber Mats:
o Stand on rubber mats while operating switch panels or control
gears.
14.Ladder Safety:
o Place ladders on firm ground and have a helper hold them to
prevent slipping.
 15.Safety Belts:
o Use safety belts when working on poles or high-rise points.

16.Avoid Loose Clothing:

o Avoid loose shirt sleeves or dangling neck ties near moving
machinery.
17.Machine Operation:
o Operate machines only after understanding their procedures.

18.Insulating Tubes:
o Run cables through insulating porcelain tubes in wooden
partitions or floors.
19.Tight Connections:
o Ensure all electrical connections are tight to prevent overheating
and fire hazards.
20.Earthing:
o Use earth connections for all appliances with 3-pin sockets and
plugs.
21.Dead Circuit Safety:
o Remove fuse grips and display a "Men on Line" board when
working on dead circuits.
22.Avoid Meddling with Interlocks:
o Do not tamper with machine or switchgear interlocks.

23.Earthing to Water Pipes:

o Never connect earthing to water pipelines.

24.Avoid Water on Electrical Equipment:

o Do not use water on electrical equipment.

25.Discharge Static Voltage:

o Discharge static voltage in HV lines, equipment, and
capacitors before working on them.

Safety Practice - First Aid for Electric Shock:

Causes of Electric Shock Severity:
 Magnitude of current and duration of contact.
 Other factors:
o Age of the person.
 o Body resistance.

o Wet or dry footwear.

o Weather conditions.

o Wet or dry floor.

o Mains voltage.

Effects of Electric Shock:

 Low current: Tingling sensation or loss of balance.
 Higher current: Severe pain, minor burns, or being thrown off feet.
 Excessive current: Burns at the point of contact.
Treatment for Electric Shock:
1. Immediate Action:
o Ensure the victim is not in contact with the supply.

o Call for medical aid if assistance is available.

2. Check Breathing and Consciousness:

o If unconscious and not breathing, apply artificial respiration.

3. Artificial Respiration Methods:

o Mouth-to-Mouth: For burns/injuries to the chest or belly.

o Nelson’s Method: For burns/injuries on the back.

o Schafer’s or Holgen-Nelson Method: If the mouth is tightly

closed.
4. Burns Treatment:
o Do not treat burns until breathing is restored.

o Cover burns with clean paper or cloth soaked in water to

relieve pain.

Treatment for Severe Bleeding:

1. Immediate Action:
o Make the patient lie down and rest.

o Raise the injured part above the body level.

o Apply pressure to the wound.

o Call for medical assistance.

2. Control Bleeding:
 o Squeeze the sides of the wound to stop bleeding.

o Apply a clean dressing and bandage firmly.

3. Large Wounds:
o Use multiple dressings if bleeding is severe.

Key Takeaways for Students:

 Always follow safety rules to prevent accidents and injuries.
 Use proper tools and equipment for electrical work.
 Learn first aid techniques to handle electric shocks and injuries.
 Remember: Safety first—electricity can be dangerous if not handled
properly.
Safety Signs (Road Signals)

Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you shall be able to:
 List the three kinds of road signs.
 Describe the markings on the road.
 Explain police traffic hand signals and light signals.
 List the causes of collisions.

Introduction to Road Safety:

 In the past, road locomotives used red flags by day and red lanterns
by night for safety.
 Safety is the primary goal of all traffic systems.

Kinds of Road Signs:

1. Mandatory Signs:
o Violation of these signs can lead to penalties.

o Examples:

 Stop
 Give Way
 Speed Limits
 No Parking
  Compulsory Directions (e.g., one-way).
2. Cautionary Signs:
o These signs provide warnings to ensure safety.

o Examples:

 Sharp Turn Ahead

 Pedestrian Crossing
 School Zone
 Slippery Road.
3. Informatory Signs:
o These signs provide information to road users.

o Examples:

 Parking Area
 Fuel Station
 Hospital Ahead
 Rest Area.

Marking Lines on Roads:

 Road markings direct or warn vehicles, cyclists, and pedestrians to
follow traffic laws.
 Examples:
o White Lines: Separate lanes or indicate no overtaking.

o Yellow Lines: Indicate no parking or stopping zones.

o Zebra Crossings: Mark pedestrian crossing areas.

o Arrow Markings: Indicate the direction of traffic flow.

Police Traffic Hand Signals:

1. Stop Signal:
o The officer raises one hand upright to stop traffic.

2. Beckoning Vehicles from the Left:

o The officer extends their left arm horizontally to beckon vehicles
approaching from the left.
3. Beckoning Vehicles from the Right:
 o The officer extends their right arm horizontally to beckon vehicles
approaching from the right.
4. Beckoning Vehicles from the Front:
o The officer extends both arms horizontally to beckon vehicles
approaching from the front.

Traffic Light Signals:

1. Red Light:
o Stop behind the stop line.

2. Red and Amber Light:

o Stop and wait until the green light appears.

3. Green Light:
o Go if the way is clear.

o Give way to pedestrians crossing the road.

4. Amber Light:
o Stop at the stop line unless you are too close to stop safely.

5. Green Arrow:
o Go in the direction shown by the arrow, regardless of other lights.

6. Pedestrian Signals:
o Red Man: Do not cross.

o Green Man: Cross now.

7. Flashing Red Light:

o Stop at the stop line and proceed with caution if the way is clear.

8. Flashing Amber Light:

o Proceed with caution.

Causes of Collisions:
Three main factors contribute to collisions:
1. Road Conditions:
o Poorly maintained roads, potholes, or lack of signage.

2. Vehicle Conditions:
o Faulty brakes, worn-out tires, or mechanical failures.
 3. Driver Behavior:
o Speeding, reckless driving, or driving under the influence.

 Proportionate Causes of Collisions:

o Driver Error: 60%

o Road Conditions: 30%

o Vehicle Defects: 10%

 Key Message:
o Driving time is not play time. Avoid foolish acts while driving.

Key Takeaways for Students:

 Learn and follow road signs and markings to ensure safety.
 Understand traffic light signals and police hand signals for smooth
traffic flow.
 Be aware of the causes of collisions and practice safe driving habits.
 Remember: Safety on the road is everyone’s responsibility.
Safety Practice - Safety Signs

Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you shall be able to:
 State the responsibilities of employers and employees in ensuring
safety.
 Explain the safety attitude and list the four basic categories of
safety signs.

Responsibilities for Safety:

 Safety doesn’t happen by chance; it must be planned and organized.
 Both employers and employees have legal responsibilities to ensure
safety in the workplace.

Employer’s Responsibilities:
1. Planning and Organizing Work:
o Ensure safe work processes and procedures.

2. Training Employees:
 o Provide proper training to employees.

3. Engaging Skilled Workers:

o Hire competent and skilled workers.

4. Maintaining Equipment:
o Regularly inspect and maintain tools and machinery.

5. Providing Safe Working Conditions:

o Ensure the workplace is free from hazards.

6. Checking and Inspecting:

o Conduct regular safety checks and keep records.

Employee’s Responsibilities:
1. Using Equipment Properly:
o Follow guidelines for using tools and machinery.

2. Performing Jobs Safely:

o Adhere to safety protocols while working.

3. Applying Training:
o Use the training provided by the employer effectively.

4. Maintaining a Safety Attitude:

o Be aware of your actions and their impact on others.

5. Following Rules and Procedures:

o Comply with workplace safety rules and emergency drills.

Rules and Procedures at Work:

 Purpose: Ensure efficiency and safety in the workplace.
 Examples of Rules:
o Issuing and using tools and protective equipment.

o Reporting accidents or hazards.

o Accessing restricted areas.

o Conducting emergency drills.

Safety Signs:
  Safety signs are used to warn, inform, and guide workers about
potential hazards and safety measures.
 Four Basic Categories of Safety Signs:
1. Prohibition Signs:
o Shape: Circular.

o Color: Red border and crossbar, black symbol on a white

background.
o Meaning: Indicates actions that must not be done.

o Example: "No Smoking."

2. Mandatory Signs:
o Shape: Circular.

o Color: White symbol on a blue background.

o Meaning: Shows actions that must be done.

o Example: "Wear Hand Protection."

3. Warning Signs:
o Shape: Triangular.

o Color: Yellow background with a black border and symbol.

o Meaning: Warns of hazards or dangers.

o Example: "Caution: Risk of Electric Shock."

4. Information Signs:
o Shape: Square or oblong.

o Color: White symbols on a green background.

o Meaning: Provides information about safety provisions.

o Example: "First Aid Point."

Key Takeaways for Students:

 Employers are responsible for providing a safe workplace, training, and
maintaining equipment.
 Employees must follow safety rules, use equipment properly, and
maintain a safety-first attitude.
 Safety signs are essential for preventing accidents and ensuring
workplace safety.
 Learn and follow the four categories of safety signs:
 Prohibition Signs – Indicate what must not be done.
Mandatory Signs – Show what must be done.
Warning Signs – Warn of hazards or dangers.
Information Signs – Provide information about safety provisions.
Exercise 1.1.04 & 1.1.05 Fire - Types – Extinguishers
Fire Safety and Fire Extinguishers

Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you shall be able to:
 State the effects of a fire breakout and causes of fire in a
workshop.
 Distinguish between different types of fire extinguishers.
 State the classification of fires and basic ways to extinguish fires.
 Determine the correct type of fire extinguisher based on the class
of fire.
 Describe the general procedure to be adopted in the event of a
fire.
 State the method of operating a fire extinguisher and
extinguishing a fire.

What is Fire?
 Fire is the burning of combustible materials.
 Uncontrolled fire can cause:
o Damage to property and materials.

o Injuries or loss of life.

 Prevention is key: Fire can be prevented by eliminating one of the

three factors required for fire (fuel, heat, oxygen).

Causes of Fire in a Workshop:

1. Accumulation of Combustible Materials:
o Examples: Cotton waste soaked in oil, scrap wood, paper.

o Solution: Remove refuse to designated collection points.

2. Electrical Equipment Misuse or Neglect:

 o Examples: Loose connections, wrong fuse ratings,
overloaded circuits, damaged insulation.
o Solution: Regular maintenance and proper use of electrical
equipment.
3. Improper Storage of Flammable Liquids:
o Examples: Thinner, kerosene, LPG gas.

o Solution: Store in designated flammable material storage

areas.
4. Negligence with Heat Sources:
o Examples: Leaving blowlamps or torches burning
unattended.
o Solution: Turn off heat sources when not in use.

Classification of Fires:
Fires are classified based on the type of fuel involved:
1. Class A Fires:
o Fuel: Solid materials like wood, paper, cloth.

o Extinguishing Method: Cool with water.

2. Class B Fires:
o Fuel: Flammable liquids like oil, gasoline, grease.

o Extinguishing Method: Smother with foam, dry powder, or

CO2.
3. Class C Fires:
o Fuel: Gases like LPG, propane.

o Extinguishing Method: Shut off the gas supply and use dry
powder.
4. Class D Fires:
o Fuel: Metals like magnesium, sodium.

o Extinguishing Method: Use special dry powder

extinguishers.
5. Electrical Fires:
o Fuel: Electrical equipment.

o Extinguishing Method: Use CO2, dry powder, or halon

extinguishers.
o Note: Never use water or foam on electrical fires.
Types of Fire Extinguishers:
1. Water-Filled Extinguishers: Types: Gas cartridge type or stored
pressure type.
o Suitable for: Class A fires.

o Operation: Gas cartridge or stored pressure type.

2. Foam Extinguishers: Types: Stored pressure or gas cartridge.

o Suitable for: Class B fires.

o Not Suitable for: Electrical fires.

3. Dry Powder Extinguishers: Types: Gas cartridge or stored

pressure type.
o Suitable for: Class B, C, and D fires.

o Operation: Gas cartridge or stored pressure type.

4. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Extinguishers:

o Suitable for: Class B and electrical fires.

o Not Suitable for: Open-air fires.

5. Halon Extinguishers: Types: Gas cartridge or stored pressure type,

filled with carbon-tetrachloride or Bromochlorodifluoro-methene.
o Suitable for: Electrical fires and small liquid fires.

o Caution: Fumes are dangerous in confined spaces.

General Procedure in the Event of a Fire:

1. Raise an Alarm:
o Shout "Fire!" to alert others.

2. Turn Off Power:

o Shut off electricity and gas supplies.

3. Close Doors and Windows:

o Limit oxygen supply to the fire.

4. Evacuate Safely:
o Use emergency exits and assemble at a designated point.

5. Use Fire Extinguishers (if safe):

o Follow the P.A.S.S. method:

 P: Pull the safety pin.

  A: Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire.
 S: Squeeze the handle to release the extinguishing
agent.
 S: Sweep side to side until the fire is out.
6. Call Fire Services:
o Inform professionals if the fire is uncontrollable.

Key Takeaways for Students:

 Prevent fires by eliminating fuel, heat, or oxygen.
 Classify fires based on the type of fuel (Class A, B, C, D, and
electrical).
 Use the correct fire extinguisher for each type of fire.
 Follow the P.A.S.S. method to operate fire extinguishers.
 In case of fire, prioritize safety—evacuate and call for help if
necessary.
Exercise 1.1.06 & 1.1.07 Rescue operation - First aid treatment -
Artificial respiration
Rescue Operation & First Aid Treatment
Objectives:
 Rescue a person in contact with a live wire.
 State the key aims of first aid.
 Explain the ABCs of first aid.
 Provide first aid treatment to a victim.
 Treat a person affected by electric shock/injury.

Key Points:
1. Rescue Operation:
 Disconnection of Electricity: The first step is to ensure the electric
current is disconnected immediately.
 Removing Contact: If the victim is still in contact with the live wire:
o Turn off the power supply.

o Remove the plug or pull the cable free.

 o If unable to do so directly, stand on an insulating material (like dry
wood, rubber, or plastic) and pull the victim away by their clothing,
avoiding direct contact.
 Insulate Yourself: If rubber gloves are unavailable, wrap your hands in
dry material.
 Safety First: Always ensure you are insulated before trying to free the
victim.
2. First Aid for Electric Shock/Injury:
 Electric Burns: Electric burns might be deep-seated, even if the area is
small. Cover with a clean, sterile dressing and treat for shock.
 Unconscious Victim:
o If the person is breathing, loosen tight clothing and place them in
the recovery position.
o Monitor breathing and pulse rates and keep them warm.

o Never leave the unconscious victim unattended.

 Non-breathing Victim: Immediate artificial respiration should be

initiated.
3. First Aid Treatment Overview:
 Definition: Immediate care and support to an injured or ill person, aimed
at saving life, preventing further harm, and promoting recovery.
 Key Aims of First Aid:
1. Preserve Life: Keep the airway open, ensure breathing and
circulation, and if necessary, apply CPR.
2. Prevent Further Harm: Prevent injury from worsening, apply first
aid techniques to control bleeding, etc.
3. Promote Recovery: Help initiate the recovery process, including
applying bandages or assisting with movement to a medical facility.
4. The ABCs of First Aid:
 Airway: Ensure the airway is clear. Choking is a life-threatening
emergency.
 Breathing: If the victim isn’t breathing, support respiration through
artificial methods.
 Circulation: Ensure blood circulation is maintained. CPR may be required
if there is no pulse.
5. Avoiding Panic:
 Calm Approach: Panic clouds judgment and may cause mistakes.
  Focus: A calm and focused response leads to better results, even when
unprepared.
 Reassurance: Offer encouraging words to the victim to keep them calm.
6. When to Call for Medical Help:
 Always call for professional medical assistance if the situation is life-
threatening or requires expert care.
 Important Information to Report:
o Exact location.

o Nature of the injury or emergency.

o Current symptoms or condition.

7. Do No Harm:
 Avoid Mistakes: Do not move an injured person unless necessary.
Improper handling, especially with back, head, or neck injuries, can cause
further harm.
 Cleanliness: Always maintain hygiene. Wash hands or wear gloves before
giving first aid.
8. Golden Hours:
 The first 30 minutes after an injury or medical emergency are the most
critical. Prompt first aid can significantly improve survival chances.
9. First Aid Procedure for Specific Injuries:
 Bleeding: Apply pressure to stop bleeding.
 Burns: Treat electric burns by covering with a sterile dressing.
 Choking: Perform back slaps and abdominal thrusts to clear the airway.
10. CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation):
 When to Perform CPR: If the person is not breathing or has no pulse.
 CPR Techniques: Follow chest compressions and, if trained, give rescue
breaths.
11. Declaring Death:
 Only a qualified medical professional can declare death, not a first aider.
12. Report an Emergency:
 Steps to Report:
1. Ensure the situation is urgent.
2. Call the emergency number (e.g., 100 for police/fire, 108 for
ambulance).
 3. Report location, nature of the emergency, and any important
details.
4. Provide contact information for follow-up.
13. Emergency Numbers:
 Police/Fire: 100
 Ambulance: 108
Important Guidelines for First Aiders:
1. Evaluate the Situation:
o Ensure that you are safe before offering aid.

o Be cautious of environmental hazards such as fire, toxic smoke, gas

leaks, unstable buildings, or electrical hazards.
o Do not rush into a situation that could put you at risk.

2. Remember A-B-Cs:
o Airway: Check if the person’s airway is unobstructed.

o Breathing: Ensure the person is breathing.

o Circulation: Check for a pulse at major pulse points (wrist, carotid

artery, groin).
3. Avoid Moving the Victim:
o Do not move the victim unless they are in immediate danger.

o Moving a victim with a spinal injury can worsen their condition.

4. Call Emergency Services:

o Call for help immediately or have someone else do so.

o If you are alone, try to establish breathing before calling for help,
and don’t leave the victim unattended.
5. Determine Responsiveness:
o If the victim is unconscious, gently shake them and speak to them.

o If unresponsive, place them in the recovery position and open their

airway.
 Keep the head and neck aligned.
 Roll them onto their back while supporting the head.
 Open the airway by lifting the chin.
6. Look, Listen, and Feel for Breathing:
o Watch for chest movement, listen for breathing, and feel for airflow.
 o If the victim is not breathing, proceed with CPR.

o If breathing, place them in the recovery position, maintaining airway

alignment.
7. Check the Victim’s Circulation:
o Check the victim's pulse (carotid artery is the most reliable point).

o If no pulse, immediately begin CPR.

8. Treat Bleeding, Shock, and Other Problems:

o Control Bleeding: Apply direct pressure to wounds to stop
bleeding.
o Treat Shock: Look for signs of shock such as pale skin, cold body
temperature, confusion, rapid breathing, and agitation.
o Choking Victim: Act immediately, as choking can lead to death or
brain damage quickly.
o Burn Treatment: Rinse with cool water for first- and second-
degree burns. For third-degree burns, cover with a damp cloth and
avoid removing stuck clothing.
o Concussion: If a head injury occurs, watch for symptoms like
dizziness, nausea, confusion, and loss of consciousness.
o Spinal Injury: Avoid moving the victim unless they’re in immediate
danger.
9. Stay with the Victim Until Help Arrives:
o Remain calm and offer comfort to the victim while waiting for
medical assistance.

Unconsciousness (Coma):
1. Definition:
o Coma refers to a state of deep unconsciousness where the person
doesn’t respond to calls or stimuli but may still have basic life
functions intact, such as heartbeat and breathing.
o Unattended coma may lead to death if the situation worsens.

2. Common Causes of Coma:

o Shock (cardiogenic, neurogenic)

o Head injury (concussion, compression)

o Asphyxia (airway obstruction)

o Temperature extremes (heatstroke or hypothermia)

o Cardiac arrest (heart attack)

 o Stroke (cerebrovascular accident)

o Blood loss (hemorrhage)

o Dehydration (due to diarrhea and vomiting)

o Diabetes (hypo- or hyperglycemia)

o Blood pressure abnormalities (very low or high)

o Drug or alcohol overdose

o Poisoning (gas, pesticides, bites)

o Epileptic seizures

o Psychological trauma (hysteria)

3. Symptoms of Coma:
o Confusion

o Drowsiness or lethargy

o Headache

o Inability to move or speak

o Loss of bowel or bladder control

o Rapid heartbeat (palpitations)

o Stupor

4. First Aid for Coma:

o Call emergency services immediately.

o Regularly check the person’s airway, breathing, and pulse.

o If necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR.

o If breathing and pulse are stable, carefully roll the person to the side
(preferably left side).
o Ensure the victim is warm and monitor for any changes in vital
signs.
o Avoid giving food or drink to an unconscious person.

5. What Not to Do:

o Do not leave the person alone.

o Do not give any food or drink.

o Do not slap or splash water on the person’s face.

o Do not place a pillow under the head of an unconscious person.

Electric Shock:
1. Shock Symptoms and Causes:
o Severe body fluid loss leads to shock, causing a decrease in blood
pressure and circulation.
o The victim may appear pale, feel cold, and experience dizziness or
weakness.
o If untreated, shock can lead to unconsciousness and death.

2. First Aid for Electric Shock:

o Keep the victim warm and calm.

o Call for medical assistance immediately.

o Ensure the victim’s airway remains clear.

o Do not allow bystanders to crowd the victim.

o Maintain a comfortable and safe environment, ensuring good air

circulation.
3. Treatment of Electric Shock:
o Switch off the electrical supply if possible.

o Use dry, non-conducting materials (wooden bar, scarf, rubber

gloves) to move the victim away from the source of the shock.
o Avoid direct contact with the victim.

o Do not treat burns caused by the shock until the victim's breathing
is stabilized.
4. Burns and Scalds:
o For first- and second-degree burns, immerse in cool water.

o For third-degree burns, cover with a clean, damp cloth.

o Do not remove clothing that is stuck to the burn.

5. Artificial Respiration for Electric Shock Victim:

o If the victim stops breathing, provide artificial respiration until
medical help arrives.
o Techniques are covered in practical exercises related to first aid.

Exercise 1.1.08 Disposal of waste material

Disposal of Waste Material

Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you shall be able to:
  State what waste material is.
 Explain the types of waste material and their sources.
 List out the waste materials in a workshop.
 Describe the methods of waste disposal.

What is Waste?
 Waste refers to unwanted or unusable materials.
 It includes substances discarded after primary use or materials that
are worthless, defective, or of no use.
 Waste is a by-product of human activities, including industrial, agricultural,
and domestic processes.
 Improper disposal of waste leads to land pollution and environmental
degradation.

Classification of Waste:
1. Rural Waste:
o Waste from agricultural and dairy farms.

o Examples: Crop residues, animal manure.

o Reuse Methods:

 Burning agricultural waste.

 Composting.
 Producing fuel through biogas plants.
2. Urban Waste:
o Waste from households and industries within municipal limits.

o Divided into two types:

 Solid Waste: Hard materials like newspapers, cans, bottles,

plastics, and polythene bags.
 Liquid Waste: Water-based waste from industrial or
domestic activities.

Sources of Waste:
1. Industrial Waste:
o Includes solid and liquid waste from manufacturing processes.

o Contains harmful chemicals and metal waste.

 2. Domestic Waste:
o Includes rubbish, garbage, dust, and sewage waste.

o Contains both combustible and non-combustible materials.

3. Agricultural Waste:
o Includes waste from crops and cattle.

o Open disposal can harm human and animal health.

4. Fly Ash:
o Produced by thermal power plants.

5. Hospital Waste:
o Contains microorganisms that cause diseases.

o Considered highly hazardous.

Waste Materials in a Workshop:

 Oily Waste: Lubricating oil, coolant, etc.
 Cotton Waste: Used cleaning materials.
 Metal Chips: Scraps from machining processes.
 Electrical Waste: Damaged wires, cables, pipes, and accessories.

Methods of Waste Disposal:

1. Recycling:
o Process of converting waste into reusable materials.

o Examples: Recycling paper, plastic, and metal.

o Benefits: Saves energy, reduces pollution, and conserves

resources.
2. Composting:
o Natural process of breaking down organic waste into manure.

o Benefits: Environmentally friendly and produces useful compost.

3. Landfill:
o Waste is spread in low-lying areas and covered with soil.

o Limitations: Land becomes unfit for construction.

4. Incineration:
o Controlled burning of waste to reduce its volume.
 o Benefits: Reduces waste volume by 90% and generates heat for
electricity.
5. Waste Compaction:
o Compressing waste materials (e.g., cans, plastic bottles) into blocks
for recycling.
o Limitations: Requires space and makes transportation difficult.

6. Reuse:
o Repurposing items before discarding them.

o Examples: Using plastic tubs for storage or feeding animals with

food scraps.
7. Animal Feed:
o Using vegetable peels and food scraps to feed small animals.

8. Firewood:
o Repurposing old furniture or wood waste as firewood.

Key Takeaways for Students:

 Waste is classified into rural and urban categories, with further divisions
like solid and liquid waste.
 Common sources of waste include industrial, domestic, agricultural,
and hospital waste.
 Workshop waste includes oily waste, cotton waste, metal chips, and
electrical waste.
 Effective waste disposal methods include recycling, composting,
landfills, incineration, and reuse.
 Proper waste management helps reduce pollution, conserve
resources, and protect the environment.
Exercise 1.1.09 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

What is PPE?
 PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) refers to devices, equipment, or
clothing worn by employees to protect against workplace hazards.
 It is used as a last resort when engineering methods (e.g., design
changes, ventilation) cannot eliminate or control hazards.
 PPE is essential for ensuring workplace safety and preventing injuries.
Importance of PPE:
 Legal Requirement: The Factories Act, 1948 and other labor laws
mandate the use of PPE.
 Workplace Safety: Protects workers from injuries, illnesses, and
accidents.
 Hazard Control: Used when engineering controls are not feasible.

Categories of PPE:
1. Non-Respiratory PPE:
o Protects external body parts from injuries.

o Examples:

 Head Protection: Helmets (Fig 1).

 Eye and Face Protection: Goggles, face shields (Fig 5, 6,
7).
 Hand Protection: Gloves (Fig 4).
 Foot Protection: Safety footwear (Fig 2).
 Body Protection: Coveralls, body guards (Fig 8, 9).
 Ear Protection: Earplugs, earmuffs (Fig 7).
2. Respiratory PPE:
o Protects against inhalation of contaminated air.

o Examples: Masks, respirators (Fig 3).

Types of Hazards and Corresponding PPE:

Hazard PPE Required

Falling objects Helmets, safety footwear

Face shields, gloves, body

Hot spatter, sparks
guards

Dust, fumes, gases Respirators, masks

UV/IR rays, heat, Goggles, face shields,

radiation helmets

Insulated gloves, rubber

Electric shock
boots

High noise levels Earplugs, earmuffs

Hazard PPE Required

Quality of PPE:
 PPE must:
o Provide full protection against specific hazards.

o Be durable and made from high-quality materials.

o Comply with Indian/International standards.

o Be comfortable and easy to use.

Selection of PPE:
 Consider the following factors when selecting PPE:
o Nature and severity of the hazard.

o Type of contaminant and its concentration.

o Duration of work and worker comfort.

o Ease of maintenance and cleaning.

o Compliance with standards and availability of test certificates.

Proper Use of PPE:

 Training and Awareness: Workers must understand the importance of
PPE.
 Comfort and Fit: PPE should be comfortable and not interfere with work.
 Mandatory Use: Employers should enforce the use of PPE through rules
and supervision.
 Regular Inspection: Check PPE for damage or wear before use.

Occupational Health and Safety:

 Definition: Protecting the safety, health, and welfare of workers.
 Goals:
o Provide a safe work environment.

o Prevent workplace hazards and accidents.

o Protect workers, families, and communities.

Need for Occupational Health and Safety:
 Benefits:
o Improves employee morale and reduces absenteeism.

o Enhances productivity and product quality.

o Minimizes work-related injuries and illnesses.

Occupational Hazards:
1. Physical Hazards: Noise, heat, radiation, vibration.
2. Chemical Hazards: Toxic, corrosive, flammable substances.
3. Biological Hazards: Bacteria, viruses, fungi.
4. Physiological Hazards: Fatigue, old age, ill health.
5. Psychological Hazards: Stress, aggression, emotional disturbances.
6. Mechanical Hazards: Unguarded machinery, lack of safety devices.
7. Electrical Hazards: Short circuits, open wires, lack of earthing.
8. Ergonomic Hazards: Poor manual handling, wrong tool design.

Safety Slogan:
 "A Safety Rule Breaker is an Accident Maker."

Key Takeaways for Students:

 PPE is essential for protecting against workplace hazards.
 Use non-respiratory PPE for external protection and respiratory
PPE for air contamination.
 Select PPE based on the type of hazard, comfort, and compliance
with standards.
 Follow occupational health and safety guidelines to prevent accidents
and injuries.
 Always wear PPE correctly and consistently to ensure maximum
protection.
Exercise 1.1.10 Guidelines for cleanliness of workshop and maintenance
Cleaning of Workshop and 5S Techniques
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you shall be able to:
 State the necessity of cleaning a workshop.
 List the benefits of shop floor cleaning and maintenance.
 State the common cleaning procedures in a workshop.
 List the different methods of cleaning processes.
 Explain the concept of 5S techniques and their description.
 List the benefits of 5S techniques.

Cleaning Process:
 Cleaning involves the removal of unwanted matter, contaminants,
or pollutants from the environment.
 Green Cleaning: A process that ensures cleaning is
environmentally friendly and safe for employees.
 Key Idea: Cleaning should remove pollution, not add to it.

Necessity of Cleaning a Workshop:

 A clean workshop ensures safety, health, and productivity of
employees.
 Reasons for Cleaning:
1. Prevent Slips and Falls: Clean, dry floors reduce accidents.
2. Prevent Illness: Disinfectants stop the spread of germs.
3. Improve Air Quality: Proper air filtration reduces exposure
to dust and vapors.
4. Enhance Lighting Efficiency: Clean light fixtures improve
visibility.
5. Environmental Safety: Use of green cleaning products
protects employees and the environment.
6. Waste Management: Proper disposal of waste keeps the
workspace clean.

Benefits of Shop Floor Maintenance:

 Improved Productivity: Clean and organized workspaces enhance
efficiency.
  Better Operator Efficiency: Reduces time wasted searching for
tools or materials.
 Reduced Scrap: Minimizes waste and improves resource
utilization.
 Effective Process Control: Ensures smooth manufacturing
processes.
 Reduced Downtime: Regular maintenance prevents machine
breakdowns.
 Better Inventory Control: Organized storage reduces material
loss.

Common Cleaning Procedures:

1. Read Instructions: Check product labels and equipment
instructions before cleaning.
2. Wear PPE: Use gloves, goggles, masks, and earplugs for safety.
3. Prevent Contamination: Clean to remove soils, contaminants, or
pollutants.
4. Use Less Toxic Products: Follow Standard Operating Procedures
(SOPs) for safe cleaning.
5. Follow SOPs: Written guidelines for cleaning, chemical handling,
and training.

Different Methods of Cleaning:

 Sprinkling: Light cleaning with water or cleaning solutions.
 Spraying: Using sprayers for even distribution of cleaning agents.
 Power Wash: High-pressure cleaning for tough stains.
 Boiling Under Pressure: Deep cleaning with hot water or steam.
 Carbon Dioxide Cleaning: Eco-friendly cleaning using CO2.
 Pre-Cleaning: Initial removal of dirt and debris.
 Main Cleaning: Thorough cleaning of surfaces.
 Rinsing: Removing cleaning agents with water.
 Drying: Ensuring surfaces are dry to prevent slips.

5S Techniques:
5S is a systematic approach to organizing and maintaining a clean and
efficient workspace.
 1. Seiri (Sorting Out):
o Remove unnecessary items from the workspace.

o Keep only what is needed for daily operations.

2. Seiton (Systematic Arrangement):

o Organize tools and materials for easy access.

o Use labels and designated storage areas.

3. Seiso (Shine/Cleanliness):
o Clean the workspace regularly to maintain hygiene.

o Inspect equipment and tools during cleaning.

4. Seiketsu (Standardization):
o Establish standard procedures for cleaning and organizing.

o Ensure consistency across the workspace.

5. Shitsuke (Self-Discipline):
o Encourage employees to follow 5S practices daily.

o Promote a culture of continuous improvement.

Benefits of 5S Techniques:
 Cleaner Workspace: Improved organization and cleanliness.
 Easier Workflow: Reduced time searching for tools or materials.
 Cost Reduction: Minimized waste and improved resource use.
 Discipline: Employees follow standardized procedures.
 Reduced Delays: Smooth operations with fewer interruptions.
 Less Absenteeism: Healthier and safer work environment.
 Better Space Utilization: Efficient use of floor space.
 Fewer Accidents: Clean and organized spaces reduce hazards.
 Higher Productivity: Improved quality and efficiency.

Key Takeaways for Students:

 Cleaning the workshop is essential for safety, health, and
productivity.
 Use green cleaning methods to protect the environment and
employees.
  Follow Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for effective
cleaning.
 Implement 5S techniques to organize and maintain a clean
workspace.
 Benefits of 5S include cost reduction, fewer accidents, and higher
productivity.

Exercise 1.1.11 - 1.1.14 Trade hand tools - specification - standards -

NEC code 2011 - lifting of heavy loads
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you shall be able to:
✔ List the necessary tools for an electrician.
✔ Specify the tools and state their uses.
✔ Explain the care and maintenance of electrician hand tools.

Importance of Using Proper Tools

 Ensures accuracy in workmanship.
 Increases speed and efficiency of work.
 Proper use and maintenance enhance skill development.

Commonly Used Tools and Specifications

Pliers
1. Combination Pliers (BIS 3650) – Sizes: 150 mm, 200 mm
o Uses: Cutting, twisting, pulling, holding, gripping.

o Insulated version for live work.

2. Flat Nose Pliers (BIS 3552) – Sizes: 100 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm
o Uses: Holding flat objects like thin plates.

3. Long Nose Pliers (BIS 5658) – Sizes: 100 mm, 150 mm

o Uses: Holding small objects in hard-to-reach places.

4. Side Cutting Pliers (BIS 4378) – Sizes: 100 mm, 150 mm

o Uses: Cutting copper and aluminum wires (≤4mm diameter).

5. Round Nose Pliers (BIS 3568) – Sizes: 100 mm, 150 mm

o Uses: Making wire hooks and loops.

Care & Maintenance

✔ Avoid using pliers as hammers.
✔ Do not cut large-sized or hard steel wires.
✔ Keep insulated grips undamaged.
✔ Lubricate hinged portions.

Screwdrivers
6. Screwdriver (BIS 844) – Blade Sizes: 75 mm x 0.4 mm, 150 mm x 0.6
mm, 200 mm x 0.8 mm
o Uses: Tightening/loosening screws.

o Handles made of wood or cellulose acetate.

o Star-head screwdrivers used for star-headed screws.

Care & Maintenance

✔ Do not use as a lever.
✔ Keep tip properly shaped.

Testing Tools
7. Neon Tester (BIS 5579-1985)
o Voltage range: 100V - 250V (rated up to 500V).

o Uses: Detecting live electrical supply.

Care & Maintenance

✔ Do not exceed voltage limit.
✔ Ensure proper body earthing while testing.

Cutting & Measuring Tools

8. Electrician’s Knife – Sizes: 50 mm, 75 mm
o Uses: Skinning insulation, cleaning wire surface.

o Two blades: sharp for skinning, rough for cleaning.

9. Four-Fold Box Wood Rule (600 mm)

o Uses: Measuring short lengths.

10.Measuring Steel Tape – Sizes: 2m, 3m, etc.

 Uses: Measuring wiring installations.
Care & Maintenance
✔ Keep tapes properly folded.
✔ Handle with care to maintain accuracy.

Hammers & Chisels

 11.Ball Pein Hammer – Sizes: 125g, 250g
o Uses: Nailing, straightening, bending.

12.Try-Square (BIS 2103) – Sizes: 50 mm x 35 mm, 100 mm x 70 mm

o Uses: Checking perpendicularity & right angles.

13.Firmer Chisel – Blade Width: 6 mm, 12 mm, 18 mm, 25 mm

o Uses: Chipping, scraping, grooving in wood.

14.Flat Cold Chisel (BIS 402) – Width: 14 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm

o Uses: Making holes in walls.

15.Mallet – Sizes: 50 mm x 150 mm, 500g, 1kg

o Uses: Driving chisels, straightening, bending sheets.

Care & Maintenance

✔ Do not use loose-handled hammers.
✔ Avoid using mallets on nails or hard metals.
✔ Maintain proper angles on chisels.

Saws & Drills

16.Tenon Saw (BIS 5123, 5130, 5031) – Length: 250 mm, 300 mm
o Uses: Cutting thin wooden accessories.

17.Hacksaw (BIS 5169-1986 for frames, BIS 2594-1977 for blades) –

Frame Size: 250 mm - 300 mm
o Uses: Cutting metals.

18.Hand Drill – Capacity: 6 mm, 0-12 mm

o Uses: Making holes in metal sheets or wood.

19.Portable Electric Drilling Machine

o Uses: Drilling holes in wood and metal.

Care & Maintenance

✔ Keep blades & drill bits sharp.
✔ Use lubricants while cutting/drilling.
✔ Ensure electric drills are properly earthed.

Miscellaneous Tools
20.Files (BIS 1931) – Sizes: 150 mm - 300 mm
o Types: Flat, half-round, round, square, triangular.

o Uses: Smoothing metal surfaces.

 21.Plumb Bob – Sizes: 150 mm x 6 mm
o Uses: Marking vertical lines.

22.Bradawl (BIS 10375-1982)

o Uses: Making pilot holes in wood for screws.

23.Gimlet – Sizes: 3 mm - 6 mm
o Uses: Boring small holes in wood.

24.Centre Punch (BIS 7177) – Size: 100 mm x 8 mm

o Uses: Marking pilot holes on metal.

25.Spanners
 Double Ended (BIS 2028): Sizes 10-11 mm, 12-13 mm, etc.
 Ring Spanner Set (BIS 2029) – For tight spaces.
 Socket (Box) Spanner (BIS 7993, 7991, 6129) – For narrow/deep nuts.
 Adjustable Spanner (Monkey Wrench) (BIS 6149) – Sizes: 150 mm -
250 mm.
Care & Maintenance
✔ Use correct size for nuts/bolts.
✔ Avoid using spanners as hammers.

Lifting of Heavy Loads

 Use proper lifting techniques to avoid injuries.
 Follow safety guidelines and wear protective gear.
 Use lifting tools like chain blocks, pulley systems, and cranes where
required.
Key Takeaways for Students:
 Use the correct tools for specific tasks to ensure efficiency and safety.
 Follow care and maintenance guidelines to prolong tool life.
 Always prioritize safety while using tools, especially electrical equipment.
 Properly store and maintain tools to ensure they remain in good
working condition.
1. Standard and Standardisation
 Definition of Standardisation:
o Process of formulating and applying rules for orderly and efficient
activities.
 o Benefits users and manufacturers by promoting safety,
functionality, and economic efficiency.
o Based on science, technology, and experience.

o Ensures consistency and quality in products, processes, and

services.
 Definition of Standard:
o A documented set of guidelines, specifications, or criteria.

o Can be verbal, written, graphical, or represented by models or

samples.
o Serves to define features of a unit, measurement, object, process,
or behavior.
 Importance of Standardisation:
o Ensures materials, tools, and equipment meet specific quality and
safety standards.
o Facilitates trade in local and international markets.

o Promotes safety, reliability, and compatibility of products.

2. Standard Organisations
 BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards):
o Certifies products in India.

o Allows use of ISI mark after certification.

 ISO (International Organization for Standardization):

o Global standards for measurement, technology, and safety.

 JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards):

o Standards for Japan.

 BSI (British Standards Institution):

o Standards for the UK.

 DIN (Deutsche Industrie Normen):

o Standards for Germany.

 GOST:
o Standards for Russia.

 ASA (American Standards Association):

o Standards for the USA.
3. Advantages of BIS (ISI) Certification
 For Manufacturers:
o Streamlines production and introduces quality control.

o Independent audit by BIS.

o Enhances market image and consumer confidence.

o Financial incentives from IDBI and nationalized banks.

 For Consumers:
o Assurance of quality and safety.

o Free replacement for substandard products.

 For Organized Purchasers:

o Simplifies contracts and eliminates need for inspection.

 For Exporters:
o Exemption from pre-shipment inspection.

o Facilitates export contracts.

 For Export Inspection Authorities:

o Reduces need for exhaustive inspection of consignments.

4. National Electrical Code (NEC) 2011

 Purpose:
o Provides guidelines for electrical installations in India.

o Divided into 8 parts, each with multiple sections.

 Part 1 (20 Sections):

National Electrical Code (NEC) 2011:

1. Scope of NEC
 Defines the purpose and applicability of the National Electrical Code.
 Outlines the areas and activities covered by the code.
 Ensures uniformity and safety in electrical installations.

2. Definitions of Items
 Provides clear definitions of terms and concepts used in the code.
  Ensures consistent interpretation and understanding of technical terms.
 Examples: Definitions of voltage, current, earthing, etc.

3. Graphical Symbols, Letter Symbols, and Signs

 Standardizes symbols and signs used in electrical diagrams and
schematics.
 Ensures clarity and uniformity in electrical drawings.
 Examples: Symbols for switches, resistors, capacitors, etc.

4. Guidelines for Diagrams, Charts, and Conductor Marking

 Provides instructions for preparing electrical diagrams, charts, and tables.
 Specifies methods for marking conductors for easy identification.
 Ensures consistency and readability of electrical documentation.

5. Units and Systems of Measurement

 Standardizes units of measurement used in electrical engineering.
 Examples: Volts (V), Amperes (A), Ohms (Ω), etc.
 Ensures compatibility and consistency in measurements.

6. Standard Values of AC/DC Voltage, Current Ratings, and Frequency

 Specifies standard values for:
o AC and DC distribution voltages.

o Current ratings.

o System frequency (e.g., 50 Hz in India).

 Ensures compatibility and safety in electrical systems.

7. Fundamental Principles of Electrical Installation Design

 Outlines basic principles for designing electrical installations.
 Focuses on safety, reliability, and efficiency.
 Examples: Proper load distribution, circuit protection, etc.

8. Guidelines for Assessing Building and Electrical Installation

Characteristics
  Provides methods for evaluating:
o Building characteristics (e.g., construction type, occupancy).

o Electrical installation requirements.

 Ensures installations are tailored to specific building needs.

9. Design and Construction Requirements for Wiring Installations

 Specifies standards for designing and constructing electrical wiring
systems.
 Includes guidelines for:
o Cable sizing.

o Conduit installation.

o Protection against mechanical damage.

 Ensures safe and durable wiring installations.

10. Circuit Calculation Guidelines

 Provides methods for calculating:
o Load requirements.

o Circuit parameters (e.g., current, voltage drop).

 Ensures proper sizing of conductors and protection devices.

11. Installation Work for Building Services Using Electrical Power

 Covers requirements for installing electrical systems in building services.
 Examples: Lighting, HVAC, elevators, etc.
 Ensures safe and efficient integration of electrical systems.

12. Criteria for Equipment Selection

 Provides guidelines for selecting electrical equipment.
 Factors include:
o Load requirements.

o Environmental conditions.

o Safety standards.

 Ensures compatibility and reliability of equipment.

13. Installation Principles and Pre-Commissioning Testing
 Outlines principles for installing electrical systems.
 Specifies procedures for testing installations before commissioning.
 Ensures systems are safe and functional before use.

14. Earthing Requirements

 Provides guidelines for earthing electrical installations.
 Ensures safety by:
o Preventing electric shocks.

o Protecting equipment from faults.

 Specifies types of earthing systems and their applications.

15. Lightning Protection Systems

 Covers design and installation of lightning protection systems.
 Ensures safety of buildings and electrical installations from lightning
strikes.
 Includes guidelines for:
o Air terminals.

o Down conductors.

o Earthing for lightning protection.

16. Protection Requirements in Low-Voltage Installations

 Specifies protection measures for low-voltage electrical systems.
 Includes:
o Overcurrent protection.

o Short-circuit protection.

o Residual current devices (RCDs).

 Ensures safety and reliability of low-voltage installations.

17. Low Power Factor Causes and Capacitor Use

 Explains causes of low power factor (e.g., inductive loads).
  Provides guidelines for improving power factor using capacitors.
 Ensures efficient use of electrical power and reduces energy losses.

18. Energy Conservation and Audit Guidelines

 Provides guidelines for energy-efficient electrical installations.
 Includes:
o Selection of energy-efficient equipment.

o Conducting energy audits.

 Promotes sustainable and cost-effective energy use.

19. Safety Procedures and Practices

 Outlines safety measures for electrical work.
 Includes:
o Use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

o Safe work practices.

o Emergency procedures.

 Ensures safety of workers and installations.

20. Frequently Referred Tables in Electrical Engineering

 Provides reference tables for common electrical engineering calculations.
 Examples:
o Cable current ratings.

o Voltage drop calculations.

o Conduit fill capacities.

 Facilitates quick and accurate design and installation.

Summary:
 Part 1 of the NEC 2011 covers a wide range of topics essential for safe and
efficient electrical installations.
 It provides standardized guidelines, definitions, and procedures to ensure
consistency, safety, and reliability in electrical systems.
 Each section addresses specific aspects of electrical engineering, from
design and installation to safety and energy conservation.
5. Lifting and Handling Loads
 Injuries from Improper Lifting:
o Cuts and abrasions:

 Caused by rough surfaces, splinters, or sharp edges.

 Prevented by using leather gloves and checking load
surfaces.
o Crushing of hands or feet:

 Caused by improper positioning or lack of protective gear.

 Prevented by using timber wedges and safety shoes.
o Muscle and joint strains:

 Caused by heavy loads, incorrect lifting techniques, or

sudden movements.
 Prevented by proper lifting techniques and avoiding stoop
lifting.
 Correct Lifting Techniques:
1. Approach the load squarely, facing the direction of travel.
2. Bend knees, keep back straight, and hold the load close to the body.
3. Use leg muscles to lift, not the back.
4. Avoid twisting or jerking movements.
5. Lower the load by bending knees and keeping the back straight.
 Factors Making Lifting Difficult:
o Weight, size, shape, and absence of handholds.

o High loads requiring extended arms increase strain on the back.

6. Moving Heavy Equipment

 Methods:
o Crane and slings:

 Used for lifting and moving loads.

 Ensure slings are undamaged and weight is evenly
distributed.
o Winches:

 Used to pull heavy loads.

  Can be power-driven or hand-operated.
 Ensure brakes and ratchet mechanisms are functional.
o Machine moving platforms:

 Special devices for moving heavy equipment.

 Load is placed on a platform with wheels for movement.
o Layers and rollers:

 Used for irregularly shaped or non-rigid loads.

 Load is placed on a pallet resting on rollers.
 Crowbars are used to move the load.
 Safety Considerations:
o Inspect equipment (slings, winches, rollers) before use.

o Ensure load is balanced and secure.

o Warn others to stay clear of the load’s path.

o Avoid sudden movements or overloading equipment.

7. Negotiating Corners with Rollers

 For Moderate Loads:
o Use a larger roller to rock and swivel the load.

 For Heavier Loads:

o Twist the load using crowbars and place rollers at an angle.

o Continue until the load is in the desired direction.

8. General Safety Practices

 Raising a Load:
o Ensure slings are secure and not twisted.

o Warn nearby workers before lifting.

o Lift slowly and avoid crushing hazards.

 Moving a Load:
o Check for obstacles and ensure the load does not swing over
people.
o Use push blocks to position packing under the load.

 Lowering a Load:
 o Ensure the area is clear and lower the load by bending knees.

Conclusion:
 Standardisation ensures quality, safety, and efficiency in products and
processes.
 Proper lifting and handling techniques prevent injuries.
 Moving heavy equipment requires careful planning and adherence to
safety protocols.
 The National Electrical Code 2011 provides comprehensive guidelines for
electrical installations in India.