vestion - od ¢ Devorcibe the Verlulal” model, “Ye thes
een oto rs pias spore population « ie, ee -
DVO
complele Slaton ot Tie model « " inibely) zi vg
at The equilibrium stole * |
YY Vy 4 aodt hte - vi ist ph ve
Angwercs Tore The spams SH 0 see ‘steel pyr
Pr ceuelinanl
Verchulel syggesied The “nn
dt = i) 0 a
i a wipale Bpecies «
‘here N “nie seri , We os constants,
dime + ond, P a
wy
= lt
CW
ate oR: Lilo “ole The
Herce n (-th) is 508 Pr 7
canstont K is the cere por Bh fe
ue
a = ° ,
environmen! : .
nt 3 leq A is
— ag (K-N) + Hg? =
: a N inkgreating aonsteal, 7s AN Tibi at clase cay 2 be
AN = (EN) N)@Phy “a. ane iin vd
sAajitially., ah. tr0. if Ne = N(0) No Shen KN me inane Phun Sree ea at & el
e 0
KN NH ENNee = Ker N " EMOINVAS
>
SNL w+ Kee Meald mK te be
Knees
e = ee thy 2h
> N K+ Nolen) (at -nyy
KN eth = Hb
CaS 3
NW = “Rise
wire ah! hud os
pha is’ ‘tne sikeq od, i‘. Hs -
4 wh
(H- 1) pol HM pol
“ i
1a
Ot Soy A pal 4.
Natanpola
> Bed Pat fiat’ s (Slobililgy Of equilibrium), — = . ys
FOr oss i
. Sleabiltly occurs “ahen! na
Pel ietih) 201
iM
atu Neo,
D Fan Uneotcieation
(4). Thus we
He ail. | <4 4 in
hove
d . t M4 canil 2
a5 ane U ‘ oe
> +
Ghis sheeo Sh
canal jnitial value} \cThuss by
ti) Fan Uineorciaation about N=Kiy, we,pl N kK
a lel <4 inky. Ths> we have ae
T Jl
de (KrBon (Kt). =
5 36 = (nk+ee),': an de
“de
1» ge (N-K) & P(NEK)
4-9 rs, , Fence N=K (5 - glob
e- ne
wstah ghd NoK as
Set Question-02 3 peoorcile nthitls prodel for a
lotion Lqreoralh Disouss The
see species popu
behaviour “oF The population as 9%. Find the
points Bh se ae iesige | Theitc
stabil. : “a 4 noihesisteany!
ution: Fam allie rue we | Babee" ae
\
de banda = din = de = +
Dhere b.d,a ae p
bisa monotonial ‘dearcengi function.
ol d is a \ pionotonia, increensing ‘fuoatton—
“of ~. <0 Thal % is &! monatonic eorensigg < dena
mw. Henoe we wrdle ,,
“Te deny. = 409) - ee
'
ri
asitive ‘Hindbants,3°
t
tagiolia adel el hve"
= £(a~- oat) | Yt) - bon!
\ ata a = eRe 19). Vy aes |
ee ae ato. ‘be . TE coi se and |
4
)<
)
~ VWneate |
Ficam (8) we see wa fe el id aw Sere
donation TB as fn mith. ik gourd, Ti
wis ® Gnanve aonerion i me ai ir
Dhich is)
won scat EA Sor ‘eke eR th
mmentercily eet” POR) et aes “okibal gan
60 Thal” a(a@) = doa as (Pioag i ledia Hh dre, a
ja
mheKe re tote at ime
Fe od reine ho "7
uces Good and a
hog ao bin ey 9
Te population eine Sire we San a
F depends 0° hae \an alte Se ia ~— s\ ‘ é |
Faten = Aa! eA 1B)
Law H &
FENG nds =) Gt (38 +1) Had
\
ag The eadestcotion populations is K, @ ares t |
T= ak _ 48) Re "Os. SYA A al 4 |
1
Fram (2) and YW) +0 6) web _ bs
St Man
de 0) ira
‘at= 3: < . pe
RS Bh ae? call noe} EE |
yi kt Ode de ) |
~ m( ~ ak / peretereeren
= * um ole, “a
, on (4- aK Tye tt ) y
x > (i- + begs ya Wp Oh aff )
\ lt Pree, (KA RIIIND Preto
AE hig ah t
aoe otal rie, Ce So) ad ane, on noon|
Nts folate am, (KO) pheite on
“oh we LK aH Wibsanl. Syae
Dtial.. ig’, We Sails ool ste “ », iegle! epiiss i
popwloian. gral POY 2 Misc te : i
tod Pooks From ce ‘wer haves = be) t
Spied ) s
(Kate Al ei
ea KO) |
> fet: BH Nae 249
> Ina — (1496) lnm ay eatst lo 3 bA= ‘auns!
al Wilals fart ;
= APO Meqog apitersbos, ogi |
ig In eare
-Apeg
a. Boy ey
aye = SO OF YY baw CO noni
zs
14% me ign >
te) on
AY } Wy TT yacesgs ee a ent
|
a OS
i re M
» Kaa ->0!
> Rok "sb
ed Parl s For the paints of equiva we ave.
= j ~ : >
de 0 fy vn * |
~adt SpA mets Maye bo ye |
aa(K-) PP, all
OF rodg peuneitt § 8O--aoieaa® re
q Be Riko Loela
{
fone lit? bw
| te
W) Fer linesscieation about a= kK, une pul 0 RHE wail
LE] small to () co thal woe gel, i
—d-(k+é) = ack+e) CK ne)" | we -
Ty
ahah = maak) >) i
0
onda 2K a9 +906 > Hence, ae
Tei Guestion-08 033 Disaues aboot dicaveles‘ deleg models.
atution: Due +o aubstentinl rontureétion) Hime to sere
oe , the population, dgnnma, 4 model inalude a
dfeot: In his etbce to Thatatite sie 3 15 Th.
on ~sleps Then The ai eS my \ ig oF The
Fenn io 3
Use '< ACU, “sy a “
For prevatical inlercest we. consider aoe ot the
oboove. “Foren: GBH Avg AW 5 2x00 :
LG Le Oe ©, Led- oat | Bro se
ade} otate, Ute = Yer Yea = ut, ste then’ Gein
p(o) we gel — ute ut emp lp (1-9 O- Moate Man
> ye fae oan > utd = eats vette a
ad -u*)
or
7 a Mf tore oo Sgt « Z
~ S ai “er aa Dt) ht bat Ob
J oe MN de rt Fase = gG.,0
(8)~2.
1 > Ute ALTE ah _
neg, uted:
— states arve HEH O” “ , |
speetane E Ka id. sOhS ing Tal
fr lineotcioatiopr Sh EL |
Cty)! { btarotet a 1B a ® bao |
> 1M & San feats) > ofa. U SBR Aras, Re
St
y
bony
{
oT oly |
, r= v wr Viey.
> J New © ed — Me HN Yates . hag om Pe |
Nes u ciel |
we 2 ‘LaLa » 1 re We oO) G a |
idl ya at PV |e Q a c «2,
0 rt,
- Slulions Bt) i The fonki. qe atl |e mpc tU
» ail pee 7
a
-t
1
610 ry & \
ie
> @-OA+N = =O _ wy ago ffiori |
lt 2, ond @p ore Te, reple BF Tie
=O <=
= 3
20, = PRR a hE
: pall eT 27)
i) DIN
: ate
ee* 2»? Se 4
Fy Bengal Ca Hs
, OREAY SO any :
ey I
Thus The ZaDiok SOF wah 2) Sy “yoiTse rook am |
Nie Agy+ 69% ———@al's,, Se mot, aad
Where A aod “Bait je Mabe itreaig , agnslens wel. | \
If 0< Pea ee pial BO xen“ £4) 8k ff
and 30. Srcom_ (a! Vj tn one. gle
isa binant alee Husiibrciape st
len, “Wa Wal &
ad my te, Gide Ox ORE WP 2
WeItAOA! tial. wn
2 ay Lee j= Wee tl SSP
4én LF, Dot eae Ty fis onge
-_ ton 4 at od! at (> ke
\
i
\
\
\
a a e |
aX dilly, Sel leat Mt sen The reew! aalution ig ‘ bon eh
ver wo larptan (ery) » * en) ; /
yr ogg, or dant] fur)
pe Pt 60 O- dante = A
“aa'this onse \ 1a) a), go Ne ates) wha
& ond | hence. Us is share
ronded lea ail
es
£ rh |
ss question 04 8 A pein arnt oe 45 te
equation. : dae 4b Poo m3 -# Jp
|, Bhere: aod kK are pas Hants? Deleriming I
equilibrivar | (lade ve its . ble "Se Shis, PR
= EP ores
Sas The given oa cele (3h i ok
L
ay “ee ae
of = AM “gop Et] GOR sth:
Fan * cepalciom pion behave os
3A tee ke
FARO et sgt 3!
ys 1-2 [a-h Gh iK)) =o
I SP sty
pA exp fit 9 0--k vant =e
exp | ig ELEY]. hog
ett FAD 9 :
=
Ce > oO vhocae
> R. G--£) =
ed! aol
cy
> Ro on 3 4 ;
Ko teat takes, A pee = ¥
> M—-d=—Ge ,
ah ahh i =e OUwh ory on Leet aft
Pe RBH ete (ate) one, ll
ahoany ef ery }
. ev es)
Tie mibolog
Fo id 7 we bin ‘Os at afk "
Fer at oe PE HESS Oe Shr dil leleee
sae a ad PB: sls th bog Din
. Bp uo
Shus we 'hi eel jsliideta, eft i shee Gm ae
d beet jee] <4 par [= Laon
ong [oe tdgg e he alee
YOOX SE M19, mee 7
> va [ar=teap Fraqdts, K cen
K- + KALE
5 -4 oval Sapp aoPigg SWHKK as S ayl
de. re is Bee Tigres ng
& Jeo TSF me CG, 12]
yb ays 21
> da. | ita t yak. Lfqes 2% y
dé 1% 2 (8 )ét~a Sab ee
5-4 f tea A) oa Ll PAT
sarin Gae meameeines Hence
_ tha! popileslion a de
wt
he , equibbeiun Adle. t4 alolle | wy
sgveston- owt 3 wie do zp ' peon ean
ie ys y
mote! ond ids * preidaiple ni
AP: Molhemolical model 18° 0°” save BE a seem
usio] malhematiael esnaeste aod, | “qpa' preadese
of developing mothemelical, model frees. as: inlheration!
te) aged «J; P' atereal
modeling Matera models ax
sseienoe (such 09 eos biolagel earch. seierle C
Zmpurere ‘eciened,
in engineering. disciphnes (gveh | og am
cro engine cercing ) as” gall agin They agial scten
dn Tre cere wor ' rnolhemotionl modeling . ig the
ess DF using ‘sinseidwag mathemati Foal aliwalarce
cen to Tee teeal worl
he, diagrams ‘and 54;
situsdions . ate
SA Le Mn fof ¢ JBI Question - LO} Didhersa Ther global qualiladivd y
‘Behavior ofthe models, ip
Uns = u emp rad Uy) n, 046
BY yo paler: have ,.giY¥en, The dfsponkinuous model .
; Una = Us ep [ (4 wo aee 2 a
nen Tey ale |, Bales we bye bait 4
Perth ters Ue ie atqonrien | Loe
Teo, ee —? hE x
db anc
PM eety
> O = i
= 4-u* J PDO
Pe Ae therefone The olendey stales
Here Udy = F(a”) owe cts, ut=4
utenp [PU 49]
As ns)
= Uwe atid
ah ¥) nue
. fu) = PiU) = (Amy RAMMHY-1 60
“The conmespunt igen walyas, aCe.
er ut-o Then Sande 9%),
bs g's Herds ‘i
er? Os nso
ow “huey Ces) | = yt) MH |
salen used Then
es aye) oy = (5b
(v)-- = ak Tadd! 0 4 ig stoble ten
unslao le
Herne Ueeon ee vy bid > pare bovucpe 70
ole. & - = Ow fe
spi Quastigns oF orci bet ssi fe eo
alo, nosed. ja. GAY. = gi
plines lagi e fie ‘ie
Gals het us ‘ainsiderc 4 pyo - —*
4- nue)
ase, inleret
Lo, ru
rpgde"> ‘oe Yart T oul yi Mapa wet
att po Aas UME; OREN Bp we (hae, .
Ei peigative cat rons oe ve ae N 2)
a pnt Tames: TASS
FS yaar als i be Ihencshiende etate
| gpl spliandy lh, Yb SENT
ay vw]: PRS es haw
ure nut (t- ut Lee eg
yet a-U-¥9] =0 mS
non— > U%=20 on 4 bry), mow & ty
> p(4+ Une A y .
> p= = Ue Aout
(pede
P_
Here ue (4 - we) ;
tod” Pf eBoy nas
ots de ng) be dij eyile
ahah ont b=, ni fe due) = —j-ty) |
9 Id vfecy |
18 otter sry
— --(9)-3 SO 8
i ts He emepangeodleg eigen values”
"ht Ho) = mU-0) =P
é ne ap Bae Bite Escala
bod a FR =) = Bab dy a
HAY ry Wd 4 ; Pe
Cy B — Ope Mace a any fey, |
PTOI) wg ligt
Pike yyy 50. wotlk, gencs the one 18
| (nan negpbite) *equitier Eset On TA
apse 0 Bx. ond, 0 he ‘ekoiblrdum., i
etables! ome f eg ‘al uy vats
and Use, < Ut den all jahl inrplies, the fa
> ws toe, r
my a
t\ ) *0) 67 e ®oy aga finest! bigopdodian’ 14 of foot lowes U4=0 | becomes
> unstable Linde ls ejgen. valve 9 yd don 1
o is atable dove
te, positive, ralead élale,, : 2 ces
pe AC NKB Gee NEE. {hes decid: dur
Hien is al A= 9, Dherce Dende vin cowibslee, cate
ule. inlico dues 1 “We ‘fete eee O = hy
att.
Cures) vag!
4 (Uo)
we = (40) 19 iS
‘ust (aug ty Ca Ba ‘pis in: sy
t+ FE
Ny (rut Re. }) “1 1 (r0Uy"-
“the Mlulfane area bp vl In ei
uss 0. on iar Bohs >.0 if yl ag
wl = Mead 2 TAS TC, ne
ZR awl 7 wid
(aw) oJ _
!) Ga) 50 if ne
ten, inane! | seen) atend
if,
rats ‘e' see- Thal, There, are
PBT Cet
etees T Ugay = $r(u),§
FA Queskonow : 1 Shotw; Thad,,Ipe avercage
of NCH, and, Ne lt) arce the yt.
(st = ay
m Valued’ fo Wie
ry] t
HT
“ane = er aN) NS" «Nana eh) Ma, me
me ‘Ny, (Y) al’ “Holley Labbe periodic, Bhation,
willbe Bérciod WHO re '
“S5pns | het’ Ny) aoe halo deol The | ee
at | preg “god, PE reedator “speciey VoFatime, it »
Tn fhe absence SH tp reedatons ." U Te, Pi es a
species imarcease and, in fhe alosence™: pregysimithepredatan weperig,, deniegosra “thes
foals alice pul inlo the Jollocni Molhemoding |” rode)
knocon 99, PU; preecladon prod el ( Vallerce. ‘miodet)
“Mh \ he
aN. aN — 4 NM & (a, 04 Ni ~ Au)
dey 1 Ves a @- ah )
Hert aie alk ELA Ni) _io- Sin)
ikioos? Nay pec ih OSA hag beats
BHRIRE A ag» adh. ES geen ele vf] 2
fon “equilibrdonk Sidloes > WEVEAYE i woot esylt™
an t
dt
\
> (oy- Na)N) = > (02HINJNEO =
Mts iP =Ay a |
3 N= N= kpeo, Sue gr be
i TY
There atce -lcoo auld “yplves= st &
oe ood 7 1h. HM bev
i = sfulione Ny (4) ond
bel T be The period dh Fes N
Nylt). Ke define Tr Hime vavereie mH, a dune
Bs IND Sgt Ripon Alu Me) seat
~E® pie
=0 and de =0
Bon a) and (2) sulavaaeue il W aa ps ad so
a aNo — oN
Beit n oie we AE oe
! ls
Ma tare ass wre Vert tof ie Viet tet
“a ® cRhctie sib oe Ini tuo «
S y ah; 18% otohabrystey WT yy a
y~ onto =a L — % if No
nce ar) si if Hb
po er sh
Canal dg oad
1g . '
inde leNy CO, ond Ne Ct) atce si le valued “duced! :
sso Theiie valuas al £20 Sthdoe =F. will be - “SOMME: |
Thes -freom. The vib aislessesSora, a3 pave, ait
fe usiag @t, oo. “ bap oth
o= ‘Oy hitt | ¢ eh Ty) \é O=.1 (sto : i
ond QF OMT eat ~~ = gh uk
at _ 4 | :
SN >
: aT sane ae
ool: oom coral
ond
ban (SSA
| ; L, 15 apoio 7 a4
5 a = Se 5 aN Total 4 OJ
: Thus 2 id AMlercaa valyes Tani Ce [aid rNol4)-
UM, IVAlUes »..
are Ihe geile ecb aes
wow - Sb I
ite VY = yp bas i= Os Wh: '
at | Site JE hie
“" yh iM +guestidn 09 ¢
paiguestige 09 ¢ Haplaif Vit pov lene ood vevioblag
wet in fe apecies, preg preedalor rpadel ¢
ae N a-bp) f= P p (anata)
delercmine “He ': ict version
+ Ahis , model, tals (a)
mel Dasarci be The onbils B
plone « a by
Th :
Gans The given Pree - prelelde) rath -
si = N(acep) = Sea) = Ube
fs . |
se = p(ah dd) ben 5 ae th my bean
wh “a
Here N =N(t) = the pred t populdton
p=P(t) = the preedason m, jpopulatien
d atte positive V pnetanls- ch ME
Of uh \y ub -
seoninensionalise @ Be @) ewe nl
on yo ra wh vive ot t=
; are
4 te
ond a be,
aod Fors Fo
fe
yo = Le ei)!
th!
Lypl} So ol = (+ sits HH >916H
{3 : Cotip ofl os Nq = 4
ETT ON Wilts og
DH bio id A
de v(u-sJ
Pilacivieasuithaan er & Lore
oy by dv U OLIN (u-d) i, Th A 4
7 ode
b : $ Ad
Equation (6) "aod > ate. - ceodiversig
sercclan model: Sf) 4 @ , "respectively
=H LM Tal!
Wh} iB
tb irar = al >
ee et ban Tei @) ia ca) wel hve
yu: a) Z (a), "el
os ean BY ane loam
pith hd ingly, prin al oh ee a us a
gquation @® con be! vdorestf etn, PE oy desir oat
AY dy oe a By ob.
a bh
spegeeapavae le §
M4 tl Tal) - Kyerlnw) guy
2 Inv Yirk Lt set SHoorabesi eye
“eu St ony tH eo lise
2. | f
vu in ape vir he ofa
3 XU — In 4
ig a constant 3° {then
phere H> Hain i “oacurs
a aaimum “oe He igvererallosy aed ov be eibord
2 od! of: be al of "UBOb37 Men HRS
of For. Neat” pe Miwa xe
hace plone, ere 2
o in The phase pie BG Sagi 6 ay >| a |
he lea lee. eb
wiguestn 40 Destitibe is 0M
onl Hodet'. 9" oy} ki «based {le
Preg i Hovgasee bah A Bre ‘cedlochor bits ad. ode | %
€ ry
n@ ud TAS AV OSOyTD, eer
oH tilde are 1a Hiagge TA i PROE
anrenninpla--ibet msdn
| of Laaoivogonna |
! ne eee oe
are Hoes and. Tha. pracey atteg ACCT Lek: x1).
9 The, Preeey! ares ier ‘populations.
no
ond *¥(0 denole the tigete on
trespectively » ab chime tg, There. were 2)
dbeicd , Thenvone _ might, empect Thal The “igen
loaking on adequate toad “eupplq® would, dee!
The mumberc Cater ued nem (0 cortege’
d= — om, ODO vb ot
ft
Gul when deeres atte gieesen! “i iavihe’ environment”
howeven , Itxseems (teeasonable Thal the ‘number.
incon Head
BE enaunlers on infercoalions be:
wpecies perc. unit ime. Te hxpinllg” ~pacopartional s
The er a of ay Taal is, prepped # fo
Te _prodbiak gs re
»reade A et A
Thus ‘hen ” “deers ‘rel! present; : Tae ie isa a, supa
a food ; 60° “tigercs rotte; added. to The | agsern girs ie ar
nie a b>o ; Redding This lool” stalé “0. cay abet
ppd nthe sie wer wale off ate
mr srollev
de oa Het ad Pres, hl
I on The. olherc head, if Tene were no vo thers, i
“The, ‘Jeotts | abtbld sy obellls ap oe ed, assumption ri i
unlimited ood lleupelay are Teivede Mak “igi
pacoportionol do She number oP deers: maa er angbeys
Tor time
a
ie dq de a= Dy a)
gut Bheo cligers atee| man ra . godel Jan the deere
copulation is (3), sleet b ayo, thal, is,
georrensed to Then! -raalel eat oh ae deeteg 'e eoten
uri Thetre enaouniercs silk Hgeres « 4
‘bo Bh
Sh
. “ay (tea) (- 01 %6- a) = “0
» 1-A=0, = 090-9 = 6, . * 7 br
> A=d,-0 m5 2
pel = (21) be be! ‘eijen
= o -
Pot ob l8I“*
‘yf ara ie vo & a
TA VQ fod +e oy
ms % att Byi= O SOI yy acon "
hen “A:
‘ur &-4 oy
4) iE
» vihen Bree Mhén-' Me Se
pre’ J
WN nan, oe 1 aus
SY Aa 0 ony ae P20 (y
Lil 4, =J ee ied | ovate fen bel .
oe qeteieil’ BloHonsihsilp. aoe aire “|
(4) nalajets ate |
0 = 07! i.
: Binge The, values BE A “lane oppogile in sign 2
is © caddie | \poink* se | at jem (@ md. °
[the « Uneare % stem a ae
Te ‘ nonlineett.; aston Dy dnd ‘eve is uns
we “A ay
‘ pail qK
fable
aHen- | (Rel pe
B ‘aadathed * The cide! po (aca) wow pl i
ok M= Bru, qa. in eqr @) on
Bas s (ime nonlineore serdn “iP dond V- "<=
Shug we ove, ~ O= A ¢
fe gh &
Fr (srw) = re ge lore uh i)
du = Bt BAL BV UL OEUY be
- f 1x) “Wo
>t tO 4: 1B A ebeeslg The nonlinear eres
ry {
(andeea
Phe.
eget) «pnt 080
i dwt oor EV fv bo +025
5 vi Cod, gh 0 RoNst ort ° ee To)
cctv fe ' :
PSE ce ORY 2 oie Melson aH
EPS role Ns f Ye i) b
Lis } “thus The aqslém 4 Ibeeames
jae ‘
du,
{oilorrgqe™, wl shy bi esi opstale '
, ~~ hy { . 0
ay au! {6 Fortean &
ke Tae els thie 4
lainey donsin oldgls, 4
actors
pn ie - ,° eo i
ye oe! p sie sor "
ened team.»
“at
se cago whies 9 aed
rs “hb
oy -A
= ov + 0'%8 =O
ao =2VF 5 a Ms el. we o
of 4- (3) Fags
Py \ooR qy 2
“kegs Sa
0:54, - 2214, = 0 F - aah
1 Zoe
5 a (BY: rf “ive) = peo Similote fon Dae. lg. epee (ita) ip ah ul
Since the ejgen values ace re Thai | arcition
ond is Thereetome a stable orci! point lon tl 3
To -find The "raecknfes a Knee pat ere
we have, AV | 2,1 OY 1 ont
du =f WS
> ‘udu = —~evdv |
> fudu + gfvdv = 0° =
S > = Fu% ph Bu sky
> wa avy ='9k . He
fis is the" suston Bear cellipse sy
1]
Fram The nonlineotc ae 8, fais .
ve _ al- ORS + OB) lle. Ou
ony? lle ° OS OF ; :
> aT
=
i >. i: Bey =o: ae O50 Spe
Rie Os ML. pak |
lea ts ’ (ft -o 098) *r &
ing 0.54 = eT 2B +
Vie | \ RO) F BS
point (3,2) Is a aentice St Tres why 5 ston 2) OFS Ione st, Ing] 40s 96 Mbr0 04 baie a! Oe 4 |
Tor & dined value Bh id}, The aging» is ayo coe
_quracaund The ardlianl (point; 63:2), » Thus cee) vod
inl, 14. alg0, a, genre (BE the nen incor ‘ re
se seeds eee 1 IRR Lsancitty resi med Mery
, GOs iy ie Vinny, >
owyaiet OM OAL DY fe 4 Wont
stern |
a" |
| _ ob
£ nis
Jd sah
@) .2 Oe \ é
o & | ;
pb
|
tb
Biguestion — —jAD aiptthd THeveqyitprian, points
Olnt) t Sub Som
oa. a = a (4- ou’) » tea 4 ["
Brectacas, ’ I 9
SH" s Given Her e& o- (RL) (@- Ll) & |
Mod oa, OvVitinog 10, ! -
aa 9 Ap ip Rap aye moe sa
rains race ac sel ih 1p me eh
at 0b Btictns elt 4 +4). wats 8 at
kon. uili Lr Ok) ba acl 5 tdlpi-
C10i beatae
roll ue VuOr
“hl cod” er OL =
fr Lied *
+ Wad « SO
me (4—og) = 0 > BY re ibs eat HOn &-
ar @° onde 40, 0G
/ laa! “he Ua) U9) =0 2 a=4
Sine» balk! The “Styens values, Arce, puitive ys s0 ‘both
The. positions a, seule rium: are unstable a)~
To discuss te betaine Seg the Iheatjentorciag Lin the
neighborchond ot (48, 10) 5 RE PL ist nllts YF, A
am Jo-rupban|dory je pth
c) and She, line ciee we hive;
oO - (les i} \ x” &
V $$,
ag (10rd) = Joe u- “aed (10-0 U)(10-¥Y) ‘ Ooiyf
ee UE al 20d LY
> qs ~v, nggleeligg Ihe qua nth Unert Agrems
od ~gh- (10-+v) = rorv—ouuors vary)” <
dv ~ €
We = 0nV = 10 ei on UY
aye nu» neglecligy roo tient Ate <
Ghus we have’ Vest iA “te GT apes
age! Pvplaa fore odd ai eas
z :
v A Bi (OLOL
ad) abivih, 0
Ate"
¢
|
|
sO =A, =
pes ddle
afl Ki haloes Tor Spe poi’. (40-4 Ba A n sn ‘pais
iat ene
bee! J 0, 10) They Oy pn sternslble BHA, ® yor ian A
Have }
By dij given asgyatemn CY): viobiewa, ay lol 26768
NOT NG . PMO; ac ey « . °
) Gwe sae- owl ty adibyosr vfs svi bitsanon
\
. plotSisg LT a ST
nN
From (8) toe bravery out Stirs re ; a Wed
WM as ee " a - 7
3 7 FT 8 uv
SU daw ayy « a " O46 «iy B
> aii udu, due’ Lao get wr .,
> ye _ Viet¥t My jee ban
> ent = 24): 2 a, 344 b-Vror = vee
. ue Es. nore [iPopon 6. . wh :
Bhich is the Ath p= i) 0
aaa
Ved 25 23 -
wie La a= x 2 op) & Boge
os Tréite aice\ =o emguildbrd om, Pons
_os)| .
| ood (i , ewslles yh. yisdey
8 me
“ue > he, 2 3 seonttmind v thee bean} behovivar se Sfulions|
Hebi - veaaltenquiibycune, paints. Near me: eee,
ej Q0 _nagleet The he aA QeOI deren. HO oy, ihe a
haves, Ny or adi jh
= a
| “TS” Since wlk the values of D aire positive , 0 ue Me)
Pasitions Thi. equilibrium, one. ‘unstable » i ql
“To disouss The behaviour Bt the” ‘teedjettorieb), “in |
ey Ty syst di
neighborhood Sf ( B= )..c0e. pl, peuatln cay’ '4n
we ine ar te
hen Uinenrctise me: ME Yin ko in phn |
’ ; ee |
ao Ra hOv
IP, 3
i
a6! ved boyy ot ‘|
|
: “ee.
. VRB
ih eu, Poe Bent
tb” =
‘ } | ‘eh
= sb é&
a | Ib |
YE
ro ae
b > oe Bp
Q) Ye Bein |
> tt Ay
| fe
Vv |
OFS logy
don sia . Ad A bes the aigan value Shen ea ww
ee ae Haat
"Ua gh ~k WA ey ad 7 cal at -binoute al cf
> Week > AactlOK sion ew astiehtteha
; 0) LSE s Page thie shes
BeGnhes The jgenwlues = 4% ya
we ERS cate ee
on unstable point OF @ and ‘hal at ae
geen AD - Wey os (SIA 4-4. ) W &
Fom.CB) we hove
¥ a
dv — aku kUP 9 rh) MW Ca «
-AVHNX
a
aa (*UAA ) he
Ne
© = [a Oa yay 4 ty { “yO
Fe fuie= eM 6
=713 OVX», . |
3 aK) BA) 300 alah isbacle sf 4
aw= 24 = (9 ‘ ww) £ = yW0 syn!
rg rola.
> wee
fh)
phioh io & equation woe A
Le, . vEL sy de
sihgueuia tata ioe, tel awe
4 — =, (Rb /Byd, D4),
behaviourt Aho All} Ty pu)? (®
(yt Vit) dae ~ 6y
. . Thole -
Silt: Geren: OS warny oF ne esineiensiiiSiomensitbi AEE
4
ag Ae |
pu ett ; 5 4
{ “y ohy, Wyo) =o i
WY 2 i
“ “(erate tye e
Fen Tha ws slesocky alales toe hovel Up e Upe U*
i ohove, ; vequalion heebiness* # foe
7 sleet bet 1 eHin. al
en a (4% “4 ) fw 4 i '
le tas, Lode)
Sut (2s 0ur)* = nut ie feat feats
gee CL iors
4 7 Ur)P- NR) =O
> ut fF ¢ (44a ye | wart yyy 8 «mA
> uteo om Grautisneoy
> Usrout) = fe -
> Ea a
4 fhe heady stales arce jut =0.U oe
Hace Yea = FC us0) Ds pe . “oy y
Soba telat wih asy .
- (4 UL)”
kdl) “ i ae sing ath
‘ wf wg “| (nua? br Di vane Sol
ey ak (1+ 000)
= (Ara)?
er
CONT og Wid 2 any
9 1hey OO
H “(14 aue) + -peb ue I
rer orn Ug) Prt” 4
the enrecerspondigy cig? values once
klhn UU" e 0 “then D\- Furs 0)
V4-ciK ‘
4a BP = NS
PiQuestin=15$ ‘Ay so ase ~ po ae
infercaation “oF extbinopovetin 4 a
0 a Solution DEL nike
Wu) Find The -Hine % on fnelion ie p (a) Bvt
wheree 0L%K 2% |
ay Jt p(0) = g50° hen ” find he salu tion cicee
inet
