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OS Notes

Modern operating systems utilize various memory management techniques including contiguous memory allocation, paging, segmentation, virtual memory, and swapping to optimize memory usage and maintain system stability. Contiguous allocation is simple but can lead to fragmentation, while paging and segmentation improve efficiency and organization. Virtual memory allows processes to run without being fully in memory, and swapping enables multitasking by moving processes between memory and storage.

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8 views2 pages

OS Notes

Modern operating systems utilize various memory management techniques including contiguous memory allocation, paging, segmentation, virtual memory, and swapping to optimize memory usage and maintain system stability. Contiguous allocation is simple but can lead to fragmentation, while paging and segmentation improve efficiency and organization. Virtual memory allows processes to run without being fully in memory, and swapping enables multitasking by moving processes between memory and storage.

Uploaded by

Kashish
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Q1. Explain the various memory management techniques used in modern operating systems.

Memory management is a fundamental task of modern operating systems (OS). It ensures that each

process in the system has enough memory to execute efficiently while maintaining system stability

and performance. The OS uses various memory management techniques to handle and optimize

memory usage.

1. Contiguous Memory Allocation:

This is one of the earliest memory management techniques. In this approach, each process is

allocated a single contiguous block of memory.

- Advantages:

- Simple to implement.

- Easy to keep track of memory usage.

- Disadvantages:

- Leads to external fragmentation.

- Difficult to allocate memory dynamically.

2. Paging:

Paging is a memory management scheme that eliminates the need for contiguous allocation of

physical memory. The process is divided into fixed-size pages, and memory is divided into frames of

the same size.

- Each page of the process is loaded into a separate memory frame.

- A page table is used to map pages to frames.

- It solves the problem of external fragmentation and allows efficient memory use.

3. Segmentation:
Segmentation divides the process into variable-sized segments based on logical divisions like

functions, objects, arrays, etc.

- Each segment is stored in a different location in memory.

- Segmentation allows better organization and protection but may lead to external fragmentation.

4. Virtual Memory:

Virtual memory is a memory management capability that provides an "idealized abstraction" of the

storage resources.

- It allows execution of processes that may not be completely in memory.

- Virtual memory uses both hardware and software to enable a computer to compensate for physical

memory shortages.

- Demand paging is used to load pages into memory only when needed.

5. Swapping:

Swapping is the process of moving processes between main memory and a storage device (usually

a hard disk) to maximize memory usage.

- It ensures that multiple processes can run simultaneously even if there isn't enough physical

memory for all.

These techniques are often used in combination in modern operating systems to optimize

performance, increase multitasking capability, and manage memory efficiently.

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