Fundamentals-02 Compound Data Structures
Created by H. M. Samadhi Chathuranga Rathnayake
#Compound data structures
#Vectors
#Creating vectors with c function
a=c(12,22,23,34,35)
a
class(a)
b=c("Dog","Cat","Rat")
b
class(b)
x=c(12,22,23,"Man","Car")
x #This is called the coercion
#logical < integer < numeric < complex < character (This is the order)
class(x)
y=c(TRUE,FALSE,12)
y
class(y)
#Other ways of creating vectors
d=1:10
d
p=15:5
p
k=seq(from=10,to=50,by=5)
k
h=seq(from=10,to=50,length.out = 20)
h
f=seq_len(20)
f
h=replicate(10,c("Dog","Cow"))
h
#Indexing & slicing vector elements
a=c(23,33,34,32,45,50,65)
a[1]
a[c(1,3,6)]
a[-c(1,3,6)] #All other elements except these indexes
a[1:3]
a[c(T,T,T,F,T,T,F)] #Boolean masking
a[a>40]
a[a%%2==0]
#Element wise operations in numerical vectors
a=c(2,3,4,6,3)
b=c(3,4,1,6,4)
a+10
a*2
a/3
a^2
a>3
a+b
a*b
a/b
a^b
a>b
a%in%b #This is the membership
#Element wise operations with recursive property in vectors
p=c(10,20,30,40,50)
q=c(100,200,300)
p+q
#Vector properties with functions
a=c(2,3,5,3,6,7,4,5,8,1,3,4,2)
#Basic summary functions
length(a)
summary(a)
str(a)
min(a)
max(a)
sum(a)
mean(a)
median(a)
var(a)
sd(a)
range(a)
#Cumulative functions
cumsum(a)
cumprod(a)
cummin(a)
cummax(a)
#Vector operations with functions
a=c(20,30,40)
b=append(a,100)
b
d=append(x = a,values = 200,after = 2)
d
k=append(x = a,values = c(100,200,300),after = 2)
k
h=c(a,100,200,300) #This another way of appending
h
a=c(20,30,40)
rep(a,3)
b=c(10,20,25,30,35,40)
all(b>20)
all(b<50)
any(b>20)
any(b>50)
b=c(100,50,25,30,15,40,15,40)
sort(b)
order(b)
rev(b)
unique(b)
h=c(12,22,23,34,45,43,32,33,21,23,45,56,67,56,70)
s=sample(h,5)
s
set.seed(1000)
h=c(12,22,23,34,45,43,32,33,21,23,45,56,67,56,70)
s=sample(h,5)
s
p=sample(h,5,replace = T)
p
f=c(12,22,23)
q=sample(f,10,replace = T)
q
k=c(20,12,25,30,32,22,33)
which(k>=25)
which.min(k)
which.max(k)
a=c(12,22,23,34,45,56,43,43,33,34)
idx=which(a%in%c(22,23,34))
b=a[-idx]
b
g=c("Male","Female","Female","Female","Male")
table(g)
g=c("Male","Female","Female","Female","Male")
replace(x = g,list = c(1,5),values = "M")
#Matrices
#Matrix creation
a=matrix(c(12,23,32,33,45,43),3,2)
a
b=matrix(c(12,23,32,33,45,43),3,2,byrow = TRUE)
b
c=array(c(12,23,32,33,45,43),c(3,2))
c
a=matrix(10,3,2)
a
#Matrix properties
b=matrix(c(12,23,32,33,45,43),3,2,byrow = TRUE)
b
dim(b)
nrow(b)
ncol(b)
str(b)
summary(b)
#Merging matrices
a=matrix(c(12,23,32,33),2,2)
b=matrix(c(22,26,37,43),2,2)
c=cbind(a,b)
c
d=rbind(a,b)
d
#Indexing & slicing matrices
a=matrix(c(12,23,32,33,45,43,34,55,56),3,3)
a
a[1,3]
a[1,]
a[,2]
a[c(1,3),2]
a[,2:3]
a>40
a[a>40]
#Matrix operations
a=matrix(c(12,23,32,33),2,2)
b=matrix(c(22,26,37,43),2,2)
c=matrix(c(12,23,32,33,45,43,34,55,56),3,3)
b
a+b
a-b
a*b
a/b
a%*%b
t(c)
det(c)
solve(c)
diag(c)
#Lists
#Creating a list
a=c(12,22,23,34)
b=c("Cat","Dog")
c=100
d="Man"
m=matrix(c(12,22,23,34,45,32),3,2)
L=list(a,b,c,d,m)
L
#A name can be given for each segment of the list
names(L)=c("Part1","Part2","Part3","Part4","Part5")
L
#Accessing items and elements in items inside the list
L[[1]] #Accessing the first items
L$Part1
L[[1]][2] #Accessing elements inside the items
#Adding elements to a list
L$Part6="Cow"
L
#Removing elements from a list
L$Part3=NULL
L
#Convert a list into a vector
v1=unlist(L)
v1
#Merge lists
L1=list("Man",c(12,22,23),TRUE)
L2=list(matrix(1:20,4,5),c("Cat","Dog"))
L1
L2
L3=c(L1,L2)
L3
#Splitting a list
a=c(12,22,23,34)
b=c("Cat","Dog")
c=100
d="Man"
m=matrix(c(12,22,23,34,45,32),3,2)
L=list(a,b,c,d,m)
L
L1=L[1:2]
L2=L[3:5]
L1
L2
#Factors
#Un Ordered factors
g=c("Male","Female","Male","Male","Male","Female")
g
fg=factor(g)
fg
#Ordered factors
h=c("first","first","fifth","fourth","second","fifth","third","second","fourt
h")
h
fh=factor(h)
fh
ofh=factor(h,levels = c("first","second","third","fourth","fifth"))
ofh
#Data Frames
name=c("Kane","Jane","David","Harry","Larry","Mary","John","Jessy","Anne","Li
lly","Julia","Pale")
age=c(23,33,34,32,21,22,23,34,32,18,21,23)
marks=c(89,78,88,59,67,78,88,90,59,75,77,69)
df=data.frame(name,age,marks)
df
#Accessing columns in a data frame
df["name"] #This shows a sub data frame
df["age"]
df$name #This is giving the output as a vector
attach(df) #This will make these columns as global variables
name
age
marks
detach(df) #Make them again local variables
#Selecting several columns
df[c("name","age")]
#Accessing the elements in a data frame
df
df[1,1] #First column first element
df[1,"age"] #First row age value
df[c(1,5),"age"] #First and fifth rows age value
df[2,] #All values in the 2nd row
df[,3] #All values in the 3rd column
df[,-3] #All values except 3rd column
df[2:6,2] #2nd to 6th row of 2nd column
df$name[1:5] #1st to 5th name in name column
#Change elements in a data frame
df
df[1,1]="Sammie"
df
df[2:6,2]=c(50,50,50,50,50)
df
#Adding a new column
df$class=c("C1","C2","C3","C4","C5","C6","C1","C2","C3","C4","C5","C6")
df
#Removing an existing column
df$age=NULL
df
#Basic column operations
df$marks_new=df$marks+5
df
df$marks_diff=df$marks_new-df$marks
df
#Checking conditions
df$marks>=70 #Returns TRUE for marks greater than 70
#Boolean masking for data frames
df_new=df[df$marks>=70,]
df_new
#Data frame functions
View(df) #View the data frame
head(df) #Top elements
head(x = df,n = 8)
tail(df) #Bottom elements
tail(x = df,n = 8)
dim(df) #Dimensions
nrow(df)
ncol(df)
#Row and column names
row.names(df)
colnames(df)
colnames(df)=c("Student_Name","Previous_Marks","Class","New_Marks","Marks_Dif
ference")
df
#Column and row sums
colSums(df[c("Previous_Marks","New_Marks")])
rowSums(df[c("Previous_Marks","New_Marks")])
#Column and row means
colMeans(df[c("Previous_Marks","New_Marks")])
rowMeans(df[c("Previous_Marks","New_Marks")])
#edit function can be used for editing a data frame manually
df1=edit(df)
df1
#str function will give all the data types in the data frame
str(df)
#summary function will give a summary about the data frame
summary(df)
#which function can be used for identifying the indexes of some criteria
which(df["Previous_Marks"]>=70)
#table function will give frequencies in a categorical column
table(df$Class)
#Factorize the categorical columns
df=data.frame(Name=c("Sam","Kane","Jane"),Gender=c("M","M","F"),Age=c(23,32,2
1),University_Year=c(2,3,1))
df
str(df)
summary(df)
df$Gender=factor(df$Gender)
df$University_Year=factor(df$University_Year,levels = c(1,2,3))
str(df)
summary(df)
#Working with external data sets
#CSV files
#Importing CSV files
data=read.csv("D:\\Workshops\\R Programming for Data Science Workshop\\Part
01 - Fundamentals of R Programming\\Datasets\\default.CSV")
getwd()
setwd("D:\\Workshops\\R Programming for Data Science Workshop\\Part 01 -
Fundamentals of R Programming\\Datasets")
data=read.csv("default.CSV")
data
#Now we can treat this as a data frame
head(data)
dim(data)
colnames(data)
str(data)
table(data$Loan.Offered)
table(data$Own.house)
data$Gender=factor(data$Gender)
data$Loan.Offered=factor(data$Loan.Offered)
data$Job=factor(data$Job)
data$Status=factor(data$Status)
data$Credit.History=factor(data$Credit.History)
data$Own.house=factor(data$Own.house)
data$Purpose=factor(data$Purpose)
str(data)
head(data)
summary(data)
#We can perform any data frame operation
data_male=data[data$Gender=="Male",]
data_female=data[data$Gender=="Female",]
data_female=data[!data$Gender=="Male",]
summary(data_female)
data_female$CS_Ex_Ratio=data_female$Credit.Score/data_female$Work.Exp
head(data_female)
summary(data_male)
data_male$Exp_Level="Low"
head(data_male)
data_male[data_male$Work.Exp>=15,]$Exp_Level="High"
head(data_male)
#Data simulation
datanorm=rnorm(100) #Standard normal distribution
datanorm
datanorm2=rnorm(n = 100,mean = 20,sd = 5) #Standard normal distribution
datanorm2
datauni=runif(n = 100,min = 10,max = 20) #Uniform distribution
datauni
datapois=rpois(n = 100,lambda = 5)
datapois
databin=rbinom(n = 100,size = 1, prob = 0.5)
databin
#rnbinom(),rgamma(),rhyper(),rbeta()
