Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics I

Lecture 4: Entropy

:Jude Kwaku Bonsu (PhD)

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Aims
By the end of this lecture, you must be able to
• Explain the concept of entropy
• Explain the concept of entropy generation
• State the Second Law of thermodynamics
• Perform entropy balance for close and open system
• Explain the concept of isentropy and develop isentropic work for
compressors and turbines

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

The concept of entropy
• Entropy is a somewhat abstract property, and it is difficult to give a
physical description of it without considering the microscopic state
of the system
• To be able to do this we must go back to our comparisons between
work and heat transferred to a fix mass of gas in a piston-cylinder
arrangement
• Remember the boundary work done on/by a fix mass of gas can be
defined as, d𝑊 = −𝑃𝑑𝑉
• The work is a product of pressure (an intensive variable) and change
in volume (an extensive variable)

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Figuring out entropy
• Work supplied or taken to a fix mass of gas at a constant pressure will
increase or decrease the volume
• Finally there is no work done unless there is a volume change
• If the desire is to developed the same theories for heat, we will need two
variables to develop the relation
• One of these variables will obviously be Temperature which is an
intensive variable
• This mandates that the other variable be an extensive state variable
• This other variable must increase or decrease when heat is added or
removed from a system at constant temperature
• Also heat cannot be said to have been added/taken from the system
unless this property changed

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Almost there………..
• This property will be called entropy (S)
• It is an extensive variable that can be made intensive (specific
entropy, s) by dividing by the total mass
• Based on the analogies between boundary work and heat ,𝑑𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑣 =
𝑇𝑑𝑆
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑄
• 𝑑𝑆 = → ∆𝑆 = ‫׬‬
𝑇 𝐼𝑛𝑡,𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑇 𝐼𝑛𝑡,𝑟𝑒𝑣
• Based on the dimensions of the given equation, the units for
entropy (S) is kJ/K, while that for specific entropy (s) is kJ/K.kg
• From the equation above entropy change equals the reversible
transfer of heat between a process and its environment

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

What is entropy?
• Generally, entropy is defined as a measure of randomness or
disorder of a system
• It can also be defined as a state function whose value increases
with an increase in the number of available microstates or macro-
states
• The concepts of entropy was developed by people such as William
Rankine, Rudolf Clausius and Ludwig Boltzman
• One of the most important laws, that expands on the concept of
entropy is the Clausius inequality

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

The Clausius Inequality and the concept of entropy generation
• The Clausius inequality states that for every thermodynamic system,
𝜕𝑄
‫𝑇 ׯ‬ ≤0
𝑏
• If no irreversibilities occur within the system the system can be
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑄
described internally reversible. ‫ׯ‬ = 0, otherwise ‫ׯ‬ <0
𝑇 𝑏 𝑇 𝑏
• Consider a cycle that is made up of two processes: process 1-2,
which is arbitrary (reversible or irreversible), and process 2-1, which
is internally reversible.
𝜕𝑄 2 𝜕𝑄 1 𝜕𝑄
•‫ׯ‬ = ‫׬‬1 + ‫׬‬2 ≤0
𝑇 𝑏 𝑇 𝑇 𝐼𝑛𝑡.𝑟𝑒𝑣
2 𝜕𝑄
• ‫׬‬1 𝑇 + 𝑆1 − 𝑆2 ≤ 0

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

The Clausius Inequality and the concept of entropy generation
2 𝜕𝑄
• 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 ≥ ‫׬‬1 𝑇
2 𝜕𝑄
• 𝑆2 − 𝑆1 = ‫׬‬1 𝑇 + 𝑆𝐺𝑒𝑛
> 0, 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠
• 𝑆𝐺𝑒𝑛 = 0, 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠
< 0, 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒

• Therefore 𝑆𝐺𝑒𝑛 ≥ 0

• Hence 𝑆𝐺𝑒𝑛 known as the entropy change in the universe is never

negative (Second law of thermodynamics)

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

The effect of entropy
• Processes can occur in a certain direction only, i.e. proceed in the
direction that complies with the increase of entropy generation
principle. 𝑆𝐺𝑒𝑛 ≥ 0
• Entropy is a non-conserved property. (only conserved in one limited
situation)
• The performance of engineering systems is degraded by the presence
of irreversibilities, and entropy generation is a measure of the
magnitudes of the irreversibilities present during that process

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

More on the effect of entropy generation
• Entropy generation is the reason
1. Cup of hot coffee left in a cooler room eventually cools off, while loosing
heat to the room but a cup of hot coffee left in a cooler room does not
becomes hotter
2. Air held at a high pressure in a closed tank flows spontaneously to the
lower pressure surroundings if the valve is removed but air from at a
lower pressure in the surroundings does not flow into a high pressured
tank, if the valve is removed
3. If any of these were to happen, it would violate the second law of
thermodynamics (𝑆𝐺𝑒𝑛 ≥ 0)
4. Entropy generation also places a limitation on the amount of work a
turbine can generate

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

More on the effect of entropy generation
• The quantity of energy is always preserved during an actual process
(thefirst law) but the quality is bound to decrease (the second law).
• This decrease in quality is always accompanied by an increase in
entropy.
• Heat is, in essence, a form of disorganized energy, and some
disorganization (entropy) flows with heat

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

What is a reversible process?
• A reversible process is defined as a process that can be reversed
without leaving any trace on the surroundings
• i.e. both the system and the surroundings are returned to their
initial states at the end of the reverse process.
• Sources of irreversibility include friction, unrestrained expansion,
heat transfer due to a finite temperature difference
• Engineers are interested in reversible processes because work-
producing devices such as car engines and gas or steam turbines
deliver the most work, and work-consuming devices such as
compressors, fans, and pumps consume the least work when
reversible processes are used instead of irreversible ones

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

What is a reversible process?
• A process is called totally reversible, or simply reversible, if it
involves no irreversibilities within the system or its surroundings. A
totally reversible process involves no heat transfer through a finite
temperature difference, no non-quasi-equilibrium changes, and no
friction or other dissipative effects
• If the only system is restored, the process is only internally
reversible

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Back to Entropy
• Since entropy is a property, fixing the state fixes the
entropy of a pure substance

• Entropy values can be read in a similar fashion as u, v

and h from property tables of pure substances

• For saturated substances 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑓 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑔 − 𝑠𝑓

• Due to the effect of entropy on the efficiency of

systems, when evaluating thermodynamic cycles, T-s
are preferred to P-v or T-v diagram

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Entropy balance
• The entropy balance for both close and open systems can be stated as
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
− + =
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

• The entropy balance is usually solved together with energy balance

2 𝜕𝑄
• ∆𝑆 = ‫׬‬1 𝑇 + 𝑆𝐺𝑒𝑛
• For a close system, heat is the only means by which entropy enters the system. For
system, there is only a net heat gain or loss. Hence the entropy balance will be
written for different scenarios
1. Heat exchange with a single reservoir
𝑄
• ∆𝑆 = + 𝑆𝐺𝑒𝑛
𝑇 𝑏

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Entropy balance
2. If heat transfer takes place at several locations on the boundary of
a system where the temperatures do not vary at any place on the
boundary, the entropy transfer term can be expressed as a sum
𝑛 𝑄𝑖
∆𝑆 = σ𝑖=1 + 𝑆𝐺𝑒𝑛 .
𝑇𝑖
3. An isolated system
∆𝑆𝐼𝑠𝑜 = 𝑆𝐺𝑒𝑛,𝐼𝑠𝑜 , ∆𝑆𝐼𝑠𝑜 = ∆𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑟

∆𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑟 = 𝑆𝐺𝑒𝑛,𝐼𝑠𝑜

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Example
Consider steady heat transfer through a 5-m by 7-m brick wall of a
house of thickness 30 cm. On a day when the temperature of the
outdoors is 0oC, the house is maintained at 27oC. The temperatures
of the inner and outer surfaces of the brick wall are measured to be
20oC and 5oC, respectively, and the rate of heat transfer through the
wall is 1035 W. Determine the rate of entropy generation in the wall,
and the rate of total entropy generation associated with this heat
transfer process

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Computing entropy change
• To be able to perform an entropy balance, we must be able to
compute entropy change for a system
• Recall first law of thermodynamics for a closed system
• 𝑑𝑈 = 𝑑𝑄 + 𝑑𝑊 for internally reversible processes
• 𝜕𝑄 𝐼𝑛𝑡,𝑟𝑒𝑣 = dU − 𝜕𝑊 𝐼𝑛𝑡,𝑟𝑒𝑣
• 𝑇𝑑𝑆 = dU + 𝑃𝑑𝑉 or 𝑇𝑑𝑠 = d𝑢 + 𝑃𝑑v
• If U = H − PV, dU = dH − PdV − VdP
• 𝑇𝑑𝑆 = dH − PdV − VdP + 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = dH − VdP
• 𝑇𝑑𝑠 = dℎ − 𝑣𝑑P

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Entropy change for liquids and solids
• 𝑇𝑑𝑠 = d𝑢 + 𝑃𝑑v
• For uncompressible substances (Solids and liquids)
• 𝑇𝑑𝑠 = d𝑢
• d𝑢 = 𝑑ℎ = 𝐶𝑑𝑇
𝐶𝑑𝑇
• 𝑑𝑠 =
𝑇
𝑇2
• 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝐶𝑙𝑛
𝑇1

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Entropy change for ideal gases
• Recall
• 𝑇𝑑𝑠 = d𝑢 + 𝑃𝑑v or 𝑇𝑑𝑠 = dℎ − 𝑣𝑑P
• d𝑢 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑇, dℎ = 𝑐𝑃 𝑑𝑇
• Also for an ideal gas
𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇
• 𝑃 = or 𝑣 =
𝑣 𝑃
𝑅𝑇
• 𝑇𝑑𝑠 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑑v
𝑣
𝑇2 𝑐𝑣 𝑣2 𝑑𝑣
• 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = ‫𝑇𝑑 𝑇 𝑇׬‬ + 𝑅 ‫𝑣׬‬
1 1 𝑣
• Similarly
𝑇2 𝑐𝑃 𝑃2 𝑑𝑃
• 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = ‫𝑇𝑑 𝑇 𝑇׬‬ − 𝑅 ‫𝑃׬‬
1 1 𝑃

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Entropy change for ideal gases
• If the heat capacity is assumed to be independent of temperature
𝑇2 𝑣2
• 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝑐𝑣 ln + 𝑅ln
𝑇1 𝑣1
• Similarly
𝑇2 𝑃2
• 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝑐𝑃 ln − 𝑅ln
𝑇1 𝑃1

• If the gas is still ideal but heat capacity is not constant , another
approach is used

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Entropy change for ideal gas with variable heat capacity
𝑇 𝑐𝑃 𝑃 𝑑𝑃
• 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = ‫ 𝑇׬‬2 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑅 ‫ 𝑃׬‬2
1 𝑇 1 𝑃
𝑇 𝑐𝑃 𝑇 𝑐 𝑇 𝑐
• ‫ 𝑇׬‬2 𝑑𝑇 = ‫׬‬0 2 𝑃 𝑑𝑇 − ‫׬‬0 1 𝑃 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑠 0 𝑇2 − 𝑠 0 𝑇1
1 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
𝑃2
𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝑠0 𝑇2 − 𝑠0 𝑇1 − 𝑅ln .
𝑃1

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Example
An inventor claims to have developed a device requiring no energy transfer by
work or heat transfer, yet able to produce hot and cold streams of air from a
single stream of air at an intermediate temperature. The inventor provides
steady-state test data indicating that when air enters at a temperature of 39oC
and a pressure of 5.0 bars, separate streams of air exit at temperatures of 18oC
and 79oC, respectively, and each at a pressure of 1 bar. Sixty percent of the
mass entering the device exits at the lower temperature. Evaluate the
inventor’s claim, employing the ideal gas model for air and ignoring changes in
the kinetic and potential energies of the streams from inlet to exit.

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Example
Steam at 7 MPa and 450oC is throttled in a valve to a pressure of 3
MPa during a steady-flow process. Determine the entropy generated
during this process and check if the increase of entropy principle is
satisfied.

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Isentropic processes
• The term isentropic means constant entropy
• We will start by deriving the appropriate relations between variables for
isentropic processes
• Again, this is done first for the case of constant specific heats and then for the
case of variable specific heats
𝑇2 𝑣2
• Recall 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝑐𝑣 ln + 𝑅ln (For a constant heat capacity problem)
𝑇1 𝑣1
𝑇2 𝑣2
• For an isentropic process 0 = 𝑐𝑣 ln + 𝑅ln
𝑇1 𝑣1
𝑅 𝑐𝑃 −𝑐𝑣
𝑘−1
𝑇2 𝑣2 𝑐𝑣 𝑣2 𝑐𝑣 𝑇2 𝑣2
• = = , =
𝑇1 𝑣1 𝑣
𝑘−1 1
𝑇1 𝑣1
𝑘
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑘 𝑃2 𝑣1
• = , =
𝑇1 𝑠 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑠 𝑣2
• Also 𝑃𝑣 𝑘 = 𝐶

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Isentropic expansion/compression for ideal gas with variable heat capacity

For variable heat capacity

𝑃2
• ∆𝑠 = 𝑠20 𝑇2 − 𝑠10 𝑇1 − 𝑅ln
𝑃1
at ∆𝑠 = 0
𝑃2 𝑠20 𝑇2 𝑠10 𝑇1
− 𝑅
=𝑒 𝑅
𝑃1 0𝑠2 𝑇2
𝑃2 𝑒 𝑅 𝑃𝑟,2
= =
𝑃1 𝑠10 𝑇1 𝑃𝑟,1
𝑒 𝑅
By similar reasoning
𝑣2 𝑣𝑟,2
=
𝑣1 𝑣𝑟,1

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Isentropic work for turbine, incompressible fluids
• Recall, 𝑇𝑑𝑠 = dℎ − 𝑣𝑑P, then at constant s
• dℎ = 𝑣𝑑𝑃
• Based on the first law
• 𝑑𝑤𝑆 + 𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑ℎ(negligible P.E and K.E)
• 𝑑𝑞 = 𝑇𝑑𝑠
• 𝑑𝑤𝑆 + 𝑇𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑ℎ , at constant s,
• 𝑑𝑤𝑆 = 𝑑ℎ
• 𝑑𝑤𝑆 = 𝑑ℎ = 𝑣𝑑P

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Isentropic work for turbine, incompressible fluids
𝑃 ℎ
• 𝑤𝑆 = ‫ 𝑃׬‬2 𝑣𝑑𝑃 = ‫׬‬ℎ 2 𝑑ℎ
1 1
2
• 𝑤𝑆 = ‫׬‬1 𝑣𝑑𝑃 = ℎ2 − ℎ1
• For an incompressible fluid
𝑤 = 𝑣 𝑃2 − 𝑃1
• For a compressible fluid, v is not constant, a relation is needed between v and P

• The most common way of dealing with this is using the relationship 𝑃𝑣 𝑛 = 𝐶

• This exponent n takes a lot of values viz n=0, n=1.4, n=1

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

What is the most energy efficient way of compression
n=1 (isothermal process)
𝐶 𝑣1 𝑃
Isothermal 𝑃𝑣 = 𝐶 = 𝑅𝑇, 𝑑𝑃 = − , 𝑤 = 𝐶𝑙𝑛 = 𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛 2
𝑣2 𝑣2 𝑃1
𝑘𝐶 𝑘 𝑘
Adiabatic 𝑃𝑣 𝑘 = 𝐶, 𝑑𝑃 = − 𝑘+1 , 𝑤 = −𝐶 𝑣21−𝑘 − 𝑣11−𝑘 = 𝐶𝑣2−𝑘 𝑣2 − 𝐶𝑣1−𝑘 𝑣1
𝑣 1−𝑘 𝑘−1
𝑘 𝑘
𝑤= 𝑃2 𝑣2 − 𝑃1 𝑣1 = 𝑅𝑇2 − 𝑅𝑇1
𝑘−1 𝑘 1−𝑘
−1 𝑘−1 𝑘−1
1−𝑘 1−𝑘
𝑃 𝑘 𝑃 𝑘 𝑘 𝑃2 𝑘
𝑇1 𝑃1𝑘
= 𝑇2 𝑃2𝑘
, 𝑇2 = 𝑇1 1 = 𝑇1 2 ,𝑤 = 𝑅𝑇1 −1
𝑃2 𝑃1 𝑘−1 𝑃1
By similar reasoning
Polytropic 𝑃𝑣 𝑛 = 𝐶
𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑃2 𝑛
𝑤= 𝑅𝑇1 −1
𝑛−1 𝑃1

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

What is the best way to compress gas?

From the graph it is obvious that:

• compressing a gas reversibly and
adiabatically is the least energy efficient way
of doing it
• And the most energy efficient is to
compressed reversibly and isothermally
• Modern compression techniques are
designed to approach isothermal
compression

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Multi-stage compression with interstage cooling
• We know that compression must approximate
isothermal

• This can be done with multi-stage compression

with cooling
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑃𝑥 𝑛 𝑛 𝑃2 𝑛
• 𝑤= 𝑅𝑇1 −1 + 𝑅𝑇1 −1
𝑛−1 𝑃1 𝑛−1 𝑃𝑥
0.5 𝑃𝑥 𝑃2
• 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑃2 𝑃1 or =
𝑃1 𝑃𝑥
𝑛−1
2𝑛 𝑃𝑥 𝑛
𝑤= 𝑅𝑇 −1
𝑛−1 1 𝑃1

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Isentropic efficiencies
• We know that irreversibilities inherently accompany all actual
processes and that their effect is always to downgrade the
performance of devices
• In engineering analysis, it would be very desirable to have some
parameters that would enable us to quantify the degree of
degradation of energy in these devices
• The ideal process in which actual process can be compared with is
the isentropic process

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Isentropic efficiencies
• For a turbine
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 ℎ1 − ℎ2𝑎
𝜂𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛 = =
𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 ℎ1 − ℎ2𝑠

• For a compressor
𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 ℎ2𝑠 − ℎ1
𝜂𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛 = =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ1

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Example
• Steam enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 3 MPa and 400°C and
leaves at 50 kPa and 100°C. If the power output of the turbine is 2
MW, determine
(a)the isentropic efficiency of the turbine and
(b) the mass flow rate of the steam flowing through the turbine

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Solution
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 ℎ1 −ℎ2𝑎
• 𝜂𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛 = =
𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 ℎ1 −ℎ2𝑠

• ℎ1 = 3231.7𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔, 𝑠1 = 6.9235𝑘𝐽/𝐾𝑘𝑔
• For isentropic process 𝑠2 = 6.9235𝑘𝐽/𝐾𝑘𝑔, 𝑃2 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎
• 𝑠𝑓 = 1.0912𝑘𝐽/𝐾𝑘𝑔, 𝑠𝑔 = 7.5931𝑘𝐽/𝐾𝑘𝑔
• ℎ2𝑠 = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥 ℎ𝑔 − 𝑓𝑓 , 𝑥 = 0.897
• ℎ𝑓 = 340.54𝑘𝐽/𝐾𝑘𝑔, ℎ𝑔 = 2645.2𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
• ℎ2𝑠 = 2407.9,

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Solution
• 𝑊ሶ 𝑆 = 𝑚ሶ ℎ1 − ℎ2𝑎
𝑊ሶ 𝑆 2000
• 𝑚ሶ = = = 3.64𝑘𝑔/𝑠
ℎ1 −ℎ2𝑎 3231.7−2682.4

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Example
• Air is compressed by an adiabatic compressor from 100 kPa and 12°C to a
pressure of 800 kPa at a steady rate of 0.2 kg/s. If the isentropic efficiency of the
compressor is 80 percent, determine
(a) the exit temperature of air and
(b) the required power input to the compressor

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

Conclusion
• At this stage we understand entropy and its effect the efficiency of
thermodynamic machinery
• What is left is to be apply our knowledge to power/work producing
cycles

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering

 That will be all for now

THANK YOU !!!!!!

Dept. of Chemical Engineering-KNUST Process Systems Engineering