Busbar Protection
1
Without Busbar Protection
F1 F2
Argues
There are fewer faults on busbars than on other parts of the
power system.
No risk of dislocation of system due to accidental operation of
busbar protection.
Without Busbar Protection
F1 F2
Drawbacks
• Slow fault clearance.
Busbar faults at F1 and F2 are cleared by remote time delayed
protection on circuits feeding the faults:
Time Delayed Overcurrent or
Time Delayed Distance Protection
With Busbar Protection
BUSBAR
ZONE
F1
• Fast clearance by breakers at the busbars
With Busbar Protection
BUSBAR
ZONE
F1 F2
• Where busbars are sectionalised,
Protection can limit the amount of system
disruption for a busbar fault
With Busbar Protection
1/2
SS SS SS
1 87BB 2 3
87BB
21 21
With Busbar Protection
2/2
87BB
87BB
21 21
With No Busbar Protection
1/2
21 21 21
21 21
With No Busbar Protection
2/2
21 21 21
21 21
With Busbar protection
87BB
87BB
21 21
With No Busbar protection
21 21 21
21 21
Busbar Faults Are Usually
Permanent
Causes of Busbar Faults :
• Falling debris
• Insulation failures
• Circuit breaker failures
• Current transformer failures
• Isolators switchs operated on load or outside their ratings
• Safety earths left connected
Therefore :
Circuit breakers should be tripped and locked out by
busbar protection
Busbar Protection must be :
• RELIABLE
– Failure to trip could cause widespread damage to the
substation
• STABLE
– False tripping can cause widespread interruption of supplies
to customers / possible power system instability
• DISCRIMINATING
– Should trip the minimum number of breakers to clear the
fault
• FAST
– To limit damage and possible power system instability
Methods of Providing Busbar
Protection
• Frame to Earth (Leakage) Protection >I
Insulation
>I >I >I >I >I
• Blocking Scheme Protection
• Differential Protection : High Impedance
Low Impedance
High Impedance Protection
14
Single Bus Substation
Single Bus Substation
P1 S1 P1 S1 P1 S1
P2 S2 P2 S2 P2 S2
Single Bus Substation
Single Bus Substation
Single Bus Substation
Double Bus Substation
Isolator Auxiliary Switches
Current switching
Bus A
Bus B
P1 S1
P2 S2
P1 S1 P1 S1 P1 S1 P2 S2
P2 S2 P2 S2 P2 S2 P1 S1
a Current
b
Isolator Auxiliary Switches
Current switching
Bus A
Bus B
Current
a
b
Isolator Auxiliary Switches
Current switching
Bus A
Bus B
a Current
b
Isolator Auxiliary Switches
Current switching
Bus A
Bus B
Current
a
b
Isolator Auxiliary Switches
Current switching
Bus A
Bus B
a Current
b
Isolator Auxiliary Switches
Current switching
Bus A
Bus B
a Current
b
Isolator Auxiliary Switches
Tripping switching
Bus A
Bus B
Tripping a
b
a
Current b
Isolator Auxiliary Switches
On Load Transfer
Bus A
Bus B
a
Current b
Isolator Auxiliary Switches
On Load Transfer
Bus A
Bus B
Current a
b
Pilot Wire Differential Protection of
Feeders
43
44
Differential Feeder Protection
Why Needed?
Overcomes application difficulties in complex networks i.e; coordination
problems and excessive fault clearance time
Basic Principle:
Involves current measurements at both ends of the feeder and
transmission of data
Protection should operate when fault is inside the protected zone and
must remain stable for fault outside the protected zone
Thus can be instantaneous in operation
45
Merze Price Differential or Unit
Protection
Boundaries of protection coverage accurately defined
Protection responds only to faults in protected zone
46
Unit Protection involving distance
between circuit breakers
Simple Local Differential Protection
47
Unit Protection involving distance
between circuit breakers
Trip A
Unit Protection involving distance between
circuits
48
Features of Numerical Differential Relays
49
Current Differential Principle
50
All Digital/ Numerical Design
51
Current Differential Advantages
52
Current Differential Signalling Options
53
Communication Path for Fibre Optic
Application
54
Optical Budgets for Direct Optical
Connection between Relays
55
Current Differential Characteristics
56
CT Ratio Correction
57
Stability for Magnetising Inrush Current
Magnetizing inrush current flows into the energised
winding at switch on.
This current is not represented at the remote end of
the line
A method of restraint is required to avoid trips on
closure of the breaker
Inrush current is rich in harmnics i.e; 2nd, 5th etc
Increase in bias current by adding a multiple of 2nd harmonic
current = RESTRAINT
58
THANK YOU
59
