1. Q: What is C language?

A: C is a general-purpose, procedural programming language developed in the

early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs. It is known for its efficiency and
control over system resources.

2. Q: Who developed C and when?

A: Dennis Ritchie developed C in 1972 at Bell Labs.

3. Q: What are keywords in C?

A: Keywords are reserved words in C that have special meaning to the compiler,
like int, return, if, while, etc.

4. Q: What is a variable?
A: A variable is a named location in memory used to store data. Its value can be
changed during program execution.

5. Q: What is the difference between a variable and a constant?

A: A variable can change value during execution, whereas a constant remains
fixed once defined.

6. Q: Explain the basic structure of a C program.

A: A C program typically includes headers (`#include`), the main function
(`main()`), declarations, and statements.

7. Q: What is the purpose of `main()`?

A: `main()` is the entry point of any C program where execution starts.

8. Q: What are the data types in C?

A: Primary data types include int, float, char, and double. Derived types
include arrays, pointers, and structures.

9. Q: What are format specifiers? Give examples.

A: Format specifiers define the type of data to be input/output. Example: %d for
int, %f for float, %c for char, %s for string.

10. Q: What is the use of `printf()` and `scanf()`?

A: `printf()` outputs data to the screen; `scanf()` reads input from the user.

11. Q: What are the different types of operators in C?

A: Arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, bitwise, increment/decrement,
and conditional (ternary).

12. Q: What is the difference between `=` and `==`?

A: `=` is the assignment operator; `==` is the equality comparison operator.

13. Q: Explain arithmetic operators with examples.

A: Arithmetic operators include +, -, *, /, %. Example: 5 + 2 = 7.

14. Q: What is the modulus operator?

A: It gives the remainder of a division operation. Example: 5 % 2 = 1.

15. Q: What is a ternary operator? Give an example.

A: It’s a shorthand for `if-else`. Syntax: `condition ? expr1 : expr2`. Example:
`a > b ? a : b`.

16. Q: What is precedence and associativity?

A: Precedence determines the order of evaluation; associativity determines the
direction (left-right or right-left).
17. Q: What is the output of `5 + 2 * 10`?
A: It’s 25 because `*` has higher precedence. So, 2 * 10 = 20; 5 + 20 = 25.

18. Q: What is the use of increment/decrement operators?

A: They increase or decrease a variable’s value by one. (++ and --)

19. Q: Differentiate between `++i` and `i++`.

A: `++i` increments first then uses the value; `i++` uses the value then
increments.

20. Q: Can we use multiple increment operators in a single expression?

A: Yes, but it may lead to undefined behavior. Best to avoid.

21. Q: What is an `if` statement?

A: It allows conditional execution of code blocks based on a condition.

22. Q: What is an `else if` ladder?

A: It allows checking multiple conditions one after the other.

23. Q: What is a `switch` statement?

A: It allows selection among multiple options using case labels.

24. Q: How is `switch` different from `if`?

A: `switch` is used when comparing a variable against constant values; `if` is
more flexible with conditions.

25. Q: What is a loop? Types of loops?

A: Loops repeat a block of code. Types: for, while, do-while.

26. Q: Difference between `while` and `do while`.

A: `while` checks condition before execution; `do while` checks after.

27. Q: What is a `for` loop?

A: It is a compact loop with initialization, condition, and increment/decrement
in one line.

28. Q: Can loops be nested?

A: Yes, loops can be placed inside other loops.

29. Q: What is `break` statement?

A: It exits the nearest loop or switch.

30. Q: What is `continue` statement?

A: It skips the current iteration and jumps to the next iteration of the loop.

31. Q: What is a function?

A: A block of reusable code that performs a specific task.

32. Q: How to define and call a function in C?

A: Define using return_type function_name(); Call it using function_name();

33. Q: What is `return` in a function?

A: It returns a value from the function to the caller.

34. Q: What is the scope of a variable?

A: Scope is the region of code where the variable is accessible.

35. Q: What is recursion?

A: A function calling itself is called recursion.
36. Q: Write a recursive function for factorial.
A: `int fact(int n){ if(n==0) return 1; else return n*fact(n-1); }`

37. Q: Difference between call by value and call by reference.

A: Call by value sends a copy; call by reference sends the actual address.

38. Q: What is a void function?

A: A function that returns nothing (uses `void` as return type).

39. Q: Can functions return more than one value?

A: Not directly, but we can use pointers or structures.

40. Q: What is function prototype?

A: It declares the function before its actual definition.

41. Q: What is an array?

A: A collection of elements of the same type stored in contiguous memory.

42. Q: How do you declare and initialize an array?

A: `int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};`

43. Q: How to find the length of an array?

A: `sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0])`

44. Q: What are multidimensional arrays?

A: Arrays with more than one dimension like 2D, 3D arrays.

45. Q: How to declare a 2D array?

A: `int arr[2][3];`

46. Q: What is a string in C?

A: A 1D array of characters ending with a null character (`\0`).

47. Q: How to read and print strings?

A: `scanf("%s", str); printf("%s", str);`

48. Q: Difference between `gets()` and `fgets()`?

A: `gets()` is unsafe and deprecated; `fgets()` is safe and limits input.

49. Q: What are common string functions in `<string.h>`?

A: `strlen`, `strcpy`, `strcat`, `strcmp`, `strrev`, etc.

50. Q: How to reverse a string in C?

A: Use a loop or `strrev()` (in some compilers) or write custom reverse logic.

51. Q: What is a pointer?

A: A variable that stores the address of another variable.

52. Q: How to declare and initialize a pointer?

A: `int *p; p = &x;`

53. Q: What is the use of `*` and `&` operators?

A: `*` dereferences a pointer; `&` gets the address of a variable.

54. Q: What is the difference between `*ptr` and `ptr`?

A: `ptr` is the address, `*ptr` is the value at that address.

55. Q: What is pointer arithmetic?

 A: Using `+`, `-`, etc., with pointers to navigate through memory.

56. Q: What is a NULL pointer?

A: A pointer that points to nothing (`NULL`).

57. Q: What is a wild pointer?

A: An uninitialized pointer pointing to an unknown memory location.

58. Q: What is a dangling pointer?

A: A pointer pointing to a memory location that has been freed.

59. Q: What are double pointers?

A: Pointers to pointers. `int **pp;`

60. Q: How to pass pointers to functions?

A: By using function parameters as pointer types: `void fun(int *p);`

61. Q: What is a structure?

A: A structure is a user-defined data type in C that allows grouping variables
of different types under a single name.

62. Q: How to define and use a structure?

A: Use `struct` keyword. Example: `struct Person { char name[20]; int age; };`
Then declare: `struct Person p;`

63. Q: What is a union?

A: A union is similar to a structure but shares memory for all members, so only
one member can hold a value at a time.

64. Q: Difference between structure and union?

A: Structures allocate memory for all members separately, unions share the same
memory.

65. Q: What is a typedef?

A: `typedef` gives a new name to an existing data type. Example: `typedef
unsigned int UI;`

66. Q: What is an enumeration?

A: An enum is a user-defined type consisting of integral constants. Example:
`enum colors {RED, GREEN, BLUE};`

67. Q: What is dynamic memory allocation?

A: It allows allocating memory during runtime using functions like `malloc`,
`calloc`, `realloc`, and `free`.

68. Q: What is the use of malloc()?

A: `malloc` allocates a block of memory dynamically. Example: `int *p =
(int*)malloc(10 * sizeof(int));`

69. Q: What is calloc()?

A: `calloc` allocates memory and initializes all bytes to zero.

70. Q: Difference between malloc() and calloc()?

A: `malloc` does not initialize memory, `calloc` does.

71. Q: What is realloc()?

A: `realloc` is used to resize previously allocated memory.

72. Q: What is free()?

 A: `free` releases dynamically allocated memory.

73. Q: What is a file in C?

A: A file is a storage unit used to store data permanently. C provides functions
to read/write files.

74. Q: How to open a file in C?

A: Using `fopen()` with mode: `r`, `w`, `a`, etc.

75. Q: What is the use of fopen(), fclose()?

A: `fopen()` opens a file; `fclose()` closes the file.

76. Q: How to read/write to a file?

A: Use `fprintf`, `fscanf`, `fgets`, `fputs`, `fread`, `fwrite`.

77. Q: What is the difference between text and binary files?

A: Text files store data as characters; binary files store data in binary
format.

78. Q: What is stderr, stdin, stdout?

A: They are standard I/O streams: input (keyboard), output (screen), and error.

79. Q: What is command line argument?

A: Arguments passed to `main()` via command line: `int main(int argc, char
*argv[])`

80. Q: How to handle errors in C?

A: Use `perror()`, `strerror()`, and check return values of functions.

81. Q: What is preprocessor?

A: Preprocessor handles directives before compilation like `#include`,
`#define`, `#ifdef`.

82. Q: What is the use of #define?

A: `#define` creates macro constants or functions.

83. Q: What is the difference between #include <file> and #include "file"?
A: `<>` is for system headers; `""` is for user-defined headers.

84. Q: What are macros?

A: Macros are preprocessor definitions that are replaced before compilation.

85. Q: What is the use of `const` keyword?

A: It makes a variable’s value unchangeable after initialization.

86. Q: What is a static variable?

A: It retains its value between function calls.

87. Q: What is an extern variable?

A: It is declared in one file and used in another.

88. Q: What is a register variable?

A: A request to store variable in CPU register for faster access.

89. Q: What is the difference between local and global variables?

A: Local variables exist inside functions; global variables exist outside and
are accessible throughout the program.

90. Q: What is the scope and lifetime of a variable?

 A: Scope is where it's accessible; lifetime is how long it exists in memory.

91. Q: What is the output of `printf("%d", sizeof(char));`?

A: Typically outputs 1.

92. Q: Can we use `goto` in C?

A: Yes, though it is discouraged. It provides unconditional jump.

93. Q: What is a memory leak?

A: Memory that is allocated but not freed.

94. Q: What is segmentation fault?

A: An error when a program tries to access invalid memory.

95. Q: What are inline functions?

A: Not available in C, but macros can behave similarly.

96. Q: What is the difference between exit() and return?

A: `return` exits from a function, `exit()` terminates the program.

97. Q: What are volatile variables?

A: Variables that can be changed by external sources and should not be optimized
by the compiler.

98. Q: What is a null-terminated string?

A: A string that ends with `\0` character.

99. Q: What is the difference between `strcpy()` and `strncpy()`?

A: `strncpy()` limits the number of characters copied.

100. Q: How to swap two numbers using pointers?

A: By passing their addresses to a function and swapping using dereference.