Microprocessor and Interfacing

(MPI)
GTU # 3160712

Unit-4:
Assembly Language
Programming Basics
PART-I: 8085 Instruction Set
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
Subject Overview
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
Sr. No. Unit % Weightage
1 Introduction to Microprocessor 8%
2 Microprocessor Architecture and Operations 7%
3 8085 Microprocessor 12%
4 Assembly Language Programming Basics 13%
5 8085 Assembly Language Programs 12%
6 Stack & Subroutines 13%
7 I/O Interfacing 20%
8 Advanced Microprocessors 15%

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 2

 Topics
Loopingto be covered
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

▪ Assembly Language Programming Basics

✓ Hierarchy of Languages
✓ Compilers and Assemblers
✓ Instructions and Machine Language
✓ Advantages of High-Level Languages
✓ Why to Learn Assembly Language?

▪ Assembly Language Programming Tools

▪ Classification of 8085 Instructions
✓ Based on Byte Size
✓ Based on Function
 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Hierarchy of Languages
Hierarchy of Languages
Application Program Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Independent
High Level Language High Level Language
Machine Specific Low Level Language
Assembly Language
• Assembly language
is a low-level
MOV BL,05h1100 1011 Machine Language programming
ADD CL 1100 1110 Native to adesigned
• language
MUL BH 0100 1111
forprocessor:
a specific type of
executed directly
processor.
Micro Program Control
by hardware
• Uses symbolic
Instructions
• names to represent
Hardware consist of registers
operations, binary
code: 1s and
and 0s
memory
locations.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 5

 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Compilers and Assemblers

Compilers and Assemblers
High Level Language Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Compiler

Compiler Assembly Language

Assembler

Machine Language

Compilers translate high-levelAssemblers

programs to machine assembly
translates code code to machine code
either directly, or Indirectly via an assembler

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 7

 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instructions and Machine

Language
Instructions and Machine Language
 Each command of a program is called an instruction (it instructs the computer, what to do?).
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

 Computers only deal with binary data, hence the instructions must be in binary format (0’s and
1’s).
 Therefore, each Opcode is having unique bit pattern of (0’s and 1’s).

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 9

Instruction Fields
 Assembly language instructions usually are made up of several fields. Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

 Each field specifies different information.

The major two fields are:
1. Opcode: Operation code that specifies operation to be performed.
Each operation has its unique opcode.
2. Operands: Fields which specify, where to get the source and destination operands for the operation
specified by the opcode.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 10

Instruction Fields
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Opcode Operand
MOV Rd, Rs
M, Rs
R, M

Rd → Destination Register
Rs → Source Register
M → Memory

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 11

Translating Languages
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

English: Sum of A and B

High-Level Language: A + B

A statement in a high-level language is translated typically

into several machine-level instructions

Assembly Language: Machine Language:

MVI A,02 1001 1011 0010
MVI B,03 1001 1001 0011
ADD B
1011 0011 0010

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 12

 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Advantages of High-Level
Languages
Advantages of High-Level Languages
 Program development is faster Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

 High-level statements: fewer instructions to code.

 Program maintenance is easier
 As Higher Level Language contains fewer instruction code.
 Programs are portable
 Contain few machine-dependent details.
 Can be used with little or no modifications on different machines.
 Compiler translates to the target machine language.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 14

 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Why to Learn Assembly

Language?
Why to Learn Assembly Language?
 Accessibility to system hardware Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

 Assembly Language is useful for implementing system software.

 It is also useful for small embedded system applications.
 Space and Time efficiency
 Understanding sources of program efficiency.
 Tuning program performance.
 Writing compact code.
 It is helpful for
 Compiler writing
 Programming microcontrollers
 Device drivers
 System design
 Low-level numeric routines

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 16

Why to Learn Assembly Language?
 Writing assembly programs gives the computer designer, deep understanding of the instruction
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

set and how to design.

 To be able to write compilers for HLL (Higher Level Language), we need to be expert with the
machine language. Assembly programming provides such experience.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 17

 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Assembly Language
Programming Tools
Assembly Language Programming Tools
1. Assembler Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

2. Linker
3. Debugger
4. Editor

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 19

Assembler
 An assembler is a program that converts programs written in assembly language into object
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

files(machine language).
 Popular assemblers have emerged over the years for the Intel family of processors. These
include …
 TASM (Turbo Assembler from Borland).
 NASM (Net wide Assembler for both Windows and Linux), and
 GNU assembler distributed by the free software foundation.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 20

Linker
 A linker program is required to produce executable files. Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

 It combines program's object file created by the assembler with other object files and link
libraries, to produces a single executable program.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 21

Assembly Language Programming Tools
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
Assemble and Link Process
Source Object
File Assembler File

Source Object Executable

File Assembler File Linker
File

Link
Source Object
Assembler Libraries
File File

A project may consist of multiple source files

Assembler translates each source file separately into an object file
Linker links all object files together with link libraries

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 22

Debugger
 Allows you to trace the execution of a program. Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

 Allows you to view code, memory, registers etc.

 Example: WinDbg, GDB - the GNU debugger, etc.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 23

Editor
 Allows to create assembly language source files. Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

 Some editors provide syntax highlighting features and can be customized as per programming
environment.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 24

 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Classification of
8085 Instructions
 Classification of 8085 Instructions

Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Based on Byte Size Based on Function

One-byte Instructions Data Transfer Instructions
Requires one memory location
to perform an operation
Arithmetic Instructions
E.g. CMA, ADD

Two-byte Instructions Logic & Bit Manipulation

Requires two memory locations Instructions
to perform an operation Branch Instructions
E.g. MVI A,32H

Control Instructions
Three-byte Instructions
Requires three memory locations
to perform an operation
E.g. JMP, CALL
Classification of 8085 instructions
 An instruction is a binary pattern designed inside a microprocessor to perform a specific
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

function.
 Each instruction is represented by an 8-bit binary value called Op-Code.
 The entire group of instructions that a microprocessor supports is known as an Instruction Set.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 27

Classification of 8085 instructions
Instruction Set Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

 It is the set of instructions that the microprocessor can understand.

Opcode
 Known as Operation Code.
 This required field contains the mnemonic operation code for the 8085 instruction.
Operand
 The operand field identifies the data to be operated on by the specified opcode.
 Some instructions require no operands, while others require one or two operands.

MVI D, 8BH

Opcode Operand

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 28

Classification of 8085 instructions
General Terms Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

R 8085 8-bit register (A, B, C, D, E, H, L)

M Memory
Rs Register Source
Rd Register Destination
Rp Register Pair (BC, DE, HL)

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 29

One-byte Instruction
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
One-byte instructions includes Opcode and Operand in the same byte.

Instruction Binary Code Hexa Code

Opcode Operand
MOV C,A 0100 1111 4FH
ADD B 1000 0000 80H
CMA 0010 1111 2FH

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 30

List of one-byte Instructions
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
Sr. Instruction Sr. Instruction Sr. Instruction Sr. Instruction
1 MOV dest.,src 13 SBB R/M 25 RNZ 37 CMA
2 LDAX RP (B/D) 14 INR R/M 26 RPE 38 CMC
3 STAX RP 15 INX RP 27 RPO 39 STC
4 XCHG 16 DCR R/M 28 RST 0-7 40 NOP
5 SPHL 17 DCX RP 29 CMP R/M 41 HLT
6 XTHL 18 DAA 30 ANA R/M 42 DI
7 PUSH RP 19 RET 31 XRA R/M 43 EI
8 POP RP 20 RC 32 ORA R/M 44 RIM
9 ADD R/M 21 RNC 33 RLC 45 SIM
10 ADC R/M 22 RP 34 RRC
11 DAD 23 RM 35 RAL
12 SUB R/M 24 RZ 36 RAR

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 31

Two-byte Instruction
In two-byte instruction, Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

1st Byte : Specifies Opcode

2nd Byte: Specifies Operand

Instruction Binary Code Hexa Code

Opcode Operand
MVI A,32H 0011 1110 3E: 1st Byte
0011 0010 32: 2nd Byte
MVI B,F2H 0011 1110 3E: 1st Byte
1111 0010 F2: 2nd Byte
IN 0AH 1101 1011 DB: 1st Byte
0000 1010 0A: 2nd Byte

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 32

List of two-byte Instructions
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
Sr. Instruction
1 MVI destination,8-bit data
2 OUT 8-bit port address
3 IN 8-bit port address
4 ADI 8-bit data
5 ACI 8-bit data
6 SUI 8-bit data
7 SBI 8-bit data
8 CPI 8-bit data
9 ANI 8-bit data
10 XRI 8-bit data
11 ORI 8-bit data

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 33

Three-byte Instruction
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
In three-byte instruction,
1st Byte: Specifies Opcode
2nd Byte: Specifies lower order 8-bit address
3rd Byte: Specifies higher order 8-bit address

Instruction Binary Code Hexa Code

Opcode Operand
LDA 2050H 0011 1010 3A: 1st Byte
0101 0000 50: 2nd Byte
0010 0000 20: 3rd Byte
JMP 2085H 1100 0011 C3: 1st Byte
1000 0101 85: 2nd Byte
0010 0000 20: 3rd Byte

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 34

List of three-byte Instructions
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
Sr. Instruction Sr. Instruction
1 LDA 16-bit address 13 JPE 16-bit address
2 LXI Rp, 16-bit data 14 JPO 16-bit address
3 LHLD 16-bit address 15 CALL 16-bit address
4 STA 16-bit address 16 CC 16-bit address
5 SHLD 16-bit address 17 CNC 16-bit address
6 JMP 16-bit address 18 CP 16-bit address
7 JC 16-bit address 19 CM 16-bit address
8 JNC 16-bit address 20 CZ 16-bit address
9 JP 16-bit address 21 CNZ 16-bit address
10 JM 16-bit address 22 CPE 16-bit address
11 JZ 16-bit address 23 CPO 16-bit address
12 JNZ 16-bit address

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 35

GTU Exam Questions
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Sr Questions Marks Year

1. Explain the functions of following instructions of 8085 – state the bytes occupied, number of Machine 4 W’18
cycle required and T-States
1. LXI H, 2050H
2. MOV B,A
3. STA 5050H
4. ADD C
2. Explain the functions of following instructions of 8085 – state its 4 S’19
number of bytes occupied, number of Machine cycle required and T-states.
1. MOV A,M
2. LXI H,1000H
3. DAA
3. Explain One byte, Two byte, Three byte instruction. 4 W’19

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 36

 Classification of 8085 Instructions

Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Based on Byte Size Based on Function

One-byte Instructions Data Transfer Instructions
Requires one memory location
to perform an operation
Arithmetic Instructions
E.g. CMA, ADD

Two-byte Instructions Logic & Bit Manipulation

Requires two memory locations Instructions
to perform an operation Branch Instructions
E.g. MVI A,32H

Control Instructions
Three-byte Instructions
Requires three memory locations
to perform an operation
E.g. JMP, CALL
 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Data Transfer Instructions

Data Transfer Instructions
 Instructions copy data from source to destination. Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

 While copying, the contents of source is not modified.

 Data Transfer Instructions do not affect the flags.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 39

MOV: Move data from source to destination
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
MOV Rd, Rs • This instruction copies the contents MOV B, C ; BC
MOV M, R of the source register into the MOV B, M;BM[HL]
MOV R, M destination register. MOV M, B; M[HL]B
• Contents of the source register is
not altered.
• If one of the operands is a memory,
its location is specified by the
contents of the HL registers.
• one-byte instruction.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 40

MVI: Load 8-bit to Register/Memory
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
MVI R, Data • The 8-bit data is stored in the MVI B, 57H; B12
M, Data destination register or memory. MVI M, 12H ; M[HL]12
• If the operand is a memory
location, its location is specified
by the contents of the HL
registers.
• Two-byte instruction.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 41

Example: LDA Instruction
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

LDA 2050H

Registers Memory
02 2000
A
04 …
B C 0A ..
06 .
D E
0F 2049
H L 0D 2050
05 2051
03 2052

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 42

LDA: Load Accumulator
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
LDA 16-bit • The contents of a memory location, LDA 2050H
address specified by a 16-bit address in the LDA 0006H
operand, is copied to the accumulator.
• The contents of the source is not
altered.
• Three-byte instruction.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 43

LDAX: Load the accumulator indirect
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
LDAX Rp • The contents of a memory location, LDAX B ; AM[BC]
(B/D) specified by a 16-bit address in the LDAX D ; AM[DE]
operand, is copied to the accumulator.
• The contents of the source is not
altered.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 44

Example: LDAX Instruction
LDAX B ; AM[BC]
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Registers Memory
02 0001
A
04 0002
B 00 06 C 0A 0003
06 0004
D E
0F 0005
H L 0D 0006
05 0007
03 0008

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 45

LXI: Load the immediate register pair
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
LXI Rp, 16-bit The instruction loads immediate LXI H, 2034H
Data 16-bit data into register pair.

Registers

A
B
D
H 20 34 L

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 46

STA: Store Accumulator
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
STA 16-bit The contents of accumulator is copied STA 0002H
address into the memory location specified by the 16-bit memory address
operand.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 47

STAX: Store Accumulator Indirect
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
STAX Rp The contents of accumulator is copied STAX B;M[BC]A
into memory location specified by the
contents of the operand (register pair).
The contents of the accumulator is not
altered.
Registers 02 0001 Memory
04 0002
A 0D 0A 0003
06 0004
B 00 06 C 0F 0005
D E 04 0006
05 0007
H L 03 0008
Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 48
Example: LHLD Instruction
LHLD 0006H Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Registers Memory
02 0001
A
04 0002
B C 0A 0003
06 0004
D E
0F 0005
H L 0D 0006
05 0007
03 0008

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 49

LHLD: Load H and L registers direct
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
LHLD 16-bit • The instruction copies contents of the LHLD 2050H
address memory location pointed out by the LHLD 0006H
address into register L and copies the
contents of the next memory location
into register H.
• The contents of source memory
locations is not altered.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 50

SHLD: Store H and L registers direct
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
SHLD 16-bit The contents of register L is stored in SHLD 0002H
address memory location specified by the 16-bit
address in the operand and the contents
of H register is stored into the next
memory location by incrementing the
operand.

Memory
0001
0002
H A2 D3 L 0003
0004

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 51

XCHG: Exchange H and L with D and E
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
XCHG None The contents of register H are exchanged XCHG
with the contents of register D, and the
contents of register L are exchanged with
the contents of register E.

D A2 03 E D D3 08 E
H D3 08 L H A2 03 L

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 52

SPHL: Copy H and L registers to stack pointer
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
SPHL None The instruction loads the contents of the SPHL
H and L registers into the stack pointer
register, the contents of H register
provide the high-order address and the
contents of L register provide the low-
order address. The contents of the H and
L registers are not altered.

SP (16)
H A2 D3 L

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 53

XTHL: Exchange H and L with top of stack
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
XTHL None The contents of L register is exchanged XTHL
with stack location pointed out by
contents SP. The contents of the H
register are exchanged with the next
stack location (SP+1).

Registers Memory
0001
3F 0002 SP
H A2 D3 L 0003
2C SP
0004

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 54

Example: PUSH Instruction
PUSH B Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

SP <- SP-1
SP <- B ;transfer high order bit to TOS
SP <- SP-1
SP <- C ;transfer low order bit to TOS

Registers Memory

A SP 23 0008
SP 06 0007
B 06 40 C SP 40 0006
D E 0005
0004
H L 0003
0002
0001

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 55

PUSH: Push the register pair onto the stack
Instruction Description Example
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Opcode Operand

PUSH Rp The contents of the register pair PUSH B

designated in the operand are copied
onto the stack in the following sequence.
1. The SP register is decremented and
the contents of the high order
register (B, D, H) are copied into that
location.
2. The SP register is decremented
again and the contents of the low-
order register (C, E, L) are copied to
that location.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 56

Example: POP Instruction
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Registers Memory
SP 03 0008
A
SP 06 0007
B 06 40 C SP 40 0006
D 0005
E
0004
H L 0003
0002
0001
POP B
C <- SP ; transfer to low order bit from TOS
SP <- SP+1

B <- SP ; transfer to high order bit from TOS

SP <- SP+1

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 57

POP: Pop off stack to the register pair
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand

POP Rp The contents of the memory location POP B

pointed out by the stack pointer register
are copied to the low-order register (C, E,
L) of the operand.
1. The stack pointer is incremented by
1 and the contents of that memory
location are copied to the high-order
register (B, D, H) of the operand.
2. The stack pointer register is again
incremented by 1.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 58

OUT: Output from Accumulator to 8-bit port
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
OUT 8-bit The contents of the accumulator are OUT 0AH
port copied into the I/O port specified by the
address operand.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 59

IN: Input data to accumulator from with 8-bit port
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
IN 8-bit The contents of the input port designated IN 0AH
port in the operand are read and loaded into
address the accumulator.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 60

 1 MOV Dst,Src Copy content 1 Byte
2 MVI (R/M), 8-bit Data Load 8-bit to Register/Memory 2 Byte
3 LDA 16-bit address Load Accumulator 3 Byte
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

4 LDAX Rp(B/D) Load the accumulator indirect 1 Byte

5 LXI Rp, 16-bit Data Load the register pair immediate 3 Byte
6 STA 16-bit address Store Accumulator 3 Byte
Data Transfer Instructions

7 STAX Rp Store Accumulator Indirect 1 Byte

8 LHLD 16-bit address Load H and L registers direct 3 Byte
9 SHLD 16-bit address Store H and L registers direct 3 Byte
10 XCHG None Exchange H and L with D and E 1 Byte
11 SPHL None Copy H and L registers to the stack pointer 1 Byte
12 XTHL None Exchange H and L with top of stack 1 Byte
13 PUSH Rp Push the register pair onto the stack 1 Byte
14 POP Rp Pop off stack to the register pair 1 Byte
15 OUT 8-bit port address Output from Accumulator to 8-bit port 2 Byte
address
16 IN 8-bit port address Input data to accumulator from a port with 2 Byte
8-bit address
GTU Exam Questions
Sr. Questions Marks
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject. Year
1. Explain the PUSH and POP instructions of the 8085 microprocessor with example. 4 W’17
2. Explain the following instructions of the 8085 microprocessor with suitable example: 7 W’17
STA, LDAX, XTHL
3. Explain 8085 data transfer instructions with suitable examples. 7 S’18
4. Define opcode and operand, and specify the opcode and the operand in the instruction MOV H, L 3 W’18
5. Explain the following instructions of the 8085 microprocessor with 4 S’19
suitable example: LHLD, SPHL, LDAX, XTHL
6. The memory location 2070H holds the data byte F2H.Write instructions to transfer the data byte to the 4 W’19
accumulator using three different opcodes: MOV, LDAX, and LDA.
7. Register D contains 72H.Illustrate the instructions MOV and STAX to copy the contents of register B 4 W’19
into memory location 8020H using indirect addressing.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 62

 Classification of 8085 Instructions

Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Based on Byte Size Based on Function

One-byte Instructions Data Transfer Instructions
Requires one memory location
to perform an operation
Arithmetic Instructions
E.g. CMA, ADD

Two-byte Instructions Logic & Bit Manipulation

Requires two memory locations Instructions
to perform an operation Branch Instructions
E.g. MVI A,32H

Control Instructions
Three-byte Instructions
Requires three memory locations
to perform an operation
E.g. JMP, CALL
 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Arithmetic Instructions
 1 ADD R/M Add register or memory, to the accumulator 1 Byte
2 ADC R/M Add register to the accumulator with carry 1 Byte
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
3 ADI 8-bit data Add the immediate to the accumulator 2 Byte
4 ACI 8-bit data Add the immediate to the accumulator with carry 2 Byte
Arithmetic Instructions
5 DAD Rp Add the register pair to H and L registers 1 Byte
6 SUB R/M Subtract the register/memory from accumulator 1 Byte
7 SBB R/M Subtract the source and borrow from accumulator 1 Byte
8 SUI 8-bit data Subtract the immediate from the accumulator 2 Byte
9 SBI 8-bit data Subtract immediate from accumulator with borrow 2 Byte
10 INR R/M Increment the register or the memory by 1 1 Byte
11 INX Rp Increment register pair by 1 1 Byte
12 DCR R/M Decrement the register or the memory by 1 1 Byte
13 DCX Rp Decrement register pair by 1 1 Byte
14 DAA Decimal adjust accumulator 1 Byte

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 65

ADD: Add register/memory to accumulator
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
ADD R/M • The contents of the operand (register ADD B; A = A + B
or memory) are added to the contents ADD M; A = A + M[HL]
of the accumulator and the result is
stored in the accumulator.
• If the operand is a memory location,
its location is specified by the
contents of the HL registers.
• All flags are modified to reflect the
result of the addition.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 66

ADC: Add register to accumulator with carry
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
Instruction Description Example
Opcode Operand
ADC R/M • The contents of the operand (register ADC B; A = A + B + CY
or memory) and the Carry flag are ADC M; A = A + M[HL]+CY
added to the contents of the
accumulator and the result is stored
in the accumulator.
• If the operand is a memory location,
its location is specified by the
contents of the HL registers.
• All flags are modified to reflect the
result of the addition.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 67

ADI: Add immediate 8-bit with accumulator
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
ADI 8-bit • The 8-bit data (operand) is added to ADI 03; A = A + 03h
data the contents of the accumulator and
the result is stored in the
accumulator.
• All flags are modified to reflect the
result of the addition.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 68

ACI: Add immediate 8-bit to accumulator with carry
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
ACI 8-bit • The 8-bit data (operand) and the Carry ACI 03; A = A + 03h + CY
data flag are added to the contents of the
accumulator and the result is stored
in the accumulator.
• All flags are modified to reflect the
result of the addition.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 69

DAD: Add register pair to H and L registers
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
DAD Rp • The 16-bit contents of the specified DAD B
register pair are added to the contents
of the HL register and the sum is
stored in the HL register.
• The contents of the source register
pair are not altered.
• If the result is larger than 16 bits, the
CY flag is set. No other flags are
affected.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 70

DAD Instruction
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
Registers

A
B 02 08 C
D E +
H 02
04 0B
03 L 02 03

04 0B
DAD B

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 71

SUB: Subtract register/memory from accumulator
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
SUB R/M • The contents of the operand (register SUB B ; A=A-B
or memory) is subtracted from the SUB M ; A=A-M[HL]
contents of the accumulator, and the
result is stored in the accumulator.
• If the operand is a memory location,
its location is specified by the
contents of the HL registers.
• All flags are modified to reflect the
result of the subtraction.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 72

SBB: Subtract source & borrow from accumulator
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
SBB R/M • The contents of the operand (register SBB B; A=A - (B+CY)
or memory) and the Borrow flag are SBB M; A=A-(M[HL]+CY)
subtracted from the contents of the
accumulator and the result is placed
in the accumulator.
• If the operand is a memory location,
its location is specified by the
contents of the HL registers.
• All flags are modified to reflect the
result of the subtraction.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 73

SUI: Subtract immediate 8-bit from accumulator
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
SUI 8-bit • The 8-bit data (operand) is subtracted SUI 08h; A = A - 08h
data from the contents of the accumulator
and the result is stored in the
accumulator.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 74

SBI: Subtract immediate from accumulator with borrow
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
SBI 8-bit • The 8-bit data (operand) and the SBI 08h; A=A - (08h+CY)
data borrow (CY) are subtracted from the
contents of the accumulator and the
result is stored in the accumulator.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 75

INR: Increment register/memory by 1
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
INR R/M • The contents of the designated INR B;B=B+01
register or memory is incremented by INR M;M[HL]=M[HL]+01
1 and the result is stored at the same
place.
• If the operand is a memory location,
its location is specified by the
contents of the HL registers.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 76

INX: Increment register pair by 1
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
INX Rp The contents of the designated register INX D; DE=DE+0001
pair is incremented by 1 and the result is
stored at the same place.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 77

DCR: Decrement register/ memory by 1
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
DCR R/M • The contents of the designated DCR B;B=B-01
register or memory is decremented by DCR M;M[HL]=M[HL]-01
1 and the result is stored in the same
place.
• If the operand is a memory location,
its location is specified by the
contents of the HL registers.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 78

DCX: Decrement register pair by 1
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
DCX Rp The contents of the designated register DCX B; BC=BC- 0001
pair is decremented by 1 and their result DCX D; DE=DE- 0001
is stored at the same place.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 79

DAA: Decimal Adjust Accumulator
Instruction Description Example
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Opcode Operand
DAA None • The contents of the accumulator is DAA
changed from a binary value to two 4-
bit BCD digits.
• If the value of the low-order 4-bits in
the accumulator is greater than 9 or if
AC flag is set, the instruction adds 6
to the low-order four bits.
• If the value of the high-order 4-bits in
the accumulator is greater than 9 or if
the Carry flag is set, the instruction
adds 6 to the high-order four bits.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 80

DAA Instruction
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Registers
1 11
A 2A 0010 1010
B C +0000 0110
D E 0 01 1 0 00 0
H L
Valid BCD number

30

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 81

 1 ADD R/M Add register or memory, to the accumulator 1 Byte
2 ADC R/M Add register to the accumulator with carry 1 Byte
3 ADI 8-bit data Add the immediate to the accumulator Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
2 Byte
4 ACI 8-bit data Add the immediate to the accumulator with carry 2 Byte
Arithmetic Instructions
5 DAD Rp Add the register pair to H and L registers 1 Byte
6 SUB R/M Subtract the register/memory from accumulator 1 Byte
7 SBB R/M Subtract the source and borrow from accumulator 1 Byte
8 SUI 8-bit data Subtract the immediate from the accumulator 2 Byte
9 SBI 8-bit data Subtract immediate from accumulator with borrow 2 Byte
10 INR R/M Increment the register or the memory by 1 1 Byte
11 INX Rp Increment register pair by 1 1 Byte
12 DCR R/M Decrement the register or the memory by 1 1 Byte
13 DCX Rp Decrement register pair by 1 1 Byte
14 DAA Decimal adjust accumulator 1 Byte

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 82

 Classification of 8085 Instructions

Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Based on Byte Size Based on Function

One-byte Instructions Data Transfer Instructions
Requires one memory location
to perform an operation
Arithmetic Instructions
E.g. CMA, ADD

Two-byte Instructions Logic & Bit Manipulation

Requires two memory locations Instructions
to perform an operation Branch Instructions
E.g. MVI A,32H

Control Instructions
Three-byte Instructions
Requires three memory locations
to perform an operation
E.g. JMP, CALL
 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Branch Instructions
 1 JMP Jump unconditionally 3 Byte
2 JC Jump on carry 3 Byte
3 JNC Jump on no carry 3 Byte
4 JP Jump on positive 3 Byte
5 JM Jump on minus 3 Byte Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
6 JZ Jump on zero 3 Byte
7 JNZ Jump on no zero 3 Byte
8 JPE Jump on parity even 3 Byte
9 JPO Jump on parity odd 3 Byte
10 CALL Call unconditionally 3 Byte
11 CC Call on carry 3 Byte
Branch Instructions

12 CNC Call on no carry 3 Byte

13 CP Call on positive 3 Byte
14 CM Call on minus 3 Byte
15 CZ Call on zero 3 Byte
16 CNZ Call on no zero 3 Byte
17 CPE Call on parity even 3 Byte
18 CPO Call on parity odd 3 Byte
19 RET Return unconditionally 1 Byte
20 RC Return on carry 1 Byte
21 RNC Return on no carry 1 Byte
22 RP Return on positive 1 Byte
23 RM Return on minus 1 Byte
24 RZ Return on zero 1 Byte
25 RNZ Return on no zero 1 Byte
26 RPE Return on parity even 1 Byte
27 RPO Return on parity odd 1 Byte
28 PCHL Load program counter with HL contents 1 Byte
29 RST Restart 1 Byte
JMP: Jump unconditionally
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
JMP 16-bit The program sequence is transferred to JMP 000AH
address the memory address given in the
operand.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 86

JMP: Jump unconditionally
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Memory Instructions Memory Instructions

Address Label
0000H MVI A,05 MVI A,05
0002H MOV B,A MOV B,A
0003H MOV C,B MOV C,B
0004H JMP 0009 JMP L1
0007H ADI 02 ADI 02
0009H SUB B L1: SUB B
000AH HLT HLT

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 87

 Branch Instruction
Jump Conditionally
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
JC 16-bit address Jump on Carry, Flag Status: CY=1 JC 2030H
JNC 16-bit address Jump on No Carry, Flag Status: CY=0 JNC 2030H
JZ 16-bit address Jump on Zero, Flag Status: Z=1 JZ 2030H
JNZ 16-bit address Jump on No Zero, Flag Status: Z=0 JNZ 2030H
JP 16-bit address Jump on Positive, Flag Status: S=0 JP 2030H
JM 16-bit address Jump on Minus, Flag Status: S=1 JM 2030H
JPE 16-bit address Jump on Parity Even, JPE 2030H
Flag Status: P=1
JPO 16-bit address Jump on Parity Odd, JPO 2030H
Flag Status: P=0

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 88

RET: Return from subroutine unconditionally
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
RET The program sequence is transferred RET
from the subroutine to the calling
program.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 89

CALL: Call Unconditionally
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
CALL 16-bit Instruction transfers the program CALL 000AH
address sequence to the memory address given in
the operand. Before transferring, the
address of the next instruction(PC) is
pushed onto the stack.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 90

CALL: Call Unconditionally
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
Line Instruction Address PC SP→ 05 [2008]

1 LXI H,1002 [0000] [0003] SP→ 00 [2007]

2 LXI D,3002 [0003] [0006] SP→ 09 [2006]

3 CALL ADD1 [0006] [0009]

0009 [2005]

4 LXI B,4002 [0009] [000C]

5 ADD1:MOV A,D [000C] [000D]
6 ADD H [000D] [000E]
7 RET [000E]

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 91

 Branch Instruction
CALL Conditionally
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
CC 16-bit address Call on Carry, Flag Status: CY=1 CC 2030H
CNC 16-bit address Call on No Carry, Flag Status: CY=0 CNC 2030H
CZ 16-bit address Call on Zero, Flag Status: Z=1 CZ 2030H
CNZ 16-bit address Call on No Zero, Flag Status: Z=0 CNZ 2030H
CP 16-bit address Call on Positive, Flag Status: S=0 CP 2030H
CM 16-bit address Call on Minus, Flag Status: S=1 CM 2030H
CPE 16-bit address Call on Parity Even, CPE 2030H
Flag Status: P=1
CPO 16-bit address Call on Parity Odd, CPO 2030H
Flag Status: P=0

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 92

Branch Instruction
Return from Subroutine
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
RC 16-bit address Return on Carry, CY=1 RC
RNC 16-bit address Return on No Carry, CY=0 RNC
RZ 16-bit address Return on Zero, Z=1 RZ
RNZ 16-bit address Return on No Zero, Z=0 RNZ
RP 16-bit address Return on Positive, S=0 RP
RM 16-bit address Return on Minus, S=1 RP
RPE 16-bit address Return on Parity Even, RPE
Flag Status: P=1
RPO 16-bit address Return on Parity Odd, RPO
Flag Status: P=0

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 93

PCHL: Load program counter with HL contents
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
PCHL None • The contents of registers H & L are PCHL
copied into the program counter.
• The contents of H are placed as the
high-order byte and the contents of L
as the low-order byte.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 94

RST: Restart
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
RST 0-7(N) The RST instruction is used as software RST 5
instructions in a program to transfer the program
execution to one of the following eight locations.
Instruction Restart Address
RST 0 0000H
RST 1 0008H
RST 2 0010H
RST 3 0018H
RST 4 0020H
RST 5 0028H
RST 6 0030H
RST 7 0038H

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 95

Branch Instruction
The 8085 has additionally 4 interrupts, which can generate RST instructions Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

internally and doesn’t require any external hardware.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
TRAP None It restart from address 0024H TRAP
RST 5.5 None It restart from address 002CH RST 5.5
RST 6.5 None It restart from address 0034H RST 6.5
RST 7.5 None It restart from address 003CH RST 7.5

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 96

 1 JMP Jump unconditionally 3 Byte
2 JC Jump on carry 3 Byte
3 JNC Jump on no carry 3 Byte
4 JP Jump on positive 3 Byte
5 JM Jump on minus 3 Byte Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
6 JZ Jump on zero 3 Byte
7 JNZ Jump on no zero 3 Byte
8 JPE Jump on parity even 3 Byte
9 JPO Jump on parity odd 3 Byte
10 CALL Call unconditionally 3 Byte
11 CC Call on carry 3 Byte
Branch Instructions

12 CNC Call on no carry 3 Byte

13 CP Call on positive 3 Byte
14 CM Call on minus 3 Byte
15 CZ Call on zero 3 Byte
16 CNZ Call on no zero 3 Byte
17 CPE Call on parity even 3 Byte
18 CPO Call on parity odd 3 Byte
19 RET Return unconditionally 1 Byte
20 RC Return on carry 1 Byte
21 RNC Return on no carry 1 Byte
22 RP Return on positive 1 Byte
23 RM Return on minus 1 Byte
24 RZ Return on zero 1 Byte
25 RNZ Return on no zero 1 Byte
26 RPE Return on parity even 1 Byte
27 RPO Return on parity odd 1 Byte
28 PCHL Load program counter with HL contents 1 Byte
29 RST Restart 1 Byte
 Classification of 8085 Instructions

Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Based on Byte Size Based on Function

One-byte Instructions Data Transfer Instructions
Requires one memory location
to perform an operation
Arithmetic Instructions
E.g. CMA, ADD

Two-byte Instructions Logic & Bit Manipulation

Requires two memory locations Instructions
to perform an operation Branch Instructions
E.g. MVI A,32H

Control Instructions
Three-byte Instructions
Requires three memory locations
to perform an operation
E.g. JMP, CALL
 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Logical & Bit Manipulation

Instructions
 1 CMP Compare register or memory with accumulator 1 Byte
2 CPI Compare immediate with accumulator 2 Byte
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

3 ANA Logical AND register or memory with accumulator 1 Byte

Logical & Bit Manipulation Instructions

4 ANI Logical AND immediate with accumulator 2 Byte
5 XRA Exclusive OR register or memory with accumulator 1 Byte
6 XRI Exclusive OR immediate with accumulator 2 Byte
7 ORA Logical OR register or memory with accumulator 1 Byte
8 ORI Logical OR immediate with accumulator 2 Byte
9 RLC Rotate accumulator left 1 Byte
10 RRC Rotate accumulator right 1 Byte
11 RAL Rotate accumulator left through carry 1 Byte
12 RAR Rotate accumulator right through carry 1 Byte
13 CMA Complement accumulator 1 Byte
14 CMC Complement carry 1 Byte
15 STC Set carry 1 Byte

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 100

CMP: Compare register/memory with accumulator
Instruction Description Example
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Opcode Operand
CMP R/M The contents of the operand (register or CMP B
memory) is compared with the contents CMP M
of the accumulator. Both contents are
preserved. The result of the comparison
is shown by setting the flags:
1. if (A) < (reg/mem): carry flag is
set(1).
2. if (A) = (reg/mem): zero flag is
set(1).
3. if (A) > (reg/mem): carry and zero
flags are reset(0).

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 101

CPI: Compare immediate with accumulator
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
Instruction Description Example
Opcode Operand
CPI 8-bit • The second byte data is compared CPI 89H
data with the contents of the accumulator.
• The values being compared remain
unchanged. The result of the
comparison is shown by setting the
flags:
1. if (A) < data: carry flag is set(1).
2. if (A) = data: zero flag is set(1).
3. if (A) > data: carry and zero flags are
reset(0).

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 102

ANA: AND register/memory with accumulator
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
Instruction Description Example
Opcode Operand
ANA R/M • The contents of the accumulator are ANA B
logically ANDed with the contents of the ANA M
operand (register or memory), and the
result is placed in the accumulator.
• If the operand is a memory location, its
address is specified by the contents of HL
registers.
• S, Z, P are modified to reflect the result of
the operation.
• CY is reset. AC is set.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 103

ANI: AND immediate with accumulator
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
ANI 8-bit • The contents of the accumulator are ANI 02H
data logically ANDed with the 8-bit data
(operand) and the result is placed in the
accumulator.
• S, Z, P are modified to reflect the result of
the operation.
• CY is reset. AC is set.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 104

ORA: OR register/memory with accumulator
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
ORA R/M • The contents of the accumulator is ORA B
logically ORed with the contents of the ORA M
operand (register or memory), and the
result is placed in the accumulator.
• If the operand is a memory location, its
address is specified by the contents of HL
registers.
• S, Z, P are modified to reflect the result of
the operation. CY and AC are reset.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 105

ORI: OR immediate with accumulator
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
ORI 8-bit • The contents of the accumulator is logically ORI 02H
data ORed with the 8-bit data (operand) and the
result is placed in the accumulator.
• S, Z, P are modified to reflect the result of
the operation.
• CY is reset. AC is set.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 106

XRA: Exclusive OR register/memory with accumulator
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
XRA R/M • The contents of the accumulator is XRA B
Exclusive ORed with the contents of the XRA M
operand (register or memory), and the
result is placed in the accumulator.
• If the operand is a memory location, its
address is specified by the contents of HL
registers.
• S, Z, P are modified to reflect the result of
the operation. CY and AC are reset.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 107

XRI: Exclusive OR immediate with accumulator
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
XRI 8-bit • The contents of the accumulator are XRI 02H
data Exclusive Ored with the 8-bit data (operand)
and the result is placed in the accumulator.
• S, Z, P are modified to reflect the result of
the operation.
• CY is reset. AC is set.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 108

RLC: Rotate accumulator left
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
RLC None • Each binary bit of the accumulator is RLC
rotated left by one position.
• Bit D7 is placed in the position of D0 as well
as in the Carry flag(CY).
• CY is modified according to bit D7.
• S, Z, P, AC are not affected.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 109

Logical Instruction
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

RLC

A:Accumulator
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1

Rotate the accumulator left CY

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 110

RRC: Rotate accumulator right
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
RRC None • Each binary bit of the accumulator is RRC
rotated right by one position.
• Bit D0 is placed in the position of D7 as well
as in the Carry flag(CY).
• CY is modified according to bit D0.
• S, Z, P, AC are not affected.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 111

RRC: Example
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

A:Accumulator
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0

Rotate the accumulator right

CY

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 112

RAL: Rotate accumulator left through carry
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
RAL None • Each binary bit of the accumulator is RAL
rotated left by one position through the
Carry flag.
• Bit D7 is placed in the Carry flag, and the
Carry flag is placed in the least significant
position D0.
• CY is modified according to bit D7.
• S, Z, P, AC are not affected.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 113

RAL: Example
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

A:Accumulator
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0

CY
0
Rotate the accumulator left through carry

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 114

RAR: Rotate accumulator right through carry
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
RAR None • Each binary bit of the accumulator is RAR
rotated right by one position through the
Carry flag.
• Bit D0 is placed in the Carry flag, and the
Carry flag is placed in the most significant
position D7.
• CY is modified according to bit D0.
• S, Z, P, AC are not affected.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 115

RAR: Example
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

A:Accumulator
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 0

Rotate the accumulator right through carry

CY
1

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 116

CMA: Complement accumulator
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
CMA None The contents of the accumulator are CMA
complemented. No flags are affected.

A 2A CMA

0010 1010
1101 0101
D 5

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 117

Logical Instruction
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
CMC: Complement Carry
Instruction Description Example
Opcode Operand
CMC None The Carry flag is complemented. No other CMC
flags are affected.

STC: Set Carry

Instruction Description Example
Opcode Operand
STC None The Carry flag is set(1). No other flags are STC
affected.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 118

 1 CMP Compare register or memory with accumulator 1 Byte
2 CPI Compare immediate with accumulator 2 Byte
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

3 ANA Logical AND register or memory with accumulator 1 Byte

Logical & Bit Manipulation Instructions

4 ANI Logical AND immediate with accumulator 2 Byte
5 XRA Exclusive OR register or memory with accumulator 1 Byte
6 XRI Exclusive OR immediate with accumulator 2 Byte
7 ORA Logical OR register or memory with accumulator 1 Byte
8 ORI Logical OR immediate with accumulator 2 Byte
9 RLC Rotate accumulator left 1 Byte
10 RRC Rotate accumulator right 1 Byte
11 RAL Rotate accumulator left through carry 1 Byte
12 RAR Rotate accumulator right through carry 1 Byte
13 CMA Complement accumulator 1 Byte
14 CMC Complement carry 1 Byte
15 STC Set carry 1 Byte

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 119

 Classification of 8085 Instructions

Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Based on Byte Size Based on Function

One-byte Instructions Data Transfer Instructions
Requires one memory location
to perform an operation
Arithmetic Instructions
E.g. CMA, ADD

Two-byte Instructions Logic & Bit Manipulation

Requires two memory locations Instructions
to perform an operation Branch Instructions
E.g. MVI A,32H

Control Instructions
Three-byte Instructions
Requires three memory locations
to perform an operation
E.g. JMP, CALL
 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Control Instructions
 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

1 NOP No operation 1 Byte

Control Instructions
2 HLT Halt 1 Byte
3 DI Disable interrupts 1 Byte
4 EI Enable interrupts 1 Byte
5 RIM Read interrupt mask 1 Byte
6 SIM Set interrupt mask 1 Byte

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 122

Control Instructions
Instruction Description Example
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Opcode Operand
NOP None • No operation is performed. The instruction NOP
is fetched and decoded. However no
operation is executed.
• It is used to increase processing time of
execution.
• 1 CPU cycle is "wasted" to execute a NOP
instruction.
HLT None The CPU finishes executing the current HLT
instruction and stops further execution. An
interrupt or reset is necessary to exit from the
halt state.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 123

Control Instructions
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
Instruction Description Example
Opcode Operand
DI None Disable Interrupt DI
The interrupt enable flip-flop is reset and all
the interrupts except the TRAP are disabled.
No flags are affected.
EI None Enable Interrupt EI
• The interrupt enable flip-flop is set and all
interrupts are enabled.
• No flags are affected.
• This instruction is necessary to re enable
the interrupts (except TRAP).

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 124

SIM: Set Interrupt Mask
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Instruction Description Example

Opcode Operand
SIM None This is a multipurpose instruction used to : SIM
1. Set the status of interrupts 7.5, 6.5, 5.5
2. Set serial data input bit.
The instruction loads eight bits in the
accumulator with the following interpretations.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 125

SIM Instruction
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
A:Accumulator

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
SOD SDE X R7.5 MSE M7.5 M6.5 M5.5

Serial Output Data Reset

It is used to transmit To set mask for RST7.5,RST 6.5,
RST 7.5 if D4=1
o/p bits. RST5.5
Ignored if D6=0 Interrupt Masked if bit=1
Serial Data Enable
If D6=1; bit D7 is
output to SOD Latch
Mask Set Enable: if 0, bits 0-2 are ignored
if 1, mask is set

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 126

SIM Instruction
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Accumulator SOD SDE X R7.5 MSE M7.5 M6.5 M5.5

Example 1: MVI A,08H

SIM
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 127

RIM: Read Interrupt Mask
Instruction Description Example
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Opcode Operand
RIM None This is a multipurpose instruction used to RIM
1. Read the status of interrupts 7.5, 6.5, 5.5
2. Read serial data input bit.
It reads eight bits from accumulator with
following interpretations.
A:Accumulator
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
SID I7 I6 I5 IE 7.5 6.5 5.5

To receive To identify pending interrupts To read interrupt mask

serial data 1=pending interrupt Interrupt Masked if bit=1
0=no pending interrupt
Interrupt Enable Flag: 1=enable; 0=disable

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 128

 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

1 NOP No operation 1 Byte

Control Instructions
2 HLT Halt 1 Byte
3 DI Disable interrupts 1 Byte
4 EI Enable interrupts 1 Byte
5 RIM Read interrupt mask 1 Byte
6 SIM Set interrupt mask 1 Byte

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 129

GTU Exam Questions
Sr. Questions Marks Year
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

1. Explain the SIM and RIM instructions of the 8085 microprocessor. 3 S’19
2. Explain the Functions of following instructions: 3 W’19
i. RAL
ii. LDAX
iii. ADC
3. Explain the Functions of following instructions: 3 W’19
i. RLC
ii. LHLD
iii. SBB

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 130

References
Book: Microprocessor Architecture, Programming, and Applications with the
Positive 8085,
Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Ramesh S. Gaonkar Pub: Penram International

Mobile 8085 and 8086 Microprocessor Opcodes app from Play Store:
Application http://tiny.cc/aopcodes

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 131

 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Thank You
 Microprocessor and Interfacing
(MPI)
GTU # 3160712

Unit-4:
Assembly Language
Programming Basics
PART-II: 8085 Assembly Program Basics
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
Subject Overview
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
Sr. No. Unit % Weightage
1 Introduction to Microprocessor 8%
2 Microprocessor Architecture and Operations 7%
3 8085 Microprocessor 12%
4 Assembly Language Programming Basics 13%
5 8085 Assembly Language Programs 12%
6 Stack & Subroutines 13%
7 I/O Interfacing 20%
8 Advanced Microprocessors 15%

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 2

 Topics
Loopingto be covered
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

▪ Addressing Modes in 8085

▪ 8085 Assembly Language Programs Basics
▪ 8085 Assembly Language Programs
✓ Writing & Assembling the Programs
✓ Executing the Programs
✓ Debugging the Programs
▪ T-States & Machine Cycle of 8085 Instructions
▪ Timing Diagram
 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Addressing Modes in 8085

Addressing Modes in 8085
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Immediate Addressing Mode

Direct Addressing Mode

Register Addressing Mode

Indirect Addressing Mode

Implicit Addressing Mode

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 5

Immediate Addressing Mode
 8/16-bit data is specified in the instruction itself as one of its operand. Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

 For example:
MVI B,20H
LXI D,1034H
ADI 45H
SUI 30H
CPI 68H

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 6

Direct Addressing Mode
 8/16-bit memory address is directly provided with the instruction. Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

 For example:
LDA 1035H ; here 1035 is 16-bit memory address
IN 02H ; 02 is 8-bit I/O port address
OUT 03H ; 03 is 8-bit I/O port address

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 7

Register Addressing Mode
 It specifies register or register pair that contains data. Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

 For example:
MOV A,B ; A  B
ADD B ; A  A+B
DAD H ; HL  HL+RP

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 8

Indirect Addressing Mode
 In this type of addressing mode, the 16-bit memory address is indirectly provided with the
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

instruction using a register pair.

 For example:
LDAX D; A <- M[DE]
STAX B; A -> M[BC]

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 9

Implicit/Implied Addressing Mode
 This mode doesn’t require any operand; the data is specified by the Opcode itself.
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

 For example:
XTHL
SPHL
PCHL

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 10

 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

8085 Assembly Language

Programs Basics
Writing Assembly Language Programs
The steps to write Assembly Language Programs are as follows: Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Step-1: Read the problem carefully.

Step-2: Break it down into small steps.
Step-3: Represent the sequence with flowchart.
Step-4: Translate flowchart into appropriate mnemonic instructions.
Step-5: Translate mnemonic into machine code.
Step-6: Enter machine code in memory and execute.
Step-7: Start troubleshooting-debugging a program

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 12

Documentation
 Appropriate comments are critical for conveying the logic behind the program. Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

 The comment should explain what is intended; they should not explain mnemonics.
 Comment is optional.
Example:
MOV A,B ; Move data from B to A 
MOV A,B ; send data to accumulator for processing 

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 13

Program Execution
 Machine code can be loaded in R/W memory, with reference to starting memory location.Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

 Execution can be done in two ways:

1. Execute entire code on click.
2. Single step execution.
 It will execute one instruction at a time.
 We can observe the content of register and flag after execution of each instruction.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 14

Debugging Program
 Debug a program is similar to troubleshooting hardware. Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

 If the code doesn’t work, it is essential to search carefully for errors in programming logic,
machine codes and execution.
How to Debug machine code:
 Translating assembly to machine code is similar to building a circuit.
 Following errors are common:
1. Writing a wrong code.
2. Specifying the wrong jump location.
3. Writing memory address in decimal, thus specifying wrong jump location.
4. Writing lower order and higher order bits in wrong sequence.

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 15

 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

8085 Assembly Language

Programs Basics
8085 Assembly Program: Add Two 8-bit Numbers
Write a program to add data at 1005H & 1006H memory location and store the result at 1007H
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

memory location.
Start

1. LXI H,1005 ; to retrive m/m addr Transfer 16-bit

address to HL Pair
2. MOV A,M ; retrieve m/m content
3. INX H ; increment memeory to 1006H Data Transfer: A <- M[HL]
4. ADD M ; add accumulator with M[1006]
HL=HL + 1
5. STA 1007 ; store result
6. HLT ; HLT program A = A + M[HL]

Store result
[1007] <- A

End

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 17

8085 Assembly Program
Write a program to load register B with 37H and display number at the output Port 01
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

1. MVI B,37 ; B <- 37H

2. MOV A,B ; A <- B for I/O processing
3. OUT 01 ; PORT 01 <- A
4. HLT

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 18

 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

T-States & Machine Cycle

of 8085 Instructions
Timing Cycle required by 8085 Instructions
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Operation T-States
Opcode Fetch 4-6T
Memory Read 3T
Memory Write 3T
I/O Read 3T
I/O Write 3T

• Instruction that require 5T-States for Opcode Fetch

HLT
• Instructions that require 6T-States for Opcode Fetch
1. CALL 5. PCHL
2. Conditional CALL 6. SPHL
3. DCX 7. PUSH
4. INX 8. Conditional RET

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 20

Machine Cycle required by 8085 Instruction
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Operation M/C
Fetch (F) 1
Memory Read (MEMR) 1
Memory Write (MEMW) 1
I/O Read (IOR) 1
I/O Write (IOW) 1
Read Immediate Data (R) 1

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 21

Timing and Machine Cycle
1. MOV B, D Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle:
1(F) = 1 Machine Cycle
Timing Cycle:
= 4T (Fetch)

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 22

Timing and Machine Cycle
2. MVI C ,17H Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch + R

1 + 1=2
Timing Cycle: Fetch + R
4T + 3T= 7T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 23

Timing and Machine Cycle
3. MVI M , 25H Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch + R+ Write data(MEMW)

1 + 1 +1=3
Timing Cycle: Opcode Fetch + R + MEMW
4T + 3T + 3T = 10T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 24

Timing and Machine Cycle
4. MOV A,M Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch + Read Memory(MEMR)

1 + 1 =2
Timing Cycle: Fetch + MEMR
4T + 3T = 7T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 25

Timing and Machine Cycle
4. MOV M, A Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch + Write Memory(MEMW)

1+1=2
Timing Cycle: Fetch + MEMW
4T + 3T = 7T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 26

Timing and Machine Cycle
5. NOP Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch

= 1 M/C Cycle
Timing Cycle: Fetch
= 4T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 27

Timing and Machine Cycle
6. HLT : Halt and enter wait state Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch + Wait

= 1 or more M/C Cycle
Timing Cycle: Fetch + Wait
= 5T or more T-States

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 28

Timing and Machine Cycle
7. IN 18H Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch + R + IOR

=1 +1+1
=3
Timing Cycle: Fetch + R + IOR
= 4T + 3T + 3T
= 10T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 29

Timing and Machine Cycle
8. OUT 19H Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch + R + IOW

=1 +1+1
=3
Timing Cycle: Fetch + R + IOW
= 4T + 3T + 3T
= 10T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 30

Timing and Machine Cycle
9. ADD B Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch

= 1 Machine Cycle
Timing Cycle: Fetch
= 4T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 31

Timing and Machine Cycle
10. ADI 26H Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch + R

1 + 1=2
Timing Cycle: Fetch + MEMR
4T + 3T = 7T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 32

Timing and Machine Cycle
11. ADD M Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch + MEMR

1 + 1=2
Timing Cycle: Fetch + MEMR
4T + 3T = 7T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 33

Timing and Machine Cycle
12. SUB C Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch

= 1 Machine Cycle
Timing Cycle: Fetch
= 4T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 34

Timing and Machine Cycle
13. SUI 26H Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch + R

1 + 1=2
Timing Cycle: Fetch + MEMR
4T + 3T = 7T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 35

Timing and Machine Cycle
14. SUB M Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch + MEMR

1 + 1=2
Timing Cycle: Fetch + MEMR
4T + 3T = 7T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 36

Timing and Machine Cycle
15. LDA 2030H Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch + ReadL 8-bit + ReadH 8-bit +MEMR (content)

=1 +1+1+1
=4
Timing Cycle: Fetch + MEMR + MEMR + MEMR
= 4T + 3T + 3T + 3T
= 13T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 37

Timing and Machine Cycle
16. POP RP : POP B Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch + MEMR (SP) + MEMR (SP+1)

=1 +1+1
=3
Timing Cycle: Fetch + MEMR + MEMR
= 4T + 3T + 3T
= 10T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 38

Timing and Machine Cycle
16. PUSH RP : PUSH B Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch + MEMW (SP) + MEMW (SP-1)

=1 +1+1
=3
Timing Cycle: Fetch + MEMW + MEMW
= 6T + 3T + 3T
= 12T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 39

LHLD Instruction
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
Registers Memory

02 0001
A
04 0002
B C 0A 0003
06 0004
D E
0F 0005
H L 0D 0006
05 0007
03 0008
LHLD 0006H

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 40

Timing and Machine Cycle
17. LHLD 2034H Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch + MEMRL (2034) + MEMRH (2034)

+ MEMR_Content (2034)
+ MEMR_Content (2035)
=1 +1+1+1+1
=5
Timing Cycle: Opcode Fetch+ MEMR + MEMR + MEMR + MEMR
= 4T + 3T + 3T + 3T + 3T
= 16T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 41

Timing and Machine Cycle
18. RAR Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch

= 1 Machine Cycle
Timing Cycle: Fetch
= 4T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 42

Timing and Machine Cycle
19. XTHL Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch + MEMR(SP)+MEMW(L)+ MEMR(SP+1)+MEMW(H)

=1 +1+1+1+1
=5
Timing Cycle: Fetch+ MEMR + MEMW + MEMR + MEMW
= 4T + 3T + 3T + 3T + 3T
= 16T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 43

Timing and Machine Cycle
20. CALL 2030H Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch + MEMWL(Store) + MEMWH(Store)

+ MEMRL(Call) + MEMRH(Call)
=1 +1+1+1+1
=5
Timing Cycle: Fetch+ MEMW + MEMW + MEMR + MEMR
= 6T + 3T + 3T + 3T + 3T
= 18T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 44

Timing and Machine Cycle
21. RET Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Machine Cycle: Fetch + MEMR (SP) + MEMR (SP+1)

=1 +1+1
=3
Timing Cycle: Fetch + MEMR + MEMR
= 4T + 3T + 3T
= 10T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 45

Exercise: Find Byte Size, Timing & Machine Cycle
1. LDAX B Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

2. SHLD 2470
3. SPHL
4. DAA
5. INR R/M
6. JMP
7. PCHL
8. CMP R/M
9. RRC
10. RIM
11. SIM
12. ORA R/M
13. XCHG
14. DI
15. EI

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 46

Exercise Solution
Sr. Instruction Byte Size Machine Cycle T-States
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

1. LDAX B 1 F+R=2 4T+3T=7T

2. SHLD 2470 3 F+R+R+W+W=5 4T+3T+3T+3T+3T=16T
3. SPHL 1 F=1 6T
4. DAA 1 F=1 4T
5. INR R 1 F=1 4T
INR M 1 F+R+W=3 4T+3T+3T=10T
6. JMP 2030 3 F+R+R=3 4T+3T+3T=10T
7. PCHL 1 F=1 6T
8. CMP R 1 F=1 4T
CMP M 1 F+R=2 4T+3T=7T
9. RRC 1 F=1 4T
10. RIM 1 F=1 4T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 47

Exercise Solution
Sr. Instruction Byte Size Machine Cycle T-States
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

11. SIM 1 F=1 4T

12. ORA R 1 F=1 4T
ORA M 1 F+R=2 4T+3T=7T
13. XCHG 1 F=1 4T
14. DI 1 F=1 4T
15. EI 1 F=1 4T

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 48

 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Timing Diagram
 Opcode Fetch
T1 T2 T3 T4
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
CLK

A15
High order memory address Unspecified
A8
AD7 Low order
Opcode
AD0 M/m addr.

ALE
IO/M

RD
 Memory read cycle
T1 T2 T3 T4
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
CLK

A15
High order memory address
A8
AD7 Low order
Data from memory
AD0 M/m addr. S1 S0 Mode
0 0 HLT
0 1 WRITE
1 0 READ
ALE
IO/M
S0 IO/M=0, S1=1 , S0=0
S1
RD
 Memory write cycle
T1 T2 T3 T4
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
CLK

A15
High order memory address
A8
AD7 Low order Data from
AD0 M/m addr. Microprocessor S1 S0 Mode
0 0 HLT
0 1 WRITE
1 0 READ
ALE
IO/M
S1 IO/M=0, S1=0 , S0=1
S0
WR
 I/O read cycle
T1 T2 T3 T4
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
CLK

A15
High order I/O address
A8
AD7 Low order
I/O data
AD0 I/O addr. S1 S0 Mode
0 0 HLT
0 1 WRITE
1 0 READ
ALE
S0

IO/M IO/M=1, S1=1 , S0=0

S1
IOR
 I/O write cycle
T1 T2 T3 T4
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.
CLK

A15
High order I/O address
A8
AD7 Low order Data from
AD0 I/O addr. Microprocessor S1 S0 Mode
0 0 HLT
0 1 WRITE
1 0 READ
ALE
S1

IO/M IO/M=1, S1=0 , S0=1

S0
IOW
Timing Diagram : MOV B,M
Opcode Fetch Memory Read
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

CLK

A15 High order memory Unspe

High order memory address
A8 address cified

AD7
Low order Low order Data from
M/m addr. Opcode M/m addr.
AD0 memory

ALE

IO/M

RD
Timing Diagram : MVI A, 32H
Opcode Fetch Memory Read
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

CLK

A15 High order memory Unspe

High order memory address
A8 address cified

AD7
Low order Low order Read
M/m addr. Opcode M/m addr.
AD0 Immediate

ALE

IO/M

RD
Calculate Execution time of MVI A,32H
Given: Clock Frequency (f) = 2 MHz Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Calculation:
1 1
Step-1: T-state = clock period = = = 0.5 sec
𝑓 2
Step-2: Execution time for Opcode Fetch
= 4T x 0.5 = 2sec
Step-3: Execution time for Memory Read
= 3T x 0.5 = 1.5sec
Step-4: Execution time for Instruction
= (4T + 3T) x 0.5
= 7T x 0.5
= 3.5sec

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 57

 Timing Diagram : OUT 02H

Opcode Fetch Memory Read I/O Write

T1 T2 T3 T4 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

CLK

A15
High order Unspecifi High order memory
Port address 02H
A8 memory address ed address

AD7 Low Low Port Acc.

addr
Opcode addr
02H addr
AD0 content

ALE
IO/M

RD

IOW
 Timing Diagram : IN 02H

Opcode Fetch Memory Read I/O Read

T1 T2 T3 T4 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

CLK

A15
High order memory Unspecifi High order memory
Port address 02H
A8 address ed address

AD7 Low Low Port Acc.

addr
Opcode addr
02H addr
AD0 content

ALE
IO/M

RD

IOR
GTU Exam Questions
Sr. Questions Marks
Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject. Year
1. Draw the timing diagram of following instruction of the 8085 microprocessor. 7 W’17
i. OUT 50h W’18
ii. MOV A, B S’18
iii. MVI A, 8bit S’19
2. How many machine cycles are executed by 8085 microprocessor? List down it. 1 S’18
3. Explain various addressing modes of 8085 microprocessor. 7 S’18
W’18
W’19
4. Identify the machine cycles in the following instructions 7 W’18
1. SUB B
2. ADI 47H
3. STA 2050H
4. PUSH B

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 60

References
Book: Microprocessor Architecture, Programming, and Applications with the
Positive 8085,
Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Ramesh S. Gaonkar Pub: Penram International

Mobile 8085 and 8086 Microprocessor Opcodes app from Play Store:
Application http://tiny.cc/aopcodes

Unit 4 – Assembly Language Basics 61

 Positive Vibes:MPI is the interesting, easiest and scoring subject.

Thank You