Lecture 1

Course Road Map

 Power Systems Stability:
◼ Introduction to power systems stability. Types of power system
stability. Power transfer and steady state stability.

◼ Transient stability: the swing equation and the equal area criterion
for stability.

◼ Methods of improving power system stability.

 Load Flow Studies:

◼ The mesh current method and connection matrices.

◼ The nodal voltage method to the solution of power load flow problems.

◼ Direct method of solving load flow problem on digital computers.

◼ Analogue methods for solving load flow problems.

Course Road Map
 Power System Economics:
◼ Load curves and maximum demand, station operating
schedule. Plant capacity and plant use factors.

◼ Economics of power generation, cost of electrical energy,

methods of determining depreciation, importance of high load
factor.

◼ Forecast of load growth co-ordination of different types of

plant.

◼ Introduction to optimum economic dispatch.

Reference Books
1. Modern Power Systems Analysis by D. P. Kothari
2. V. Vittal, J. McCalley, A. Fouad and P. Anderson, (2020), Power System
Control and Stability. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley.
3. P. Kundur, (1994), Power System stability and Control. Estados Unidos
de America: McGraw Hill.
4. J. D. Glover, T. Overbye, M. S. Sarma, (2016), Power System Analysis
and Design, 6th Ed., Cengage Learning, ISBN-13: 978-1305636187.
5. S. Ramar, S. Kuruseelan, (2013), Power System Analysis, PHI, ISBN-13:
978-8120347335.
6. L. Singh, (2012), Advanced Power System Analysis and Dynamics. New
Delhi: New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers.
 Introduction
• All over the world, more and more power systems are being
interconnected due to growth in population and industrialization.
• Result - large, complex systems that cover very large geographical
areas.
• The interconnected power system is often referred to as the largest and
most complex mechanism/system ever built by humankind
• The interconnections have been made to realize benefits such as:
✓ shared generation reserves
✓ diversity in sources of power
✓ improved security of supply
✓ ensures economic operation
✓ smaller frequency deviations for higher load changes 5
 Introduction

 There is complex interdependency of different parts of the

system

 Events in geographically distant parts of the system may

interact strongly and in unexpected ways

 Power system analysis is concerned with understanding the

operation of the system as a whole.

 Generally, the system is analyzed either under steady-state

operating conditions or under dynamic conditions during
disturbances.

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 Introduction

 Power system stability is one of the main challenges in large

interconnected power systems.

 The full effect of a disturbance in some parts of the system far from
the location of the disturbance is felt some time after the occurrence.

 This causes different parts of the system to respond to the same

disturbance at different times (i.e. there is a time lag)

 The initial disturbance may sometimes cause other disturbances in

neighbouring areas, which may result in widespread system
instability; may eventually culminate in a blackout.

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Power System Stability

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Classification of power system stability

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Rotor Angle Stability

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Stability Phenomena

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Voltage Stability

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Transient Stability
The stability of an interconnected power system is its ability to return to
normal or stable operation after having been subjected to some form of
disturbance.

Transient stability is the ability of a system to respond to a large

disturbance within a short duration.

Transient stability issues normally occurs due to line switching, sudden

changes of load, and power transfer. The system response to this
disturbance is normally counted within 1 s.

A disturbance on the system affects  and stability will depend on how 

varies with time

During a disturbance, the balance between Pm and Pe is affected

Stability will depend on whether Pm = Pe at the new operating condition

Synchronous Machine Dynamics
A synchronous machine or alternator delivers instantaneous power (𝑝 = 𝑃 + 𝑝𝑖 ).

The expression of power with a sinusoidal current can be expressed as,

Then steady-state, this intrinsic power cannot be supplied by the prime mover.

Generally, it is supported by the kinetic energy (𝐾𝐸 = 𝐽𝜔2 /2) stored in the
rotating masses. 𝐽 is the total momentum (alternator rotor plus prime mover) of
inertia and its unit is kgm2.
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 Single Machine with Infinite Bus
 Figure blow shows a single-line diagram where the generator is connected to an
infinite bus through a lossless transmission line.

 An infinite bus is an ideal voltage source that maintains constant values of voltage
magnitude, frequency, and phase angle.

 𝛿 (torque or load angle) is the angle of the machine with respect to the infinite bus.
It is defined as the angular displacement in electrical degrees from the synchronously
rotating reference axis.

 The generator delivers active power to the infinite bus through transmission lines.

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Single Machine with Infinite Bus

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Single Machine with Infinite Bus

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 Practice Question
 Qn 1.: The terminal voltage of a three-phase wye connected synchronous
generator is 33 kV. The generator is connected to an infinite bus through a
transmission line. The reactance of the generator and transmission line are
1.5 Ω and 0.6 Ω, respectively. The generator delivers the power of 60 MW to
the infinite bus, and the infinite bus voltage is found to be 11 kV. Calculate
the torque angle, transmission line current, and three-phase reactive power
consumed by the transmission line.

 Qn .2: A three-phase synchronous generator is having the terminal voltage

22 kV, and it is connected to an infinite bus through a transmission line. The
reactance of the generator and transmission line are 0.9Ω and 2.2Ω,
respectively. The torque angle is found to be 35o, and the bus voltage at the
infinite bus is found to be 6.6 kV. Find the three-phase real power delivers to
the infinite bus and the transmission line current.

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Solution 1

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 Practice Question
 A generator having Xd = 0.7 pu delivers rated load at a power
factor of 0.8 lagging.

a) Find Pe, Qe, E, and δ. Draw the phasor diagram

b) The steam valve of the prime mover is opened further so that

Pe increases by 20%. Find new values of Pe, Qe, E, and δ.
Draw the phasor diagram

c) The steam valve is resorted to the original position. The exciter

is adjusted to raise E by 20%. Find the new values of Pe, Qe, E,
and δ. Draw the phasor diagram

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Methods of assessing transient stability
1. The swing equation/curve method

The variation of load angle  with time is considered after an occurrence

of a disturbance

When a disturbance occurs, the machine will accelerate or decelerate

depending on whether Pe < Pm or Pe > Pm

This involves changing the load angle from 0 to 1 as shown below

Stability will depend on whether 

Pe1
Pe2 will continue to increase or decrease
or whether it will stabilize at a new
value after some oscillations
0 1