Linux Commands
(Basics + Advance)
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1. clear: To clear the terminal
2. mkdir <dir_name>: To make directories (folders)
3. ls: To list your directories and files.
4. ls -R: List all the directories and files as well as the subdirectories.
5. ls -a: To list all the directories.(hidden as well)
6. ls -s: To list the block of memory occupied by the directories.
7. ll: To list all the directories with detailed information.
8. ls -al: T o list all the directories including (hidden) with detailed information.
9. mkdir <folder_name1> <folder_name2>: To create multiple folders at the same time.
10. mkdir -p <folder_name>/<sub_folder_name>/<sub_folder_name>: To create directories
and subdirectories at the same time. [-p stands for parent : it creates the resource if
something is not present from before]
11. cd <directory_name>: CD stands for change directory and it will open the directory or
folder.
12. cd <directory_name>/<subdirectory>/<multi-subdirectory_name>: To move to a
directory.
13. cd ..: To come out of directory(folder).
14. cd: to move to home directory.
15. cd ../../.. : To come out of multiple directories
16. touch <file_name>: to create an empty file.
17. nano <file_name>: To create and add the conent in the file in nano editor.
18. ctrl + s: To save the changes.
19. ctrl + x: to exit the nano editor.
20. nano <file_name>: To edit a file (if it is alreay present)
21. vi <file_name>: To create a file using vi editor.
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first, you need to press 'i' button to enter into insert mode to make changes to your file. To
save the file you first need to come out of the insert mode by pressing 'esc' button.
Then to save your file you need to run the below command:
':w': to save
':q': to exit
':wq': To save and exit
':wq!': to forcefully save and exit from Vi editor.
22. echo “Hello” >> file1.txt: To append new file content in a file.
23. cat <file_name>: To see the content of the file.
24. cat <file_name1> <filename_2> >> <final_file>: To concatenate the content of two files into
a single file.
25. cat <file_name> > <file_name2>: To replace the content of the file2 with the content of file1.
>>: will append and save the changes
>: will replace the content and save the changes.
26. pwd: Will show you your present working directory.
27. history: will show you the history of the terminal.
28. rm <file_name>: To delete the file.
29. rmdir <foder_name>: to remove empty directory.
30. rm -r <dir_name>: To delete non-empty directories.
31. cp <file_name> <dir_name>: to copy the file to a target directory
32. cp <file_name> <dir_name>/<sub_dir>: To copy files from one
33. cp -r <dir_name> <target_dir>: To copy your directory.
34. cp -r <dir_name> <target_dir>/<target_sub_dir>: To copy dir to target sub dir.
35. cp -pr <pathofthefile> <targetfolder>: To copy files from one directory to another.
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36. mv <file_name> <dir_name>: To move your file to any directory.
37. mv <file_name> <dir/sub_dir>: To move a file to sub directory.
38. mv <dir_name> <target_dir>: to move a dir to target dir.
39. mv <file_name> <new_file_name>: To rename a file.
40. mv <dir_name> <new_dir_name>: To rename a directory.
41. head <file_name>: To get top 10 lines of files.
42. head -n 5 <file_name>: To get top 5 lines of file as output.
43. head -5 <file_name>: To get top 5 lines of file as output.
44. tail <file_name>: To get last 10 line of file as output.
45. tail -5 <file_name>: To get last 5 lines of file as output.
46. stat <filename>: To get information about the files.
47. grep <keyword> <file_name>: To search for a keyword in a file.
48. grep -r <keyword> <directory>: To search for a keyword in a directory.
49. grep -c -w -i <keyword> <file_name>:
-c : To count the output.
-w : To get the output of exact matches
-i : case insesitive
-o : to get the matches
-v : To invert the search
Search for files and directories based on various criteria.
50. find /path/to/search -name "*.txt"
51. Find / -name “*.txt” : To Search from any of the disk
52. sed -i 's/word/replacewith/' <filename> : To find and replace a word in a file
53. Df -hT path/of/the/file : To get to know the disk on which it is stored
54. sudo su: To become a root user.
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55. exit: to come out the root user.
56. curl https://intellipaat.com: This should display the content of the URL on the terminal.
57. sudo apt update: To update the packages.
58. wget image-url: Download files from the web.
59. In recent versions of Linux distributions, the netstat command has been replaced by the ss
(Socket Statistics) command, which provides similar functionality with improved performance.
The ss command should be available on most modern Linux distributions.
*Use the ss command to display listening ports:
ss -tuln
-t: Display TCP sockets.
-u: Display UDP sockets.
-l: Display listening sockets.
-n: Show numerical addresses instead of resolving hostnames.
If you specifically need to use the netstat command, you might have to install it
60. sudo apt-get install net-tools
61. ifconfig: View and configure network interfaces.
62. ping example.com: Send ICMP echo requests to a network host
63. sudo apt upgrade: To update and install the packages.
64. sudo apt install <package_name>: To install any package.
65. which <package_name>: To get the location of the package.
66. <package_name> -v: To check the version of it.
67. sudo service <package_name> status: To check the status of a package.
68. sudo service <package_name> stop: To stop the service.
69. sudo service <package_name> start: To start the service.
70. systemctl start service_name: Control the systemd system and service manager.
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71. sudo apt autoremove <package_name> -y: To uninstall a package.
72. sudo apt purge <package_name>: Deleting Packages
(sudo dpkg –configure -a)
73. This command stands for "process status" and is used to display information about running
processes.
ps: List running processes.
aux: These are options that modify the behavior of the ps command:
-a: Shows processes from all users.
-u: Displays detailed information about the processes.
-x: Includes processes that are not attached to a terminal.
74. top: Monitor system processes and resource usage.
75. kill: Terminate processes.
kill process_id
76. reboot: Restart the system.
77. shutdown now
78. uname: Display system information.
79. uname -a
80. df -h: Reportfile system disk space usage.
81. du -sh directoryname/: Estimate file and directory space usage.
-s: This option tells du to display only the total size of the specified file or directory, rather
than showing the sizes of individual files within the directory.
-h: This option tells du to display the size in a human-readable format, using units like KB,
MB, GB, etc., to make it easier to understand.
82. free -h: Display memory usage.
83. whoami: Displays current user
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84. adduser new_user: Create a new user account.
85. sudo userdel username: To delete a user.
86. cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd | sort | uniq: To list all the users
It extracts the usernames from the /etc/passwd file.
It sorts the extracted usernames in alphabetical order.
It filters out any duplicate usernames, leaving only unique usernames.
87. usermod: This is the command itself, used to modify user account properties.
-aG: These are options that modify the behavior of the usermod command:
-a: This option is used to add the user to a group without removing them from other groups.
-G: This option is followed by a list of groups to which the user should be added.
88. group: This is the name of the group to which you want to add the user.
89. user: This is the name of the user whose group membership you want to modify.
90. userdel: Delete a user account.
userdel username
91. addgroup: Create a new group (friendlier interface than groupadd).
92. addgroup new_groupname
93. delgroup: Delete a group (friendlier interface than groupdel).
94. delgroup groupname_to_delete
95. passwd username: Change user password.
96. /etc : Diretory which have all the config file
97. w: to check the current users that are logged in.
98. hostname: will print the host name in the terminal.
99. uname -a: To get the details of the os.
100. ps: list the running process.
101. ps -a: To get all the processes.
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102. gzip <filename>: To zip a file.
103. gunzip <filename>: To unzip a file.
104. sudo apt install zip:To install zip
zip: Create ZIP archives.
zip archive.zip file1.txt file2.txt
unzip: Extract files from ZIP archives.
unzip archive.zip
105. tar -czvf archive.tar.gz file1.txt file2.txt directory/
106. zcat <filename>: To read the content of zipped file.
Extras:
yum: Package manager for installing, updating, and removing software packages.
dnf: Successor to yum, used for package management in newer versions of RHEL.
uname: Display system information.
hostname: Display or set system hostname.
useradd: Add a new user.
usermod: Modify user account properties.
userdel: Delete a user account.
groupadd: Add a new group.
groupmod: Modify group properties.
groupdel: Delete a group.
passwd: Change user password.
ps: Display information about active processes.
kill: Terminate a process.
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top: Display and update sorted information about system processes.
htop: Interactive process viewer.
ifconfig: Configure and display network interfaces.
ip: Network configuration tool (replaces ifconfig).
netstat: Display network connections, routing tables, and interface statistics.
firewalld: Dynamic firewall manager.
iptables: Legacy tool for managing packet filtering rules.
systemctl: Control the systemd system and service manager.
journalctl: Query and display messages from the journal.
systemd: System and service manager.
df: Display disk space usage.
du: Estimate file space usage.
mount: Mount a file system.
umount: Unmount a file system.
fdisk: Partition table manipulator for disks.
chkconfig: System tool to configure services.
systemctl start: Start a systemd service.
systemctl stop: Stop a systemd service.
systemctl restart: Restart a systemd service.
systemctl status: Display the status of a systemd service.
chkconfig: Tool for querying and updating runlevel information.
find: Search for files in a directory hierarchy.
grep: Search for a pattern in files.
sed: Stream editor for filtering and transforming text.
awk: Pattern scanning and processing language.
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tar: Tape archiver, used for compression and archiving.
gzip: Compress or decompress files.
zip: Package and compress files.
unzip: Extract files from a ZIP archive.
curl: Command-line tool for transferring data with URLs.
wget: Retrieve files from the internet using HTTP or FTP.
lsblk: List block devices, their mount points, and file system types.
df: Display file system disk space usage.
du: Estimate file space usage.
ps aux: Display detailed information about all processes.
chown: Change file owner and group.
chmod: Change file permissions.
chgrp: Change group ownership of files.
find: Search for files and directories based on various criteria.
uptime: Display how long the system has been running.
last: Show a list of last logged in users.
history: Display the command history.
scp: Securely copy files between hosts using SSH.
rsync: Remote file and directory synchronization.
journalctl -xe: Display detailed information from the journal with additional context.
nmcli: Command-line client for NetworkManager.
route: Display or manipulate the IP routing table.
traceroute: Print the route packets take to network host.
nslookup: Query Internet name servers interactively.
hostnamectl: Query and change the system hostname and related settings.
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lsof: List open files and the processes that opened them.
ldconfig: Configure dynamic linker run-time bindings.
ldd: Print shared library dependencies.
modinfo: Show information about a Linux Kernel module.
modprobe: Load or unload Kernel modules.
lsmod: Display the status of loaded Kernel modules.
journalctl --disk-usage: Display disk usage statistics for the journal.
nmcli connection show: Show details of NetworkManager connections.
curl: Transfer data from or to a server using supported protocols.
wget: Retrieve files from the web using HTTP, HTTPS, or FTP.
ps aux --forest: Display a process tree.
scp: Copy files securely between hosts on a network.
usermod -aG: Add user to supplementary group(s).
who: Display who is logged in.
ip link: Display or manipulate routing, devices, policy routing, and tunnels.
free: Display amount of free and used memory in the system.
strace: Trace system calls and signals.
systemctl enable: Enable a systemd service to start on boot.
systemctl disable: Disable a systemd service from starting on boot.
nmcli dev show: Show details about network devices.
uptime: Display the current time, how long the system has been running, the number of users, and
system load averages.
ip route: Show or manipulate routing table.
ip addr: Show or manipulate address and link status.
dd: Convert and copy files.
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ldd: Print shared library dependencies.
mkfs: Build a Linux file system.
journalctl -b: Display messages from the journal since the last boot.
ss: Utility to investigate sockets.
journalctl -n: Display the last n lines of the journal.
nmcli con up: Activate a NetworkManager connection.
systemctl reload: Reload the configuration of a systemd service.
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