Design of W.W.

Collection System
Design criteria:
Waste water flow: Flow varies according to:
The season (monthly variations)
Weather conditions
Week of the month , day of the week, time of the day.
Estimation of the design flow Qdes: Data needed:
Average daily water consumption per capita for domestic areas (L/c/d), (Qavg).
Average daily water consumption per capita for institution ( school, offices, ….etc. ), (Qavg).
Average daily water consumption for commercial and industrial areas.
Infiltration, inflow:
Qinfil is taken as [24-95 m3/day/km] or [0.5 m3/day/diamwter (cm)], take the bigger value of
the two.
Qinflo is taken as 0.2-30 [m3/ha/day]. ( hectare = 10,000 m2 )
Qdes = Qmax + QI/I ( if found)
QI/I = Qinfil + Qinflo
Qmax = [0.80* Qavg] * Pƒ ( 0.8 > 80% return from water supply).
This equation is for domestic users only. Qmax for institutions, commercial activities, and
industries are calculated according to the type of industry, and cannot be calculated from
this equation. Each industry has its specific average wastewater production and peaking
factor that can be taken from published references or from the records of these industries
or
1 institutions.

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 Sewage flow diagram for a small town
1.8
Peak coefficient 149

1.5
Average day flow
Flow coefficient

Average 24 hr flow 86

Flow (L/s)
1.0

Average night flow

0.5 43

0.0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
2 hour

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 - Pƒ : peak factor for domestic wastewater can be calculated
from one of the following formulas :
14
P =1+ , ( P: population in thousands)
f 4 + P
5
Or P f =
P 0 . 167
• The minimum domestic wastewater flow (Qmin) is necessary to check
for the minimum velocity in the sanitary sewers, it is estimated from
the following formula:
Note: [Qavg]w = 0.8 Qavg , which is
1 the average domestic wastewater
= 0 . 2 P 6 *  Q  production , while Qavg is the
Q
min  avg  W average water consumption.

1  
A typical value of ⇒ Q min =  Q avg 
3 W
3

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 Example
A gravity pipe serving a community of 50,000 inh. The length of the pipe
is 200 m, and the average water consumption is 120 L/c/d. Use an
infiltration rate of 30 m3/day.km, and a wastewater production rate of
80% of the water supply. Neglect the inflow for this example. Calculate
Qdes and Qmin. Solution

a. Calculate the average domestic WW flow:

[Qavg] w = 0.8 Qavg = 0.80 * 120 L/c/d * 50,000 capita* 10-3 = 4800 m3/d
b. Calculate the peak factor:
14 14
P =1+ =1 + = 2 . 26
f 4 + P 4 + 50

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 a. Calculate the maximum wastewater flow:
Qmax = [Qavg] w * Pƒ = 2.26 * 4800 = 10848 m3/d
b. Calculate the minimum wastewater flow:
1 1
Q = 0 . 2 P 6 *  Q 
= 0 . 2 ( 50 ) 6 * 4800 = 1845
min  avg  W
m3/d
c. Calculate the infiltration flow:
Qinfil = 30 *0.20 = 6 m3/d
d. Calculate the design flow:
Qdes = Qmax + QI/I = 10848 + 6 = 10854 m3/d

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 Maximum and minimum velocities:
Minimum velocity of 0.6 m/s should be maintained to prevent solids settling, it
is called self cleansing velocity.
Maximum velocity should not be greater than 3 m/s to prevent erosion of
pipes and manholes.
Minimum size of pipes:
Minimum diameter is 8 inches (20 cm). Minimum slopes for gravity flow sewers
Diameter Slope m/m
Minimum Slope and maximum slope of
mm inch n=0.013 n=0.015
sanitary sewers:
Minimum slope is a function of the minimum
velocity of 0.60 m/s. The maximum slope is 200 8 0.0033 0.0044
related to the maximum velocity (3 m/s or 250 10 0.0025 0.0033
any other velocity selected by the designer) 300 12 0.0019 0.0026
according to the pipe material and the
375 15 0.0014 0.0019
expected amount of sand carried with the
wastewater. 450 18 0.0011 0.0015
525 21 0.0009 0.0012

Based on Manning 600 24 0.0008 0.0010

equation with a velocity of 675 27 0.0007 0.0009
0.6 m/s 750 30 0.0006 0.0008
6 900 36 0.0004 0.0006

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 Depth of excavation:
D (inch) Depth below
Minimum cover on the top of sewers design level (m)
Depth of excavation depends on:
4 0.7
water table
topography 6 0.8
lowest point to be served 8 1.0
other factors 10 1.0
12 1.0
14 1.2
16 1.3

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 Lay-out plan

1. Find the intermediate points of collection from topographic maps.

2. Assign the final points of collection.
3. Draw lines indicating the flow of sewage by gravity (different alternatives).
4. The pipes can be considered as :
• Building sewers.
• Lateral sewers.
• Sub main sewers.
• Main sewers.
• Trunk sewers.
• Intercepting sewers.
5. The contributory area for each pipe is defined by drawing lines depending
on topography and points of connection to manholes.
6. Manholes and pipes are given numbers to facilitate the design of each pipe.

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 Building sewer
Main sewer
Sub main sewer
Lateral sewer
Trunk sewer
Intercepting sewer
Outlet sewer

Manholes

T re a
tm e
nt P
l ant
R ive
r

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 Alternative Lay-outs for main sewer

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 Lay-out of sewer Scheme

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 Solving the Network by Table

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 Sanitary Sewers Appurtenances
Manholes
Manholes: Manholes are constructed in the following cases:
• when pipes change in diameter
• change of direction
• change of slope
• intersection of pipes
• at interval, ( 20-100 m)
The following table gives the allowable intervals of manholes relative to the diameter:
Pipe diameter ( inch ) Max. distance between manholes
(m)
8 30

8-10 40

10-12 50

12-16 60

16-36 100

≥ 36 150

Note:
15 The distance depends on the maintenance equipments available.

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 Manhole dimensions
The diameter of the manhole or its side's dimensions depends on the depth of excavation.
The following table gives their relation.
Depth of manhole Manhole dimensions

Depth ≤ 0.90 m 0.60 x 0.60 m [Square]

Φ 0.60 m [ Circular]

1.00x1.00 [Square]

1.50-2.00 m Φ 1.00 m [ Circular]

0.80 x 1.20 m [Rectangular]

≥ 2.00 m Φ 1.50 m [ Circular]

• The cover of the manhole should be strong enough to withstand the loads of traffic.
• It is usually made of cast iron to carry a minimum concentrated load of 25 ton.
• The manhole should be supplied with steps to allow for maintenance access.
• 16The floor of the manhole should be lined with cement mortar which is called
benching.

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 Drop manhole: are used when the difference of
elevation between the inlet pipe and the outlet

Drop manhole
pipe is ≥ 60cm. The drop manhole has a
vertical pipe to prevent turbulence in the
manhole and to allow the maintenance works
to enter the manholes safely.

Grease and oil traps: For the institutions,

commercial units, restaurants and other places
which produce oil and grease in there effluent, a
grease and oil trap should be used to remove oil
and grease before they enter the sewage pipes.
Grease and oil affect the sewers and the
treatment plant equipments that is why they
should be removed. In case of the pipes, grease
sticks to the walls and collects sand and other
solids leading eventually to the decrease in the
pipe diameter and some times to complete
clogging. Grease and oil traps

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 Inverted siphon: When an obstacle such as railway or a river obstructs the sewer line the
sewers can be lowered below these obstacles.
• For the inverted siphon: Minimum velocity = 0.9 m/s
• Pipes flow full (under pressure).
More than one pipe is used to overcome these variations. Usually Three pipes are used.
• The first pipe is used to carry the minimum wastewater flow (Qmin),
• The second carry the difference between the average flow and the minimum flow (Qavg-Qmin)
• The third carries the difference between the average and the maximum flow (Qmax – Qavg) .

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 Example
An inverted siphon composed of three pipes is to be used to convey wastewater from one side of a
river to the other side. The invert level of the upstream manhole is + 100 above the sea level, and the
invert level of the downstream manhole is + 96 above the sea level. The length of each of the three
pipes is 250 m. The average flow interring the upper manhole is 0.25 m3/s. Find the diameter of each
of the three pipes, and the invert of each pipe at the down stream manhole.
Assume the following:
peak factor = 2.5
minimum flow factor = 0.30
minimum velocity when flowing full = 0.90 m/s

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