S.

NO Word Meaning
1. Confabulation It refers to the fabrication or distortion of memories any intention
or desire to lie or mislead others. It often involves the creation of
false memories, beliefs, or perceptions, usually as a result of a
neurological or psychological condition.

Example: A patient with a brain injury, describe a visit from a

family member that never occurred. They believe and recount the
visit in detail, although it is a product of their mind rather than a
real event.
2. Pressured speech It is characterized by when a person talk in a fast, frantic, or
urgent way that is difficult to interrupt. The person speaking
feels compelled to keep talking and may jump quickly from one
topic to another, making it challenging for listeners to follow the
conversation.

Example: A person experiencing pressured speech might talk

continuously without pausing for others to respond. They might
speak so quickly that their words become difficult to understand,
and they might switch topics abruptly, leaving listeners confused.
For instance, they might start discussing their plans for the day,
suddenly shift to talking about a recent news event, and then
jump to discussing a personal hobby, all within a few minutes.
3. Aphasia It is a condition that affects a person's ability to communicate. It
can impact speech, writing, and the ability to understand
language, both spoken and written.

 Broca's Aphasia (Non-Fluent Aphasia)

People with Broca's aphasia have difficulty producing speech,

often speaking in short, effortful phrases. For example, a person
with Broca's aphasia may say "Walk dog" instead of "I will take
the dog for a walk."

 Wernicke's Aphasia (Fluent Aphasia)

Individuals with Wernicke's aphasia can speak fluently, but their

speech often does not make sense and contains made-up words.
For example, someone with Wernicke's aphasia may say "The
smoodle pinkered and I want to get him round and take care of
him like you want before."

 Anomic Aphasia

People with anomic aphasia have trouble finding the right words,
especially nouns and verbs. They may use vague words like
 "thing" or "stuff" to compensate for the missing words. For
example, "I want to use the... um... the thing to cut the food."

 Global Aphasia

Global aphasia is the most severe form, resulting in an inability to

speak, understand, read or write. Individuals with global aphasia
may only be able to say a few words or repeat the same
words/phrases
4. Echopraxia It is a condition characterized by the involuntary imitation or
repetition of another person's movements or gestures.

Example: If the teacher raises their hand to point at the board, a

student with echopraxia might also raise their hand in the same
manner without intending to participate or draw attention.
5. Guarded It is a state of cautiousness or defensiveness in a person's
behavior or communication. When someone is described as
having a guarded demeanor, it means they are reluctant to share
personal information, exhibit emotions, or engage openly with
others. This behavior is often a protective mechanism, possibly
stemming from past trauma, trust issues, or anxiety.
6. Echolalia It is the involuntary repetition or echoing of another person's
spoken words. It is a common feature in various developmental
and neurological disorders, most notably in autism spectrum
disorder (ASD) and certain types of aphasia.

Types of Echolalia

1. Immediate Echolalia: The repetition occurs right after

hearing the words.
2. Delayed Echolalia: The repetition occurs after a
significant delay, sometimes hours or even days
later.

Examples of Echolalia

1. Immediate Echolalia:
o Scenario: A parent says, "Do you want some juice?"
o Child with Echolalia: Immediately responds with, "Do
you want some juice?" instead of answering the question.
2. Delayed Echolalia:
o Scenario: A teacher asks a student, "Did you finish your
homework?" earlier in the day.
o Student with Echolalia: Later in the day, the student
repeats, "Did you finish your homework?" to themselves or
to someone else
7. Waxy flexibility It is characterized by a person's tendency to maintain a body
position or posture in which they are placed by someone else for
an extended period, even if it is awkward or uncomfortable.

Example: A healthcare provider gently raises a patient's arm

during an examination.

Patient with Waxy Flexibility: The patient’s arm remains in the

raised position until the healthcare provider moves it again, even
though the patient could theoretically move it on their own.
8. Euthymic It refers to a normal, balanced, and stable mood state, typically
characterized by a lack of significant emotional disturbance. It is
often used in the context of mental health to describe a person
who is neither experiencing depressive nor manic symptoms
9. Euphoric It describes an intense feeling of happiness, excitement, or
pleasure that is often characterized by a heightened sense of well-
being and elation. It's a state of extreme positivity and can be
experienced both mentally and physically.
10. Hallucination It is a perceptual experience in which an individual sees,
hears, smells, tastes, or feels something that is not actually
present in the environment.

Types of Hallucinations

1. Auditory Hallucinations: Hearing voices or other sounds

that others do not hear. This is the most common type of
hallucination.
2. Visual Hallucinations: Seeing objects, people, or
patterns that are not there.
3. Olfactory Hallucinations: Sensing smells that are not
present.
4. Gustatory Hallucinations: Tasting something without
any external stimuli.
5. Tactile Hallucinations: Feeling sensations on the skin or
internally that are not caused by external factors.
11. Delusion It is a fixed, false belief that is firmly held despite clear evidence
or rational argument to the contrary.

 Persecutory Delusions: Believing that one is being

targeted, harassed, or conspired against by others.
 Grandiose Delusions: Having an exaggerated sense of
one's own importance, power, knowledge, or identity.
 Erotomanic Delusions: Believing that someone, often of
higher status, is in love with them.
 Referential Delusions: Believing that neutral events or
objects have special personal meaning or significance.
 Somatic Delusions: Believing that one has a physical illness
or defect that is not present.
 Nihilistic ideas: believing that certain aspects of one's
existence, the world, or reality as a whole are
nonexistent, meaningless, or have ceased to exist.

12. Thought It is a delusional belief that one's thoughts are being transmitted
Broadcasting or broadcasted to others without their consent. The individual
may believe that others can hear their thoughts or that their
thoughts are being broadcasted through external means, such as
radio waves or telepathy.

Example: John believes that everyone around him can hear his
thoughts as if he is speaking out loud.
13. Thought It is a delusional belief that one's thoughts are being removed
Withdrawal from one's mind by an external force or agency. The individual
may feel as though their thoughts are being stolen or taken away
without their control.

Example: Mary believes that a secret government agency is

stealing her thoughts from her mind.
14. Thought Insertion It is a delusional belief that thoughts are being implanted into
one's mind by an external force, rather than originating from
one's own thinking process. The individual may feel that these
thoughts are not their own and are being inserted or forced upon
them by outside entities.

Example: Sarah believes that aliens are inserting thoughts into

her mind without her consent.
15. Thought Block It is a sudden interruption or cessation of one's train of thought,
where thoughts are unexpectedly and involuntarily stopped or
"blocked." The individual may experience a blank or empty
mind, with an inability to continue thinking or expressing
thoughts.
 Example: Tom is speaking with his therapist when suddenly he
stops mid-sentence and cannot recall what he was going to say
next.
16. Loose It is also known as tangential thinking, is a thought disorder
Association characterized by a lack of logical connection between thoughts
and ideas. It involves shifting from one unrelated topic to another
without clear transitions, making it difficult for others to follow
the person's train of thought.

Example: During a conversation about the weather, John

suddenly starts talking about his favorite movie without any
apparent connection.
17. Flight of Ideas It is a symptom characterized by rapid, continuous, and often
incoherent speech. It involves a rapid flow of thoughts that move
quickly from one idea to another, often with little or no logical
connection between them. The speech can be pressured and
difficult to interrupt.

Example: Jane is speaking rapidly and excitedly, jumping from

discussing her upcoming vacation to plans for a new project at
work, and then to her favorite hobbies.
18. Neologism It refers to the creation of new words or phrases that have no
apparent meaning or are not understood by others. These words
are often invented by the individual and do not conform to
standard language conventions or meanings.

Example: Mike says, "I'm feeling very zemblar today."

19. Phobia It is an intense and irrational fear of a specific object, situation,
or activity. The fear is disproportionate to the actual threat posed
and can lead to avoidance behaviors that significantly impact
daily life.

Example:

 Specific Phobia: Fear of spiders (arachnophobia), heights

(acrophobia), or flying (aviophobia).
 Social Phobia: Fear of social situations or embarrassment in
public (social anxiety disorder).

20. Obsession Obsessions are intrusive and unwanted thoughts, urges, or images
that cause distress or anxiety. They are persistent and difficult to
control.

Example: Constantly worrying about germs, fearing harm

coming to loved ones, or having intrusive thoughts about taboo
subjects.
21. Compulsion Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person
feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to
rigid rules. These actions are aimed at reducing distress or
preventing a feared event.

Example: Excessive hand washing due to fear of contamination,

checking locks repeatedly to ensure safety, or counting rituals to
reduce anxiety.
22. Preservation It is the repetition of a particular response, such as a word, phrase,
or gesture, despite the absence or cessation of a stimulus.

Example:

 Person A: "We should definitely consider the theme for the

party, maybe something like a beach party. It would be great to
have beach-themed decorations, beach games, and beach music.
We could even have beach snacks like chips and salsa. What do
you think about the beach idea?"

 Person B: "I think a beach party sounds fun! But I was also
thinking about maybe having a barbecue theme, you know, with
grilled burgers and hot dogs..."

 Person A (continuing to preserve): "Yes, beach-themed

decorations would really set the mood. We could use shells, beach
towels, and maybe even bring some sand in buckets to create that
beach vibe. Beach music could be a mix of reggae and tropical
tunes..."

23. Clang Association Clang association is a pattern of speech in which words are chosen
based on their sound rather than their meaning. The words may
rhyme or have a similar rhythmic quality, but they lack logical
connection.

Example: "I'm feeling fine, like a dime, time to chime.”

24. Word Salad It refers to a jumble of words or phrases that are disconnected and
incoherent, lacking meaningful association or logical sequence. It can
be difficult or impossible to follow the speaker's intended message.

Example: "Purple elephant clouds sunshine yesterday piano.

25. Circumstantiality It is a communication pattern where a person includes unnecessary

and excessive details in their speech, but eventually reaches the
point or goal of their communication.

Example: Providing extensive background information and

unrelated anecdotes before answering a simple question.
26. Tangentially It is a communication pattern characterized by wandering from
the main topic of conversation and never returning to it, but the
speech maintains some association with the original idea.

Example: Starting with discussing vacation plans and ending up

talking about favorite restaurants, without ever completing the
discussion about vacations.
27. Abstract Thinking It refers to the ability to think about concepts, ideas, and
relationships beyond what is physically present. It involves
understanding complex concepts, generating ideas, and making
connections that are not directly tied to sensory experiences.
28. Concrete Thinking It refers to thinking about objects, situations, and facts that are
real, tangible, and directly observable. It involves focusing on
literal interpretations, specific details, and immediate sensory
experiences.
29. Ideas of It refers to a belief or perception that unrelated events, objects, or
reference behaviors of others are somehow directly related to oneself. This
belief involves mistakenly interpreting coincidences or neutral
occurrences as having a personal significance or meaning specific
to the individual, when in reality they are not.

Example: Feeling that people are talking about or reacting to

one-self in public settings, such as assuming strangers are
laughing at them or discussing them.
30. Hypochondriasis It referred to as Illness Anxiety Disorder in the DSM-5, is
(Illness Anxiety characterized by excessive worry or fear about having a serious
Disorder) illness, despite medical reassurance and absence of significant
symptoms

Example: John frequently checks his body for any signs of

lumps or pain, convinced that he has cancer, despite multiple
medical tests showing no abnormalities.
31. Suicidal Ideation Suicidal ideation refers to thoughts, fantasies, or preoccupations
with ending one's own life. These thoughts can range from
fleeting considerations to detailed plans and can occur with
varying levels of intensity and frequency
32. Homicidal Homicidal ideation refers to thoughts, fantasies, or
Ideation preoccupations with harming or killing others. These thoughts
can range from passive wishes for harm to specific plans or
fantasies about committing violent acts.