Define the term computer network.

1.
(Total 2 marks)

Explain how a firewall can be used to improve the security of a computer network.
2.
(Total 2 marks)

The table below shows three layers of the TCP/IP model and some protocols that operate at
3. each of these layers.

Layer Protocol

HTTP
HTTPS
Application layer SMTP
IMAP
FTP

TCP
Transport layer
UDP

Internet layer IP

Describe the role of one protocol from each layer in the table above. You must state which
protocol you are describing.
(Total 9 marks)

Shade the two lozenges that are correct statements about network protocols.
4.

A A protocol is a set of rules.

B All protocols only work with specific hardware.

C All protocols transmit data securely.

D Ethernet is a family of protocols.

E Wi-Fi is a single protocol.

(Total 2 marks)

Explain one data privacy concern an organisation would need to consider when setting up a
5. wireless network.
(Total 2 marks)

The Latymer School Page 1 of 42

 State which layer of the TCP/IP model each of the network protocols operates at by ticking one
6. box in each row of the table.

Network Application Transport

Internet layer Link layer
Protocol layer layer

HTTP

UDP

IP

IMAP

(Total 4 marks)

Authentication and MAC address filtering can be used to improve network security.
7.
Explain how one of these security methods works.

Ring your chosen security method:

Authentication MAC address filtering

(Total 2 marks)

Draw a simple diagram to show a bus network topology containing four desktop computers.
8.
(Total 2 marks)

Draw a simple diagram to show a star network topology containing four desktop computers.
9.
(Total 2 marks)

State one disadvantage of using a star topology instead of a bus topology.

10.
(Total 1 mark)

State two advantages of using a star topology instead of a bus topology.

11.
(Total 2 marks)

Most schools have a computer network.

12.
Some schools allow teachers to access the school network from their home computers.

Give one reason why some schools allow this and one reason why some schools do not allow
this.
(Total 2 marks)

PANs and LANs are two different types of network.

13.
(a) Describe one difference between a PAN and a LAN.
(1)

The Latymer School Page 2 of 42

 (b) Give one example of where a PAN could be used.
(1)
(Total 2 marks)

TCP/IP is a protocol used in networking. There are 4 layers in the TCP/IP stack.
14.
Complete the table by placing the four layers of the TCP/IP stack into order (1-4) where 1 is the
top layer and 4 is the bottom layer.

Layer Order (1-4)

Transport

Link

Internet

Application

(Total 3 marks)

15. Define the term network.

(Total 2 marks)

When two computers on a network communicate with each other they need to use the same
16. protocol.

Define the term network protocol.

(Total 2 marks)

Computer networks can be installed using wired or wireless technology.

17.
Describe two differences between a Local Area Network (LAN) and a Wide Area Network
(WAN).
(Total 2 marks)

The Latymer School Page 3 of 42

 For questions (a) to (c) shade one lozenge to indicate the most suitable protocol to use in the
18. situation described.

(a) Used to retrieve email stored on a server.

A HTTP

B HTTPS

C FTP

D SMTP

E IMAP

(1)

(b) Used to make a payment securely when purchasing goods from a website.

A HTTP

B HTTPS

C FTP

D SMTP

E IMAP

(1)

(c) Used to send an email from a client machine to an email server.

A HTTP

B HTTPS

C FTP

D SMTP

E IMAP

(1)
(Total 3 marks)

The Latymer School Page 4 of 42

 SMTP and IMAP are email protocols.
19.
Describe how SMTP and IMAP are used.
(Total 2 marks)

20. Shade one lozenge to indicate the most suitable protocol to use in the situation described.

(a) Used to retrieve email stored on a server.

A HTTP

B HTTPS

C FTP

D SMTP

E IMAP

(1)

(b) Used to make a payment securely when purchasing goods from a website.

A HTTP

B HTTPS

C FTP

D SMTP

E IMAP

(1)

The Latymer School Page 5 of 42

 (c) Used to send an email from a client machine to an email server.

A HTTP

B HTTPS

C FTP

D SMTP

E IMAP

(1)
(Total 3 marks)

The four layers of the TCP/IP network model are shown below.
21.
For each row in the table below, write the letter A, B, C or D that matches the description.

Each letter should only be used once.

A Application layer
B Transport layer
C Internet layer
D Link layer

Description Letter

Addresses data for transmission

Sets up the communication between the two hosts

Where the network hardware is located

Where the user software, such as web browsers or email

programs, operates

(Total 2 marks)

Explain why a firewall improves network security.

22.
(Total 2 marks)

Define the term network protocol.

23.
(Total 2 marks)

State three advantages of using a computer network.

24.
(Total 3 marks)

The Latymer School Page 6 of 42

 Computer networks can be installed using wired or wireless technology.
25.
State one wireless method used to connect devices on a Personal Area Network (PAN).
(Total 1 mark)

26. Describe three advantages of using a computer network rather than standalone machines.
(Total 3 marks)

27. One disadvantage of using a computer network is that there are increased security risks.
Describe three other disadvantages of using a computer network.
(Total 3 marks)

Which two of the following are email protocols?

28.
Shade two lozenges.

A FTP

B HTTP

C IMAP

D SMTP

E TCP

F UDP

(Total 2 marks)

Explain how MAC address filtering works.

29.
(Total 2 marks)

Computer networks can be installed using wired or wireless technology.

30.
Shade one lozenge to indicate the application layer protocol used for sending emails from a
client device to a mail server.

A FTP

B HTTP

C SMTP

D UDP

(Total 1 mark)

The Latymer School Page 7 of 42

 HTTP and HTTPS are two application layer protocols.
31.
Explain why HTTPS is often used rather than HTTP.
(Total 1 mark)

Computer networks can be installed using wired or wireless technology.

32.
Explain the purpose of the HTTPS protocol.
(Total 2 marks)

What is the purpose of the network (internet) layer within the TCP/IP stack?
33.
(Total 2 marks)

Explain two differences between a LAN and a WAN.

34.
(Total 4 marks)

35. Most schools have a computer network.

Some schools allow teachers to access the school network from their home computers.

Give one reason why some schools allow this and one reason why some schools do not allow
this.
(Total 2 marks)

36. Give one example of where a PAN could be used.

(Total 1 mark)

37. PANs and LANs are two different types of network.

Describe one difference between a PAN and a LAN.

(Total 1 mark)

The application layer and the network (internet) layer are two of the layers within the TCP/IP
38. stack.

What are the names of the other two TCP/IP stack layers?
(Total 2 marks)

39. Draw a diagram showing a four-computer network using a bus topology.

(Total 3 marks)

Computer networks can be installed using wired or wireless technology.

40.
Give three advantages of using a wireless network instead of a wired network.
(Total 3 marks)

The Latymer School Page 8 of 42

41. Barnes Pest Control is a small business with four employees. Each of their employees has a
standalone desktop computer. They have decided to use a network instead of standalone
machines.

Two security measures that Barnes Pest Control could use are authentication and encryption.
Explain each of these security measures and how Barnes Pest Control could use them.
(Total 4 marks)

Describe how encryption can make the transmission of data more secure.
42.
(Total 2 marks)

43. The diagram below shows a client–server network. The clients are connected to a switch.

(a) What network topology is shown in the diagram above?

(1)

(b) State two advantages of this particular topology.

(2)
(Total 3 marks)

44. Barnes Pest Control is a small business with four employees. Each of their employees has a
standalone desktop computer. They have decided to use a network instead of standalone
machines.

Barnes Pest Control decides to use a star network topology. State two reasons why this topology
may not be the most suitable choice.
(Total 2 marks)

45. What is a computer network?

(Total 2 marks)

Define the term computer network.

46.
(Total 2 marks)

The Latymer School Page 9 of 42

47. The application layer and the internet layer are two of the layers in the four-layer TCP / IP model.
Describe the roles of each of the four layers in the TCP / IP model. In your answer you should
also state the names of the other two layers of the TCP / IP model.
(Total 6 marks)

A games café is evaluating the security for their network.

48.
(a) State two reasons why using a biometric authentication measure is better than password
authentication for staff accounts.
(2)

(b) Explain why it would not be appropriate for the café to use MAC address filtering on their
wireless network.
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

49. “Schools should use a wireless network instead of a wired network”.

Discuss this statement.

(Total 6 marks)

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of connecting a computer to a network.

50.
In this question you will be marked on your ability to use good English, to organise information
clearly and to use specialist vocabulary where appropriate.
(Total 6 marks)

A school has purchased new computers for students and staff to use.
51.
The school is considering installing the computers in a network.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages to the school, staff and students of having the
computers installed in a network.
(Total 6 marks)

Computer networks can be wired or wireless.

52.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of wired and wireless networks.

In your answer you should:

• discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each network type

• compare the security of wired and wireless networks.
(Total 9 marks)

List three different measures that can be used to maintain the security of a computer system.
53.
For each measure:

• Outline what the measure is.

• Explain what types of threat to cyber security it is effective against.
(Total 9 marks)
The Latymer School Page 10 of 42
 Discuss the benefits and risks of using a computer network.
54.
(Total 9 marks)

The Latymer School Page 11 of 42

Mark schemes
2 marks for AO1 (recall)
1.
1 mark for each of the following points:

• two or more computers;

• connected together (to allow communication);
[2]

2 marks for AO1 (understanding)

2.
1 mark for each of the following points (maximum of two marks):

• acts as a barrier / interface between a computer (network) and external connections /

devices;
• inspects incoming and / or outgoing packets of data;
• to see if packets may be malicious;
• to see if packets may be allowed / disallowed by firewall settings / criteria;
• restricts use of certain services / ports;
[2]

9 marks for AO1 (understanding)

3.
Level Description Marks

3 There is a good description of the role of one named protocol in 7-9

each layer.
Correct technical language is used throughout.

2 There is some description of the role of one named protocol in each 4-6
layer.
Some correct technical language is used though there may be
errors.

1 Statements are made about the role of one named protocol in each 1-3
layer.
Little or no technical language is used or is used incorrectly.

0 No creditworthy material 0

The Latymer School Page 12 of 42

Guidance to examiners

Good description of protocol role might be:

HTTPS is an extension of HTTP and allows secure transfer of data between a browser and
a website by encrypting data. The web browser will check the website server’s security
certificate and ensure it is legitimate. This means it’s not possible to see or eavesdrop on
what you’re browsing or for your data to be stolen.

Some description of protocol role might be:

HTTPS allows secure transfer of data between a browser and a website by encrypting the
data being transferred to stop your data being stolen. It does this by checking a security
certificate to see if the website is legitimate.

Statements about protocol role might be:

In HTTPS the S stands for secure and stops your data being stolen on a website. It
encrypts your data.

The Latymer School Page 13 of 42

 Indicative content (role of protocols listed in question)

HTTP Provides a way for users to interact with web resources.

Transmits messages between client and server using hypertext.

HTTPS As HTTP but in addition uses an encryption protocol to ensure

communications are secure.

SMTP Enables users to send (and receive) email messages.

Initiates sessions between user and mail server. Server then
forwards messages. Uses a process called ‘store and forward’ to
store messages and forward as necessary. The server decides
which server to send the message to and the inbox provider then
downloads the message and places it in the recipient’s inbox.
Often used in conjunction with IMAP.

IMAP Stores email messages on an ISPs server but allows user to

manipulate messages as though on a local device. Local devices
access the ISP server to access the messages. IMAP works with
desktop clients and webmail clients. Allows simultaneous logins
from different devices to one account

FTP Allows secure transfer of files between client and server. Files are
uploaded to and downloaded from the server using FTP.

TCP Connects network devices to the Internet. It defines how

applications can create channels of communication across a
network. It manages how a message is assembled into smaller
packets before transmission and reassembles packets in the correct
order at destination.

UDP Communications protocol that establishes low latency and

loss-tolerating connections between applications. Enables the
transfer of data before an agreement is provided by the receiving
party. This speeds up transfers.
Can start transferring data before agreement is received from
receiving party.

IP Relays data across network boundaries. It defines how to address

and route each packet to make sure it reaches the right destination.

[9]

2 marks for AO1 (recall)

4.
A A protocol is a set of rules;
D Ethernet is a family of protocols;

R. If more than two lozenges shaded.

[2]

The Latymer School Page 14 of 42

 2 marks for AO1 (understanding)
5.
1 mark for any of the following concerns and 1 mark for relevant expansion:

• spoofing or session hijacking; where the attacker assumes the identity of an

authorised user;
• eavesdropping; all network data is broadcast and can be intercepted by third party;
• encrypting data; making sure that data is not transmitted in plain text; by ensuring
that routers have encryption turned on;
• malware infiltration; a Wi-Fi network is more exposed to attack because it’s visible;
• malicious hotspots; unofficial access points that look like they are part of the network;
[2]

4 marks for AO1 (understanding)

6.
A maximum of 4 marks can be awarded.
Award 1 mark for each correct tick.

Network Application Transport

Internet layer Link layer
Protocol layer layer

HTTP ✓

UDP ✓

IP ✓

IMAP ✓

R. any row that contains more than one tick.

[4]

2 marks for AO1 (understanding)

7.
Marks can only be awarded for one of the two security methods.

1 mark for any of the following points (maximum of two marks):

Authentication:

• takes one or more pieces of data specific to the user;

• and compares them to known / stored credentials // and only allows access to the
system if the credentials are valid;

MAC address filtering:

• takes the (unique / specific) MAC address for a device;

• and checks to see if it is in the list of allowed / blocked addresses // and only allows
device to connect to the system if it has permission to do so;
[2]

The Latymer School Page 15 of 42

 2 marks for AO2 (apply)
8.
The diagram should clearly show that:

• There is a central bus;

• All computers are individually connected to a single central bus
• There are four or more computers / laptops / desktop computers

2 marks for all three points, 1 mark for one or two of the three points.

I. Representation / symbol used for computer

I. Other connected devices.

The Latymer School Page 16 of 42

Example answers:

The Latymer School Page 17 of 42

 [2]

2 marks for AO2 (apply)

9.
The diagram should clearly show that:
• There are four or more computers / laptops / desktop computers in the diagram;
• Each computer is connected only to a central hub / switch;

I. Other connected devices.

I. Representation / symbol used for computer or hub / switch.

The Latymer School Page 18 of 42

 Examples:

[2]

1 mark for AO1 (understanding)

10.
1 mark for any valid point.

• It is more expensive to install (more cable required, more hardware needed);

• It is harder to install (it requires more cable);
• Switch / hub / central device may fail (breaking the entire network);
[1]

2 marks for AO1 (understanding)

11.
1 mark for each point to a maximum of 2 marks.

• Less likely to experience transmission errors / data traffic problems (contention issues);
• Faster transmission of data;
• A faulty connection only disables one computer (unless it’s the hub / switch);
• Fewer / no collisions (if a switch is used rather than a hub);
• Better security (potentially as data is not broadcast to all machines if a switch is used);

R. Easy to connect other devices.

[2]

The Latymer School Page 19 of 42

 All marks AO1 (understanding)
12.
Reasons for allowing:
Teachers can access resources on the school network to allow them to
plan lessons at home;
Teachers can teach lessons from home (using videoconferencing) if they
are not able to get into work (eg travel difficulties);
Teachers can access electronic copies of student work so that they do not
have to carry marking home;

Reasons for not allowing:

Data protection issues – schools may not want potentially sensitive
student information to be accessed outside of school;
To try to help teachers have a work-life balance;
Increased security risks as teachers may not have fully-protected
computers at home (eg if a teacher does not have anti-virus software on
their home computer this may cause problems when they connect their
computer to the school network);

Max 1 mark: if only described reasons for allowing access

Max 1 mark: if only described reasons for not allowing access

[2]

(a) 1 mark for AO1 (understanding)

13. PANs are centred around one person, LANs cover a limited
geographical area / LANs cover a larger area;
PANs have one user, LANs (normally) have more than one user;
PAN uses Bluetooth, LAN uses alternative protocols / connection
methods (A. by example);

Note: answer must cover both PAN and LAN to be awarded a mark

Max 1
1

(b) 1 mark for AO1 (understanding)

Wearable computing devices;

Connecting headphones to a music player; Connecting pedometer
to a mobile phone;

A. any suitable example

Max 1
1
[2]

The Latymer School Page 20 of 42

 All marks AO1 (recall)
14.
Layer Order (1 – 4)

Transport 2

Link 4

Network 3

Application 1

Mark as follows:
1 mark: any row correct;
2 marks: any two rows correct;
3 marks: all four rows correct;
[3]

15. All marks for AO1 (recall)

Group of computers / devices;

connected together // that can communicate with each other;
[2]

All marks AO1 (recall)

16.
a set of rules;
that allow two devices to communicate;
[2]

2 marks for AO1 (understanding)

17.
Maximum of two marks from:

• LANs cover relatively small geographical areas // WANs usually cover a wide
geographic area;
• LANs often owned and controlled/managed by a single person/organisation //
WANs often under collective/distributed ownership;
• WANs are (usually) several LANs connected together;
• WANs (usually) have a much larger number of devices/users than LANs;
• LAN has a lower latency // WAN has higher latency;
• WANs are (usually) slower than LANs;
• the cost-per-byte for transmission is much higher on a WAN;
• LANs and WANs use different protocols;
[2]

(a) Mark is for AO1 (recall)

18.
E IMAP;

R. If more than one lozenge shaded

1
The Latymer School Page 21 of 42
 (b) Mark is for AO1 (recall)

B HTTPS;

R. If more than one lozenge shaded

1

(c) Mark is for AO1 (recall)

D SMTP;

R. If more than one lozenge shaded

1
[3]

2 marks for AO1 (understanding)

19.
SMTP:
Sends emails (between servers);

IMAP:
Stores emails on a server;
//
Retrieves / receiving emails;
//
View and manipulate emails (as though stored locally);
//
Email displayed on client programs/devices;
[2]

20. (a) Mark is for AO1 (recall)

1 mark: E IMAP;

If more than one lozenge shaded then mark is not awarded

1

(b) Mark is for AO1 (recall)

1 mark: B HTTPS;

If more than one lozenge shaded then mark is not awarded

1

(c) Mark is for AO1 (recall)

1 mark: D SMTP;

If more than one lozenge shaded then mark is not awarded

1
[3]

The Latymer School Page 22 of 42

 2 marks for AO1 (recall)
21.
2 marks for all four correct ;;
1 mark for any two correct ;

Definition Letter

Adresses data for transmission C

Sets up the communication between the two hosts B

Where the network hardware is located D

Where the user software, such as web browsers or

A
email programs, operates

R. Duplicate answers.
[2]

2 marks for AO1 (understanding)

22.
Max 2 marks for one of the points below well explained OR two points stated from the list below.

• It prevents unauthorised access into the network (by checking IP / MAC address / packet
content);
• It prevents unauthorised transmissions from inside the network to external locations;
• It monitors network traffic;
• It makes sure that only the right / authorised traffic is allowed;
• It opens / closes ports as necessary

R. Prevents unauthorised users accessing network.

R. Prevents access to unauthorised websites.
[2]

2 marks for AO1 (recall)

23.
A set of rules; that allow devices / networks to communicate / transfer data
[2]

The Latymer School Page 23 of 42

 All marks AO1 (understanding)
24.
Share hardware; A. by example
Share data/files;
Easier to work collaboratively;
Use of communication tools
Central management for machines A. by example: centralised software
deployment, centralised back-ups;
Files not stored on local machine so can be accessed from multiple
machines;
Can monitor computer users;
Increase available storage;

Max 3 marks
[3]

Mark is for AO1 (recall)

25.
Maximum of one mark from:

• Bluetooth;
• Near-field Communication/NFC;
• IrDA/Infrared;
• Zigbee;
• Wireless USB;
• Ultra-wideband/UWB;
[1]

26. All marks for AO1 (understanding)

Share hardware;
Share data / files;
Improved communication tools;
Improved monitoring of users;
Centralised back-up;

Max 3 marks
[3]

27. All marks for AO1 (understanding)

Reliance on server;
Network can slow down (when traffic is heavy);
Cabling / additional hardware / installation costs;
May have additional costs due to need to employ a network manager;

Max 3 marks
[3]

The Latymer School Page 24 of 42

 2 marks for AO1 (recall)
28.
C IMAP;
D SMTP;

If more than two lozenges shaded then marks are not awarded.
[2]

2 marks for AO1 (understanding)

29.
1 mark for each of the following points to a maximum of 2 marks.

• Each device connected to the network has a (unique) reference ID / physical /

physical address (called the MAC Address);
• There is a list of allowed / denied addresses;
• The network device / router looks at the address of the device trying to connect (and
blocks / allows appropriately);
[2]

Mark is for AO1 (recall)

30.
C SMTP;

R. if more than one lozenge shaded

[1]

Mark is for AO1 (understand)

31.
Max 1 mark for any of the following:

• HTTPS is secure / encrypted;

• Data transmitted using HTTP could be easily read if intercepted;
• Data transmitted using HTTPS can only be seen / read / understood by the
(intended) recipient;
[1]

2 marks for AO1 (recall)

32.
Maximum of two marks from:

• sending/receiving web pages;

• using an encrypted connection // provides an encrypted version of HTTP;
• more secure web transactions;
• authentication of the website being visited;
• encryption of the data between the server and the client;
• reduces likelihood of man-in-the-middle attacks;
[2]

The Latymer School Page 25 of 42

 2 marks for AO1 (understanding)
33.
Max 2 marks:

• packages / unpackages data (for / after transmission);

• adds address(es) (for transmission);
• routes the packets (across the network);
• provides error checking;

R. It provides access to the Internet

[2]

4 marks for AO1 (understanding)

34.
1 mark for each explanation point.

Example answers

• A WAN is a Wide Area Network that links more than one remote geographical site /
location to another;
• A LAN is a Local Area Network that links together devices that are within one site \
location;
• The speed of data transmission across a LAN is likely to be higher than across a
WAN;
• WANs are typically public networks (and so data encryption is likely to be used);
• LANs (may not need data encryption) as they are typically private;
• LANs typically carry less traffic than WANs;
• This is because the number of users on a LAN can be controlled by the administrator
whereas public WANs could have an unlimited number of users;
• LAN Connections are generally more reliable as they are under the control and
maintenance of the network administrators;
• On a WAN it is possible that heavy traffic, peak usage times, viruses, weather or
physical damage could affect the connection reliability;
• WANs are typically under shared ownership;
• LANs are typically owned by a single person or organisation;
• LANs use different protocol suites (accept protocols) to WANs;

R. Simple expansion of acronyms.

R. Any reference to cost comparisons.
R. Reference to cable types.
R. WAN is a collection of LANs / LANs joined together (if only a simple statement).
[4]

The Latymer School Page 26 of 42

35. All marks AO1 (understanding)

Reasons for allowing:

Teachers can access resources on the school network to allow them to plan lessons at
home;
Teachers can teach lessons from home (using videoconferencing) if they are not able to get
into work (eg travel difficulties);
Teachers can access electronic copies of student work so that they do not have to carry
marking home;

Reasons for not allowing:

Data protection issues – schools may not want potentially sensitive student information to
be accessed outside of school;
To try to help teachers have a work-life balance;
Increased security risks as teachers may not have fully-protected computers at home (eg if
a teacher does not have anti-virus software on their home computer this may cause
problems when they connect their computer to the school network);

Max 1 mark: if only described reasons for allowing access

Max 1 mark: if only described reasons for not allowing access
[2]

36. 1 mark for AO1 (understanding)

Wearable computing devices;

Connecting headphones to a music player;
Connecting pedometer to a mobile phone;

A. any suitable example

Max 1
[1]

37. 1 mark for AO1 (understanding)

PANs are centered around one person, LANs cover a limited geographical area / LANs
cover a larger area;
PANs have one user, LANs (normally) have more than one user;
PAN uses Bluetooth, LAN uses alternative protocols / connection methods (A. by example);

Note: answer must cover both PAN and LAN to be awarded a mark

Max 1
[1]

The Latymer School Page 27 of 42

 2 marks for AO1 (recall)
38.
1 mark for each correct answer. Accept any of:

• Transport (layer);
• Data Link (layer);
• Link (layer);
• Network Interface / access (layer)

R. Any name that is not correct.

I. the order that the answers are written in.
[2]

39. All marks for AO1 (understanding)

Mark as follows:
Diagram has a main cable; I. bidirectional arrow instead of line R. unidirectional arrow

Each computer is connected to the main cable; I. bidirectional arrows instead of lines R.
unidirectional arrows

Network contains exactly four computers and each computer is not connected to any other
computers (except via the main cable);

I. missing terminators at ends of main cable

Maximum 2 marks if any errors in diagram

Example answer

This diagram worth 2 marks as there is a main cable and there are four computers not
connected to any other computers (except via the main cable). However, it does not get the
mark for connecting the computers to the main cable as the computers have not been
given connections to the main cable.
[3]

The Latymer School Page 28 of 42

 3 marks for AO1 (understanding)
40.
Maximum of three marks from:

• flexibility to expand network/add users/add own devices to the network;

• there is no need to drill holes/install cabling;
• mobility of user/devices;
• modern devices are more likely to (be designed to) connect wirelessly;
• guest access;
• no trip hazards;

A. cost if valid explanation given

[3]

41. 2 marks for AO1 (understanding) and 2 marks for AO2 (apply)

1 mark for AO1: Authentication is ensuring that a user is who they are claiming to be;

1 mark for AO2:The business could give each employee their own username and
password // the business could use a biometric system, e.g. fingerprints, to check which
employee is logging in / to ensure that only employees can log in;

1 mark for AO1: Encryption is changing data so that it cannot be read (except by
authorised users / those with the decryption key);

1 mark for AO2: The business could use encryption to prevent unauthorised people from
reading sensitive data; A. example of sensitive data eg personnel records
[4]

2 marks for AO1 (understanding)

42.
(Encryption) scrambles the data (before transmission) // changes plaintext into ciphertext
(before transmission);
NE encrypts the data

so it cannot be read/understood by unauthorised users/devices;

[2]

43. (a) Star;

A. Switched Ethernet
1

(b) Any creditworthy point to a maximum of two. Examples include:

It allows each client to use full transmission over the network // no data collisions;
Easy to connect new devices;
The failure of one client will not affect the others;
Packets are only sent to intended device;
Improved performance; (compared to non-switched networks)
2
[3]

The Latymer School Page 29 of 42

44. All marks for AO2 (apply)

The installation cost will be high;

There is a reliance on the central switch / hub (and if this fails the network is unusable);

A. As there are only a small number of workstations there is little (A. no) difference in
network speed between the bus and star networks;

Max 2
[2]

45. Two or more computers//a group of computers;

That have been connected together//That can communicate with/send messages to one
another;
[2]

2 marks for AO1 (recall)

46.
a group/collection/number of computers; A. devices (that contain CPUs)

connected/linked together; A. joined

[2]

The Latymer School Page 30 of 42

47. Two marks for AO1 (recall) and four marks for AO1 (understanding)

Level 3 (5–6 marks):

Clear descriptions of the roles of all or almost all of the layers of TCP / IP have been
included along with the names of the missing layers.

Level 2 (3–4 marks):

Accurate description of one or two of the roles of layers of TCP / IP has been included
along with the name of at least one of the missing layers.

Level 1 (1–2 marks):

Answer includes one of the following: an accurate description of the roles of the application
and/or Internet layers of TCP / IP, a statement of the names of the missing layers of the
TCP / IP model, a statement of the name of one of the missing layers of the TCP / IP layer
which may include a description of the role of this layer.

0 marks:
No creditworthy answer

Guidance – Response for AO1 (recall)

Transport (layer);
Link (layer); A. link A. network interface (layer)

Guidance – Indicative Response for AO1 (understanding)

Application layer is where network applications operate;
Transport layer sets up the communication between the two hosts;
Transport layer splits the data into packets;
Internet layer adds (IP) addresses to the packets;
Internet layer routes the packets across the network;
Link layer is where network hardware operates (eg network interface card);
Link layer is where operating device drivers operate;

Note: there is significantly more detail that can be written about the roles of the
layers that is beyond the scope of the syllabus. Responses that contain some of this
detail would also obtain credit though the additional detail has not been included on
this mark scheme.

Maximum four marks for AO1 (understanding)

[6]

(a) All marks AO2 (apply)

48.
Staff could forget their password // staff can’t forget biometric
measure;
Shouldering risk when staff entering their password // no risk of
shouldering when using biometric data;
Lower risk of hacking;

Max 2
2

The Latymer School Page 31 of 42

(b) All marks AO2 (apply)

Network is made available to members of the public;

Won’t know the MAC addresses for (most) of the devices
connecting to the network;
2
[4]

The Latymer School Page 32 of 42

49. 6 marks for AO2 (apply)

Level 3 (5–6 marks):

Discussion with five or more relevant points includes a detailed consideration (more than
two reasons) of why schools should use a wireless network (or why they should use a
wired network) and a detailed consideration (more than two reasons) of why schools
should use a wired network (or why they should use a wireless network). The reasons
given are clearly relevant to the context of networks in a school environment. The
discussion is logically coherent and the reasons given follow a clear line of reasoning
from the advantages and disadvantages of the two types of network.

Level 2 (3–4 marks):

A logically coherent discussion includes consideration (one or two reasons) of why
schools should use a wireless network (or why they should use a wired network) and
consideration (one or two reasons) of why schools should use a wired network (or why they
should use a wireless network). Most of the reasons given will be clearly relevant to the
context of networks in a school environment rather than being more general discussion
points about the two types of network.

Level 1 (1–2 marks):

A statement of one or two reasons why schools either should or should not use a wireless
network has been included. The reasons given may not be strongly linked to a school
environment.

Alternatively, a statement of one or two reasons why schools either should or should not
use a wired network has been included. The reasons given may not be strongly linked to a
school environment.

0 marks:
No creditworthy answer

Guidance – Indicative Response

Schools should use wired networks:
• as they need high bandwidth as they make use of a lot of multimedia;
• as they need high bandwidth / reliable systems as delays in lessons are not acceptable;
• there is better security on wired networks making it easier for schools to control / monitor
how students are using the network;
• network performance may be poor if there are large numbers of student-owned devices
using the school network at any one time;

Schools should use wireless networks:

• as it allows students to make use of their own portable devices in their learning;
• as maintaining a safe learning environment is very important as children are more
vulnerable to safety issues (like trailing wires);
• it allows computing devices to be used outside of the lesson eg in PE lessons;
• as schools have limited budgets and it is cheaper to add extra wireless devices to a school
network;
• less cable and drilling needed which may save money;
• as there are now many devices which don’t have wired connection ports and schools may
want to be able to use these devices;
[6]

The Latymer School Page 33 of 42

50. No creditworthy material
0 marks

Lower mark range

One or two (dis)advantages are stated.
//
One (dis)advantage is explained.

Quality of written communication: The candidate has used a form and style of writing which has
many deficiencies. Ideas are not often clearly expressed. Sentences and paragraphs are often
not well-connected or at times bullet points may have been used. Specialist vocabulary has been
used inappropriately or not at all. Much of the text is legible and some of the meaning is clear.
There are many errors of spelling, punctuation and grammar but it should still be possible to
understand much of the response.
1–2 marks

Mid mark range

Two or more (dis)advantages are explained.

Quality of written communication: The candidate has mostly used a form and style of writing
appropriate to purpose and has expressed some complex ideas reasonably clearly and fluently.
The candidate has usually used well linked sentences and paragraphs. Specialist vocabulary has
been used on a number of occasions but not always appropriately. Text is legible and most of the
meaning is clear. There are occasional errors of spelling, punctuation and grammar.
3–4 marks

High mark range

Two or more (dis)advantages are discussed (including at least one advantage and one
disadvantage).

Quality of written communication: The candidate has selected and used a form and style of
writing appropriate to purpose and has expressed complex ideas clearly and fluently. Sentences
and paragraphs follow on from one another clearly and coherently. Specialist vocabulary has
been used appropriately throughout. Text is legible and the meaning is clear. There are few if any
errors of spelling, punctuation and grammar.
5–6 marks

The Latymer School Page 34 of 42

Quality of written communication skills
The candidate’s quality of written communication skills will be one of the factors influencing the
actual mark an examiner will give within a level of response. The quality of written
communication skills associated with each level is indicated above.

Examples of advantages of connecting to a network (give credit to any other correct

example):
• Enables users to work from multiple physical locations;
• Enables hardware resources to be shared between computers;
• Enables computers to communicate with one another;
• Creates more resilient systems (than when you are reliant on just one computer);
• Enables processing to be distributed;
• May enable access to web services;
• Easier monitoring of all users;
• Centralised back-up is possible;
• Easier to maintain multiple devices.

Examples of disadvantages of connecting to a network (give credit to any other correct

example):
• Additional hardware is required;
• Introduces potential security risks. [allow a maximum of two points for viruses, hacking and
so on];
• Additional support costs;
• Certain hardware failures (e.g. main server or switch // router) could impact other devices;
• Performance potentially limited by network traffic.
[6]

The Latymer School Page 35 of 42

 6 marks for AO2 (apply)
51.
Level Description Mark
Range

3 Response demonstrates a sustained line of reasoning 5-6

and contains a thorough discussion of the advantages
and disadvantages to the school/staff/students of installing
a network instead of standalone computers.
There is a structured discussion of the advantages and
disadvantages of installing computers in a network and the
response includes points that are clearly relevant to the
context.

2 Response includes explanations of the advantages and/or 3-4

disadvantages of installing computers in a network and is
generally relevant to the school/staff/students. The
response makes sense when read as a whole.
There is a structured consideration of the advantages
and/or disadvantages of computer networks though some
of the points made may not be wholly relevant to the
context.

1 Response includes descriptions of the advantages and/or 1-2

disadvantages of installing computers as a network with
little reference to the school/staff/students.
There are a few statements related to one or more of the
required points. The statements might be disjointed and
without any cohesion.

No creditworthy material 0

The Latymer School Page 36 of 42

Indicative content
Advantages:
• folders and files (of staff/students) can be stored centrally and accessed by any authorised
person
• peripheral devices (such as classroom printer) can be shared // Fewer peripherals required
• access to the Internet / communications can be shared
• central management of resources / software // cheaper licencing
• students/staff can have one account that can be accessed on any networked computer
• central backup of files (of staff/students)
• allows better monitoring of computer usage (of staff/students)
• allows staff to access school files from home
• students/staff can bring in own devices to connect to the network
• staff and students can change rooms and still have access to the network.

Disadvantages:
• difficulty of managing network (as it increases in size)
• increase in potential cyber security issues when accessing staff/student records
• server breakdown can prevent access to all connected devices // loss of work
• viruses / malware can spread more easily
• cost of cabling / servers
• risk of malicious attack / hacking
• speed can deteriorate as usage increases
• reliance on network hardware (eg. switch)
• cost of hiring network manager to maintain network
• staff/students may require training on how to use network.
[6]

The Latymer School Page 37 of 42

 9 marks for AO1 (understanding)
52.
Level Description Marks

Responses at the upper end of the level will contain a thorough

discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of both wired and
wireless networks. The security of both types of network are compared
in detail. The response is well structured and coherent.
3 Responses at the lower end of the level will mostly contain 7-9
discussions, but may also include some thorough explanations, of
the advantages and disadvantages of both wired and wireless
networks. The security of at least one type of network is explained in
detail. The response is well structured and coherent.

Responses at the upper end of the level will contain detailed

explanations of the advantages and disadvantages of both wired and
wireless networks. The security of at least one type of network is
explained. The response makes sense when read as a whole and a
logical trail of thought is apparent.
2 4-6
Responses at the lower end of the level will mostly contain
explanations, but may also include some descriptions, of the
advantages and/or disadvantages of both wired and wireless networks.
The security of at least one type of network is described. The
response makes some sense when read as a whole.

Responses at the upper end of the level will contain descriptions of the
advantages and/or disadvantages of wired and/or wireless networks.
The security of at least one type of network is described. The
1 response makes some sense when read as a whole. 1-3
Responses at the lower end of the level will include a few statements
related to one or more of the required points. The response might be
disjointed and without any cohesion.

No creditworthy material. 0

The Latymer School Page 38 of 42

 Indicative Content
Wired Network Wireless Network
• Connection speeds are typically • Typically lower setup costs
faster • No wires/cables are required
• They typically have higher • It is easy to connect new devices
bandwidth • Users not confined to a single
• They typically have better location // Users can connect to
Advantages security/fewer security risks the network as long as they are
within range
• Can connect multiple devices
without the need for extra
hardware
• Cables can be hazardous and • Connection speeds can be
unsightly slower
• Not all devices can connect via • Connection speeds can reduce
cable eg some tablets the further from the WAP you are
• Can be expensive to set up • They can be subject to
Disadvantages interference from walls, objects
and other nearby electronic
devices
• They are typically less secure
• Connections are not as stable as
wired networks and can 'drop off'
• Risk of theft of bandwidth by
• Typically more secure than
neighbouring users within range
wireless as need physical
• Risk of data loss/data being
access to the network to
stolen unless encryption is used
intercept data
Security • Typically easier to intercept
data/‘hack’ network // Wireless
transmissions can be intercepted
by anyone within range of the
router

[9]

9 marks for AO1 (knowledge and understanding)

53.
Award up to three marks for each measure. Of these:

• Award up to two marks for an outline (one per point)

• Award one mark for an example of a threat that it would be effective against.

The table below lists common examples but is not exhaustive; alternative valid responses should
also be credited.

The Latymer School Page 39 of 42

Virus Checker Outline:
Scans files to look for malicious code
Needs to be updated regularly with latest virus definitions
Can quarantine / delete malware/suspicious files
Effective against:
Malware (accept examples)

Firewall Outline:
Analyses/scans network traffic
Can block traffic from suspicious hosts/ computers/addresses/ports
Effective against:
Hackers
Transmission of malware

Login system / Outline:

Authentication / User has to enter username and password
Password / Can be authenticated by other methods such as biometric (accept
Biometric examples)
Login details matched to a database of users
Effective against:
Hackers
Unauthorised access

MAC address Outline:

filtering Each hardware device has unique hardware address
A database of allowed hardware/MAC addresses is kept/whitelist
To connect to a network a device must have an address on the
database/whitelist
Effective against:
Unauthorised devices

Encryption Outline:
Data is stored/transmitted as ciphertext (A. in coded form)
Only people who know the encryption method/key can decrypt/read
the data
Effective against:
Data theft

Prevention of use Outline:

external storage Ports on a computer are disabled
devices / USB Storage devices connected to them cannot be accessed // flash
ports drives cannot be used
Effective against:
Putting malware onto a computer
Theft of data

Access rights Outline:

Users are associated with certain privileges
These might control files that can be accessed/run // level of
internet access // ability to create/delete files // ability to change
settings
Effective against:
The Latymer School Page 40 of 42
 Hackers
Theft of data
Authorised users doing unauthorised things

CAPTCHA Outline:
Users have to type in some distorted text // recognise images for a
set of images
Humans can do this but it is a difficult task for computer programs /
bots
Effective against:
Automated hacking programs
Bots

Automatic Outline:
software updates Operating system / software configured to download updates from
the internet
Hackers look for security vulnerabilities in software
Updates can patch security vulnerabilities
Effective against:
Hackers
Malware

[9]

9 marks for AO1 (understanding)

54.
Level Marks Description

3 7-9 The student has explained all or discussed

some risks and benefits of using computer
networks. A clear understanding of both is
shown.
Technical language is used accurately
throughout the response.

2 4-6 The student has described or explained some

risks and benefits. Some understanding is
shown of both or a good understanding is shown
of one.
Some technical language is mostly used
accurately in the response.

1 1-3 The student has stated or described some

risks or benefits. Little understanding is shown
of either.
Technical language is never / rarely used and
where present may lack accuracy.

0 0 Nothing worthy of credit.

The Latymer School Page 41 of 42

Sample guidance

Benefits:

• Sharing of resources such as printers, storage space

• Managed / central backing up of data
• Central installation and management of software by network admin
• Monitoring of users and network activity centrally by network admin
• Hot desking / users can login to any machine
• Ability to use communication tools between computers
• Centrally managed access rights
• Rapid data sharing
• Allows decentralised / home working

Risks:

• Security of data – requires correct settings or anyone can see restricted data
• Spreading of malware
• Cost of infrastructure
• Cost of network admin required to run network
• Dependency on network hardware
[9]

The Latymer School Page 42 of 42