P - Block Elements Nitrogen Family-2
LECTURE 2
Dr. Monica Bedi
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P - Block Elements Nitrogen Family-1
LECTURE 1
GROUP-15 ELEMENTS — THE NITROGEN FAMILY
Atomic Abundance
Element Symbol Electronic Configuration
Number (ppm)
Nitrogen N 7 [He] 2s2 2p3 300
Phosphorus P 15 [Ne] 3s2 3p3 1200
Arsenic As 33 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 5
Antimony Sb 51 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 1
Bismuth Bi 83 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 0.2
Electronic configurations of Group 15 Elements
GENERAL TRENDS IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Nitrogen is restricted to max. Covalency of four
since only four (one s and three p) orbitals are available for
bonding.
GENERAL TRENDS IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1st member of any group of p block is restricted to max.
Covalency of four
GENERAL TRENDS IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1st member of any group of p block is restricted to max.
Covalency of four
Catenation
Catenation
Bond C—C N—N P—P As—As
Energy 355.3 163.8 201.6 147.4
(kJ mol–1)
Catenation
● The elements of group 15 also exhibit catenation
but to a less extent than carbon group.
● Reason - The lesser tendencies of group 15 elements to
catenate as compared with carbon can be understood in terms
of their bond energies
Catenation
Nitrogen forms chains extending upto three atoms,
the common example being hydrazoic acid,
● Phosphorus shows a distinct tendency for
catenation forming both cyclic and open chain
compounds containing several phosphorus atoms.
Catenation
● As there is a big drop in the bond energy from carbon to
nitrogen, evidently the tendency of catenation decreases
enormously.
Bond C—C N—N P—P As—As
Energy 355.3 163.8 201.6 147.4
(kJ mol–1)
Multiple Bonding
● Due to small size and high e. N, nitrogen forms p – p multiple
bond easily with itself or with carbon and oxygen.
Eg. N ☰ N, – C ☰ N, –N ☰ O.
● Due to large size and lower e.n, other members are reluctant
towards p – p multiple bonding. Their atomic orbitals are so
large & diffused that they cannot have effective overlapping.
Multiple Bonding
● Although p – p bonding is not common with these elements
(except N) but p – multiple bonds are common with them.
This type of multiple bonding is prominent in phosphorus
compounds such as RN – PX2, POX3 etc.
Multiple Bonding
● The single N — N bond is weaker than the single P—P bond
because of high interelectronic repulsion of non-bonding
electrons.
Multiple Bonding
● As there is a big drop in the bond energy from carbon to
nitrogen, evidently the tendency of catenation decreases
enormously.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TRENDS IN CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
● Nitrogen is chemically inert
● Reason :due to the presence of triple bond, which
has very high bond enthalpy thus it has very low
reactivity.
:N:::N:
● Only nitrogen form p – p bond due to its small size
in this group.
● Other elements of this group do not form p – p bond
due to large size but these elements form d – p
multiple bond which is prominent in phosphorus.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TRENDS IN CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
● Reactivity towards hydrogen.(HYDRIDES)
— EH3 type of covalent hydrides are formed.
— NH3 PH3 AsH3 SbH3 BiH3
Ammonia Phosphine Arsine Stibine Bismuthine
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TRENDS IN CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
NH3 PH3 AsH3 SbH3 BiH3
Ammonia Phosphine Arsine Stibine Bismuthine
● 1) Structure — sp3 hyb-state
— Pyramidal structure
● 2)Bond angle-The angle around the central
atom H — E — H decreases from NH3 to SbH3.
Characterstics of Hydrides
● 3)Thermal stability :
○ order NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3
○ Reason : Strength of E—H bond decreases down the grp
due to increase in the size of central atom.
Characteristics of Hydrides
● 4) Reducing nature:
● Increases from NH3 to BiH3
● Reason: because of decreases in M—H bond strength.
Characteristics of Hydrides
● 5) Boiling Points :
B.P. × Molecular cut × presence of H—bond.
Hydride NH3 PH3 AsH3 SbH3 BiH3
B.P.(K) 238.5 185.5 210 254 290
Characteristics of Hydrides
● 6) Lewis base character :
● All hydrides act as lewis bases due to the presence of lone pair
of electron, available for donation.
● Lewis base character decrease
NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3
Nitrogen can form only one chloride which is NCl3 whereas P can form
PCl3 and PCl5. This is
A. due to absence of d-orbitals in nitrogen
B. due to difference in size of N and P
C. due to higher reactivity of P towards Cl than N
D. due to presence of multiple bonding in nitrogen.
Nitrogen forms stable N2 molecule but phosphorus is converted to P4
from P2 because
A. pπ - pπ bonding is strong in phosphorus
B. pπ - pπ bonding is weak in phosphorus
C. triple bond is present in phosphorus
D. single P — P bond is weaker than N — N bond.
Assertion : Catenation tendency is weaker in nitrogen.
Reason : Nitrogen exists as diatomic gas.
A. If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
B. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion.
C. If assertion is true but reason is false.
D. If both assertion and reason are false.
Assertion : The covalency of nitrogen in N2O5 is 5
Reason : Nitrogen can expand its covalence beyond 4.
A. If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
B. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct
explanation of assertion.
C. If assertion is true but reason is false.
D. If both assertion and reason are false.
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