Synchronous Machines

CHIMONO
Synchronous Machines
• An electrical machine is an energy converter.
• It converts mechanical power to electrical power when working
in the generator mode and converts electrical power when
working in the motor mode.
• In both case energy conversion takes place in the presence of a
coupling magnetic field
• In synchronous machines the rotor rotate in synchronism with
rotating magnetic field
Synchronous Generator operation and
construction
• A DC current is applied to the rotor winding, which then
produces a rotor magnetic field.
• The rotor is then turned by a prime mover (eg. Steam, water etc.)
producing a rotating magnetic field.
• This rotating magnetic field induces a 3-phase set of voltages
within the stator windings of the generator.
Synchronous Generator operation and
construction
• “Field windings” applies to the windings that produce the main
magnetic field in a machine, and
• “armature windings” applies to the windings where the main
voltage is induced.
• For synchronous machines, the field windings are on the rotor,
so the terms “rotor windings” and “field windings” are used
interchangeably
Synchronous Generator construction
• Generally a synchronous generator must have :
 Rotor Windings or Field Windings
Salient Pole
Non Salient Pole
 Stator Windings or Armature Windings
ROTOR CONSTRUCTION(CYLINDRICAL
ROTOR)
ROTOR CONSTRUCTION(CYLINDRICAL
ROTOR)
• The field winding is wound on a cylindrical rotor core.
• The rotor of a cylindrical rotor machines which rotate at high
speed
• The rotor will have enormous centrifugal force acting upon it
and therefore the rotor is made of a solid steel core with
longitudinal slots
• The regions forming the centre of the poles are not slotted
• Cylindrical rotor machine have a small diameter and long axial
length.
SALIENT POLE ROTOR
• The field winding is wound on protruding poles
• Salient pole machines run at low speeds
• The number of poles must be large
• Thus they must have a large diameter.
SALIENT POLE ROTOR
FIELD WINDING EXCITATION
• A dc current must be supplied to the field circuit on the rotor.
• Since the rotor is rotating, a special arrangement is required to
get the dc power to its field windings.
• The common ways are:
 supply the dc power from an external dc source to the rotor by
means of slip rings and brushes.
 Supply the dc power from a special dc power source mounted
directly on the shaft of the synchronous generator
FIELD WINDING EXCITATION
• Slip rings are metal rings completely encircling the shaft of a
machine but insulated from it.
• One end of the dc rotor winding is tied to each of the 2 slip rings
on the shaft of the synchronous machine, and a stationary brush
rides on each slip ring.
• Some problems with slip rings and brushes:
 They increase the amount of maintenance required on the
machine, since the brushes must be checked for wear regularly.
 Brush voltage drop can be the cause of significant power
losses on machines with larger field currents.
• A brushless exciter is a small ac generator with its field circuit
mounted on the stator and its armature circuit mounted on the
rotor shaft.
• The 3-phase output of the exciter generator is rectified to direct
current by a 3-phase rectifier circuit also mounted on the shaft
of the generator, and is then fed to the main dc field circuit
SYNCHRONOUS SPED
• Stator magnetic field rotates at synchronous speed
• Synchronous speed is given by:
THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
• The stator phases are identical
• It is thus convenient to develop a single-phase
equivalent circuit of the 3-phase generator.
• The stator winding will have resistance and
synchronous reactance .
• The reactance is composed of :
leakage reactance representing the effect of flux leakage
reaction reactance representing the effect of armature
reaction
THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATOR
•
PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATOR
PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATOR
Parallel Operation of AC Generators
• Reasons for operating in parallel:
 Handling larger loads.
 Maintenance can be done without power disruption.
Increasing system reliability.
Increased efficiency
Conditions required for Paralleling
The following conditions must be met before switching a
synchronous generator on line:
• The magnitude of the generator voltage and system bus voltage
should be the same
• The frequency of the generator voltage and system voltage
should be the same
• The phase sequence of the generator voltage and the system
voltage should be the same
• The voltages of the generator and bus should be in phase
Synchronous motors
• Synchronous motors are constructed in the same way as
generators
• The motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.
• The synchronous motor only delivers torque when running at
synchronous speed.
• These motors run at constant speed provided the supply
frequency is constant.
Synchronous motors
• The torque produced in a synchronous motor is a result
of the pull between the rotor and stator fields which are
locked when the rotate together at synchronous speed.
• The magnitude of the torque is determined by the
power angle.
Synchronous motors
• If we apply a balanced set of three-phase voltages to the stator
with the rotor at standstill and then energize the rotor winding,
the rotating stator field would sweep by the rotor poles causing
a pulsating torque as the north and south poles alternate.
• The machine would not develop any starting torque.
• Thus a synchronous motor must be provided with a means of
starting
Starting Synchronous Motors
• There are 3 different starting methods available:
 Reduced speed of stator magnetic field – the aim is to
reduce it slow enough as such that the stator will have time
to follow the stator magnetic field.
 External prime mover to accelerate the synchronous motor.
 Damper windings or amortisseur windings.
Stator magnetic field speed reduction
• The idea is to let the stator magnetic field to rotate slow enough
as such that the rotor has time to lock on to the stator magnetic
field
• the synchronous speed is directly proportional to the supply
frequency.
• By reducing the supply frequency, we can reduce the speed of
the synchronous motor’s stator magnetic fields
• Hence by controlling the speed of the stator magnetic field, you
can lock the stator and rotor magnet easily.
• This is the basic concept behind the variable frequency starting
method
Starting a Synchronous Motor Using
Damper Windings
• In this method, the motor is first started as an induction motor
and then starts running as a synchronous motor after achieving
synchronous speed. For this, damper windings are used
• Damper windings are additional windings consisting of copper
bars placed in the slots in the pole faces.
• The ends of the copper bars are short-circuited. These windings
behave as the rotor of an induction motor
• When 3 phase power is supplied to the motor, the motor starts
running as an induction motor at a speed below synchronous
speed
Starting a Synchronous Motor Using
Damper Windings
• After some time DC supply is given to the rotor. The motor gets
pulled into synchronism after some instant and starts running as
a synchronous motor.
• When the motor reaches synchronous speed, there is no
induced emf in the damper windings anymore and hence they
don’t have any effect now on the working of the motor.