The Pace of Change Change and Unexpected Developments
▪ 1940s: First computer was built. Cell Phones
▪ 1956: First hard-drive disk weighed a ton and stored five Relatively few in 1990s. Approximately five billion worldwide
in 2011.
megabytes. ➢ Used for conversations and messaging, but also for:
▪ 1991: Space shuttle had a one-megahertz computer. Ten ▪ taking and sharing pictures
years later, some automobiles had 100-megahertz ▪ downloading music and watching videos
▪ checking email and playing games
computers. Speeds of several gigahertz are now ▪ banking and managing investments
common. ▪ finding maps
➢ Smartphone apps for many tasks, including:
▪ monitoring diabetes
▪ locating water in remote areas
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Change and Unexpected Developments Change and Unexpected Developments
Cell Phones (cont.): Kill switches
▪ Location tracking raises privacy concerns.
▪ Cameras in cell phones affect privacy in public and non- ▪ Allow a remote entity to disable applications and delete
public places. files.
▪ Cell phones can interfere with solitude, quiet and ▪ Are in operating systems for smartphones, tablets and
concentration. some computers.
▪ Talking on cell phones while driving is dangerous.
▪ Used mainly for security, but raise concerns about user
▪ Other unanticipated negative applications: teenagers
sexting, terrorists detonating bombs, rioters organizing autonomy.
looting parties.
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Change and Unexpected Developments Change and Unexpected Developments
Social Networking: Social Networking (cont.):
▪ First online social networking site was ▪ Businesses connect with customers.
www.classmates.com in 1995.
▪ Founded in 2003, Myspace had roughly 100 million ▪ Organizations seek donations.
member profiles by 2006. ▪ Groups organize volunteers.
▪ Facebook was started at Harvard as an online version of ▪ Protesters organize demonstrations and revolutions.
student directories
▪ Social networking is popular with hundreds of millions of ▪ Individuals pool resources through “crowd funding”.
people because of the ease with which they can share
aspects of their lives.
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Change and Unexpected Developments Change and Unexpected Developments
Social Networking (cont.): Communication and the Web
▪ Stalkers and bullies stalk and bully. ▪ In the 1980s, email messages
▪ Jurors tweet about court cases during trials. were short and contained only
▪ Socialbots simulate humans. text.
▪ People worldwide still use email,
but texting, tweeting , and other
social media are now preferred.
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Change and Unexpected Developments Change and Unexpected Developments
Communication and the Web
▪ Blogs (“Web log”) began as outlets for amateurs Telemedicine
wanting to express ideas, but they have become
significant source of news and entertainment.
▪ Remote performance of medical
▪ Inexpensive video cameras and video-manipulation tools exams and procedures, including
have resulted in a burst of amateur videos. surgery.
▪ Many videos on the Web can infringe copyrights owned
by entertainment companies.
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Change and Unexpected Developments Change and Unexpected Developments
Collaboration E-commerce
▪ Amazon.com started in 1994 selling books on the Web. It
Wikipedia: The online, collaborative encyclopedia written has grown to be one of the most popular, reliable, and
by volunteers. Informal communities of programmers user-friendly commercial sites.
create and maintain free software. ▪ eBay.com facilitates online auctions.
▪ Traditional brick-and-mortar business have established
Web sites.
Watch-dogs on the Web: Informal, decentralized groups of ▪ Online sales in the United States now total hundreds of
people help investigate crimes. billions of dollars a year.
▪ Sellers can sell directly to buyers, resulting in a peer-to-
peer economy.
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Change and Unexpected Developments Change and Unexpected Developments
E-commerce and trust concerns Free stuff
▪ People were reluctant to provide credit card information ▪ Email programs and email accounts, browsers, filters,
to make online purchases, so PayPal.com grew out of firewalls, encryption software, word processors,
need for trusted intermediary to handle payments. spreadsheets, software for viewing documents, software
▪ Encryption and secure servers made payments safer. to manipulate photos and video, and much more
▪ The Better Business Bureau established a Web site to help ▪ Phone services using VOIP such as Skype
consumers see if others have complained about a ▪ Craigslist classified ad site
business. ▪ University lectures
▪ Auction sites implemented rating systems. How do they earn mony?
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Change and Unexpected Developments Change and Unexpected Developments
Free stuff (cont.) Free stuff (cont.)
▪ Advertising pays for many free sites and services, but ▪ In order for companies to earn ad revenue to fund
not all. multimillion-dollar services, many free sites collect
▪ Wikipedia funded through donations. information about our online activities and sell it to
▪ Businesses provide some services for good public advertisers.
relations and as a marketing tool.
▪ Generosity and public service flourish on the Web.
Many people share their expertise just because they
want to.
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Change and Unexpected Developments Change and Unexpected Developments
Artificial intelligence
▪ A branch of computer science that makes computers Artificial intelligence (cont.)
perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence.
▪ Many AI applications involve pattern recognition.
▪ Researchers realized that narrow, specialized skills were
easier for computers than what a five-year-old does: ▪ Speech recognition is now a common tool.
recognize people, carry on a conversation, respond
intelligently to the environment.
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Change and Unexpected Developments Change and Unexpected Developments
Robots
Artificial intelligence (cont.) ▪ Mechanical devices that perform physical tasks
▪ Turing Test: If the computer convinces the traditionally done by humans.
human subject that the computer is human, ▪ Can operate in environments that are hazardous for
people.
the computer is said to “pass”.
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Change and Unexpected Developments Change and Unexpected Developments
Smart sensors, motion, and control Tools for disabled people
▪ Motion sensing devices are used to give robots the ▪ Assistive technology devices help restore productivity
ability to walk, trigger airbags in a crash, and protect and independence to people with disabilities.
laptops when dropped. ▪ Researchers are experimenting with chips that convert
▪ Sensors can detect leaks, acceleration, position, brain signals to controls for leg and arm muscles.
temperature, and moisture.
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Ethics Ethics
What is Ethics: A variety of ethical views:
▪ Study of what it means to “do the right thing”. ▪ Deontological theories: Deontologists emphasize
▪ Assumes people are rational and make free absolute rules and duty, advocating adherence to
choices. ethical rules irrespective of the consequences.
▪ Ethical rules, seen as guidelines for ▪ Utilitarianism
interactions and actions affecting others, aim ▪ Natural rights: Natural rights, often derived from
to enhance human well-being. the nature of humanity, include the rights to life,
liberty, and property.
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Ethics Ethics
A variety of ethical views (cont.):
Negative rights (liberties). What is the meaning of A variety of ethical views (cont.):
Liberty? Golden rules
▪ The right to act without interference
Positive rights (claim-rights) ▪ Treat others as you would want them to treat
you.
▪ entail obligations on certain individuals or entities
to provide specific goods, services, or Contributing to society
opportunities for others. Example: The right to
employment, access to healthcare and education. ▪ Doing one’s work honestly, responsibly,
▪ Is there any conflict between negative and positive ethically, creatively, and well is virtuous.
rights? ▪ charitable work
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Ethics Ethics
A variety of ethical views (cont.): A variety of ethical views (cont.):
Social contracts and a theory of political justice No simple answers
▪ People willingly submit to a common law in ▪ Human behavior and real human situations are
order to live in a civil society. complex. There are often trade-offs to consider.
▪ Ethical theories help to identify important
principles or guidelines.
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Ethics Ethics
A variety of ethical views (cont.): Some important distinctions:
Do organizations have ethics? ▪ Right, wrong, and okay
▪ Distinguishing wrong and harm
▪ Ultimately, it is individuals who are making
decisions and taking actions. We can hold ▪ Separating goals from constraints
both the individuals and the organization ▪ Personal preference and ethics
responsible for their acts. ▪ Law and ethics
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