The Current State Of Development Of The Smart Home

Concept

Vagif Gasimov1[0000-0003-3192-4225] and Sonay Rezai Vahid1[0000-0001-5167-3297]

1 Azerbaijan Technical University, Baku AZ 1073, Azerbaijan
vaqif.qasimov@aztu.edu.az
sonay.rezaivahid.n@student.aztu.edu.az

Abstract. This article is dedicated to exploring the prospects for the develop-
ment and application of a smart home system, as well as its integration into eve-
ryday life. It provides a detailed explanation of the purpose and capabilities of
the smart home system, describes the technical components of the home auto-
mation system, including the Internet of Things, rule-based event processing
system, and the utilization of cloud computing. Attention is also given to the
importance of users as one of the components in the smart home system, as well
as the need for a user-friendly interface. To provide a comprehensive under-
standing of the concept of a smart home, which represents a holistic system, the
article reviews research that examines both the theoretical aspects and practical
developments of smart home system components and also describes the ad-
vantages provided by the Arduino microcontroller. The efficiency and feasibil-
ity of using smart systems to control various aspects of the home environment
for increased comfort, security, and resource optimization are analyzed. Given
the rapidly developing technology, this study is highly relevant and contributes
valuable insights into this area of research.

Keywords: smart home, smart home system, energy consumption, Internet of

Things, cloud computing, rule-based event processing system, Arduino micro-
controller.

1 Introduction

The interaction between individuals and their environment can vary depending on the
situation in which they find themselves. When it comes to everyday activities carried
out in a domestic setting, the ability for the environment to react and adapt to people's
behavior and gestures provides significant advantages. A smart home is an intelligent
space capable of not only tracking the actions and habits of its occupants but also
responding to them and providing appropriate services and conveniences.
The system of a smart home is based on the use of multiple sensors located in vari-
ous areas of the house. Additionally, intelligent algorithms are integrated into the
system, which analyze the collected data and make corresponding decisions. As a
result, a smart home becomes a source of up-to-date information about the natural
ISBN 978-9952-530-26-1
G. Mammadova et al. (Eds.): ITTA 2024, Part 3, pp. 1–15, 2024.
https://doi.org/10.54381/itta2024.44
2

environment and human behavior, enabling it to predict and respond to their needs
[1].
Modern smart homes represent an innovative solution for the convenience and
comfort of residents. They incorporate various technologies and services that allow
for the control and management of all aspects of life within the home.
One key advantage of smart homes is the ability for remote control. Residents can
control lighting, heating, ventilation, and other systems even when they are away
from home. This significantly saves time and resources as physical presence is not
required for setup and management.
Furthermore, smart homes are equipped with monitoring and security systems.
Through the use of cameras and sensors, the state of the house can be monitored,
intrusions or emergency situations can be detected. It is also possible to integrate the
smart home system with a security service to promptly respond to any incidents.
Energy efficiency is an important aspect of smart homes. The energy management
system allows for the optimization of energy usage in the house, resulting in reduced
expenses for utilities and a lighter environmental footprint. Smart homes can automat-
ically adjust lighting and temperature based on the presence of occupants, as well as
optimize the operation of electrical appliances for energy savings [2-4].
The article's contributions can be summarized as follows:

 Prospects for Development and Application: We explore the potential avenues for
the advancement and utilization of smart home systems, indicating a forward-
looking approach to technology integration in residential environments.
 Effectiveness and Rationality in Energy Conservation: By evaluating existing solu-
tions, we assess the effectiveness and rationality of employing smart systems for
energy conservation, highlighting the importance of sustainable practices in home
automation.
 Monitoring, Control, and Security: We delve into the roles of smart systems in
monitoring, controlling various aspects of the home environment, and enhancing
security measures, emphasizing the multifaceted benefits of smart technology be-
yond energy efficiency.
 Cost-Effective Solutions Selection: We emphasize the significance of identifying
and implementing cost-effective solutions, underscoring the practical considera-
tions in smart home system adoption and deployment.
 Focus on Arduino Microcontroller-Based Systems: By placing a primary focus on
Arduino microcontroller-based smart home systems, we provide insight into spe-
cific technological platforms and their potential contributions to the field.
 Understanding User Needs: It stresses the importance of understanding user needs
in the design and implementation of smart home systems, highlighting the human-
centric approach necessary for successful technology integration.
 Technical Components Understanding: The article addresses the necessity of com-
prehending the technical components involved in smart home systems, indicating
the importance of technical proficiency in developing and maintaining such sys-
tems.
 3

 Integration of IoT and Cloud Technologies: We discuss the integration of the In-
ternet of Things (IoT) and cloud technologies within smart home ecosystems, un-
derscoring the interconnected nature of modern technological solutions.
 Rule-Based Event Processing Systems: Lastly, we explore the application of rule-
based event processing systems, indicating a sophisticated approach to automation
and decision-making within smart home environments.

Overall, this paper contributes to a comprehensive understanding of smart home

systems, encompassing technological, practical, and user-centric considerations es-
sential for their development and deployment.

2 The concept of a smart home and its characteristic features

The concept of a smart home has been the subject of research by scientists since the
1990s. The main goals of smart homes are to improve the comfort of residents and
simplify everyday life. Smart homes are innovative systems aimed at improving the
quality of life through fully automated control of various technical devices and
providing additional support and functionality [1, 5, 6]. The implementation of smart
homes allows for significantly increased comfort in housing and provides unparal-
leled convenience to residents, reduces energy consumption, ensures the safety and
protection of residents, and increases their overall efficiency and productivity. The
use of advanced technologies in smart homes opens up new possibilities for creating
an intelligent environment where all devices and systems interact with each other,
using data transmission networks and sensors for automatic identification and satis-
faction of residents' needs.
A smart home offers several advantages, such as economic efficiency for society,
comfort provision, and increased security. A smart home can be seen as a communi-
cation hub between residents and their living space. Smart home systems can signifi-
cantly simplify everyday tasks and contribute to a long, healthy, and safe life for resi-
dents [2, 7, 8].
A smart home has the following characteristic features:

1. Entertainment. With each passing year, media consumption in homes increases,

and new forms of home entertainment become more popular, changing people's
behavior and communication patterns. In this regard, flexible customizable net-
worked media communication platforms are emerging, supporting different users
and multimedia tools [7, 9].
2. Healthcare. Monitoring the health of home residents, especially elderly people, is
an important task. Various technologies are used for this purpose, such as simple
devices for collecting data on physiological indicators, intelligent applications for
signal analysis and processing, wearable sensors, and specialized devices for health
monitoring. These technologies can be applied in various fields, including
healthcare and smart homes [7, 10].
3. Energy management. To effectively reduce energy consumption in smart homes,
energy monitoring and automatic or manual power reduction of idle household ap-
4

pliances can be used. This is where the concept of a smart grid comes into play,
where monitoring is done remotely in real-time using intelligent devices and
equipment [5].
Intelligent meters are widely used as such devices to ensure energy efficiency in
smart homes. These meters allow for monitoring and controlling energy consump-
tion through the network. The main task of a smart home is to make the network
elements work together and provide their resources to achieve the common goal of
reducing energy consumption [7]. Creating an intelligent digital meter is the first
step in this direction, as it allows for processing and transmitting consumption data
from suppliers to households through two-way communication with utility services
[11]. In the future, it is planned to add intelligent functions to meters that will al-
low for measuring water, gas, and heat consumption [5].
Additionally, the concept of a smart home may include the use of renewable ener-
gy sources, such as solar or wind, with an intelligent mechanism for managing en-
ergy consumption for indoor electrical appliances and a collaborative intelligent
network to facilitate interconnectivity [7, 12].
4. Lighting. Lighting control directly affects energy savings. Therefore, smart homes
implement a lighting control system. Intelligent lighting control systems are widely
used in smart homes to increase energy efficiency. They allow for remote control
of lights and can automatically respond to the presence of a person in a room
through motion or light sensors. Additionally, these systems can automatically turn
off lights when there is sufficient natural light in the room, promoting more ration-
al energy usage [13, 14].
5. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system. Heating, ventilation,
and air conditioning systems directly impact the comfort and health of individuals.
They control temperature, humidity, and air quality, creating a favorable climate in
the home. Therefore, it is recommended to integrate these systems into a unified
system [6, 14]. Consequently, their management plays an important role in smart
homes.
6. Security. The integration of information and communication technologies into
smart homes allows for a wide range of new conveniences and possibilities for
home automation and surveillance. However, technical issues may arise as a result.
To ensure a reliable surveillance system and security, a configuration is necessary
that allows for the collection of significant, reliable, and accurate data for future
decision-making or problem-solving [7].

A smart home focuses on implementing automated and controllable services, in-

cluding lighting systems, HVAC systems, water leak detection, and monitoring and
control, ensuring efficiency in terms of security and energy conservation [2]. An ex-
ample of controllable services in a smart home environment is shown in Fig. 1.
 5

Fig. 1. Controllable services in a smart home environment.

3 Technical components of a smart home automation system

Technical components of a smart home automation system include [2,6]:

 Controllable devices. These are devices that can be controlled and managed pro-
grammatically. They can include various devices such as lighting, heating, ventila-
tion, air conditioning, security systems, audio and video equipment, and more.
Controllable devices allow users to control them through smartphone or tablet ap-
plications, as well as through voice commands.
 Sensors and actuators. Sensors are installed to gather information about the state
of a room or environment, while actuators respond to signals from the controller
[6].
 Control network. In a smart home, users and devices are interconnected through an
advanced communication network that transmits digital signals according to a
specified communication protocol. Most smart homes have a central communica-
tion device that allows residents to remotely control household appliances [1].
 Controllers. Controllers serve as the central management hub for the smart home
system.
 Remote control devices. These devices inform the user (resident or worker) about
the current state of the home and allow them to control various aspects of the smart
home from anywhere in the world [6]. This can be done through an internet con-
nection and specialized applications on mobile devices. For example, remote con-
trol devices can be used to turn lights on or off, adjust room temperature, open or
close windows and doors, and monitor security and surveillance systems.

A smart home combines home network and energy management systems to effi-
ciently manage various aspects of the home, including network connections and ener-
gy usage. The home network is a local computing network within the home that con-
6

nects various devices and is part of the intelligent network. Technologies for wired
and wireless networks are discussed in [5,7]. The analysis of wired and wireless
communication technologies leads to the following conclusions in [7]:
─ ZigBee [15] has low energy consumption.
─ WiFi is better for medical purposes.
─ New WiFi protocols are expected to emerge.

Home energy management consists of a home energy controller, sensors and con-
trol devices, monitoring and control, which are carried out through a user-friendly
interface, and an intelligent electricity management platform, which is the core of the
system [5]. The user-friendly interface aims to be understandable to the user. Here,
the user refers to the residents of the smart home, workers, or service personnel.

4 The user as a component of a smart home

One of the important elements of a smart home system is the user, that is, the person
living in the home. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct thorough research and under-
stand the user's needs regarding the smart home. One of the results of the conducted
research in [16] is the need to use displays for a more visual representation and under-
standing of energy consumption. This way, residents will be able to make decisions
aimed at saving electricity.
A smart home offers new ways of interacting with the environment. As already
noted, one of the tasks is to rationalize existing resources, that is, reduce energy con-
sumption. Residential buildings worldwide consume a huge amount of energy, which
has a negative impact on the environment [7, 17].
Modern people have to take responsibility for the environment, understand envi-
ronmental problems, and take measures to prevent pollution of the natural environ-
ment. The goal is to transition to a low-energy-demand society. Energy conservation
can be achieved through smart homes [5, 18, 19].
To further study the concept of a smart home, it is necessary to understand the sig-
nificance of technologies used, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing,
and rule-based event processing systems, which will be discussed further.

5 The extended concept of a smart home

The extended concept of a smart home, as discussed in [20], involves the integration
of systems such as the classic smart home, Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing,
and rule-based event processing with the use of artificial intelligence. This concept
proposes the incorporation of intelligence into sensors and actuators, the integration
of smart devices into a unified network, and the facilitation of interaction with smart
devices through cloud computing. This allows for the connection of various mobile
devices equipped with sensors to the internet and enables remote control over them.
For example, sensors can be installed on household appliances to monitor their opera-
 7

tion and measure the condition of the home. Furthermore, a rule-based event pro-
cessing system can provide control over all devices and sensors within the smart
home as a whole. In short, the use of IoT concepts makes the management system of a
smart home more advanced and user-friendly.
The IoT technology plays a crucial role in the development of smart homes as it
provides convenience and efficiency for the residents to improve their quality of life.
IoT involves the connection of devices with each other, the internet, and users. The
ability to connect to the internet enables remote monitoring, access, and control over
the home. However, it also brings new threats related to security and data confidenti-
ality. For instance, if a smart home or smart device is hacked, it can lead to issues
such as theft of personal data or unauthorized connection or disconnection of smart
home devices. To prevent network attacks, it is necessary to configure a secure Wi-Fi
network [2].
The rise of IoT applications parallels the advancement of smart home technologies
and automation systems. These applications empower users to remotely manage
household devices via their smartphones and streamline daily routines [21]. Over the
past few years, smart home control platforms like Samsung SmartThings, Google
Home, If This Then That (IFTTT), Home Assistant, and Microsoft Flow have gained
significant traction globally. These platforms offer robust development tools, exten-
sive APIs, and comprehensive documentation to empower developers in automating
their homes. Among these platforms, SmartThings stands out as one of the most wide-
ly adopted open IoT platforms for home automation. Numerous IoT applications have
been created on this platform, which supports a variety of IoT devices referred to as
smart devices. These applications, known as SmartApps, are programmed in the
Groovy language, enabling users to automate their home's smart devices according to
their preferences [22].
IoT devices are objects that have a telecommunications interface, processing unit,
limited storage, sensor technology, and software. This allows objects to integrate into
the internet and exchange data with people and other devices. Key IoT technologies
include sensors, radio frequency identification (RFID), and artificial intelligence.
Access control systems can utilize RFID tags. Typically, the database contains
identification attributes of authorized individuals. When approaching the control sys-
tem, the identification data is immediately collected and compared with the database.
If the data matches, access is granted, and if not, access is denied. Identification cards
can be magnetic, contactless, or utilize facial recognition and fingerprint systems. In
[20], RFID tags and tag readers were used. Each authorized individual has their own
RFID tag. The person scans the tag using a reader located near the door, and the iden-
tifier is sent over the Internet to a cloud system. The system sends the identifier to a
control service that compares it with authorized identifiers in the database.
For the Internet of Things and smart homes, cloud computing can be an ideal
choice, as it allows for the use of a wide range of resources and functionalities. It
includes various data processing services, from basic infrastructure to complex appli-
cations, and manages computational resources, storage resources, and communication
in a shared virtualized and isolated environment available to multiple users. Cloud
computing offers capabilities such as storage, processing, communication, backup,
8

and recovery. For example, cloud computing can provide management and execution
of Internet of Things services, as well as the execution of additional applications us-
ing the data they work with [20].
For a smart home, fast and efficient analysis of large streams of data generated by
sensors in the form of messages and events [23, 24] is particularly important. Howev-
er, processing such a volume of data can be a challenging task for humans. In this
case, an event processing system can be used, which can quickly respond to classified
events using predefined rules. The user configures these rules based on event condi-
tions, event patterns, and associated information that can be combined to model com-
plex situations and thereby control the services that will be provided in the smart
home.
The system implements real-time processing of multiple events for monitoring,
navigation, and process optimization. The evaluation process starts from the latest
state and information about the environment transmitted by incoming events. As a
result, a decision graph is generated, representing a rule that unfolds complex situa-
tions through simple conditions and their combinations. The output data is represent-
ed as response events triggered by rule matching. Triggered events can be used as
input data for evaluating other rules. Event patterns are defined when multiple events
corresponding to a given pattern occur. Thanks to its graphical design and modular
approach to rule construction, it can be easily adapted to the specific features of the
domain by adding or removing new conditions or templates.
The classic smart home allows for the control and automation of all embedded
technology within it. It includes household appliances (washing machines, televisions,
entertainment systems, lighting, heating, air conditioning, security systems, and cam-
eras) and can be remotely controlled through a schedule, mobile phone, or internet.
Switches and sensors are connected to a central hub, which can be controlled by the
home's residents through a wall terminal or mobile device connected to cloud internet
services. Energy efficiency is achieved through analyzing event log records and
providing energy-saving recommendations. An advanced smart home may include
systems for preventing water leaks, smoke detectors, and incident management for
controlling household appliances [20].

6 Implementation Technologies for Smart Home Systems

Drawing from the conducted research, a significant challenge faced by current Home
Automation Systems (HAS) is the considerable expense associated with their setup
and upkeep, rendering them inaccessible to a large portion of users. Moreover, certain
systems necessitate users to utilize a web application for monitoring and managing
their homes, adding to the inconvenience [25, 26].
Moreover, some Home Automation Systems lack intuitive interfaces for monitor-
ing and controlling appliances. Additionally, existing systems face limitations in
communication technologies. For instance, Bluetooth's range is restricted to 10 me-
ters, leading to connection loss beyond this distance and impeding appliance control.
 9

Similarly, ZigBee is designed for low-rate wireless personal area networks with insuf-
ficient data rates of 250Kb/s. GSM, although accessible worldwide, is costly, features
low transmission rates, and has coverage limitations in rural areas.
Constraints within current home automation systems can be addressed through the
creation and assembly of an economical Wi-Fi-based Automation System for Smart
Homes prototype, employing an Arduino microcontroller in tandem with an Android-
based smartphone. This system aims to facilitate effortless and effective control of all
household electrical appliances while enabling remote access, thus aligning with the
principles of the IoT [26, 27].
Automation systems can be used to remotely control electricity in homes. The
main goal is optimization and time-saving. In the article [28], a control system based
on IoT is applied for this purpose.
In the proposed system, camera testing is performed to process the results of pho-
tography within 30 seconds, where monitoring and control are done through an appli-
cation via an internet connection, and household appliance control is done using Ar-
duino Mega 2560. The functional diagram "Design of control and monitoring tools
for electricity use loads, and home security systems with internet of things system
based on Arduino Mega 2560" is shown in Fig. 2 [28].

Fig. 2. Block diagram of the system.

The figure shows the block diagram of the proposed control system for smart home
components. It consists of a power supply block, an input block, a processing block,
and an output block. The input block describes the data input for the microcontroller
and the environment in which the input takes place. The processing block describes
the process after receiving the input and the components that perform the functions of
processing the input data. The output block explains the output results and the envi-
ronment in which the output takes place. The proposed control system operates
quickly, efficiently, and provides accurate results. The structural schematic diagram
10

of the proposed system for controlling smart home components is shown in Fig. 3
[28].

Fig. 3. Connecting Arduino to the Internet.

As mentioned above, modern residential homes are equipped with various smart
devices, and controlling the energy consumption of these devices has become neces-
sary. In [4], an economical prototype for energy consumption control in a home based
on IoT was developed to monitor the performance of these devices. The developed
board allows for precise monitoring of current, voltage, and power consumption of
multiple household appliances. The practical development utilized an Arduino Uno
prototype, the ThingSpeak cloud [3,4], WiFi, and the Blynk mobile application. The
research in [4] achieved the following:

─ Monitoring and controlling smart household appliances.

─ Real-time energy consumption management.
─ Detection of deviations.

One of the factors affecting public health is electromagnetic radiation. Considering

the increasing number of devices connected to wireless networks, the health risks for
individuals are also increasing. For this reason, it is proposed to utilize the capabilities
of a smart home to reduce energy consumption. In this direction, a simple project on
the Arduino Uno microcontroller board is proposed in [17], considering its low cost,
high scalability, and modularity. To reduce electromagnetic radiation, a USB cable
from a personal computer is used.
The use of Arduino for building a smart home system simplifies the process of
adding, removing, and interacting with sensors and devices through input-output con-
 11

tacts. The Arduino board is connected to the Arduino IDE on a PC via a USB port,
allowing for uploading new software to the board. Through the same USB cable and
ports, a serial connection is established between the Arduino board and a C# applica-
tion, as shown in Fig. 4 [17].

Fig. 4. Overview of the main data flow between components.

Therefore, a simple and viable project consists of the following main components
[17]:

─ Arduino Uno microcontroller board.

─ C# application.
─ MS Windows system.

Modern advancements in mobile devices and open-source platforms allow for the
development of affordable systems for the Internet of Things (IoT), such as smart
homes and security systems. These systems typically include various types of sensors
and actuators, such as motion, temperature, and smoke sensors, as well as web camer-
as for security purposes. These sensors, smart appliances, and other IoT devices can
be connected to the Internet through a home gateway. In the article [29], the structure
of a cost-effective smart sensor is described, which informs the user about the status
of doors in a house or office through a mobile application on the Android platform.
The proposed structure utilizes an architecture based on the use of the Elegoo Mega
2560 microcontroller board, compatible with Arduino, and the Raspberry Pi 2 board
for interaction with a web server implementing a RESTful API.
A smart home is a necessity associated with the need to control the home environ-
ment when we are away from home. The article [3] proposes a multifunctional, af-
fordable, and flexible system for smart home management. The features of this sys-
tem include:

 The Arduino Yún microcontroller has the ability to connect to the Internet, which
provides remote device control.
 The system can be controlled via the internet using a mobile application on the
Android platform.
12

 To ensure access and control in the absence of internet, the system also allows for
manual control through a touchscreen display.
 The system sends sensor data to the ThingSpeak cloud platform and is capable of
receiving commands from the server, enabling automated device control in the
home.

A common characteristic of the aforementioned solutions is the use of the Arduino

microcontroller. Arduino is an affordable and user-friendly tool for measuring and
controlling physical parameters. It provides open resources, a free development kit, a
multi-level architecture, and plug-and-play modules.
Arduino boards are used to create interactive objects that can receive data from
sensors and switches to control physical outputs. Projects can be autonomous or inter-
act with other software, supporting various coding styles such as C/C++, graphical
user interfaces, and block coding [3, 30-32].

7 Conclusion

A smart home enables efficient management of various aspects of a home, including

network connectivity and energy usage. An important aspect of a smart home system
is a user-friendly interface that should be understandable to users. For a smart home,
fast and efficient analysis of large streams of data generated by sensors is crucial.
Processing such a volume of data can be a challenging task for a human, therefore an
event processing system can be used, which rapidly responds to classified events us-
ing pre-defined rules. Users can customize these rules based on event conditions,
templates, and related information to model complex situations and control the ser-
vices provided in a smart home.
Based on the review of technical solutions, the following conclusions can be
drawn:

 Automated remotely-controlled electricity management systems in homes using

IoT are effective tools for optimization and time-saving.
 IoT-based energy consumption management in homes allows monitoring and con-
trol of smart appliances, real-time monitoring of energy consumption, and detec-
tion of anomalies.
 Smart homes can be utilized to reduce energy consumption and electromagnetic
radiation when using USB cables.
 Arduino simplifies the process of adding, removing, and interacting with sensors
and devices in a smart home system.

The integration of the Internet of Things and cloud computing in the implementa-
tion of a smart home system, as well as the importance of the communication means
between smart devices and users, should be emphasized. Smart homes have different
directions of development, including energy savings, security provision, and health
support.
 13

Overall, smart homes represent comprehensive systems that integrate various ser-
vices and technologies to create a comfortable and efficient living environment. These
solutions enable remote management and control, as well as contribute to energy con-
servation. They are innovative and increasingly popular and in demand in modern
society.
The following assumptions can be made about future research directions in the
field of smart home systems:

 Development of more accurate and reliable sensors for collecting data on the state
of different aspects of the home environment. This may include creating new types
of sensors or improving existing models.
 Creation of more efficient and flexible smart home management systems. It is pos-
sible to develop new programming methods or algorithms for automating various
tasks in the home environment.
 Research aimed at developing new methods of security provision in smart home
systems, which may include the development of new authentication methods, en-
cryption, or protection against hacking.
 Creation of new business models and strategies to achieve economic goals, which
may include the development of new subscription systems or payment solutions for
utilizing smart home functions.

Such researches can help improve the functionality, reliability, and security of
smart home systems and expand their application possibilities in various aspects of
people's lives.

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