MODULE 01

INTRODUCTION TO REINFORCED
CONCRETE DESIGN
 LESSON OBJECTIVES
To be familiar with the materials used in
1 reinforced concrete, advantage and
disadvantage of reinforced concrete

To understand the stages of concrete

failure and properties of reinforced 2
concrete.

To derive and use the formulas, as well as

3 apply principles and concepts, used in
cracking moment of beams.
 INTRODUCTION:
CONCRETE and
REINFORCED CONCRETE
CONCRETE and REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC)
❑ Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed
rock, or other aggregates held together in a rock-
like mass with a paste of cement and water.
❑ Sometimes one or more admixtures are added to
change certain characteristics of the concrete such
as its workability, durability, and time of hardening.
CONCRETE and REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC)
❑ Concrete has a high compressive strength
and a very low tensile strength.
❑ Reinforced concrete is a combination of
concrete and steel wherein the steel
reinforcement provides the tensile strength
lacking in the concrete.
❑ Steel reinforcing is also capable of resisting
compression forces and is used in columns
as well as in other situations.
 ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC)
AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
 ADVANTAGES OF RC AS A STRUCTURAL
❑ Reinforced concrete may be the mostMATERIAL
important
material available for construction.
❑ It is used in one form or another for almost all
structures, great or small—buildings, bridges,
pavements, dams, retaining walls, tunnels,
drainage and irrigation facilities, tanks, and so on.
❑ The tremendous success of this universal
construction material can be understood quite
easily if its numerous advantages are considered.

1. It has considerable compressive strength per unit cost compared with most other materials.
2. Reinforced concrete has great resistance to the actions of fire and water and, in fact, is the best
structural material available for situations where water is present. During fires of average intensity,
members with a satisfactory cover of concrete over the reinforcing bars suffer only surface damage
without failure.
 ADVANTAGES OF RC AS A STRUCTURAL
3. MATERIAL
Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.
4. It is a low-maintenance material.
5. As compared with other materials, it has a
very long service life. Under proper
conditions, reinforced concrete structures can
be used indefinitely without reduction of their
load carrying abilities. This can be explained
by the fact that the strength of concrete does
not decrease with time but actually increases
over a very long period, measured in years,
because of the lengthy process of the
solidification of the cement paste.
6. It is usually the only economical material
available for footings, floor slabs, basement
walls, piers, and similar applications.
 ADVANTAGES OF RC AS A STRUCTURAL
7. MATERIAL
A special feature of concrete is its ability to be cast into an extraordinary variety of shapes from
simple slabs, beams, and columns to great arches and shells.
8. In most areas, concrete takes advantage of inexpensive local materials (sand, gravel, and water)
and requires relatively small amounts of cement and reinforcing steel, which may have to be
shipped from other parts of the country.
9. A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection as compared with other materials such as
structural steel.
 DISADVANTAGES OF RC AS A STRUCTURAL
MATERIAL
❑ To use concrete successfully, the designer must also be completely familiar with its weak points.
1. Concrete has a very low tensile strength, requiring the use of tensile reinforcing.
2. Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens sufficiently. In addition, false work
or shoring may be necessary to keep the forms in place for roofs, walls, floors, and similar
structures until the concrete members gain sufficient strength to support themselves. Formwork is
very expensive.
 DISADVANTAGES OF RC AS A STRUCTURAL
3. The low strength per unit of weight MATERIAL
of concrete leads to heavy members. This becomes an
increasingly important matter for long-span structures, where Reinforced concrete’s large dead
weight has a great effect on bending moments.
4. Similarly, the low strength per unit of volume of concrete means members will be relatively large,
an important consideration for tall buildings and long-span structures.
5. The properties of concrete vary widely because of variations in its proportioning and mixing.
 COMPONENTS OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE
 REINFORCING STEEL
❑ The reinforcing used for concrete structures may be in the form of bars or welded wire fabric.
❑ Reinforcing bars may be classified as plain or deformed.
❑ The deformed bars, which have ribbed projections rolled onto their surfaces to provide better
bonding between the concrete and the steel, are used for almost all applications. Instead of rolled-
on deformations, deformed wire has indentations pressed into it.
❑ Plain bars are not used very often; only for wrapping around longitudinal bars, primarily in columns.
 PORTLAND CEMENT
❑ Concrete made with normal Portland cement require about 2 weeks to achieve a sufficient strength
to permit the removal of forms and the application of moderate loads. Such concretes reach their
design strengths after about 28 days and continue to gain strength at a slower rate thereafter.
❑ The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) recognizes five types of Portland cement.
These different cements are manufactured from just about the same raw materials, but their
properties are changed by using various blends of those materials.
 PORTLAND CEMENT
✓ Type I - The common, all-purpose cement used for general construction work.
✓ Type II - A modified cement that has a lower heat of hydration than does Type I cement and that
can withstand some exposure to sulfate attack.
✓ Type III - A high-early-strength cement that will produce in the first 24 hours a concrete with a
strength about twice that of Type I cement. This cement does have a much higher heat of hydration.
✓ Type IV - A low-heat cement that produces a concrete which generates heat very slowly. It is used
for very large concrete structures.
✓ Type V - A cement used for concretes that are to be exposed to high concentrations of sulfate.
 AGRREGATES
❑ The aggregates used in concrete occupy about
three-fourths of the concrete volume. Since they
are less expensive than the cement, it is desirable
to use as much of them as possible. Both fine
aggregates (usually sand) and coarse aggregates
(usually gravel or crushed stone) are used. Any
aggregate that passes a No. 4 sieve (which has
wires spaced 1/4 in. on centers in each direction)
is said to be fine aggregate. Material of a larger
size is coarse aggregate.
❑ Aggregates must be strong, durable, and clean.
Should dust or other particles be present, they
may interfere with the bond between the cement
paste and the aggregate. The strength of the
aggregate has an important effect on the
strength of the concrete, and the aggregate
properties greatly affect the concrete’s durability.
 ADMIXTURES
❑ Materials added to concrete during or before
mixing are referred to as admixtures. They are
used to improve the performance of concrete
in certain situations as well as to lower its cost.
There is a rather well-known saying regarding
admixtures, to the effect that they are to
concrete as beauty aids are to the populace.
 WATER
❑ According to the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP), water used in mixing concrete
shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of oil, acids, alkalis, salts, organic materials, or other
substances that may deleterious to concrete or reinforcement.
❑ Non potable (non-drinkable) water can not be used in concrete unless the following are satisfied: (a)
selection of concrete proportions shall come from the same source and (b) mortar test cubes made
with non-potable mixing water shall have 7-day and 28-day strengths equal to at least 90 percent
of strengths of similar specimens made with potable water.
 PROPERTIES OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE
 Compressive Strength (𝒇𝒄 )
′

❑ The compressive strength of concrete,

𝒇′𝒄 , is determined by testing to failure
28-day-old 6-in. diameter by 12-in.
concrete cylinders at a specified rate
of loading.
❑ For the 28-day period, the cylinders
are usually kept under water or in a
room with constant temperature and
100% humidity.
❑ Although concrete is available with 28-
day ultimate strengths from 2500 psi
up to as high as 10,000 psi to 20,000
psi, most of the concretes used fall
into the 3000-psi to 7000-psi range.
 Static Modulus of Elasticity (𝑬𝒄 )
❑ Concrete has no clear-cut modulus of elasticity. Its value varies with different concrete strengths,
concrete age, type of loading, and the characteristics and proportions of the cement and fine and
coarse aggregates.
❑ In SI units, 𝑬𝒄 = 𝒘𝟏.𝟓
𝒄 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑 𝒇𝒄 with 𝒘𝒄 varying from 1500 to 2500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 and with 𝒇𝒄 in 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
′ 3 ′ 2

or 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Should normal crushed stone or gravel concrete (with a mass of approximately 2320
𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ) be used, 𝑬𝒄 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝒇′𝒄 .
 Poisson’s Ratio (𝜈)
❑ As a concrete cylinder is subjected to compressive loads, it not only shortens in length but also
expands laterally. The ratio of this lateral expansion to the longitudinal shortening is referred to as
Poisson’s ratio.
❑ Its value varies from about 0.11 for the higher-strength concretes to as high as 0.21 for the weaker-
grade concretes, with average values of about 0.16.
❑ There does not seem to be any direct relationship between the value of the ratio and the values of
items such as the water–cement ratio, amount of curing, aggregate size, and so on.
 Shrinkage
❑ When the materials for concrete are mixed, the paste
consisting of cement and water fills the voids between
the aggregate and bonds the aggregate together. This
mixture needs to be sufficiently workable or fluid so
that it can be made to flow in between the reinforcing
bars and all through the forms. After the concrete has
been cured and begins to dry, the extra mixing water
that was used begins to work its way out of the
concrete to the surface, where it evaporates. As a
result, the concrete shrinks and cracks.
❑ The amount of shrinkage is heavily dependent on the
type of exposure. For instance, if concrete is subjected
to a considerable amount of wind during curing, its
shrinkage will be greater. In a related fashion, a humid
atmosphere means less shrinkage, whereas a dry one
means more.
 Creep
❑ Under sustained compressive loads, concrete will continue to deform for long periods of time. After
the initial deformation occurs, the additional deformation is called creep, or plastic flow.
❑ If a compressive load is applied to a concrete member, an immediate or instantaneous elastic
shortening occurs. If the load is left in place for a long time, the member will continue to shorten
over a period of several years, and the final deformation will usually be two to three times the initial
deformation.
 Tensile Strength
❑ The tensile strength of concrete varies from about 8% to 15% of its compressive strength. A major
reason for this small strength is the fact that concrete is filled with fine cracks. The cracks have little
effect when concrete is subjected to compression loads because the loads cause the cracks to close
and permit compression transfer.
❑ The tensile strength of concrete members has a definite reduction effect on their deflections.
(Because of the small tensile strength of concrete, little effort has been made to determine its tensile
modulus of elasticity. Based on this limited information, however, it seems that its value is equal to its
compression modulus.)

Shear Strength
❑ It is extremely difficult in laboratory testing to obtain pure shear failures unaffected by other
stresses. As a result, the tests of concrete shearing strengths through the years have yielded values
all the way from one-third to four-fifths of the ultimate compressive strengths.
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
AND THE DESIGN CODE
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP OF CONCRETE
❑ Proportionality Limit - stress is proportional to strain.
❑ Hooke’s Law - the stress is directly proportional to strain up to the proportionality limit
𝝈 = 𝑬𝜺
where 𝑬 is the Modulus of Elasticity
❑ Elastic Limit - the material returns to its original shape when the load is removed.
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP OF CONCRETE
❑ Ultimate Compressive Strength - the highest
stress on the stress-strain curve. The load-
carrying capacity of the uncracked portions of
the concrete reaches a maximum value.
❑ Commercial Available 𝒇′𝒄 of Concrete:
➢ 17 𝑀𝑃𝑎 - Lowest value (NSCP 2010/2015)
➢ 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 - 3 𝑘𝑠𝑖
➢ 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 - 4 𝑘𝑠𝑖
➢ 34 𝑀𝑃𝑎 - 5 𝑘𝑠𝑖
❑ Breaking Point / Rupture Strength - failure
occurs, the concrete cracks in tension.
𝒇𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝝀 𝒇′𝒄
(NSCP 2010/2015)
DESIGN CODE AND DESIGN ANALYSIS OF (RC)
❑ Design codes provide detailed technical standards and are used to establish the requirements for
the actual structural design. It should be realized, however, that codes provide only a general guide
for design.

Working Stress Design (WSD):

The behaviour of concrete is LINEAR
ELASTIC. The consideration is up to
the proportionality limit.
Ultimate Stress Design (USD):
The behaviour of concrete is NON-
LINEAR ELASTIC. The consideration
is up to the ultimate strength.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
❑ A structure refers to a system of connected parts used to support a load. Important examples
related to civil engineering include buildings, bridges, and towers.
 SLAB
❑ Slabs are flat horizontal panels that support the floor. It can be supported by beams/girders on
edges or directly by columns. They carry gravity loads and transfer them to the vertical components
(columns and/or walls), and also act as horizontal diaphragms by transferring the lateral load to the
vertical components of a structure.
❑ Types of Slabs:
One-way Floor System Two-way Floor System
 BEAMS
❑ Beams are usually straight horizontal members used primarily to carry vertical loads. Quite often
they are classified according to the way they are supported.
 BEAMS
❑ Beams are primarily designed to resist bending moment; however, if they are short and carry large
loads, the internal shear force may become quite large and this force may govern their design.
❑ Flexure Cracks - originates in maximum moment region because the flexural capacity of the beam is
inadequate.
❑ Shear Cracks - originates near supports because the shear capacity of the beam is inadequate.
 COLUMNS
❑ Members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive loads are referred to as columns.
❑ Lateral Ties – confinement to prevent buckling. It helps maintain the vertical positions of the bars.
❑ Buckling Effect – due to moment and instability because of the applied compressive force.
LOADS ON STRUCTURES
 LOADS ON STRUCTURES
❑ Once the structural form has been determined, the actual design begins with those elements that
are subjected to the primary loads the structure is intended to carry, and proceeds in sequence to
the various supporting members until the foundation is reached. In order to design a structure, it is
therefore necessary to first specify the loads that act on it.
A. Gravity Loads - the vertical loads, due mainly to the occupancy, self-weight and snow or rain,
are commonly referred to as gravity loads.
B. Dead Loads -dead loads consist of the weights of the various structural members and the
weights of any objects that are permanently attached to the structure. The values for dead
loads are shown in NSCP Section 204, Tables 204-1 and 204-2 for common material densities
and minimum design dead loads for common components.
C. Live Loads - live loads can vary both in their magnitude and location. They may be caused by
the weights of objects temporarily placed on a structure, moving vehicles, or natural forces.
NSCP Section 204, Table 205-1 provides recommended design live loads depending on the
use of the space.
 LOADS ON STRUCTURES
❑ Once the structural form has been determined, the actual design begins with those elements that
are subjected to the primary loads the structure is intended to carry, and proceeds in sequence to
the various supporting members until the foundation is reached. In order to design a structure, it is
therefore necessary to first specify the loads that act on it.
D. Impact Loads - when live loads are applied rapidly to a structure, they cause larger stresses
than those that would be produced if the same loads would have been applied gradually. The
dynamic effect of the load that causes this increase in stress in the structure is referred to as
impact.
E. Wind Loads - when structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic energy is converted
into potential energy of pressure, which causes a wind loading. The effect of wind on a
structure depends upon the density and velocity of the air, the angle of incidence of the wind,
the shape and stiffness of the structure, and the roughness of its surface.
F. Earthquake Loads - earthquakes produce loadings on a structure through its interaction with
the ground and its response characteristics. These loadings result from the structure’s
distortion caused by the ground’s motion and the lateral resistance of the structure.
BASIC LOAD COMBINATION FOR STRENGTH
DESIGN
❑ Where strength design is used, structures and all portions thereof shall resist the most critical effects
from the following combination of factored loads:
FACTORED LOAD COMBINATIONS
NSCP 2015 NSCP 2001
1.4 𝐷 + 𝐹 1.4𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝐿𝐿
1.2 𝐷 + 𝐹 + 𝑇 + 1.6 𝐿 + 𝐻 + 0.5 𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅 0.75 1.4𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝐿𝐿 + 1.7𝑊
1.2𝐷 + 1.6 𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 + 𝑓1 𝐿 𝑜𝑟 0.8𝑊 0.9𝐷𝐿 + 1.3𝑊
1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝑊 + 𝑓1 𝐿 + 0.5 𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅 0.75 1.4𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝐿𝐿 + 1.87𝐸
1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 𝑓1 𝐿 0.9𝐷𝐿 + 1.43𝐸
0.9𝐷 + 1.6𝑊 + 1.6𝐻 1.4𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝐿𝐿 + 1.7𝐻
0.9𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 1.6𝐻 0.9𝐷𝐿
1.2𝐷 + 𝑓1 𝐿 + 1.0𝐸𝑚 0.75 1.4𝐷𝐿 + 1.4𝑇 + 1.7𝐿𝐿
Symbols and Notations: 1.4 𝐷𝐿 + 𝑇
𝑫 or 𝑫𝑳 = dead load 𝑳 or 𝑳𝑳 = live load
𝑬 = earthquake load 𝑳𝒓 = roof live load, (plus any permitted live load reduction)
𝑬𝒎 = Estimated max earthquake force on structures 𝑾 = load due to wind pressure
THANK YOU!