Compilation process in c
What is a compilation?
The compilation is a process of converting the source code into object code. It is done
with the help of the compiler. The compiler checks the source code for the syntactical
or structural errors, and if the source code is error-free, then it generates the object
code.
The c compilation process converts the source code taken as input into the object code
or machine code. The compilation process can be divided into four steps, i.e., Pre-
processing, Compiling, Assembling, and Linking.
The preprocessor takes the source code as an input, and it removes all the comments
from the source code. The preprocessor takes the preprocessor directive and interprets
it. For example, if <stdio.h>, the directive is available in the program, then the
preprocessor interprets the directive and replace this directive with the content of
the 'stdio.h' file.
The following are the phases through which our program passes before being
transformed into an executable form:rward Skip 10s
o Preprocessor
o Compiler
o Assembler
o Linker
Preprocessor
The source code is the code which is written in a text editor and the source code file is
given an extension ".c". This source code is first passed to the preprocessor, and then
the preprocessor expands this code. After expanding the code, the expanded code is
passed to the compiler.
Compiler
The code which is expanded by the preprocessor is passed to the compiler. The
compiler converts this code into assembly code. Or we can say that the C compiler
converts the pre-processed code into assembly code.
Assembler
The assembly code is converted into object code by using an assembler. The name of
the object file generated by the assembler is the same as the source file. The extension
of the object file in DOS is '.obj,' and in UNIX, the extension is 'o'. If the name of the
source file is 'hello.c', then the name of the object file would be 'hello.obj'.
Linker
Mainly, all the programs written in C use library functions. These library functions are
pre-compiled, and the object code of these library files is stored with '.lib' (or '.a')
extension. The main working of the linker is to combine the object code of library files
with the object code of our program. Sometimes the situation arises when our
program refers to the functions defined in other files; then linker plays a very important
role in this. It links the object code of these files to our program. Therefore, we
conclude that the job of the linker is to link the object code of our program with the
object code of the library files and other files. The output of the linker is the executable
file. The name of the executable file is the same as the source file but differs only in
their extensions. In DOS, the extension of the executable file is '.exe', and in UNIX, the
executable file can be named as 'a.out'. For example, if we are using printf() function
in a program, then the linker adds its associated code in an output file.
Let's understand through an example.
hello.c
1. #include <stdio.h>
2. int main()
3. {
4. printf("Hello javaTpoint");
5. return 0;
6. }
Now, we will create a flow diagram of the above program:
In the above flow diagram, the following steps are taken to execute a program:
o Firstly, the input file, i.e., hello.c, is passed to the preprocessor, and the
preprocessor converts the source code into expanded source code. The
extension of the expanded source code would be hello.i.
o The expanded source code is passed to the compiler, and the compiler converts
this expanded source code into assembly code. The extension of the assembly
code would be hello.s.
o This assembly code is then sent to the assembler, which converts the assembly
code into object code.
o After the creation of an object code, the linker creates the executable file. The
loader will then load the executable file for the execution.
