Ni INTRODUCTION

Smartphone have become an important part of everyday life

especially for teenagers. While they help connected, learn new things, and
have fun, too much use can lead to a problem called ”smartphone
addiction”. This happens when someone feels the need to use their phone
constantly, even when it negatively affects their life.

Smartphone addiction can harm mental health in many ways. It can

cause anxiety, depression, trouble sleeping, and feeling of loneliness.
Teenagers are at higher risk because they often use social media and online
games, making it hard to put their phones down.

This research aims to understand why smartphone addiction happens

and how it affects mental health. By learning more about this issue, we can
find ways to encourage healthier smartphone use and protect mental health
well-being.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related review literature of the present

study.

SMARTPHONE ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH

The 21st century has witnessed ever-increasing technological

advances leaving an imprint on all aspects of life. One of these advances is
the smartphone and its numerous applications or apps offering quick access
to the Internet and social media through various apps such as WhatsApp,
Facebook, Twitter and Skype. The smartphone has also facilitated the
transmission of SMSs and fax, and navigating the Internet. Furthermore, the
smartphone includes entertainment such as games, the Cam, video,
Bluetooth, multi- media, radio, youtube, movies, GPS, and other applications
(Abo Jedi, 2016) One of the most important advantages of the smartphone is
easy wireless access to electronic mail, instant messages and multi- media,
and the possibility of using Office Applications after downloading additional
apps from the site of the smartphone producer or from Play Store. It also has
a complete keyboard enables users to write e-mails easily. The Gulf markets,
like on world markets, introduce smart devices on a daily basis.
 In addition, all age groups show an interest in owning such devices.
Mo and more people are purchasing smart devices for their numerous and
varied services. For some people, the smartphone has become a substitute
for the computer. For others, it has become the most effective means of
entertainment, amusement and pastime. As result of its popularity, the use
of the smartphone has become an indicator of economic status and
possession of a smartphone is associated with several psychological and
social concepts such as the popularity implied by achieving a large number
of friends or followers. However, some argue that the smartphone has more
disadvantages than advantages. The disadvantages relate to the way the
smartphone is used, especially by teenagers (Attamimi, 2015). There is
empirical evidence that most smartphone addicts are teenagers whose
shyness and lack of confidence encourage them to rely on smartphones in
order to communicate with others without face-to-face encounters (Walsh,
White, & Young, 2017).

Recently, there has been a great increase in the number of

smartphone users spending considerable sums of money to own the latest
upgrades, versions and apps. Users have become so attached to their
smartphone that they feel they cannot function without it and their and
preoccupation with the smartphone results in the neglect of other
assignments and tasks. This irrational overuse is described as smartphone
addiction and psychologists define this as an obsession. This addiction is
likely to be among the most preva- lent of all addictions. Smartphone addicts
are expected to live in isolation. This addiction can also affect individuals
economically and psychologically (Walsh et al, 2015).

Mobile phone addiction, which originated with the development of

communication technology, is defined as “a behavioral addiction,
characterized by the basic symptoms of addictive behaviors” (Ivanova et al.,
2020, p. 656). As a subset of behavioral addiction, it is an impulse control
disorder that may have the same outcome as substance use and
pathological gambling (Dowran, 2020). Although scholars remain in dispute
about whether mobile phone overuse is considered a behavioral addiction
(Billieux et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2019), this condition is widely believed to
be a kind of uncontrollable and impulsive desire to use mobile phones (Liu et
al., 2018; Hao et al., 2019).
 The prevalent view Is that mobile phone addiction leads to
consequences such as psychological health problems, loneliness, depression,
and psychiatric disorders (Yang et al., 2019; Dowran, 2020; Augner et al.,
2023). Recently, some empirical research has explored the association
between mobile phone addiction and mental health (Tao et al., 2017;
Mahmoodi et al., 2018; Thomee, 2018; Zhang et al., 2020). A case in point is
Seo et al. (2016), who confirmed the close association between mobile
phone dependence and adolescents’ negative moods. This finding is
supported by more recent empirical evidence that mobile phone overuse
significantly and negatively affects adolescents’ psychological problems,
such as loneliness, mental health, depression, and social anxiety (Elhai et al.,
2017; Calpbinici and Tas Arslan, 2019; Li et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020).
Furthermore, the findings by Zhang et al. (2020) also indicated that mobile
phone dependence is closely related to individual adjustment and mental
health status. Based on these results, we formulated the following
hypothesis.

METHODOLOGY

This section presents the research design, population and sample procedure
to be used in this study.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This research will use a descriptive method to understand smartphone

addiction and it’s effects on mental health among teenagers. The study will
involve collecting data through surveys to gather information on smartphone
usage patterns, addiction levels and mental health effects of understanding
smartphone addiction and it's consequences on mental health.

POPULATION AND SAMPLE

The study investigates reintroducing traditional planting for a

sustainable and flood-resilient school environment at Agusan National High
School – Junior High School, located on Curato Street, Butuan City, Agusan
Del Norte, Philippines. Agusan National High School is the largest public
school in the entire Caraga Region (Region XIII). It uses a qualitative design,
with 5 students selected for qualitative interviews. The research examines
opinions among high school students.

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