Index

Expt. Page
Date Expt. Name Remarks
No. No.
Study of a compound
01 20.01.25 01
microscope
Demonstration and
02 17.02.25 observation of osmosis 02
through cell to cell
Demonstration and
03 21.04.25 observation of ascent of sap 03
in a plant.
Demonstration and
04 19.05.25 observation of transpiration 04
process in a plant.
Demonstration and
observation of the role of
05 25.08.25 05
chlorophyll and sunlight in
Practical Note Book photosynthesis process.
Demonstration and
Subject: Biology 06 20.10.25
observation of release of
06
energy in the form of heat
Exam: SSC-2027 during respiration.
Comparison of blood
pressure and pulse rate of
07 17.11.25 07
three persons at rest and
after exercise.
Demonstration and
observation of an animal
08 26.01.26 08
cell (Amoeba) under
microscope.
Demonstration and
09 16.02.26 observation of a plant cell 09
(onion) under microscope.
Demonstration and
10 20.04.26 observation of transverse 10
section of ovary of a flower.
 Expt. No. 01 Name of the experiment: Study of a compound microscope.
Expt. Name: Study of a compound microscope. Page No. 01 The structure of the compound microscope is very complex and so is
Date: 20.01.25 the process how to use it. A compound microscope can be divided into
two parts; such as-
A. Mechanical parts:
Base or Foot: The flat part on which the entire body of the
microscope is situated.
Pillar: The vertical part placed in the backside of the base.
Arm: The upper bend part which is flexible fixed with the pillar by
a screw is the Arm. Holding the Arm we can move the microscope.
Body Tube: It is a long tube. It is fixed at the end of the bend arm.
There are two screws at the junction of the arm and the body tube.
These are coarse adjustment and Fine adjustment.
Drawtube: The drawtube is inserted inside the body tube. It may be
pulled upwardly when necessary.
Nosepiece: Circular body fixed at the lower end of the body tube. 3
objective lens of different magnifications remain attached in it.
Stage: The stage is rectangular and attached with the arm at the base.
There is a hole at the center of the stage through which light is
focused. Two clips are fixed on the stage at its base. Slide is fixed
on the stage with the help of the clips.
Diaphragm: By expansion and contraction of this part ascertains
the amount of light to fall on the slide.
Coarse and fine adjustments: At the top of the arm there are two
coarse adjustment screws which helps to move the drawtube upward
or downward rapidly. Another pair of comparatively small screw is
fine adjustment screws which helps to move the drawtube slowly up
and down, by moving these screws.
B. Optical Parts
Eyepiece: It is a small tube inserted into the drawtube. There are
two lenses fitted at its ends. Keeping the eyes on this eyepiece,
object (specimen) placed on the stage is to be observed.
Objectives: These are three objectives of different magnifications
are attached in the three holes of the nosepiece.
Condenser: It is simply a combination of two lenses beneath the
hole of the stage. Light being converged through this condenser fall
on the specimen placed on the slide.
Mirror: Light can be focused through condenser and diaphragm, by
Figure: Compound Microscope turning the mirror at necessary direction.
Expt. Name: Demonstration & Observation of Expt. No. 02 Name of the experiment: Demonstration & Observation of
Page No. 02 osmosis through cell to cell.
osmosis through cell to cell. Date: 17.02.25
Osmosis: The process by which solvent / water molecules diffuse
through a semi permeable membrane from lower concentrated solution
to higher concentrated solution.
Requirements /Essentials: A big potato, a beaker, a blade / knife, a
small bowl, water, sugar solution and alpin.
Procedures:
1. A bowl half filled with water is taken.
2. Peeled off the potato and cut it at the ends.
3. A hole at one end is made.
4. The hole is half filled with sugar solution.
5. Then the potato is kept in water of the bowl in such a way that the
potato hole remains above the water surface.
6. The solution level in the hole is marked.
7. The whole experimental set is kept for some times.
Observation: After some time it will be seen that the water level in the
potato has increased. The level of water of bowl has decreased.
Conclusion:
1. There is water outside the potato and sugar solution inside the hole.
2. The cell membrane of potato is semi-permeable.
3. The solvent from outside has passed through many cells and enters
into the hole.
Results / Discussion: The solvent molecule has moves through a semi-
Figure: Osmosis through cell to cell. permeable membrane from lower concentrated area to higher
concentrated area. So, osmosis occurs here through cell to cell.
Expt. Name: Experiment on the demonstration Expt. No. 03 Name of the experiment: Experiment on the demonstration of
Page No. 03 the ascent of sap in a plant
of the ascent of sap in a plant. Date: 21.04.25
Cell sap: The liquid / fluid found inside the large central vacuole of a
living cell is called cell sap. It contains variable amounts of food and
waste materials, inorganic salts and different nitrogenous compounds. It
serves as storage of materials and provides mechanical support,
especially in non-woody plants. It has also a vital role in plant cell
osmosis.
Ascent of sap: The process by which the cell sap raises from the
absorption region to the leaf and other parts is called ascent of sap.
Requirements /Essentials: A fresh Peperomia plant with roots, a bottle
of glass, water and safranin (dye).
Procedures:
1. Take water in the glass pot and pour a little dye (safranin or pen ink)
in the glass pot.
2. Then place the Peperomia plant in the bottle in such a way that only
the roots immersed in the colored water.
3. At this condition the experimental set is kept for observation.
Observation: After about an hour, it will be seen that the red dye has
reached up to the leaves through the stem. So, the stem and leaves
becomes red.
Conclusion: The stem of Peperomia is almost transparent, so through it
the flow of sap can be observed.
Precautions:
1. The Peperomia plant should be fresh / living.
2. The living Peperomia plant should be placed in the bottle in such a
Figure: Ascend of sap in a Peperomia plant. way that its root are submerged into colored water.
Expt. Name: Demonstration on the loss of Expt. No. 04 Name of the experiment: Demonstration on the loss of water as
water as water vapour in a plant through Page No. 04 water vapour in a plant through transpiration process.
transpiration process. Date: 19.05.25
Transpiration: Loss of water in the form of vapour from leaves and
other aerial parts of a plant is called transpiration.
Requirements /Essentials: A fresh potted plant, a glass bell jar or a big
and narrow cellophane bag, a thread or clip and required water.
Procedures:
1. At first, the plant with the pot will be placed on a table and water in
required amount would be poured in the pot.
2. Now, a branch of the plant with some leaves having been covered
with a cellophane bag will be clipped or tied with a thread or will be
covered with a bell jar.
3. The precaution should be taken that vapour cannot come out or air
cannot get in.
4. The pot in this stage will be kept for an hour.
Observation: After about an hour, it will be found that water drops are
studded on the inner surface of the cellophane bag and the whole bag
would become fuzzy.
Conclusion:
1. There was no scope of water vapour to come inside the cellophane
bag (bell jar) from outside or from the soil of the pot.
2. Hence, water vapour has come out from the leaves through the
process of transpiration and transformed into drops of water on the
cold surface of the cellophane bag (bell jar).
3. If bell jar is not available, some small leafy branches may be covered
with transparent polythene bag. Little drops of water will collect
inside the bag by the process of transpiration.
Precautions:
1. The plant on the pot should be fresh and living.
Figure: Transpiration process in plant 2. The opening of the cellophane bag should be tightly tied so that no
air can get in or come out.
Expt. Name: Demonstration of the role of
Expt. No. 05 Name of the experiment: Demonstration of the role of
Page No. 05 chlorophyll & light in photosynthesis.
chlorophyll & light in photosynthesis.
Date: 25.08.25
Photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis. The
process in which green plants manufacture carbohydrate like foods from
CO2 and water by utilizing solar energy by their chloroplasts is known
as photosynthesis.
Light, Chlorophyll
6𝐶𝑂2 + 12𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 + 6𝐻2 𝑂 + 6𝑂2
Requirements /Essentials: A potted plant with green leaves, Black
paper, 95% ethyl alcohol, l% iodine solution, paper clips and beaker.
Procedures:
1. Cover both side of a leaf with black paper and clip so that sunlight
cannot reach inside the leaf.
2. Then let the pot with the plant be kept in sunlight.
3. After one hour the tear the leaf off and boil in alcohol so that the leaf
becomes chlorophyll free.
4. Let the leaf is immersed in iodine solution.
Observation: On taking out from the iodine solution it will be seen that
all the area except the covered area became blue (deep violet or black).
Conclusion:
1. Carbohydrate reacting with iodine solution turns to blue (deep violet
or black).
2. Sunlight did not reach to the area covered with black paper. So,
carbohydrate not produce due to photosynthesis did not occur there.
3. As carbohydrate did not produce there, the area did not turn blue
(deep violet or black).
4. Thus it is proved that sunlight and chlorophyll are essential for
photosynthesis so to say for manufacture of carbohydrate.
Precautions:
Figure: Role of light in photosynthesis. 1. Black paper should be in such that light cannot reach through it.
2. At least one hour before starting the experiment, the potted plant
should be kept in sunlight.
Expt. Name: Demonstration of release of heat
Expt. No. 06 Name of the experiment: Demonstration of release of heat
Page No. 06 during respiration.
during respiration.
Date: 20.10.25
Respiration: The biochemical process in which complex food materials
are enzymatically oxidized in order to produce energy (heat) is called
respiration. The respiration reaction is:
different enzymes
𝐶6𝐻12𝑂6 + 6𝑂2 → 6𝐶𝑂2 + 6𝐻2𝑂 + 686 k Cal / mole
It mainly occurs 24 hours in both cytoplasm and mitochondria. In case
of bacteria this reaction occurs in mesosome.
Requirements / Essentials: Two Thermo flasks, some germinating
chickpeas (gram seeds), two thermometers, two rubber corks with holes
and l0% mercuric chloride.
Procedures:
1. Labelled one thermo flask as A and the other as B.
2. With some water some germinated chick peas would be taken in
thermo flask 'A’.
3. A thermometer should be inserted through the hole of a cork on the
'flask A' with its opening sealed well.
4. The remaining chickpeas will be taken in flask B after boiling them
soaking in l0% mercuric chloride solution for l0 minutes.
5. Now, after taking the initial temperature of each thermometer 'A'
and 'B', they should be kept at rest.
Observation: The temperature of the thermo flask, containing
germinated seed, will be marked A rises but there would be no thermal
change in the other flask having seeds being inactivated with mercuric
chloride.

Conclusion:
1. The peas in the flask 'A' continued the process respiration and for
the release of energy in the form of heat, the temperature in the flask
Figure: Release of heat during respiration. is raised.
2. But, in the thermo flask ‘B’, the seeds being dead for soaking and
boiling them in mercuric chloride solution, no heat was evolved
because of the ceasing of respiration in them.
Precautions:
1. The seeds should be fresh and well germinated.
2. The tip of the thermometer containing mercury should be positioned
at the middle of the stacked of seeds.
Expt. Name: Comparison of the rate of pulse Expt. No. 07 Name of the experiment: Comparison of the rate of pulse and
and blood pressure (for 3 persons) at rest and after Page No. 07 blood pressure (for 3 persons) at rest and after exercise.
exercise. Date: 17.11.25
Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate: Blood pressure is the pressure of the
blood against the wall of the arteries. The contraction of the heart is
called systole. The pressure in the artery during systolic condition is
called systolic blood pressure. It will be highest. Ideal systolic blood
pressure of an adult person will be slightly lower than 120 mm Hg. The
relaxation of the heart is called diastole. The pressure in the artery
during diastolic condition is called diastolic blood pressure. It will be
least. Ideal diastolic blood pressure of an adult person should be less
than 80 mm Hg. The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
is called pulse pressure. It is 40 mm Hg in a normal adult person. The
number of times of heart beat per minute is called pulse rate. It is also
known as heartbeat. It is 70-80 (75 on an average) in a healthy adult
person. By measuring blood pressure and pulse rate we can find out the
motion of movement of blood.
Requirements / Essentials: Stop watch, Sphygmomanometer and
Stethoscope.
Procedures:
1. Three persons are selected for the measurement of blood pressure
and pulse rate. They are Rahman (Age-43 years), Sharmin (Age-41
years) and Ehsan (Age-38 years).
2. Arrangement is made to measure blood pressure and pulse rate of
the above three persons.
3. Now sitting on a chair at rest Rahman will keep his left hand on a
table. The sphygmomanometer is set up on the upper left arm neither
very tightly nor very loosely with the help of the cuff of the
sphygmomanometer.
4. Then the chest piece of the stethoscope is set up below the cuff and
the two earpieces in the ear is fitted.
5. The screw of the air pump of the manometer is tighted and air is
allowed to enter in the cuff continuously with the help of the pump
and is stopped to enter air at a mercury level of 200 mm Hg.
Figure: Blood pressure & pulse rate counting apparatus. 6. Now the screw of the manometer is relax to allow air to get out
gradually. When the blood starts flowing through the artery, then a
few sounds will be heard. At a point of mercury level from where
the first sound is heard indicates the systolic pressure.
7. The sound continues rhythmically and suddenly it is stopped at a
point of a mercury level. The point where the sound stops indicates
the diastolic pressure.
8. All the readings are entered to a table / chart.
9. Now keeping the finger on the wrist of Rahman for a minute pulse
rate is determined. The reading is also written in the table / chart.
10. Similarly, the pressure and pulse rate of Sharmin and Ehsan are
measured.
11. Then after 10-20 minutes exercise the blood pressure and pulse rate
of the above three persons are measured.
Table:
At rest After exercise Comparison
Name Blood Pulse Blood Pulse It is found from the
pressure rate pressure rate table that there are
Rahman 130/90 72 135/95 76 differences in blood
pressure & pulse rate
Sharmin 125/85 73 130/90 78 of 3 persons at rest &
Ehsan 120/80 75 130/90 80 after exercise
Observation: After exercise blood pressure and pulse rate is increased
for all of the above three persons.
Conclusion: After exercise or physical work both blood pressure and
pulse rate are increased.
Precautions:
1. The heart of a person and the apparatus should be kept on the same
line / height.
2. The sphygmomanometer and the heart of the person should be kept
on the same height.
3. Systole and diastole should be measured very carefully.
4. Pulse rate should also be measured very carefully.
 Expt. No. 08 Name of the experiment: Observation of an Animal Cell
Expt. Name: Observation of an Animal Cell Page No. 08 (Amoeba) under a microscope.
(Amoeba) under a microscope.
Date: 26.01.26 Requirements / Essentials: Compound microscope, thin animal cell,
bowl of glass, water, dropper, slide, cover slip, forceps, glass rod,
petridish and pipette.
Procedures:
1. At the beginning of the experiment collect some rotten leaves with
the branches of the plant from the bottom of a ditch or a pond.
2. Cut-them into smaller pieces and put the pieces in the water of the
glass bowl and stir it steadily with a glass rod.
3. After stirring the water for a while, set the bowl at rest in a place.
4. When the things will be settled on the bottom of the bowl, draw
some of the precipitation with a pipette and put it on a petridish.
5. Now, take a drop of the contents in the petridish on a glass slide with
a dropper and after placing cover slip on it, set it to observe under a
microscope.
Observation: When the cell is observed under microscope, the
following characteristics are found:
1. After searching for a while by moving the slide on two horizontal
axes, you will find some transparent, jelly-like small organisms.
These are amoebas.
2. Plenty of round shaped cells were seen in the membrane.
3. There is a nucleus in the centre of the cell.
4. There is no cell wall and plastids in the cell.
5. Many pseudopods and vacuoles will be found in it and there will be
a plasma membrane surrounding the cell.
Conclusion: Sample consists of many pseudopods and vacuoles. There
is plasmalemma covering the cell. So, the cell is the animal cell
(Amoeba cell).
Precautions:
Figure: Structure of Amoeba cell. 1. Sample /specimen should be collected from rotten leaves with the
branches of the plant from the bottom of a ditch or pond.
2. Microscope should be adjusted very carefully.
3. Placing the sample on the slide, it should be covered by cover slip
very carefully.
4. The cell / sample specimen should be placed under microscope in
the correct position.
Expt. Name: Observation of a Plant Cell Expt. No. 09 Name of the Experiment: Observation of a Plant Cell (Onion)
Page No. 09 under a microscope.
(Onion) under a microscope. Date: 16.02.26
Requirements / Essentials: Compound microscope, fresh onion, slide,
cover slip, forceps, water, watch glass, paint brush, safranin and
glycerin
Procedures:
1. A piece of juicy scale leaf is separated from the onion.
2. A thin pilfer is to be taken out from the dorsal part with the help of
a blade and is put it in water in a watch glass.
3. Now with a small paint brush, the scale piece is placed on a clean
glass slide after taking it from the water of watch glass.
4. A drop of glycerin is poured on the specimen object.
5. Now this separated thin membrane should be stretched upon a clean
slide and stained by using safranin and observed the onion cells
through a compound microscope.
Observation: When the onion cell is observed under microscope, the
following characteristics are found:
1. Plenty of cells were seen in the thin membrane.
2. A single nucleus and cytoplasm were present in each cell.
3. A vacuole was observed in the cytoplasm.
4. The cell has definite size and looks like a hexagon.
Conclusion: The cell is plant cell (onion cell).
Precautions:
1. Fresh onion should be used.
2. Thin pilfer should be taken out from the dorsal part very carefully.
3. A drop of glycerin / water should be poured on the specimen object
Figure: Structure of plant cell (onion). carefully.
4. Onion cells should be observed through a compound microscope
setting very carefully.
 Expt. No. 10 Name of the experiment: Observation of transverse section of
Expt. Name: Observation of transverse section Page No. 10 ovary of a flower (China rose).
of ovary of a flower (China rose).
Date: 20.04.26 Flower: Flower is a special type of modified shoot for reproduction. A
flower is a reproductive organ of higher plant.
Requirements / Essentials: Compound microscope, a china-rose
flower, blade, Forceps, Brush, slide, Cover slip, white paper and blotting
paper.
Procedures:
1. A fresh China rose is collected.
2. Then it is longitudinally bisected and collect the ovary.
3. The ovary of the flower is then transversely bisected by a blade.
4. A very thin slice is kept under a microscope for observation.
Observation: Identifying characteristics are:
1. Flower: Large, solitary, actinomorphic, bisexual and red in color.
L.S of China-rose. 2. Epicalyx: Green, 5 sub-sepals, free and open aestivation.
3. Calyx: 5 sepals, united and valvet aestivation.
4. Corolla: 5 petals, united and twisted aestivation.
5. Androecium: Innumerable epipetalous stamen.
6. Gynoecium: 5 carpels, united and superior ovary.
7. Placentation: Axile.
Precautions:
1. The flower should be fresh.
2. For sectioning a sharp blade should be used.
3. All the parts of the flowers should be separated very carefully.
T.S of Ovary of China-rose

Figure: L.S and T.S of flower.