Orange (Citrus sinensis) and Calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) Extract As All

Natural Multi Purpose Cleaner

Mohammad Yassen Daracag

Lawrence Cabaya

Stephanie Del Gallego

SCIENVE INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

April 2023

Presented to:

Ma. Anne Claudette Espiritu Santo

Francisco P. Felix Memorial National High School

Orange (Citrus sinensis) and Calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) 2022-2023
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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter covers the background of the study, the statement of the problem,

the significance of the study and the scope and delimitation of the study.

Background of the Study

In our present time, the condition of the world we

are living is getting worse most especially the ozone layer,

which is getting thinner. One of the factors that cause the

thinning of the ozone layer is the chemicals and

FIGURE 1. CITRUS FRUIT
substances that are present in cleaning solutions. Some

cleaning solutions contain ammonium hydrogen fluoride and hydrofluoric acid that are

hazardous to our environment. Hence, the researcher made an alternative cleaning

solution that is not just for the benefit of man but also for the benefit of the society and

parents.

Orange and Calamansi cleaner is a natural cleaning solution made from the

extracts of Oranges and Calamansi fruits. This cleaner is a popular alternative to

chemical-based cleaning products as it is environmentally friendly, non-toxic and safe to

use around children and pets.

Orange and Calamansi cleaner is easy to make at home using simple ingredients

such as Orange peels, Calamansi juice, vinegar, and water. The ingredients are

combined in a spray bottle and can be customized to suit personal preferences by

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adjusting the ratio of ingredients.

There are several benefits of the "homemade enzyme" solution in daily life. One

of the advantages is to save money by convert kitchen waste such as Orange and

Calamansi Extract into multipurpose surface cleaners instead of buying expensive and

polluting chemical cleanser. Overall, Orange and Calamansi cleaner is a natural,

affordable, and effective cleaning solution that is gaining popularity as people become

more interested in eco-friendly and sustainable living.

Researchers would like to determine if the Orange and Calamansi are effective

to use in cleaning. Also, this is good alternative home cleaner and it is easy to make.

Instead of buying highly toxic chemical household cleaners this one is much better. This

made extract from Orange and Calamansi make an inexpensive and powerful base for

an effective all-purpose surface easily made in any kitchen.

Statement of the Problem

The researchers would like to determine the effectiveness of Orange (Citrus

Sinensis) and Calamansi (Citrus Microcarpa) as Extract. Specifically, the study seeks to

answer the following questions:

1. What is the chemical composition of Orange and Calamansi Extracted that is

used in cleaning

2. What is the lead of effectiveness of orange and Calamansi extract in terms of

observation on testing surfaces.

3. What is the lead of effectiveness of orange and Calamansi extract in terms of

efficiency on different surfaces in household?

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 Floors

 Walls

 Tiles

4. What is the lead of effectiveness of orange and Calamansi extract in terms of

Accessibility, Affordability and Eco-friendly?

5. Is there a significant difference between the effect of Orange and Calamansi

Extract?

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference on the effect of Orange and Calamansi Extract as

multi-purpose cleaner.

Significance of the Study

The study of Orange and Calamansi Extract as a cleaning solution is significant for

several reasons:

1. Environmentally friendly: Many commercial cleaning products contain harsh

chemicals that can be harmful to the environment and to human health. By

exploring the use of natural extracts such as orange and calamansi, we can

develop cleaning solutions that are safer and more sustainable.

2. Cost-effective: Orange and Calamansi extracts are readily available and

relatively inexpensive, which makes them an attractive alternative to costly

commercial cleaning products.

3. Antimicrobial properties: As mentioned earlier, both orange and calamansi

extracts contain citric acid, which has been shown to have antimicrobial
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properties. This makes them potentially effective at killing germs and bacteria on

surfaces.

4. Potential for local economic development: Oranges and Calamansi are abundant

in certain regions, and exploring their use as a cleaning solution could create

new economic opportunities for local farmers and producers.

Scope and Delimitation

The scope of the study of Orange and Calamansi extract as a cleaning solution

would include:

 Testing the effectiveness of the cleaning solution on different types of surfaces,

such as countertops, floors, and bathroom fixtures.

 Experimenting with different concentrations of the cleaning solution to determine

the optimal ratio of orange and calamansi extracts.

 Assessing the safety of the cleaning solution on different types of surfaces, as

well as potential risks to human health.

However, there are also some limitations and delimitations to consider:

 The study would only focus on the use of orange and calamansi extracts as a

cleaning solution, and not on other natural cleaning agents.

 The study would not investigate the impact of the cleaning solution on the

environment beyond its potential as a safer alternative to commercial cleaning

products.

 The study would not explore the potential for the cleaning solution to remove
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tough stains or address heavy-duty cleaning needs.

 The study would not investigate the potential for the cleaning solution to be used

as a disinfectant in healthcare settings, as this would require additional testing

and regulation.

Overall, the study of Orange and Calamansi extract as a cleaning solution would

have a specific focus on testing the effectiveness and safety of this natural cleaning

agent on different surfaces and materials.

Definition of terms

Acetic Acid – is the acid in clear white vinegar and is a natural all-purpose cleaning

agent.

Antimicrobial - A substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms, such as

bacteria and viruses. Orange and Calamansi extract contain natural antimicrobial

properties that make them effective for cleaning and disinfecting surfaces.

Calamansi – is known also have antibacterial antiseptic and antimicrobial properties

that cancer in keeping the surfaces of your home clean light fresh.

Citric Acid - A weak organic acid that is found in citrus fruits, including oranges and

calamansi. It is a natural preservative and cleaning agent.

Essential Oils - A concentrated oil that is derived from plants, including oranges and

calamansi. Essential oils are often used for their fragrance and cleaning properties.

Orange – It produce a natural oil, called D-limonene, that's used in many cleaning

products because it helps keep surfaces shiny, clean and sweet-smelling. And the peels

have antibacterial properties for killing household germs.

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Water – known as the universal solvent because it can dissolve a wide variety of

substances, including dirt, grime, and many chemicals.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

This chapter presents the concept ideas and varies studies that provide insights

and direction to the present study. A limited number of studies were found that will

discuss the potential of Orange Peel and Calamansi Peel. Basically the general

knowledge about the potential use in Cleaning solution with many purposes.

RELATED STUDIES

Calamansi (Citrus microcapa)

A study published in the International

Journal of Science and Research in 2019 evaluated

the antibacterial activity of calamansi extract

against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia

coli. The study found that calamansi extract had significant antibacterial activity against

both bacteria, suggesting its potential as a natural disinfectant.

FIGURE 2. CALAMANSI

Another study published in the Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology in

2018 investigated the effectiveness of calamansi extract as a natural cleaning agent for

removing stains from cotton fabric. The study found that a solution of calamansi extract

and water was effective in removing stains from cotton fabric, and that it performed
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better than a commercial detergent.

A study published in the Journal of Food Science and Technology in 2016 evaluated

the potential of calamansi extract as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent for

extending the shelf life of fresh-cut apples. The study found that calamansi extract was

effective in reducing microbial growth and preserving the quality of the apples.

Orange (Citrus Sinensis)

A study published in the Journal of

Environmental Health Science and Engineering in

2015 evaluated the effectiveness of orange oil as a

FIGURE 3. ORANGE
natural cleaning agent for removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from

contaminated soil. The study found that orange oil was effective in removing PAHs from

soil, and that it performed as well as a commercial detergent.

Another study published in the Journal of Oleo Science in 2014 investigated the

effectiveness of orange oil as a natural cleaning agent for removing stains from cotton

fabric. The study found that a solution of orange oil and water was effective in removing

stains from cotton fabric, and that it performed better than a commercial detergent.

A study published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry in 2010

evaluated the antimicrobial activity of orange peel extract against several strains. The

study found that orange peel extract had significant antimicrobial activity against several
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strains of bacteria and fungi, suggesting its potential as a natural disinfectant.

RELATED LITERATURE

Orange Peel Uses in Cleaning

Orange peels produce a natural oil, called D-limonene, that's used in many

cleaning products because it helps keep surfaces shiny, clean and sweet-smelling. And

the peels have antibacterial properties for killing household germs. So you can skip the

expensive cleansers and go straight to the source.

The citrus cleaner works best when it comes to disinfecting, or reducing mold

and calcium build up. With leftover orange peels, a little vinegar, and boiling water, you

can make a simple, eco-friendly, effective citrus cleaner. Orange peels lose their smell

and texture if they are carelessly cut and removed, so if you want a quick, easy and

mess-free way to cut your oranges while keeping the peels to make use of it later, it is

best that you use an orange peeler.

Oranges have antibacterial and antifungal properties make it an effective all-

purpose household cleaner. It works wonders in eliminating not only dust and dirt but

most importantly disease-causing germs such as E-coli and salmonella. The efficiency

of many over-the-counter cleaners in fighting germs depends on how strong or toxic the

components used are. Orange oil is not only natural, environment-friendly, and healthy,

it also leave a lovely and uplifting citrus scent around the house.
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Calamansi Uses in Cleaning

Calamansi is known also have antibacterial antiseptic and antimicrobial

properties that cancer in keeping the surfaces of your home clean light fresh. Seeds

produce just another elements that could turn fishing into acidic.

The citric acid in Calamansi is antibacterial and antiseptic, which means that

lemons can kill bacteria, remove mould and mildew and even, if done properly, remove

rust. The oils in the peel (or rinds) of the lemon can also help to cut through grease and

staining, leaving household items clean and shining.

Conceptual Framework:

PROCESS
INPUT
OUTPUT
Removing
Orange and the Peel of
Calamansi Orange and Orange and
Extract with Calamansi Calamansi
with Extract Extract as
the mixture Multi Purpose
of water combined
with water Cleaner
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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the design and procedure used in this study. It presents the

research method used, respondent of the study, instrument used, validation of the

instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment.

Research Design

This study is conducted with quantitative and descriptive research design. Quantitative

research is defined as a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering

quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques.

In this chapter, the general design of the research and the methods used for data

collection are explained in detail. Descriptive research aims to accurately and

systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can answer the

questions what, where, when and how but not the question why. A descriptive research

design can use a wide variety of research methods to investigate one or more variables.

Materials Used

The researcher gathered Orange and Calamansi for the experiment. Two pieces of

Orange and five pieces of Calamansi were used for the experiment. Water also used as

a solvent and base for the cleaning solution. Other materials such as Spoon, Measuring
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Cup, Strainers and Spray Bottle Container were used in the conduct of the experiment.

Instrument of the Study

If a study is being conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Orange and Calamansi

extract as a cleaning solution, the following instruments may be used:

A variety of test surfaces can be chosen to evaluate the cleaning efficacy of the

extract. Examples of test surfaces may include kitchen countertops, bathroom sinks,

shower tiles, and floors.

The researcher will use conduct a questionnaire that was based on the topic

which is Orange and Calamansi Extract as Multi purpose household cleaner. The

researcher will utilize a questionnaire to collect data for this study. The questionnaire

will be design by the researcher and include items from online, and unpublished

research papers.

The questionnaire will consist of three parts: Part 1 will gather information pertaining to

the name, gender and age of the respondents. Part II will discuss the distinction

between Orange and Calamansi based on their color, texture, and smell. Part III will

discuss which households components are more efficient to use such as kitchen

countertops, bathroom tiles, floors, wall and some surfaces. Respondents will have to

choose which number to check 4, 3, 2, or 1. The number has a corresponding

interpretation as to 4-Very effective, 3-Effective, 2-Fairly effective, and 1-Not effective.

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Validation of the Instruments

The researchers studied the data gathered from the internet sources, the panelist, the

culminating professor and research adviser verified the study conducted by the

researchers. To ensure the validity of the questionnaire, the set of questions were

coined from the research problem to make sure that the questions to be asked are all

relevant and pursuant to the answer that the study is aiming to achieve.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study is composed of thirty (30) selected individuals who are

engaged in different household activities of disinfecting and cleaning. A respondents is

an individual that participate in research such as neighbors, cleaning expert,

households, and cleaning product users..

Research Procedure

1. Gather the necessary materials for the experiment, including oranges, calamansi,

distilled water, a spray bottle, and cleaning equipment to test the solution (such

as a countertop or stained fabric).

FIGURE 4. INGREDIENTS AND

MATERIALS
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2. Phytochemical screening of Orange and Calamansi. The samples was

conducted on International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research

then subjected to a series of qualitative test to identify the presence specific

phytochemical, this was based on the internet due to lack of time for the said

experimentation on schools.

3. Extract the juice from the oranges and calamansi and mix it with distilled water in

the desired concentration. Consider using different concentrations to determine

the optimal mixture.

FIGURE 5. Extracting Orange and Calamansi

4. Apply the cleaning solution to the surface being cleaned, and evaluate its

effectiveness compared to other cleaning solutions. Consider using a control

group of a commercially available cleaning product for comparison.

FIGURE 6. FLOORS FIGURE 7. TILES FIGURE 8. WALLS

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5. With the respondents record the results of the cleaning tests, including any

observations or notes on the effectiveness of the solution.

FIGURE 9. TESTING WITH RESPONDENTS

6. Conduct the questionnaire given to the respondents. Draw conclusions based on

the results of the experiment and discuss the potential for the orange and

Calamansi extract to be used as a cleaning solution.

FIGURE 10. TAKING QUESTIONNAIRE

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7. Write a research report detailing the experiment's methodology, results, and

conclusions. Consider using statistical analysis to determine whether the orange

and Calamansi extract solution is significantly more effective than the control

group.

Statistical Treatment

It is obtaining the objective of the study, the following statistical treatment was

used to determines the capabilities of Orange and Calamansi Extract as Multi-

purpose household cleaner.

Cleaner in a statistician was present to the analyze data accumulated by the

researcher from the chosen respondents.

Percentage is calculated by taking the frequency in the category divided by the

total number of participants and multiplying by 100%. The Researchers determined

the percentage through the formula presented here in be:

p = (x/y) × 100

Where:

p = Percentage

x = Sample

y = Population
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Weighted mean demonstrated on those questionnaires and shows the general

tendency or commonality of response along the four point scale. The researchers

determined the weighted mean through the formula presented here in be:

WM = F4 + F3 + F2 + F1

30N

Where:

WM = Weighted Mean

N = The number of questions in each category

F4 = Frequency of the Respondents who answered Very Effective

F3 = Frequency of the Respondents who answered Effective

F2 = Frequency of the Respondents who answered Fairly Effective

F1 = Frequency of the Respondents who answered Not Effective

For the verbal interpretation of data, the findings on the mean responses are verbally

interpreted for discussion purposes using the following scale:

Scale Range Verbal Interpretation

4 3.26 - 4.00 Very Effective

3 2.51 - 3.25 Effective

2 1.76- 2.50 Fairly Effective

1 1.00 - 1.75 Not effective

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Flow Chart

Gathering and Collecting of Materials

Phytochemical Analysis of the samples

Extracting Orange and Calamansi

Observation on the cleaning solution

Testing of product with the respondents

Taking questionnaire with the respondents

Analyzing the Result

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CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter includes the phytochemical analysis on chemical composition and

presents analyzes and interprets the data gathered out of the instrument used in the

study according to the specific problems.

Table 1

Phytochemical analysis of Orange and Calamansi Extract based on the internet

conducted at International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research.

Qualitative Test Orange Extract Calamansi Extract

Steroids (+) (-)

Flavonoids (+) (+)

Tannins (-) (-)

Alkaloids (+) (+)

Phytosterols (-) (+)

Phenols (-) (+)

Quinones (-) (-)

Saponins (+) (+)

Table No. 1 shows that the Orange and Calamansi Extract are both positive to
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Flavanoids, Alkaloids and Saponins. Orange Extract shows the presence of Steroids,

Flavonoids, Alkaloids, and Saponins but absence of Tannins, Phytosterols and

Quinones. Calamansi Extract shows the presence of Flavonoids, Alkaloids,

Phytosterols, Phenols and Saponins but absence of Steroids, Tannins, and Quinones.

Both are negative to Tannins and Quinones. The highest antibacterial activity was

exhibited by the acetone peel and ethanol extract of Citrus reticulate peels. MICs were

tested at concentrations ranging from 80-5.25 mg/mL as wells as their MBCs.

Table 2

Frequency and Distribution of the Respondents to Orange and Calamansi Extract

as Multi-Purpose Cleaner in terms of observation on testing surfaces.

PARAMETERS
Respondents It is cleaner I noticed It was more The texture It's sticky
than before some shiny than is slightly and soft
changes before abrasive texture
No.1 4 3 4 3 3
No.3 4 4 2 2 3
No.3 3 2 3 1 2
No.4 4 4 3 2 3
No.5 3 4 4 2 3
No.6 4 3 3 1 3
No.7 3 2 2 3 3
No.8 2 2 2 3 4
No.9 4 4 3 3 3
No.10 3 3 3 3 3
No.11 3 3 3 2 3
No.12 3 4 3 1 3
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No.13 2 3 3 3 2
No.14 4 3 4 2 4
No.15 3 2 2 2 3
No.16 3 4 3 3 3
No.17 4 3 3 2 3
No.18 4 4 4 4 4
No.19 2 2 2 2 3
No.20 4 3 2 3 3
No.21 1 3 4 2 1
No.22 4 4 3 4 3
No.23 3 4 3 3 3
No.24 4 4 3 3 3
No.25 4 2 2 2 3
No.26 3 3 3 2 3
No.27 2 2 4 4 3
No.28 4 4 4 3 4
No.29 3 4 3 3 4
No.30 3 4 3 2 3
Mean 3.22 3.17 2.93 2.33 3.0
Verbal Effective Effective Effective Fairly Effective
Interpretatio Effective
n

Table 2 shows the frequency and distribution of the respondents in terms of

observation on testing surfaces. In the verbal Interpretation mostly says it is effective

while other says The parameter "it is cleaner than before" got a mean of 3.22 which is

the highest and being effective while the parameter "the texture is slightly abrasive" got

a mean of 2.33 which is the lowest and being fairly effective in the verbal interpretation.

Table 3

Frequency and Distribution of the Respondents to Orange and Calamansi Extract

Orange (Citrus sinensis) and Calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) 2022-2023
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as Multi-Purpose Cleaner in terms of efficiency on different surfaces in household

PARAMETERS
Respondent The.wall. The.tiles. The.floor.wa It.eliminate It.maintain
s became.clea were.cleane s s s
n d cleaned and unpleasant the color,
and.adhesio and stains the dirt was odor.from texture.fro
n removed removed tiles, walls m
removed and floor tiles, walls
and floor
No.1 3 4 4 4 3
No.3 2 4 4 3 4
No.3 3 3 3 4 3
No.4 4 4 3 3 3
No.5 3 4 3 3 3
No.6 4 3 3 4 4
No.7 3 3 4 3 3
No.8 4 3 4 3 4
No.9 3 4 3 3 3
No.10 3 3 4 3 1
No.11 3 3 3 3 3
No.12 3 4 3 4 3
No.13 4 3 3 3 2
No.14 4 3 4 2 4
No.15 3 4 3 1 3
No.16 3 4 3 4 3
No.17 4 3 3 2 2
No.18 3 4 4 4 4
No.19 2 3 2 4 3
No.20 4 3 3 3 3
No.21 1 3 4 2 4
No.22 4 4 3 4 3
No.23 3 4 3 4 3
No.24 4 3 4 3 3
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No.25 4 2 2 3 1
No.26 3 3 3 3 2
No.27 2 4 4 4 3
No.28 4 4 4 3 1
No.29 3 3 4 3 4
No.30 4 3 3 2 3
Mean 3.23 3.37 3.17 3.13 2.93
Verbal Effective Very Effective Effective Effective
Interpretatio Effective
n

Table 3 shows the frequency and distribution of the respondents that is according to our

questionnaire in terms of efficiency on different surfaces in household cleaner. In the

verbal Interpretation mostly say it is effective. The parameters "the tiles were cleaned

and stains removed" got the highest mean of 3.37 with being very effective while the

parameter "it maintains color and texture from tiles, wall and floor" got the lowest mean

of 2.93 and verbal interpretation of effective.

Table 4

Frequency and Distribution of the Respondents to Orange and Calamansi Extract

as Multi-Purpose Cleaner in terms of Accessibility, Affordability and Eco-friendly.

PARAMETERS
Respondent The.product The.product.i The.produc The.product The.product.i
s and.it’s s t is easy to and it’s s
ingredients easy to make use and ingredients are safe.for
are.cheap.an and find it in can bring environmentall human and
d affordable your kitchen anywhere y does not
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friendly pose any

harm
No.1 4 4 4 3 4
No.3 4 4 4 4 4
No.3 3 3 3 4 3
No.4 4 4 4 3 3
No.5 3 4 3 3 3
No.6 4 2 3 4 4
No.7 3 4 4 3 3
No.8 4 3 4 3 4
No.9 3 4 3 3 3
No.10 3 3 4 3 4
No.11 4 2 3 3 3
No.12 4 4 3 4 3
No.13 4 3 3 3 4
No.14 4 3 3 2 4
No.15 3 4 3 4 3
No.16 3 4 3 4 3
No.17 4 3 3 3 2
No.18 3 4 4 4 4
No.19 4 3 2 4 3
No.20 4 3 3 3 3
No.21 4 3 4 4 4
No.22 4 2 3 3 3
No.23 3 4 3 3 3
No.24 4 3 4 3 3
No.25 4 4 1 3 3
No.26 4 3 3 3 2
No.27 2 4 4 4 3
No.28 4 4 4 3 3
No.29 3 3 4 3 4
No.30 4 4 4 3 4
Mean 3.50 3.40 3.33 3.23 3.17
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Verbal Very Very Very Effective Effective

Interpretatio Effective Effective Effective
n
Table 4 shows the frequency and distribution that is according to our questionnaire in

terms of accessibility, affordability and eco-friendly. In the verbal agreement mostly say

it is very effective. The parameters "the product and it's ingredients are cheap and

affordable" got the highest mean of 3.5 which means very effective while the

parameters "the product is safe for human and does not pose any harm" got the lowest

mean of 3.17 and verbal interpretation of effective.

Table 5

Composite table of the computed mean of Orange and Calamansi Extract as

Multi-Purpose Cleaner with different parameters.

…....….Parameter…….…… Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation

Observation on testing 2.93 Effective
surfaces
Efficiency on different 3.17 Effective
household cleaner
Accessibility, Affordability 3.33 Very Effective
and Eco-friendly
Average/Total 3.12 Effective

Table 5 illustrates the result gained by the Orange and Calamansi Extract as Multi-

Purpose Cleaner into three parameters. On the accessibility, affordability and eco-

friendly got the highest weighted mean of 3.33 which means very effective while the

observation on the testing surfaces got the lowest mean of 2.93 which means effective.

The result shows that majority of the respondents agree to effective the capabilities of
Orange (Citrus sinensis) and Calamansi (Citrus microcarpa) 2022-2023
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Orange and Calamansi Extract as Multi-Purpose Cleaner. The overall result “effective"

manifests the significant difference of Orange and Calamansi Extract as Multi-Purpose

Cleaner.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

References:

https://www.researchgate.net/journal/Journal-of-Fundamental-and-Applied-
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https://www.stefanoboeriarchitetti.net/wp-content/uploads/formidable/10/
cleaning-property-of-calamansi.pdf
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(fruit)
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamansi
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1658077X16300960

https://ijpsr.com/bft-article/phytochemical-analysis-and-antibacterial-activity-of-different-
citrus-fruit-peels/
https://www.scribd.com/document/503529585/Organic-Multipurpose-Cleaner