📌Chapter 1 ANCIENT TIMES

✨Description of Each Time Period and Civilization  people were concerned with transportation and navigation,
communication, and recordkeeping, mass production, security and
✨Definition of Contributions
protection, as well as health, aesthetics, and architecture.
✨Inventors of the Different Contributions
 TECHNOLOGY is the use of application of knowledge for a specific goal
SUMMERIAN CIVILIZATION (IRAQ MODERN)
or purpose.  Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia
between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
 Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with one
another and their desire for great things.

 CONTRIBUTIONS
o CUNIEFORM
- It is a system that utilizes word pictures and triangular
symbols which are carved on clay using wedge
instruments and then left to dry.
- It keeps records of things with great historical value or their
 IMPACTS OF SCIENCE TO HUMAN BEINGS everyday life.
o CITY OF URUK
o Human beings have embarked in scientific activities to know and
- The Sumerians were able to build the city using only mud
understand everything around them.
or clay from the river, which they mixed with reeds,
o They have developed noble ideas to provide alternative or
producing sunbaked bricks.
possible explanations to certain phenomena.
o IRRIGATION AND DIKES
SCIENCE - Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals to bring
1. SCIENCE AS AN IDEA water to farmlands and at the same time control the
Ideas, theories, systematic explanations and observations flooding of the rivers.
2. SCIENCE AS AN INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY o SAILBOATS
Systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world - Were essential in transportation and trading as well as in
3. SCIENCE AS A BODY OF KNOWLEDGE fostering culture, information, and technology.
Subject or a discipline, a field of study that deals with the process of learning o WHEELS
4. SCIENCE AS A PERSONAL INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY - Sumerian potters used the first wheels as a surface on
Both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop better which to shape clay into pottery.
understanding of the world. - They have also created wheeled carts afterwards.
o PLOW
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS CHANGED - Was invented to dig the earth in faster pace.
THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - As the plow breaks the ground, the farmer would just drop
the seeds and farm work would already be done.
- ANCIENTS TIMES o ROADS
- MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES - Made roads with the same technology they used in making
- MODERN TIMES sunbaked bricks that they laid down on the ground.
- PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION -
Not just an ordinary writing of text, but it is also consisting
of many different symbols and illustrations
 Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates River. o COSMETICS AND WIG
 The Babylonians were great builders, engineers, and architects. - Created eye makeup to shield themselves from the sun
and to mirror the majestic appearance of the gods.
 CONTRIBUTIONS - In ancient Egypt, both makes and females wore wigs either
o ASTROLOGY AND HOROSCOPY from human hair, sheep’s wool or vegetable fibers,
- Babylonian astronomy was the basis for much of Greek depending upon their social status
mathematics and astronomy, which in turn was the o WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA
historical predecessor of the scientific revolution in the - For a more exact measurement of time, the Ancient
west. Egyptians developed a water clock made from stone,
- Horoscope was introduce by the Babylonians as they copper, or pottery
believed in the divinity of the celestial bodies. o FIELD OF MEDICINE
o ART AND ARCHITECTURE - Moldy bread for wound healing
- Babylonians built gigantic stone structures which - Seeds of Poppy for pain reliever
resembled huge towers and were known as ziggurants.
- Etemenanki – most probably the inspiration for the biblical GREEK CIVILIZATION
story of the The Tower of Babel, a tower tall enough to
 Greek is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe
reach heaven.
- Hanging Gardens of Babylon – said to be a structure  Greek civilization has contributed much to the world especially in the fields of
made upon layers of gardens that contained several science and technology
species of plants, trees, and vines.  The Greeks developed philosophy as a way of understanding the world
around them, without resorting to religion, myth, or magic.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION  Early Greek philosophers, some influenced by nearby Babylonians and
Egyptians, were also scientists who observed and studied the known world—
 The ancient Egyptian civilization began many years ago when people started the Earth, seas, and mountains, as well as the solar system, planetary
building villages next to the River Nile in North-East Africa. motion, and astral phenomena.
 Lasted for around 3,000 years  CONTRIBUTIONS
o ALARM CLOCK
 CONTRIBUTIONS - They used an integrated mechanism to time the alarm,
o PAPER OR PAPYRUS which would sound off delicate water organs or drop
- Ancient form of paper pebbles into drums
- A thick type of paper made from the pith of papyrus plants,
the CYPERUS PAPYRUS. o WATERMILL
o INK - Used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which
- They invented ink by mixing soot with various compounds is necessary form of food processing during that time.
to create several colored inks
- First colors were black, red, yellow, orange.
o HEIROGLYPHICS
- Egyptians also developed a system of writing using
symbols (hieroglyphics)
xaROMAN CIVILIZATION MODERN TIMES
 The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political social entity in  The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards
the West. demanded that more goods be produced at a faster rate.
 CONTRIBUTIONS
o Newspapers  CONTRIBUTIONS
o Bound Books or Codex o PASTEURIZATION
o Roman Architecture
- The challenge to keep manufactured from deteriorating
o Roman Numerals
was greater for dairy products, especially milk, since they
CHINESE CIVILIZATION usually spoiled faster.
- Louise Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist, and
 The Chinese civilization is considered the oldest civilization in Asia. chemist, found a way to solve the problem. He invented
 CONTRIBUTIONS pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill
o Silk Industry the harmful bacteria that allow the milk to spoil faster.
o Tea Production o PETROLEUM REFINERY
o Worlds Famous Great Wall of China
- Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining
o Gun Powder petroleum.
o TELEPHONE
- Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, and it was
MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES one of the most important inventions at that time.
 Massive invasions and migrations scarred the beginning of the Middle Ages. o CALCULATOR
 Wars were common throughout this period, as a result enormous - Although an earlier version of the calculator had already
technological advances were required in the fields of armament, navigation, been developed, circumstances in the modern times
mass food and agricultural production, and health care. required a faster way to compute mire complicated
equations.
 Most creative ideas emerged during this period to manage the expansion of
international trade and business.
 CONTRUBUTIONS
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
o PRINTING PRESS  The Philippines also contributed to the global advancement of science and
- Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press. technology.
- was invented to address the need for publishing books that  Filipino Inventors Society - aims to remedy the needs of the consumers by
would spread information to many people at a faster rate. inventing useful machines that could help us in our everyday living.
o MICROSCOPE
- Invented this device to magnify the small things that are FILIPINO INVENTIONS
invisible to the naked eye.
o TELESCOPE  VIDEOKE
- Invented this for ship captains needed to see far and wide - Filipinos did not invent karaoke
for them to navigate or avoid dangers at sea. - In 1975, Filipino Roberto del Rosario did invent and patent
o WAR WEAPON the karaoke sing-along machine as we know it.
- One of the keys to gain victory during this time are well - Singing karaoke is as much a part of Filipino culture as it
crafted bows, spears, even armors which are used in close ever was Japanese.
range hand-to-hand combat and for open-area battles.
 SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE  ERYTHROMYCIN
- Designed by the country’s King of Bodykits Victor - an antibiotic that is derived from the bacterium
“Atoy” Llave with a group of enterprising youngsters Streptomyces erythreus, which is normally used as an
whose purpose is to find a solution to the country’s flood anti-acne or to remove pimples.
problem - Ilonggo doctor/scientist Abelardo Aguilar discovered this
- H20 Technologies recently unveiled the first ever strain in 1949
Philippine made amphibious tricycle.
- Patented by H2O technologies, the Salamander can
function like a normal tricycle on land and transforms into
an amphibious vehicle once operated in a watery
environment.
 SALT LAMP
- Aisa Mijeno designed the first prototype of the Salt Lamp-
Sustainable Alternative Lighting-powered by water and
salt.
- Runs 8 hours on just 1 glass of salty water (glass of water
and two teaspoons of salt)
- Salt LED lamp relies on a galvanic cell battery.
 MEDICAL INCUBATOR
- Fe del Mundo is credited for her studies that led to the
creation and development of the incubator.
- This improvised incubator comprised of two native laundry
baskets that were placed one inside of the other. Hot water
bottles were arranged around and in between the two
baskets to provide warmth.
- It also included a makeshift hood over the overlapping
baskets so that oxygen would be able to circulate within.

 MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP SYSTEM

- The team of Dr. Nuna E. Almanzor, Hermelina H. Bion,
Annabelle V. Briones, Maricar B. Carandang, Alicia G.
Garbo, and Josie L. Pondevida, was awarded for
developing the Mosquito Ovicidal-Larvicidal (OL) trap
system.
- The DOSR ITDI OL trap research team designed the trap
to detetct, monitor, and control the population of the
dengue-carrying Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
 E-JEEPNEY
- unlike the standard jeepneys, are nature friendly as they
are noiseless and smokeless.
- The E-jeepney uses electricity which is significantly
cheaper than diesel.
📌Chapter 2 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION (CHARLES DARWIN)
 Darwin's book The Origin of Species was published in1589.
✨Proponent of Each Revolution
o This book is regarded as one of the most important works in the field
✨Specific Events of Each Revolution of science.
o His book included evidence of how species evolved over time, as well
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY as features and adaptations that distinguish species.
o Theory of Evolution – human and African apes have same bone
1. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION structures, same ancestors
2. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION o “Survival of the Fittest”
3. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION  The Descent of Man was both amazing and divisive.
4. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY o He popularized the concept of all organic life, including humans,
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION falling under the evolutionary umbrella.
o This has displaced the popular belief in a religious or biblical design
 Many Greek philosophers and thinkers wrote about planets to explain that places humans in a special position as God's creations.
heavenly bodies' movements and impact on the world as they knew it. o Means science and religion can go hand in hand
Many of these philosophers agreed that planets rotated in a circular
motion, which caused days and nights, among other things FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
 Claudius Ptolemy  In the subject of psychology, Sigmund Freud is a well-known figure. He is a
o a great philosopher and astronomer, claimed that the planets, as towering literary figure and a gifted communicator who contributed to raising
well as the sun and moon, revolved around the Earth in a circular the civilized world's awareness of psychological matters (Rosenfels,
motion. Ptolemy's geocentric model was universally accepted and 1980)
considered one of the most important discoveries of the period.
 Psychoanalysis
o Geocentrism – the belief that the Earth is the center of the
o Is a branch of psychology that aims to understand Human behavior.
universe.
 Psychoanalytic Method
 Nicolaus Copernicus
o Freud also made a significant contribution to science by developing
o a Polish mathematician and astronomer, disputed the Ptolemaic
an important observational method for gathering reliable data to
model in the 16th century. He proposed a new theory known as
explore the inner life of humans.
heliocentrism.
o For Freud, this method of psychoanalysis is a scientific way to study
o Heliocentrism – The sun,not the Earth, was the center of the
Human mind and neurotic illness
Solar System.
o was also punished as a heretic since his theories contradicted  According to Freud's thesis, there are numerous conscious and unconscious
influences that might impact one's behavior and feelings.
religious doctrine.
o Astronomers noticed after some time that the Copernican model  He also claimed that personality is the result of three opposing forces: the id,
simplified planet orbits. the ego, and the superego
o It was eventually accepted by the public during the so-called  Id
"Birth of Modern Astronomy" period o is a biological component that causes a variety of desires and urges.
 The period that saw the start of the scientific revolution, o based on the pleasure principle and focuses on the fulfilment of basic
which resulted in a shift in society's attitudes and ideas. necessities such as food and sex.
o PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
  Ego processes and control the content and flow of information in
o serves as a bridge between the individual's wants and the real world, society.
attempting to reduce tension until a suitable setting is found.
o It is the determining factor in one's personality. CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
o REALITY PRINCIPLE (REALITY) Development of Science in Mesoamerica
 Superego
o is the moral arm of personality.  Mesoamerica encompasses all of Central America, from southern Mexico
o It is the “conscience” of personality. to the South American border.
o It represents the traditional rules, values, and ideas of the society. o Mayan Civilization
o MORAL PRINCIPLE  The Mayan Civilization is a well-known civilization that existed
for about 2,000 years.
INFORMATION/DIGITAL REVOLUTION  Their contributions
1. Astronomy.
 is a paradigm transition from the mechanical to the digital age that affects 2. Forecast eclipses and plant and harvest utilizing
many facets of life with the primary goal of increasing efficiency. astrological cycles
3. Two complex calendar systems
4. Art of raising various crops and constructing
magnificent cities with simple machines and
equipment.
5. Mayans created looms for weaving textiles and a
rainbow of dazzling colors using mica, a mineral.
6. First to manufacture rubber products
7. Mayan hieroglyphics as a writings ystem
 8. They were also mathematicians, and they devised a
 Because of this revolution, there are shifts or changes in economy, numbering system based on the number 20. They
employment, education and politics. also invented the concepts of zero and positional
o Economic Shift value independently of the Romans
 creative destruction o INCA CIVILIZATION
 bloom of knowledge industries  In Mesoamerica, the Inca Civilization is equally well-known.
o Employment Shift  Considering their limits as an ancient society, the Incas
 the manual labor force is dwindling as jobs increasingly developed excellent scientific ideas.
demand knowledge and creativity because of advances in  They developed the following scientific theories and
digital technology. technologies to assist them in their daily lives.
o Education Shift  Their contributions
 altering teaching methods, tactics, and content to focus more 1. stone-paved roads.
on critical reasoning abilities so that graduates can better 2. 2. stone structures
synthesis large amounts of data and become more competitive 3. An irrigation system
in the information field. 4. a12-month calendar
o Politics Shift 5. The first suspension bridge
 there is a transformation in the manner in which governments 6. Quipu
interact and provide services to the citizens, manage 7. Inca textiles
government supply chains, conduct internal government
 o AZTEC CIVILIZATION 2. In terms of technology, the Chinese are known for
 produced significant contributions to science and technology, creating a wide range of tools.
as well as to society as a whole. a. Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and
 their contributions are the following: printing equipment were among the notable
1. Education is required discoveries and technologies of Chinese
2. Chocolates civilizations.
3. Antispasmodic medication b. Invented a variety of other equipment, such
4. Chinampa as the iron plough, wheelbarrow, and
5. Aztec Calendar propeller.
6. canoe c. Designed various bridge models,
d. Invented the first seismological detector,
Development of Science in Asia e. Constructed a dry dock facility.
 Asia is the world's largest continent and the birthplace of numerous ancient 3. Chinese astronomers also made important
civilizations. records on supernovas, lunar and solar
 hosts a wide range of cultural, economic, scientific, and political events for eclipses, and comets, which were recorded and
people of all ages. maintained to better comprehend the heavenly
 Great civilizations such as India, China, and the Middle East have excelled in bodies and their consequences on our planet.
4. In seismology, the Chinese are well-known. This
the fields of science, technology, and mathematics.
o INDIA made them more prepared in the event of a natural
disaster.
 India is a massive peninsula surrounded on three sides by
immense bodies of water and reinforced on the north by Development of Science in Middle East Countries
massive mountains.
 Indians came up with a variety of innovative concepts and  Muslims occupy the majority of Middle Eastern countries
technology that they might employ in their daily lives.  With the advent of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim
 CONTRIBUTIONS scholarship lasted until the 13th century, known as the Golden Age of Islam.
1. Iron production and metallurgical works.  Muslim’s intellectualization was aided by the common language of Arabic,
2. Ayurveda access to Greek books from the Byzantine Empire, and their proximity to
3. 360-day year divided into 12 equal sections of 30 India.
days each.  Muslim scientists placed a higher priority on science experiments than simple
4. Mohenjo-daro ruler thinking experiments.
5. In his Aryabhatiya, Indian astronomer and  CONTRIBUTIONS
mathematician Aryabhata (476-550) introduced a o Ibn al-Haytham
number of trigonometric functions, tables, and  Is known as the “Father of Optics" for his empirical
procedures, as well as algebraic algorithms. demonstration of the light intromission theory.
o CHINA o Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
 China is one of the world's oldest civilizations,  The notion of algorithm is named after him
 significant contributions to medicine, astronomy, physics,  The term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the first word in one
mathematics, the arts, philosophy, and music, among other of his books.
fields.  Arabic Numeral System originated in India, Muslim
 CONTRIBUTIONS mathematicians made significant improvements to the
1. Acupunture system, including the introduction of decimal point notation.
o Jabir ibn Hayyan
  Is known as the "Father of Chemistry."
o Ibn Sina 📌Chapter 3
 first physician to perform clinical trials and pioneered the field ✨3 Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines
of experimental medicine.
 The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine ✨DOST Project (familiarize only) and NCRP Clustured Policies (memorize)
 two of his most famous medical works, were utilized as
standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and ✨Influences and What Needs to be Aligned in the Development of Science and
Europe during the 17th century. Technology
 Two of his numerous accomplishments
 The discovery of the contagious nature of ✨Filipino Scientists
infectious diseases
✨Research Institutes
 The creation of Clinical Pharmacology
Development of Science in Africa ✨Concept of Science Education

 Natural and mineral resources abound throughout Africa. ✨Basic vs Tertiary Education
 The history of science and mathematics reveals that, like other ancient ✨Science Schools in the Philippines
civilizations, Africa's early civilizations produced knowledge.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, AND NATION BUILDING
 CONTRIBUTIONS
1. The development of geometry. Bried Historical Background of Science and Technology in the
2. Egypt was noted for being a hub of alchemy. Philippines
3. In the African continent, astronomy was well-known.
4. In ancient times, metallurgy was also known in African countries. INDIGENOUS SCIENCE / FOLK SCIENCE
5. Lebombo Bone
 All these ancient practices in Science and Technology

 PRE-SPANISH PHILIPPINES
o SCIENCE
 Planting their crops
 Taking care of animals
 For food production
 Interpret the movements of heavenly bodies
 Preparing the soil for agricultural purposes
 Plants uses a medicine
o TECHNOLOGY
 Building houses, irrigation and in developing tools
 Developed the tools for planting, hunting, cooking and fishing,
for fighting during war
 Creating musical instruments
  SPANISH COLONIZATION DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE
o Spanish brought their own culture and practices PHILIPPINES (influences in its development)
o Established schools and introduced the concept of subject and
discipline  INTERNAL INFLUENCES
o The School of Science and Technology o Survival
 Was the beginning of formal science and technology in the o Culture
country o Economic Activities
o Medicine and advanced science were introduced  EXTERNAL INFLUENCES
o GALLEON TRADE o Foreign colonizers
 Has brought additional technology and development of the o Trades with Foreign Countries
Philippines o International Economic Demands

 AMERICAN COLONIZATION GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCEAND TECHNOLOGY

o Have more influence in the development of science and technology in
the Philippines  The Philippine Government introduced and implemented several programs,
o Established the public education system, improved the engineering projects, and policies to boost the area of science and technology.
works and health conditions of the people o To prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of
o Established modern research University and created more public a technologically driven world and capacitate the people to live in a
hospitals world driven by science
o Mineral resources were also explored and exploited
o Transportation and communication systems were improved NCRP (NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE
PHILIPPINES) CLUSTERED POLICIES
WORLD WAR II has destabilized the development of the
1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and
country Governance
 The country had difficult time to rebuild itself from the ruins of the war. 2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space
 The human spirit to survive and rebuild the country may be strong but the Sciences, and Mathematics
capacity of the country to bring back what was destroyed was limited. 3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
 The reparation funds from Japan focused on 4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
o building some institutions and public facilities like schools, hospitals,
DOST PROJECTS
and transportation systems
o building highways, providing technological training and human 1. Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science and
resource development in the Philippines. technology.
 ODA/Overseas Development Allocation 2. Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies of students in
o Development-motivated official foreign grant or loans the field of science and technology.
o Helps the country improve its scientific productivity and technological 3. Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High School System
capability 4. Creating science and technology parks to encourage academe and industry
partnerships.
5. Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino Scientist abroad to come home
and work in the Philippines or conduct research and projects in collaboration
with Philippine-based scientist.
 6. Developing science and technology parks in academic campuses to  Finding cure for various diseases and illness
encourage academe and industry partnerships.  Climate change and global warming
7. The establishment of the National Science Complex and National  Increasing food production
Engineering Complex within the University of the Philippines campus in
Diliman.
 Preservation of natural resources
 Coping with natural disasters and calamities
 Infrastructure development
PAASE PROGRAMS (Philippine-American Academy of
Science and Technology
Science & Technology)
 S&T Policies, Programs, and Projects should be in line with the country's
1. Establishment of national centers of excellence. o National Goals
2. Manpower and institutional development programs, such as the Engineering
o International Treaty
and Science Education Program (ESEP). o Legal Frameworks
3. Establishment of regional centers
o Social Need, Issues and Problems
4. Establishment of science and technology business centers
5. Strengthen science education at an early stage through the Philippine FAMOUS FILIPINO IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE
Science High School System.
 Lee Chua
o She identified 10 outstanding Filipino Scientists who have made
SCIENCE-RELATED PROGRAMS significant contributions in Philippine Science

 Special Science Class  RAMON CABANOS BARBA

o research and development project designed to develop students with o Outstanding research on tissue culture in Philippine mangoes
higher aptitude for science and mathematics through the  JOSEFINO CACAS COMISO
implementation of an enhanced science and mathematics curriculum o Works on observing the characteristics of Antarctica by using satellite
at the elementary level. images.
 STEM  JOSE BEJAR CRUZ JR.
o K-12 education program included STEM as one of its major tracks in o Known internationally in the field of electrical engineering.
the senior high school program to encourage more students to enroll o was elected as officer of the famous Institute of Electrical and
in science-related fields in college. Electronic Engineering
 PICARI (Philippine-California Advance Research Institutes)  LOURDES JANSUY CRUZ
o Commission on Higher Education launched this project to allow o Notable for her research on sea snail venom
several higher education institutions in the Philippines and some US  FABIAN MILLAR DAYRIT
based laboratories, research institutes, and universities to work on o Notable for her research on sea snail venom
research and projects related to science, agriculture, engineering,  RAFAEL DINEROS GUERREO III
health, and technology. o Research on tilapia culture
Areas and fields that the country is looking forward to embark various  ENRIQUE MAPUA OSTREA JR.
o Inventing the meconium drug testing
research and projects:
 LILIAN FORMALEJO PATENA
 Use of alternative and safe energy o Doing research on plant biotechnology
 Harnessing mineral resources  MARI-JO PANGANIBAN RUIZ
o Outstanding educator and graph theorist
  GREGORY LIGOT TANGONAN o Well supported by LGU and PTA
o Research in the field of communications technology  Special Science Elementary Schools Projects
OTHER OUTSTANDING FILIPINO SCIENTIST WHO ARE RECOGNIZED HERE
o The SSES Project aims to develop Filipino children equipped with
scientific and technological knowledge, skills, and values. Its mission
AND ABROAD
is to:
 CAESAR A. SALOME  provide a learning environment to science-inclined children
o Internationally renowned physicist through a special curriculum that recognizes the multiple
 EDGARDO GOMEZ intelligences of the learners.
o Famous scientist in marine science  promote the development of lifelong learning skills; and
 WILLIAM PADOLINA  foster the holistic development of the learners.
o Chemistry and President of National Academy of Science and  Manila Science High School
Technology – PH o First science high school in the Philippines
 ANGEL ALCALA o 1964 under DOST
o Marine Science o Top science high school in the ASEAN
 Visayan Central Institute Foundation
RESEARCH INSTITUTES o The school takes pride in its Research Center for Theoretical Physics
(RCTP)
 University of the Philippines -Los Banos o established in 1992,
o Science paradise for agriculture, forestry, plant and animal science, o organizes small international workshops to foster the informal but
and veterinary science intense exchange of ideas and perspectives on outstanding problems
 University of the Philippines – Visayas in physics and mathematics.
o National center for marine science, fisheries, and other related o Home of the pioneer of the prominent school-based innovation known
sciences as Dynamic Learning Program (DLP)
 University of the Philippines – Manila
o Center of excellence and has produced many researchers, doctors, SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
health professionals, and scientists in the area of medical and public
health The Concept of Science Education
 University of the Philippines – Diliman  Science education focuses on teaching, learning, and understanding science.
o Established a national science and engineering complex to develop  Teaching science involves developing ways on how to effectively teach
more research and produce more scientists and engineers in the science.
country  Understanding science implies developing and applying science-process
skills and using science literacy in understanding the natural world and
Science High School in the Philippines activities in everyday life.
 Philippine Science High School Systems  John Dewy (2001)
o Service institute of DOST whose mandate is to offer free o Stressed the importance of utilizing the natural environment to teach
students
scholarship basis for secondary course
 Marx (1994)
o PSHSS students proven to be a beacon of excellence
o Said that science is going to be one of the most important school
 Quezon City Regional Science High School subject in the future
o September 17, 1967
o Focuses on science and technology
  Knight (1986)
o Science provides knowledge and skills that are necessary for a
📌Chapter 4 (read the pdf book reference)
person to live ✨Important events/people/contribution during the human condition before and in
 Tilghman (2005) the common era
o Describes as the age of science and to develop a citizenry that will
meet the goals of science in society ✨Notable Comparisons then and now
SCIENCE EDUCATION IN BASIC AND TERTITARY EDUCATION ✨Martin Heidegger
 Basic Education
TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING
o Science education helps students to learn concepts and facts that are
related to everyday life Generation Gap – attributed mainly to the changes brought about by technology
 Tertiary Education
o Science education deals with developing students’ understanding and The Human Conditions Before Common Era
appreciation of science ideas and scientific works.
 Our early ancestors’ primal need to survive paved for inventions of several
developments.
 Homo erectus
o Uses fire to cook, through chipping one flint over the other to produce
a spark, all the while without realizing the laws of friction and heat.
 Stone Age
o Tools from stones and flints marked the era of stone age.
 Homo Sapiens
o Began to sharpen stones as one would a knife
o E.g is a simple machine called wedge
 Little to no written accounts except for several cave drawings and unearthed
artifacts from various parts of the world that would narrate how their culture
came to be.
o E.g several excavations in different parts of Europe of miniature
statues prevalent during the Paleolithic period, the so called “Venus”
figure. It depicts a rudimentary carving of a voluptuous woman out of
ivory or stone. The reason behind this is still unknown.
 Soon enough, people discovered minerals and began forging metalwork
o Realized that these are more durable, malleable and have more luster
than previous materials
 Humans in the past share common interests and concerns
 Fur clothing and animal skin are primarily used for comfort against harsh
winds
o They gradually added more garments to themselves as a necessity
 Early accessories were also found suggesting that our ancestors are deeply
engage in the concept of beauty.
  Latter part of Stone Age  Average Lifespan
o Include several figures thought to be ceremonial, meaning, that o people engage less in combat and are less likely to die from treatable
perhaps people of the time had also painstakingly wrought and hewed diseases now
said figures of some deity o science enhances living status and discover different remedies to
o Different tribes have different gods because their initial roster f most diseases
primitive gods includes the objects they encounter in their day to day. o easier and faster medicine distribution
 E.g those who lived alongside majestic creatures such as  Literacy Rate
elephants and mamoths, might have been awed by their size o Access to education provided to more individuals generally created a
and worshipped them as the owner of land, and ask for their more informed public
blessings  Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
 Throughout the course of history, religion remains ti be the strongest o GDP is used to determine the value of the country’s goods and
contender to science arguably due to its being the most easily grasped services produced within the territory given a certain time period
o higher country income is brought upon by high productivity, an
The Human Condition in the Common Era indication of presence of technology
 Earliest case of man-made extinction occurred over 12,000 years ago Martin Heidegger
by territorial disputes and hunting
 The Holocene Extinction  a philosopher
o Sixth extinction or the Anthropocene extinction, occurred from  argued that the essence, or purpose and being of technology are
as early as between 100,000 to 200,000 years up to the present different
o Pertains to the ongoing extinction of several species – both flora
and fauna – due to human activity  technology is either perceived as means to achieve man’s end, and
that which constitutes human activity ( each period reveals a particular
o A growing population also necessitated finding additional
character regarding man’s being)
resources leading to overhaunting and overfishing
 Wealth  technology is what humans do
o One of the goals of human civilization
o People began to hunt, farm, and produce things with the prospect of
profit
o Birthed artisans who used their skills instead of tangible products
 Technology
o Instrumental in searching for the good life
o Also present in civilization in the past (eg. Potions to ward of death,
medicine, and alchemy)
NOTABLE COMPARISONS THEN VS NOW
 MORTALITY RATE
o due to technology, lesser women and children die during birth
o medical care for premature infants allows them to survive and develop
naturally
 o accept the alternative hypothesis to count the study as significant
📌Chapter 5 (read the pdf book reference) - Conduct experiments by setting up dependent and independent variables
- Gather and analyze results; examine if the data gathered are significant enough
✨Introduction of the topic - Formulate conclusion ad provide recommendation
✨General Idea on how to do Science Verification Theory
✨2 Theories - Earliest criterion that distinguishes philosophy and science
- a discipline is science if it can be confirmed in the event of an alternative hypothesis
HUMAN FLOURISHING being accepted
- gives premium to empiricism
Aristotle
- espoused by the Vienna Circle movement
- (385 – 323 BC) o only those which can be observed should be regarded as meaningful those
- renowned Greek philosopher which cannot be directly accessed as meaningless
- coined the term eudaimonia or “good spirited” to describe the pinnacle of happiness - shortcomings:
attainable by humans o shot down several budding theories due to lack of empirical results, causing
o often been translated into “human flourishing” in literature slower innovation and punishing ingenuity
- Discussed in the Nicomachean Ethics, human flourishing arises as a result of o fails to weed out bogus arguments that explain things coincidentally
different components: phronesis, friendship, wealth, and power
Falsification Theory
o these elements change with time
- asserts that as long as an ideology is not proven to be false and can best explain a
Human Flourishing of Today
phenomenon over alternative theories, we should accept the said ideology
- humans are expected to become a “man of the world” - allowed the emergence of theories otherwise rejected by verification theory
- humans are to situate themselves in a global neighborhood, working with institutions - encourages research in order to determine which theories can stand the test of
and the government to reach a common goal falsification
- coordination over competition - proponent: Karl Popper
o stated that Marx’s Theory of Social History and Sigmund Freud’s
Human Flourishing: East vs. West Psychoanalysis are not testable and thus not falsifiable, subsequently
questioning status as scientific
- West
o more focused on the individual
o concerned with human flourishing as an end
- East
o community-centric
o community should take the highest regard
o apparent in Chinese Confucian system or the Japanese Bushido
o encourages studies of literature, science, and art in service for a greater
cause
Science as Methods and Results

- Observe and determine if there are unexplained occurrences unfolding

- Determine the problem and identify factors involved
- Formulate a hypothesis that could explain the phenomenon
o the goal is to reject the null hypothesis