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 LIFE SCIENCE LIBRARY

A GUIDE TO
SCIENCE
and Index to the LIFE Science Library
 TIME-LIFE BOOKS LIFE SCIENCE LIBRARY
EDITOR SERIES EDITOR: Martin Mann
Maitland A. Edey Editorial Staff for A Guide to Science:
EXECUTIVE EDITOR Text Editors: William Frankel,
Jerry Korn William K. Goolrick
TEXT DIRECTOR ART DIRECTOR Picture Editor: Simone Daro Gossner
Martin Mann Sheldon Cotler Designer: Charles Mikolaycak
CHIEF OF RESEARCH Staff Writers: George Constable, Leon Greene,
Beatrice T. Dobie Victor Waldrop
PICTURE EDITOR Chief Researcher: Marjorie Pickens
Robert G. Mason Researchers: Elizabeth A. Freilich, Joan Gerard,
Assistant Text Directors: Melvin Ingber, Gail Lowman,
Harold C. Field, Ogden Tanner Cynthia J. MacKay, Irene Yurdin
Assistant Art Director: Arnold C. Holeywell Art Assistant: Gloria Cernosia
Assistant Chief of Research: Martha T. Goolrick
EDITORIAL PRODUCTION
PUBLISHER Color Director: Robert L. Young
Rhett Austell Assistant: James J. Cox
Associate Publisher: Walter C. Rohrer Copy Staff: Rosalind Stubenberg,
Assistant Publisher: Carter Smith Madge Raymond, Florence Keith
General Manager: Joseph C. Hazen Jr. Picture Department: Dolores A. Littles,
Business Manager: John D. McSweeney Marquita Jones, Merry Mass
Production Manager: Louis Bronzo Trafic: Arthur A. Goldberger, Douglas B. Graham

Sales Director: Joan D. Manley

Promotion Director: Beatrice K. Tolleris
Managing Director, International: John A. Millington

The text chapter of this book was written by Jonathan Norton Leonard, the picture essays by the ed-
itorial staff. The following individuals and departments of Time Inc. were helpful in producing the
book: LIFE staff photographers Larry Burrows, John Dominis, Co Rentmeester, Howard Sochurek and
Burk Uzzle; Editorial Production, Robert W. Boyd Jr.; Editorial Reference, Peter Draz; Picture Col-
lection, Doris O'Neil; Photographie Laboratory, George Karas; TIME-LIFE News Service, Murray J.
Gart; Reprints Editor, Stanley Fillmore; Assistant Reprints Editor, Alice Kantor.
 LIFE SCIENCE LIBRARY

CONSULTING EDITORS

A GUIDE TO
SCiENCE
and Index to the LIFE Science Library

by the Editors of TIME-LIFE BOOKS

TIME-LIFE BOOKS NEW YORK

EDITOR’S NOTE:

THIS VOLUME, A Guide to Science, completes the introduction to the

world of science and its applications in society that makes up the LIFE
Science Library. It has been a large task, calling on the talents of more
than 100 scientists—including several Nobel Prize winners. Its pre-
vious 25 books, containing more than a million words and 5,000 illus-
trations, have been translated into as many as 14 languages.
More important than the size of the LirE Science Library, or the
effort that went into it, has been its direction. These books take a
new approach to the popularization of science. Emphasizing the unity
that underlies modern understanding of the universe, each volume
examines many facets of a significant topic rather than one academic
discipline. Every volume cuts across traditional divisions; Water dis-
cusses physics, chemistry and sociology, among other sciences, as they
bear on the title subject; biology is an integral part of Planets.
A Guide to Science follows a different plan from that followed in
the earlier books. It includes an index covering the entire LIFE Science
Library, a survey of the history of science and eight picture essays
describing individual fields. The first essay deals with the smallest
known objects, the subnuclear particles of the atom; successive essays
take up objects of increasing size, such as animals and human beings,
and conclude with the largest known objects, stars and galaxies. As
these separate fields are explained in text, photographs and drawings,
their interrelationships become clear, for all fit into one progressive
line of development and all obey the same universal laws of nature.

—MARTIN MANN
Editor, LIFE Science Library

THE CONSULTING EDITORS

RENE DUBOS, a member and professor Professor of Physics and Natural Philoso-
of The Rockefeller University, is a distin- phy at Yale, and an authority in spec-
guished microbiologist and experimental troscopy and nuclear physics. He wrote
pathologist who was awarded the Arches The Nature of Physical Reality and is co-
of Science Award in 1966. His books in- author of The Scientist in this series.
clude Mirage of Health and Man Adapt-
ing. He is also coauthor of Health and C. P. SNOW has won an international au-
Disease in this series. dience for his novels, including The New
Men and The Affair, which explore the
HENRY MARGENAU is Eugene Higgins effects of science on society.

ON THE COVER
Magnetic-tape decks store data in an electronic computer—one of the swift calculators
used in modern science for such tasks as plotting spacecraft courses and diagnosing
human ailments. The design on the back cover, used to indicate an electron circling an
atomic nucleus or a planet orbiting a star, symbolizes a basic pattern of science.

© 1967 Time Ine. All rights reserved. Revised 1969.

Published simultaneously in Canada. Library of Congress catalogue card number 67-29962.
School and library distribution by Silver Burdett Company, Morristown, New Jersey.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

THE SOARING CURVE OF SCIENCE 6

PHYSICS: WHAT THE WORLD !S MADE OF 16

CHEMISTRY: THE INTERPLAY OF MATTER 22

MICROBIOLOGY: THE SMALLEST LIVING THINGS 36

ANATOMY: DESIGNS FOR LIFE 46

MIND AND BODY: CLUES TO HEALING 56

TECHNOLOGY: SHAPER OF TODAY’S WORLD 66

GEOLOGY: FORCES THAT FORM THE EARTH 80

ASTRONOMY: A VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE 94

USING THE LIFE SCIENCE LIBRARY FOR SCHOOLWORK 107

INDEX TO THE LIFE SCIENCE LIBRARY

Acknowledgments and Picture Credits 208

The Soaring
Curve
of Science

Viewed from a spacecraft, the earth ap-

pears over the rim of the moon (fore-
ground) as it might to a scientist floating
in space—a medium-sized planet that he
knows as land and water, rich in life,
composed of submicroscopic particles.
SCIENCE is the great adventure of the human race. Through science, man
has already learned to dominate the earth, defeat all enemies and com-
petitors, construct muscles and brains more powerful than his own. Its
exploits still continue, coming at closer and closer intervals. Each gen-
eration sees more change, and the curve of change sweeps upward at an
ever-steepening pitch. Where it will take mankind cannot be foreseen—
perhaps to disaster, perhaps to the stars.
Nothing like the present explosion of science and science-based tech-
nology, beginning in the 16th Century, ever happened before in all of hu-
man history. Earlier civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and
Greece reached high levels of sophistication, but none of them adopted
the scientific methods that have given modern Western culture its run-
away success. The failure of the ancients is hard to account for, but it
seems to have set an upper limit to their development. With monotonous
regularity they climbed to a climax and sank into decadence. None of
them reached that critical point, the threshold of a limitless future, that
the West passed 400 years ago.
The ancient Greeks came nearest to breaking out of the cycle of re-
peated rise and fall. Toward the end of their period of greatness, just be-
fore the Christian Era, a few of their philosophers started to use the com-
bination of clear-eyed observation and theoretical reasoning that is the
essence of scientific research. Some of their work sounds wholly modern.
Eratosthenes, born about 273 B.C., estimated the earth’s circumference
with surprising accuracy by a method (measurement of sun shadows at
different localities) that remains valid today. Greek physicians dissected
human bodies to find out how they work, an obviously necessary practice
that was discouraged in later centuries. The mathematician Archimedes
used his famous Archimedes’ Principle (that the weight of a body im-
mersed in a fluid diminishes by an amount equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced) to measure the density of irregular objects. This is an
excellent example of scientific theory put to practical use. When his na-
tive city, Syracuse, was attacked by the Romans in 212 B.C., he turned,
like a modern scientist, to what is now called military research and de-
velopment, and designed improved catapults and other new weapons.
During Archimedes’ time, science of the late Greek period seemed to
be gaining momentum. Several cities had large public libraries, and the
famous Museum at Alexandria, a Greek colony in Egypt, was partly an
institute of scientific research. Theoretical knowledge was increasing
along with practical technology, and each was stimulating the other in
the modern manner. The Greeks of the Second Century B.C. were enti-
tled to feel that they lived in a wonderful age of discovery, when nature
was yielding on every side to the power of the human intellect.
If this spirit had been maintained, the present era of explosive change,
which began about 1600 A.D., might have begun 1,7 00 years earlier, and
perhaps the earth’s first colony on the moon would have spoken Greek.
But the Greeks’ late spurt of scientific progress was short-lived. Soon
after 100 B.C. the Greek world lost its vitality and was conquered by the

~“]
practical Romans, who were excellent engineers but did little original
scientific thinking. Then came Christianity, emphasizing mysticism, not
science. Even before barbarian invaders brought the so-called Dark Ages
to Europe, its scientific thought had ceased. The Greco-Roman civiliza-
tion, like all its predecessors, had hit its ceiling and turned downward.
After a thousand years of ignorance and superstition European science
began a slow recovery. In the 13th Century a few daring men like Roger
Bacon, a Franciscan friar at Oxford University, rejected theological hab-
its of thought and began to observe and reason as the best of the Greeks
had done. Bacon studied lenses and may have used an effective micro-
scope. Most important of all was his radical philosophical attitude. He
urged his disciples to experiment and observe and to accept only what
came from nature. This sort of thinking is the key to scientific and tech-
nical accomplishment, and with amazing vision Bacon predicted that it
would enable men to construct self-propelled boats and land vehicles.
He even foresaw ships that would dive under the oceans and fly through
the air.
Bacon was centuries ahead of his time. He was imprisoned and silenced
by the ecclesiastical authorities, who considered his independent reason-
ing a threat to religious orthodoxy.

Science and sorcery

After flourishing briefly in the 13th Century, science went underground
in medieval Europe, but it did not die, because Europe was then on a
technological upgrade. Already secret laboratories had been established
by the alchemists, who were part sorcerers, part chemists. Their princi-
pal objective was to make gold out of base metals. Although this transfor-
mation is now known to be impossible by chemical means, the alche-
mists learned a lot about chemistry as they pursued their goal. At the
official universities scientific thought was never wholly absent, but since
the universities were run by the Church, reasoning about nature was
sometimes protectively colored by mixture with theology. Scholars dis-
cussed the motions of the planets and debated whether they moved by
themselves or whether God had to keep pushing them around the sky.
Pretending—or really believing—that they were discussing the customs of
God, the scholars were actually reasoning about the basic laws of motion.
Practical technology, too, was progressing, but the medieval craftsmen
who made clocks, firearms, navigation instruments and other new de-
vices were often illiterate. Their knowledge was passed from man to
man by word of mouth and was often kept secret by their tightly organ-
ized guilds. Although these imaginative mechanics were the equivalent
of modern engineers, they had little contact with scholars, and they
were not yet able to help theoretical science or to be helped by it.
Not until the 16th Century did the revolution of thought begin. Mod-
ern science is generally considered to have started with astronomers who
questioned the ancient belief that the sun, the planets and the stars re-
volve around the earth. Their struggle to establish the sun-centered view
of the solar system caused a famous stir in intellectual circles, but it prob-
ably had less effect on the takeoff of science than the gradual weakening
of the long-established barrier between craftsmen and scholars. By the
16th Century a few men who knew about trades such as gunpowder-
making or mining began to write, and the young art of printing spread
their knowledge to all literate persons who were interested.

A dipping needle, magnetized filings

One of these technicians was a London compass-maker named Robert
Norman, who published in 1581 a pamphlet, “The Newe Attractive,” de-
scribing his experiments in magnetism. He suspended a magnetic com-
pass needle freely by its center and found that while one end pointed to-
ward the north, it also dipped downward as if pointing at something be-
low the earth’s surface. He also carefully weighed iron filings before and
after magnetizing them, and when he found no difference, he decided—
correctly—that magnetism has no weight. Such experiments are con-
ducted on a grade-school level now, but they are modern in spirit, and in
the 16th Century they were wonderfully fresh and daring.
A hundred years earlier Norman’s humble tinkerings with iron filings
and compass needles would not have attracted the attention of haughty
scholars, but now a new curiosity about the mysterious ways of nature
was stirring in the minds of educated men. A few years after the appear-
ance of Norman’s pamphlet, William Gilbert, who was Queen Elizabeth’s
court physician, extended Norman’s work in a more theoretical way. He
made spheres of lodestone (magnetic iron ore), which he called “little
earths.” Pretending that they were the real earth, he traced the magnetic
forces on their surfaces by moving a tiny compass around them as if it
were on a ship sailing the earth’s oceans. The motions of the needle
showed that each little earth had north and south poles, and when the
needle pointed toward one of them it also dipped downward as Nor-
man’s needle had done. Gilbert’s conclusion—that the earth is a giant
sphere of lodestone—was wrong, but his method of working was thor-
oughly right. He dedicated his treatise on magnetism to “men who look
for knowledge, not in books, but in things themselves.”
Gilbert was not alone. In many countries of 16th Century Europe
scholars were discovering that fresh and valuable knowledge could be
found “in things themselves.” They were questioning, doubting, reject-
ing traditional authorities, observing nature with their own eyes and
thinking about their observations with their own brains. Some scholars
allied themselves with craftsmen and tried to derive theoretical laws
from the knowledge of these practical men. Such collaboration seems
natural and normal to modern people who live in a world that is domi-
nated by scientists working closely with engineers, but it was almost un-
known before the scientific revolution.
There is nothing mysterious about the method by which scientists in-
crease human knowledge of nature. The scientist’s starting point is na-
ture itself. He begins with an observation or set of observations that may
 be about almost anything: the behavior of steam in an engine, the light
that comes from a star or even a phenomenon as evanescent as human
dreams. The observation need not be new; it may be old but unexplained,
and the scientist may have made it himself or heard it from someone
else. In any case, his first step is to make sure that the observation is
real and not anerror or illusion. He may do this by repeated experiments
in his laboratory, or by searching for identical observations in the pub-
lished reports of other scientists.

From a theory to a law

Even while this preliminary testing process is incomplete, the scientist
is likely to get gloriously excited. His imagination races ahead; he thinks
of dozens of ways by which the observation may lead to a new law of
nature—a general rule explaining the connections between many differ-
ent observations. His early speculations often prove wrong; they may be
knocked down by conflicting facts or tighter reasoning, but if the scien-
tist persists and is lucky, he eventually finds a hypothesis, a tentative
theory, that seems to explain the observed facts in which he is interested.
Greatly encouraged now and perhaps a bit smug, he sets up an experi-
ment whose outcome he will be able to predict if the hypothesis is valid.
Anxiously he watches a pressure gauge, an oscilloscope or some other
instrument. Readings that fall within a certain range will show that his
hypothesis has stood the test. If it does, he rejoices, writes a report
about it and wins the approbation of his colleagues. If it does not, he
looks for flaws in his reasoning or apparatus, or perhaps starts all over
again. After the hypothesis has passed many tests it becomes a dependa-
ble theory, and other scientists use it to lead them to still newer knowl-
edge. Only if it survives for many years and proves of wide importance is
it promoted to the rank of a law. Then it becomes part of the framework
of the natural world, to be used in hundreds of ways by technicians.
In modern times important new laws of nature are becoming increas-
ingly hard to discover and must be sought with elaborate apparatus and
abstruse mathematical reasoning. But in the 16th and 17th Centuries the
laws lay close to the surface, waiting for men of audacity and vision to
find them. The work on gases done by Robert Boyle (1627-1691) is a good
example of such a search. Boyle lived at a time when all that anyone
knew about gas pressures was that “nature abhors a vacuum.” He called
on the best craftsmen to build improved air pumps and other apparatus
with which to measure how much air was left in a tight container after
the pump had been evacuating it for a while. In the course of this work
he began to get hints of a simple relationship between the volume oc-
cupied by a given quantity of air and its pressure. It looked as if the
volume were inversely proportionate to the pressure.
To test this speculation Boyle ran a series of experiments. He doubled
the pressure of an air sample and found that its volume was cut in half.
When he let the air expand to twice its original volume, it lost half its
pressure. Intermediate pressures gave intermediate volumes, and air

10
behaved in an identical way when it was put through its paces in differ-
ent apparatus. Boyle found no significant exceptions. His speculation
became a hypothesis, then a theory and finally a law of nature. Boyle’s
Law (it states that at constant temperature the volume of gas varies in-
versely with the pressure) is the foundation of a large part of physics
and chemistry, and is used in countless theoretical and practical ways.
It is a classic example of a law that was derived from a simple experi-
ment but proved to have great consequences.
Boyle’s Law is so easy to demonstrate that it seems remarkable that
the Greeks did not discover it. Their technology was good enough to
build the apparatus that Boyle used, and some of them experimented
with gases under pressure. But even if the Greeks had discovered Boyle’s
Law, the chances are that they would not have used it to extend their
understanding of nature as the Western Europeans did. Their society
was not ready for a broad advance. Over half of the people were slaves
or serfs. Printing had not been invented; books were rare and expensive,
and literacy was limited.
Western Europe in Boyle’s time had a wholly different kind of society.
It was boiling with enterprise, disdainful of the past, hopeful for the fu-
ture. Its population was increasing; its seamen, explorers, colonists and
empire builders were spreading over the earth armed with improved
weapons that few non-Europeans could resist. The new ideas and prod-
ucts that they brought home in turn greatly stimulated European tech-
nology and thought. Literacy was becoming common, especially in Prot-
estant countries where Bible reading was an important part of religious
life. In a momentous break with tradition, even the children of some
workingmen were beginning to go to school, and university educations
were no longer limited to churchmen and aristocrats.

An intellectual ‘critical mass”

Like the minimum mass of uranium 235 that is required to sustain
nuclear fission, Western Europe had become an intellectual “critical
mass,” and through it swept the flame of science like a chain reaction.
Each step of scientific growth increased the factors that encouraged fast-
er growth.
When science was beginning to develop in the 16th Century, the richest
hunting ground for scientific data was the accumulated knowledge of
practical men who did not think of themselves as scientists. The scholars
had little to do with these craftsmen and early engineers, who though
often ignorant of mathematics, or even illiterate, knew a great deal about
building large bridges, fermenting beer, or arranging the sails of a ship
to get the most propulsion out of the wind. Designers of machines sel-
dom drew a plan on paper and were never more than dimly aware of
the formal laws of mechanics. Pure science used these technicians and
their knowledge; it could not have advanced without them.
Scientific instruments were prime examples of applied science; in cur-
rent jargon these are “hardware” and are sometimes looked down upon

ft
 created
by the theoreticians. Some of them, nevertheless, practically
new sciences. Before the development of an effectiv e microsc ope in the
not ad-
17th Century, botany and zoology were dull affairs that had
vanced very much since Greek times. They were still largely a matter of
collecting plants and animals and classifying them by means of their
superficial appearance. Then came the microscope, which showed un-
dreamed-of detail in every organism and revealed that every film of wa-
ter, every particle of soil, teems with tiny, invisible creatures, just as
alive as their human observer. These wonders, which transformed man’s
ideas about the living world, were discovered by means of a few small
bits of artfully curved glass. Thanks to the microscope, botany and zool-
ogy became lively sciences with inexhaustible mysteries to explore.
In the 18th Century technology added more fuel to the chain reaction
of science by furthering industrialism. Until that time nearly all work
was done by human hands and muscles, and most of the population con-
sisted of unlettered and inarticulate peasants who consumed almost all
the food they grew, leaving little surplus for nonfarmers. Cities were
generally small, and even the largest of them had only a few people who
did not earn their living in simple manual ways.
In such a society, skilled and specialized craftsmen could not be nu-
merous, and scientists of any kind were extremely rare. There was little
support for them. The few universities concentrated almost exclusively
on the humanities, so that only an occasional scientist could make a liv-
ing by teaching in one of them. Some of the alchemists were subsidized
by kings who hoped they would succeed in making gold and therewith
fatten the royal treasury, and a few astronomers got on government pay-
rolls because of the prevailing belief that they could predict the future by
watching the motions of the planets. These were fortunate exceptions.
Most scientists had to be supported by inherited wealth or risk debtors’
prison. Galileo Galilei, who founded the modern theory of mechanics,
came from a well-to-do Florentine family; Robert Boyle was a son of
the Earl of Cork.

The new class of scientists

The beginnings of industrialism in the 18th Century changed all this.
In the growing towns there appeared a numerous class of highly skilled
craftsmen, engineers and managers whose prosperity supported physi-
cians, lawyers and other educated people. Schools at all levels up to the
universities were vastly expanded to train such men, and scholars with
talent for pure science found employment in them. As soon as the In-
dustrial Revolution was well under way, scientists no longer had to be
sons of earls. Scientists became more numerous, and so did their dis-
coveries. Industrialism was an effect of technology and applied science,
but by supporting more scientists it was also a powerful stimulus for
pure scientific research.
As science grew and became more complicated it separated into de-
partments, and subdepartments. There may have been a time, perhaps

12
in the 17th Century, when all of man’s formal science could have been
crammed into one human brain, but the scientific revolution soon swept
past this point. Rapid increase of knowledge compelled specialization.
As it grew, science branched like a seedling tree that starts as a single
shoot, then forks and forks again.
It was not quite so simple as that, of course. Different kinds of science
took shape at different times and in different ways. Medicine, which
began with ancient shamans and witch doctors, is usually honored as
the father of biology, but ancient plant and animal breeders must have
contributed much of the knowledge of nature that grew into biology.

The sciences’ family tree

Charts can be drawn showing the history of how the scientific special-
ties that are recognized today grew out of generalized ancestral sciences.
It is clear, for instance, that aerodynamics grew out of physics, and
ornithology (the study of birds) is obviously a branch of zoology. But
some sciences are hardly more than convenient names. Oceanography,
for instance, can be called a science, but it is really a field of interest for
many kinds of scientists. When an oceanographic research ship sets out
on a long voyage, it takes a mixed scientific crew to study the living
creatures in ocean water, the water itself, the ocean bottom, the earth’s
crust under the oceans and the atmosphere above them. These men are
all oceanographers, but they are also meteorologists, geophysicists and
biologists.
There is no limit to the number of twiglets into which science can
branch. Men who specialize in eggs sometimes call themselves ovolo-
gists, and students of the flow of matter are rheologists. Some of these
specialties are forgotten when interest in them fades; others grow into
major fields of research. Genetics, the study of heredity, was a minor
specialty of biology until a generation ago, when new techniques and dis-
coveries made it freshly exciting and attracted swarms of students.
Separate sciences sometimes merge like branching roots that meet
underground and graft together. Biology was once considered wholly
separate from chemistry, but when 19th Century chemists discovered
that they could synthesize many compounds produced by living organ-
isms, the two sciences hybridized. Biochemistry is now an important
part of both chemistry and biology and is credited with the most impor-
tant recent advances in the understanding of life. Biophysics is another
hybrid formed in this way.
Since sciences branch and hybridize, there is no clear way to classify
them. Perhaps as practical a compromise as any Is to arrange them in
arbitrary groups according to the size and nature of the objects that
they study:
Physics, first of the arbitrary groups of sciences, deals with the small-
est objects: the subatomic particles—protons, electrons, photons, etc.
—out of which matter and energy are formed. But it is also concerned
with the behavior of atoms and energy in large quantities.

13
 Chemistry studies atoms hitched together to form molecules. Nearly
everything on earth is made of molecules, and chemistry is minutely
subdivided. It is also so important economically that chemists make up
the most numerous group of scientists by far.
Biology treats the huge molecules that form living things—viruses,
bacteria, protozoa and larger organisms.
Earth science occupies many different specialists in the examination
of our planet. Meteorologists specialize in the atmosphere, and try to
use their fast-growing knowledge to forecast or even control the weath-
er; geophysicists, geochemists and geologists study the earth as a whole
and the details of its crust.
Astronomy focuses on the largest of all objects: the universe. Beyond
the moon and planets lie the stars of the Milky Way, and beyond them
are the external galaxies, more than a billion of them, that form the
known universe. Man’s knowledge of the universe is continually extend-
ing, but the ultimate questions—how big is the universe, how was it
formed and what will happen to it—are still wrapped in mystery.
Comprehensive as they are, these five groups do not exhaust the full
range of modern science. For one thing, mathematics does not fit into
any of these categories; it is essentially a language that all scientists use
in increasingly complex ways to describe and understand nature. For
another, the five groups omit certain significant subdivisions of the
sciences, and all of the vast area in which science is directly applied to
the service of man.
Anatomy, for example, is a subdivision of biology that is concerned
exclusively with the structure and function of whole organisms.
Psychology and medicine, which overlap biology on the one hand and
applied science on the other, deal with the special characteristics of one
large organism, Homo sapiens, or modern man.
Technology, the field of applied science as a whole, includes all the
practical fruits of science, from toothpaste and radios to spaceships
and giant dams.

From atoms to stars

The eight picture essays in this book cover all the fields listed above,
in an order that progresses from the smallest objects of scientific study
to the largest. Thus, the first three essays deal in sequence with the
atomic particles studied in physics, with the molecules of chemistry,
and with microscopic living organisms. Essay Four deals with larger
organisms in terms of comparative anatomy, Essay Five with man in
terms of psychology and medicine. The last three picture stories are de-
voted to pure and applied sciences that deal with still-higher orders of
magnitude: technology, which includes the largest objects man has
made; earth science, which studies the globe on which he lives; and
astronomy, which extends to the limits of the known universe.
All the sciences are progressing rapidly, but the most extraordinary
thing about the modern age of science is that its rate of progress is

14
continuing to increase. During each generation since the early years of
the scientific revolution men have marveled about the changes that
took place during their lifetimes, and many predicted that the rate of
change must soon decrease. Nothing of the sort happened. Generation
after generation, the sciences have increased their rates of advance, and
technological changes in the human way of life have come faster and
faster.

The destination of a soaring curve

Philosophical scientists, and nonscientists too, sometimes wonder
where the explosive sweep of modern science will end. It now seems to
be climbing without limit, each branch helping the others. The electron
microscope, which was developed by applied physics, has been an enor-
mous stimulus to all other sciences and to practical technologies such as
medicine and engineering. Delicate methods of chemical analysis have
helped physics by making small traces of matter detectable. Industrial
technology has helped by making machines do the work of human mus-
cles and hands and thereby freeing more brains for scientific thinking.
And today more freedom for creative thinking is coming from comput-
ing machines, one of which may do the routine figure work that once
required thousands of human brains.
Pushed by all these interactions and with no repressing factor at
work, science is rising on an exponential curve like the curve of the
powers of two: 2...4...8...16...382...64, ete. Hach stage of scientific prog-
ress is not only higher than its predecessor but differs from it by a great-
er amount.
It has been said that 80 to 90 per cent of all scientists who ever lived
are alive today. This is not quite as extraordinary as it sounds; it is
merely a way of saying that the number of scientists has been doubling
every 15 years during the last three centuries. The earth’s general popu-
lation, thanks mainly to science, is increasing almost as fast, but scien-
tists have an impact on civilization that most other people do not: their
discoveries are cumulative. The facts, rules and laws that they wrest
from nature are stored in libraries where they can be used to increase
the rate of future discovery. So man’s stock of scientific knowledge and
his power over nature are increasing even faster than the number of
scientists.
Where will the climb of science end? Exponential curves cannot con-
tinue to rise indefinitely. Science may fetch up against natural barriers
that the human intellect and its artificial allies, such as computers, can-
not break through. Or perhaps a new Dark Age will begin, with anti-
scientific mobs destroying laboratories as they did in Alexandria just
before the fall of the Roman Empire. Conceivably the uncontrolled
forces released by science could destroy mankind. But it is also possible
that science may turn its attention to making the earth more pleasant
for man instead of more crowded and dangerous. There is no absolute
reason why man’s greatest adventure should not have a happy ending.

15
 Physics:
What the World Is Made Of

Man is an explorer, and science has led him on the greatest

exploration ever undertaken, aimed at nothing less than an
understanding of the whole universe. Science combines the
power of the human senses with that of the human intellect,
leading both powers far beyond their old limits. The alliance
has revealed a universe extending over distances of billions
of trillions of miles—and yet everywhere made of the same
unimaginably tiny pieces.
Until the 1890s, the smallest known things in the universe
were atoms, which in 92 basic types form the 92 elements
making up all ordinary materials. But the atoms turned out
to be relatively gigantic. With complex instruments, physi-
cists have discovered that atoms can be broken apart (right)
into a bewildering collection of lesser particles, each measur-
ing less than a trillionth of an inch across. In their span of
existence as well as their size, these particles strain man’s
concept of the infinitesimal: some of them endure for only a
few trillionths of a trillionth of a second. Even as this evanes-
cent microworld is beginning to come clear, some physicists
speculate that the smallest of the small has not yet been
reached—and wonder if a limit to smallness indeed exists.

TRACING THE PATHS OF PARTICLES

The instrument at the right, called a spark charged metal plates that are surrounded by
chamber, illuminates some of the universe’s gas. When tiny, invisible particles pass through
smallest fragments by streaks of electricity. the chamber, electricity flashes between the
The chamber contains a series of electrically _ plates, following the paths of the particles.

16
 particles a “zoo” because of the pe-
Like any good hunter, the physicist
The Tracks can learn a great deal about his quar- culiar traits they display. The parti-
ry—the smallest known particles in cles (a limited list is given at right)
of Atomic Debris the universe—by careful study of
their tracks (below). He must rely on
may be electrically positive, negative
or neutral; they act sometimes like
such indirect observations, for the insubstantial waves and sometimes
particles are too small and too fleet- like solid bullets; they change from
ing ever to be seen. Ironically, these energy to matter and back; they de-
particles are created by the biggest cay almost instantaneously into new
instruments used by science—ma- particles. For each of the particles
chines that accelerate bits of matter normally found in nature, a mirror-
almost to the speed of light and send image “antiparticle’ with opposite
them smashing into atoms. The colli- charge and matter can be created by
sions produce a host of new elemen- high-energy collisions.
tary particles. By linking a spark The strangest characteristics of
chamber or a bubble chamber to the world of subatomic particles are
these machines, scientists can ob- their number and variety. New ones
serve the tracks of new particles are constantly being found, and how
leaving the shattered atoms. they can all fit into the grand scheme
Physicists wryly call these varied of the universe remains a mystery.

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 PARTICLES AND THEIR TRAITS
PARTICLE PARTICLE MASS AVERAGE ANTIPARTICLE ANTIPARTICLE
NAME SYMBOL AND COMPARED LIFETIME SYMBOL AND NAME
The table at left offers a partial guide to the sci-
ELECTRICAL TO PROTON (SECONDS) ELECTRICAL entist’s ‘‘zoo” of elementary particles, which
CHARGE CHARGE
are usually denoted by Greek letters. Three
major distinguishing traits—electric charge,
OMEGA MINUS 00000000015 + ANTIOMEGA PLUS
mass and average lifetime—are shown for
XI MINUS 000000000174 ANTIXI PLUS each elementary particle and its antiparticle.
X!IZERO 0000000003 byoO+
ty ANTIXI ZERO

SIGMA MINUS 000000000165 + ANTISIGMA PLUS

SIGMA ZERO .00000000000001 OR LESS ° ANTISIGMA ZERO
SIGMA PLUS 000000000081 MIMIMI ANTISIGMA MINUS

LAMBDA ZERO 000000000251 ANTILAMBDA ZERO

DISCOVERY OF A RARE PARTICLE
NEUTRON 1010 ANTINEUTRON
PROTON DOES NOT DECAY ANTIPROTON A rare antixi plus particle was first glimpsed in
ETA ZERO -00000000000000000001 ETA ZERO this 1962 photograph of a bubble chamber in
K ZERO 000000000087 (short type) ANTI-K ZERO
action. The chamber is filled with liquid hydro-
0000000586 (long type) gen, which hovers at the boiling point. When
K PLUS .0000000124 K MINUS particles pass through the chamber, they cause
PIPLUS 0000000261 PI MINUS bubbles to form along their paths. The red over-
PI ZERO 000000000000000089 PIZERO
lay shows how an antiproton entered from the
MU MINUS 0000022 MU PLUS
left and collided with a proton at point X. This
ELECTRON DOES NOT DECAY POSITRON collision created an antixi plus particle—which
NEUTRINO ANTINEUTRINO survived for only .03 billionths of a second
(MUON TYPE) DOES NOT DECAY (MUON TYPE)
—and a xi minus particle. They changed into
NEUTRINO ANTINEUTRINO
(ELECTRON TYPE) DOES NOT DECAY (ELECTRON TYPE) other charged particles (solid lines) and un-

PHOTON DOES NOT DECAY PHOTON charged particles that leave no tracks. The spi-
rals (one shown in blue) are tracks of electrons
GRAVITON PREDICTED THEORETICALLY BUT NOT DETECTED GRAVITON
ripped from hydrogen atoms by the particles.

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The Construction
of Elements
Most of the elementary particles in
the physicist’s “zoo” exist for only HYDROGEN
tiny fractions of a second after their
creation. This is not the case, how-
ever, with such key particles as elec-
trons, protons and neutrons. They
have staying power and join together
in varying combinations to make up
the distinctive atoms of the chemical
elements, such as iron and oxygen.
Atoms have a massive core or nu-
cleus of protons and neutrons, sur-
rounded by lightweight electrons, one
for each proton. Although every atom
is unimaginably small, it consists
largely of empty space: if the nucleus
were enlarged to a diameter of four
inches, its companion electrons would
be one third of a mile away.
Atoms differ from one another ac-
cording to the kind and number of
parts that they contain. The simplest
atom is hydrogen (top, right), with
its single proton and electron. The
addition of more parts (right) pro-
duces progressively heavier mass, as
well as distinctive changes in phys-
ical and chemical properties. Nature
draws the line for size, in ordinary
atoms, at 238 nuclear particles. In
fact, the bulging nucleus of the atom
with 238 parts—uranium 238 (oppo-
site\—is notoriously rickety. Some LITHIUM
elementary particles easily escape
from the nucleus, splitting the atom
and releasing gigantic bursts of en-
ergy—the energy of the atomic bomb.

ELECTRONS IN ORBIT
Streaking orbits in these models of five atoms
indicate how electron clouds surround the dense
central nuclei. Electrons are held in orbit by
the electrical attraction between their negative
charges and the nuclei’s positive protons: one
proton for one electron in hydrogen, two of
each in helium, three in lithium, four in beryl-
lium and 92 in uranium. All atomic nuclei ex-
cept hydrogen contain uncharged neutrons.
BERYLLIUM URANIUM

20
 Chemistry:
The Interplay of Matter

In 1960, scientists at the General Electric Company put a

lump of peanut butter into an enormous press and subjected
it to a pressure of approximately one million pounds per
square inch and a temperature of more than 2,000° F. After a
time, an amazing transformation took place: the carbon that
was contained in the soft peanut butter turned into tiny
sparkling diamonds. The feat dramatized a central fact of the
science of chemistry—that matter possesses an astonishing
ability to take different forms.
Yet all the ordinary forms of matter are built from only
92 distinct types of atoms. These chemical building blocks,
the elements, combine and recombine in tight groups called
molecules. For the most part, chemistry is the study of the
structure and properties of molecules and of ways to take
them apart and put new ones together. The work of chemists
ranges from the development of pyrotechnic processes like
the welding reaction at right to the long and difficult analysis
of a protein molecule containing thousands of atoms. From
such explorations of matter have come detergents, glues, fer-
tilizers, fabrics, plastics, transistor crystals, drugs and build-
ing materials that have remade man’s life on this planet.

A FIERY MEETING
Bits of molten metal fly in all directions as two employed in welding, because its tremendous
seemingly innocuous substances, iron oxide heat melts metal almost instantaneously; sim-
and powdered aluminum, meet in a clay cru- ilar reactions are used to separate metals such
cible. This so-called thermite reaction is often as Manganese and chromium from their ores.

22
ALB L
The Making of
a New Compound
A certain showmanship seems inevi-
table in the science of chemistry, for
matter often changes its structure
and properties with sleight-of-hand
quickness, sometimes to an accom-
paniment of dazzling fireworks. At
right, for example, two major types
of chemical compounds—acids and
bases—are shown forming amid a
blaze of heat and light. In each case,
atoms and molecules collide, join
together and create new molecules
bearing little resemblance to any of
their ingredients. These new mole-
cules are extremely useful: in the
United States alone, a substantial
segment of the chemical industry’s
$19 billion annual output consists
of acids and bases. About 25 million
tons of sulfuric acid, for example, are
needed for such purposes as the
manufacture of fertilizers, the refin-
ing of petroleum, and the removal
of rust and impurities from steel.
And more than six million tons of
one base—sodium hydroxide, or lye
—are used in the chemical reactions
that produce rayon, soap and paper.

CONSTRUCTING A BASE
A lightweight metal, potassium, reacts with
water (green, right) to form a basic solution of
potassium hydroxide (purp/e)—useful in the
manufacture of soaps. Some hydrogen atoms
from the water, released as part of the reaction,
are ignited by the process and burn as pink-
and-bluish gas. Artificial colors in this picture
and the one opposite make the reactions visible.

TWO-STEP PROCESS FOR AN ACID

Sulfur burns in air (opposite), uniting with
oxygen to form gaseous sulfur dioxide. The
gas then dissolves in the water below it and
reacts with molecules of water to form sulfu-
rous acid (orange). This compound is useful as a
food preservative and in bleaching and brewing.
The Electrical Power
of Acids and Bases
Acids and bases are extremely useful dissolved, release hydrogen ions— are; that is why strong bases are used
to mankind because they produce hydrogen atoms bearing a positive to clear grease from plumbing drains.
drastic changes when mixed with electric charge. Solutions of bases To determine concentrations of
other types of compounds or with also release ions—the negatively acids and bases in solutions, chem-
one another. At first glance, their ac- charged hydroxide ions, each made ists use colorful substances called in-
tivity seems similar. A drop of sul- up of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen dicators. Changing their shades as
furic acid eats a hole in a lab coat; so atom joined together. These ions do the concentration of ions changes,
does a drop of a base like sodium hy- the work. The positive charge on an these compounds tell by their hues
droxide. But even in ancient times, acid’s hydrogen ion makes it react whether a solution is acidic, neutral
tanners and metalworkers recognized with metals and other minerals; acids or basic (below). Indicators can re-
differences between the two classes are used to etch metals and clean veal what happens when an acid is
of compounds. Today the reasons for excess mortar from brickwork. Most mixed with a base. As negative hy-
those differences are known to lie in minerals are not much affected by droxide ion meets positive hydrogen
the composition of their molecules. the negatively charged hydroxide ion, the opposing charges balance
Acids are molecules that, on being ions of bases, but fatty substances and the product is neutral (right).

26
 BATTLING TO A STANDSTILL
In the picture at right, areas of color indicate
an acid and base meeting and neutralizing one
ancther. Concentrated (deep red) and dilute
(yellow) hydrochloric acid’ react with sodium
hydroxide (b/ue) to produce table salt and wa-
ter (green), both neutral—neither acid nor base.

A SPECTRUM OF CHEMICAL ACTIVITY

Strong acid to strong base, the relative chem-
ical activities of these solutions are revealed by
their colors. Each tube contains an indicator
mixture that is red in strong acids and pales to
yellow in weak ones. In neutral solution (cen-
ter) it is green; it becomes blue and darkens
to purple in the progressively stronger bases.

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 When Metal Meets In chemistry, simplicity of molecular
structure often goes hand in hand
demons of the chemical world—the
metal sodium and the nonmetal chlo-

Nonmetal with great industrial versatility.

Among the simplest of all chemical
rine. Sodium is so violent that it pro-
duces a burning reaction when it
compounds are the salts—molecules touches water; chlorine is a poison-
combining atoms of metals and non- ous gas. But the molecule that com-
metals. Salts are easy to make and bines these elements is stable and
even easier to find uses for. Cadmium harmless—and industry thrives on it.
sulfide salt goes into paints; potas- Each year, 107 million tons of salt
sium nitrate salt is used for explo- are extracted from mines and brines,
sives; silver chloride salt helps to mostly for industrial processes. For
build images on photographic film. some of these, the molecule is sep-
Most salts bear no resemblance to arated into its lethal halves; the
the metals and nonmetals they are sodium and chlorine are then quickly
made of. Locked in the granules of subdued in new compounds, rang-
ordinary table salt are two seething ing from insecticides to detergents.

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A SIMPLE MERGER PRECIPITATING A SALT

In a chemical reaction that resembles a genie rising from Aladdin’s lamp, Two salts, both soluble in water, meet and form a new, insoluble salt in
a metal and a nonmetal—aluminum and iodine—combine directly in a the reaction shown above. When a clear solution of sodium sulfide salt is
glass mortar to form aluminum iodide salt. The heat of the reaction va- squirted into the glass beaker, it joins with dissolved antimony chloride
porizes some of the iodine, causing particles to rise as a purplish smoke. salt to create a brilliant yellow solid precipitate—antimony sulfide salt

29
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RE-CREATING A SALT CRYSTAL

Crystals tend to reorganize themselves after be- _ the solution is hot (top left), molecules of lead cools, the molecules are less energetic and stick
ing broken apart, as shown by the progressive _ iodide are agitated so that they break away together when they come in contact with each
crystallization of lead iodide salt (above). When from the crystal structures. But as the water other, forming ever-larger lead iodide crystals.

30
 Molecules in
Orderly Array
The picture at left gives a glimpse
into the way atoms and molecules
are put together by nature in the
substances we use. In the photo-
graph, the filaments sticking out
from the rod consist of large crystals
of pure tin. The shape of each crys-
tal is normally the same—long and
pointed in tin at ordinary tempera-
tures—a form that reflects the layout
of invisibly small tin atoms within
the solid material and gives it many
of its properties.
Every true solid, like tin, is made
up of more or less uniform crystals,
which are ordinarily too small to be
seen without a microscope. Inside
these crystals, the atoms and mole-
. cules are fixed in an orderly array,
like bricks in a wall. And like a wall,
} the crystal owes its strength to the
i interlocking arrangement of its parts.
| Because most natural crystals are
iy small and blemished by impurities,
they and the bulk materials they make
up are weaker than they otherwise
might be. But today large, very pure
—and therefore very strong—crystals
can be “grown” in the laboratory
(left). An extremely pure crystal
of iron, for example, has a tensile
strength more than 50 times greater
than that of the best cast iron.
Oddly enough, the one material
that is most often called “crystal”—
glass—is not crystalline at all. Glass
is one of the few rigid substances
whose molecules are fixed, not in an
orderly structure, but in an entirely
helter-skelter arrangement. Now,
however, crystalline glass has been
made at the Corning Glass Works.
Because of its ordered pattern of
molecules, it is harder than steel,
GROWING CRYSTALS OF TIN
lighter than aluminum and so resist-
When atin rod is dipped into an acid solution of tin in the salt solution leaves the solution and
tin chloride salt (above), whiskerlike crystals of sticks to fellow atoms on the rod’s surface, ant to heat that it provides an excel-
metal slowly grow from the rod’s surface. The building up the filaments of pure tin crystals. lent material for rocket nose cones.

3]
 The Vital
Carbon has been called the “wonder
element”—and with good reason. Its
atomic structure enables it to link
Carbon Compounds up, both with itself and with other
elements, in an enormous variety of
chain or ring formations. In linkages
with hydrogen alone, for example,
carbon compounds run into the thou-
sands, from methane gas (one car-
bon atom, four hydrogen atoms) to

When ordinary table sugar—made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen—is mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid, its oxygen and
 polyethylene (200,000 carbon atoms, are more subtle but even more im- pounds; even the major sources of in-
400,002 hydrogen atoms). portant: the human body is fueled by dustrial carbon, coal and petroleum,
In one way or another, the com- simple carbon compounds called are derived from the long-dead bod-
pounds of carbon play key roles in sugars, starches and fats, extracted ies of plants and marine animals. So
human life. For one thing, most mol- from food. (A laboratory demonstra- intimately bound up with life is this
ecules containing carbon can burn in tion of the breakdown of a sugar is element that the study of its com-
combination with oxygen, and thus pictured below.) pounds is called organic chemistry—
make excellent fuels. Some of these Most significant of all is carbon’s and organic chemistry, which is only
fuels are obvious and well known: role in living things. Every living or- a little more than a century old, is
wood, natural gas, coal, oil. Others ganism is made up of carbon com- the most active branch of the science.

released to form water, leaving a mound of carbon behind. Most of the water is turned into a cloud of steam by the heat of the reaction
The Proteins:
Molecules of Life
According to one theory, life began
to develop in a chemical synthesis
performed about four billion years
ago. The laboratory retort was the
ocean—then a warm flood covering
the earth and bombarded by light-
ning and harsh ultraviolet rays. The
raw materials were ammonia, meth-
ane and hydrogen—dangerous gases
that, along with water vapor, made
up the atmosphere. Over the eons,
this combination of chemicals, elec-
tricity and radiation produced or-
ganic substances called amino acids.
Eventually, the acids linked together
to form molecules called proteins,
built up of long coiled chains of car-
bon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
All living things contain these re-
markable molecules. And although
most protein molecules can be built
from different combinations of just
20 different amino acids, they dis-
play a bewildering diversity of form
and function. Proteins make up fin-
gernails and flesh, hair and muscle
fibers, and the hemoglobin in red
blood cells. The enzymes that con-
trol the chemical reactions inside a
living organism are mainly proteins.
And even the chromosomes that dic-
tate the production of bodily pro-
teins, setting the hereditary patterns
of life, contain proteins themselves.

EGG PROTEIN, HARD BOILED

Each protein molecule in egg white consists of
spiral chains of amino acids, folded in a globu-
lar mass. Normally, the protein takes the form
of a thick solution, because the surface of the
molecule links up with water molecules. But
boiling water (right) opens up the protein mole-
cule, exposing atoms that are repelled by water
and causing the egg white to clot and harden

34
35
 Microbiology:
The Smallest Living Things

On June 10, 1675, the developing science of biology strayed

over a frontier and found itself in a land of mysteries beyond
counting. That day, a Dutchman named Anton von Leeuwen-
hoek looked at a drop of clear rainwater through a homemade
lens—a simple microscope. “I had no notion that I would see
any living creatures,” he later wrote in his diary, “but on ex-
amining it I saw with wonder fully a thousand living crea-
tures in one drop of water.” Leeuwenhoek had given biology
a new world to study. It turned out to be a world of micro-
scopic organisms that spoil food and turn fruit juices into
wine, that rot fabrics and dispose of organic wastes, that
make man sick and manufacture drugs to cure him.
These tiny organisms, the microbes, exist in many forms.
Leeuwenhoek himself saw the one-celled protozoa and the
smaller organisms called bacteria. But not until 1939 were
microbiologists able to visualize the structure of the viruses,
which are little more than large molecules on the borderline
between animate organisms and inanimate matter. Today the
search for microbes—in the air, in soil, in water, in animal and
plant tissue—is throwing new light on the smallest of living
things and their enormous power to help or harm mankind.

A MINUSCULE HUNTER
In a droplet of pond water, a wealth of life— inch long—but it is a formidable foe of the
algae, bacteria andsmall protozoa—surrounds smaller organisms near it. With a set of hairs
a relatively huge Stentor protozoon (opposite). on what looks like a head, the Stentor flails the
Actually, the one-celled Stentor is only .04 water and brings food close to be engulfed.

36
A Molecule
Comes to Life
Somehow—no one knows precisely
how—certain specific combinations of
protein molecules and nucleic acid
form a virus, the bridge between the
inanimate and the animate. These
molecular combinations are incredi-
bly small—some of them are barely
one millionth of an inch across. A vi-
rus can attacka living cell and “order”
it to manufacture more protein and
nucleic acid molecules, which in turn
can combine into virus particles.
This multiplication phenomenon falls
somewhere between simple chemical
reactions and true reproduction—and
makes viruses some of the most dan-
gerous enemies of man.
Isolated in a test tube the virus—
a protein shell surrounding a single
molecule of nucleic acid—is as life-
less as any other chemical. But in a
living body it destroys its victim cell
by cell, as shown opposite. Once a
virus has invaded a cell, it multiplies
by utilizing the cell’s energy and ma-
terials. The newly formed viruses
may be expelled by the cell; alterna-
tively, as the viruses increase in num-
ber the cell wall may weaken and
collapse, permitting the viruses to
attack other cells and destroy them.

NEATLY PACKED VIRUSES

Magnified 30,000 times by an electron micro-
scope, respiratory-disease viruses are shown
grouped in a honeycomb pattern. The forma-
tion results from the identical and symmetrical
20-faceted molecular structure of the viruses.

38
A VIRUS BOOM
Measles, a common childhood disease almost ruses, taken with a conventional microscope, viruses (orange bulges), manufactured within
everywhere in the world, is caused by a type of show large agglomerations, not single viruses, the cells, crowd around the cell nucleus (green).
virus less than eight millionths of an inch in di- since only an electron microscope is powerful Eventually, the cell breaks open (below), re-
ameter. These photomicrographs of measles vi- enough to show individual viruses. Above, the leasing the viruses to attack still other cells.
 Some of the most vicious agents of ma microbe is not itself a living cell,
The In-between human disease belong to a poorly un- for it can reproduce only within cells.
derstood category of microbes, larger However, a true virus forces a cell to
Microbes than viruses but generally smaller manufacture new viruses, while the
than bacteria, and falling somewhere trachoma agent reproduces in a more
between the two in behavior. One of familiar way by dividing and redi-
these mysterious microbes, a rickett- viding (right). Another factor distin-
sia, causes typhus fever. Carried by guishes the trachoma microbe from a
body lice, it has in the past decided virus: like the bacterium, it is vulner-
wars and influenced the course of his- able to treatment with antibiotics;
tory by decimating armies and whole none of the antibiotics thus far dis-
populations. A microbial cousin of covered have been effective against
the rickettsia, called the trachoma true viruses.
agent, has an even darker record. It The odd behavior of the trachoma
is responsible for a blinding eye dis- agent is the subject of intense re-
ease that today afflicts 500 million of search by microbiologists, especially
the world’s people. in the Orient, where trachoma takes
The life of the trachoma microbe its highest toll. The figures available
is illustrated on these pages. Along indicate that at least 100 million Chi-
with the rickettsia, it resembles a vi- nese have had it in severe form, and
rus in one major respect: the tracho- some 20 million are practically blind.

AN ATTACK OF TRACHOMA
Trachoma begins with an inflammation of the victim’s eyelid and may end ma microbes have traveled deep into the cellular fluid (right), and are
in severe damage to the cornea—the outer coat of the eyeball. As seen in swiftly consuming the cell’s internal matter. Approximately 10 hours la-
a series of photomicrographs (above), the disease begins its onslaught as ter, the microbes begin to reproduce by the process of division (opposite).
oval trachoma microbes come into contact with the surface of a cell (/eft). Eventually, the cell will become so crammed with the trachoma organ-
Two hours later, the cell is engulfing the lethal microbes as if they were isms that the cell’s wall crumbles. Then liberated microbes, greatly in-
particles of food (midd/e). About three hours after absorption, the tracho- creased in number, move on to infect other cells with the blinding disease.

40
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42
 Microscopic
(E) LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS
Friends and Foes
(F) STREPTOCOCCUS LACTUS

The smallest self-sustaining microbes

—usually no more than 1/10,000 of an
inch across—are the bacteria, one-
celled plants that absorb food from
their environments and reproduce by
dividing into two organisms. These
are the smallest organisms that Leeu-
wenhoek could see; and even with
his primitive microscope, he was able
to distinguish all three major types
of bacteria, to which scientific names
were later given: round (coccus) rod-
like (bacillus) and spiral (vibrio, spi-
rillum or spirochete, depending on the
degree of spiraling and flexibility).
Today, some 1,500 different species
of bacteria are known. The photomi-
crographs at left and opposite show
the shapes of representative types
of these organisms. Among the most
familiar are the relatively few that
inflict illness or death on animals
and human beings. Bacillus anthracis
(A), the white bacilli seen swarming
among an animal’s muscle cells, were
the first microbes proved to cause
disease—anthrax. Diplococcus pneu-
moniae (B) got its name from the
lung disease it causes—pneumonia,
from the Greek pneumon, or “lung”;
Salmonella enteritidis (C), the short,
thick bacillus, causes food poisoning.
Many bacteria, on the other hand,
are harmless or even helpful to man.
Some, like Rhodospirillum rubrum
(D), appear to do neither good nor
harm. Others are useful to man’s in-
dustry. Lactobacillus acidophilus (E)
helps make a fermented milk; Strep-
tococcus lactus (F) curdles milk to
make cheese; and still other species
change cabbage into sauerkraut, make
wood alcohol and help tan leather.

43
Giants ina
Small World
(A) CERATIUM
The one-celled animals called Proto-
zoa (from the Greek word for “first
animals”) are the giants of the mi-
crobe world. Ranging from less than
1/10,000 of an inch to a few inches
long, each single cell performs all of
the vital functions for which larger
animals require billions of cells.
Most protozoa live harmlessly in
oceans and ponds. However a few
live as parasites within larger ani-
mals and can cause some of man-
kind’s most disabling diseases. Some
species, for example, attack the hu-
man digestive tract to cause dysen- rs
(B) DILEPTUS
tery. Others, which multiply in
the bloodstream, cause malaria, the
world’s most widespread disease.
In the photomicrographs at right
and opposite, five harmless protozoa
display the variety of forms assumed
by these tiny animals. The aquatic
Ceratium (A) has proved useful to
scientists because the length of its
three arms varies with the saltiness
of the water in which it lives, thus af-
fording a rough measure of salinity.
All of the remaining pictures show
species of the most highly developed
protozoa—the ciliates, named for the
hairs, or cilia, they use for swim- (C) VORTICELLA

ming and gathering food. Barely vis-

ible around the slender Dileptus (B),
these hairs form a ring around the
mouths of the Vorticellae (C) and are
seen in motion in two Blepharismae
(D), pictured next to a single hu-
man hair. The detailed view (opposite)
shows one of the largest and most
common of the ciliates, a Paramecium
(E) surrounded by spikes discharged
from its own body. Though paramecia
have been studied for many years,
scientists are still uncertain whether
these spikes are for protection or
to anchor the animal while feeding.
(D) BLEPHARISMA (E) PARAMECIUM

44
 Anatomy:
Designs for Life

During the last two billion years living creatures have devel-
oped an enormous number of ever-more-complex forms that
make them at home in every niche of the world. Animals,
having conquered the sea from top to bottom, climbed onto
the land, took to the air, and even colonized such specialized
environments as the intestines of other animals. Today, the
gallery of living animals exceeds the bounds of any plausible
Noah’s ark or any single book: the earth contains at least 1.2
million different species, ranging from parasites 1/12,000 of
an inch long to whales that measure 113 feet and weigh 170
tons. Despite the awesome variety of living forms, one branch
of science—called comparative anatomy—reveals the under-
lying orderliness of life.
“As different as cats and dogs,” contains this paradox. For
cats and dogs—two distinct species of mammals—have very
similar anatomical structures for digesting food, circulating
blood and supporting tissues with bone. Such resemblances
exist throughout the animal world: a man’s arm is related
to a crocodile’s foreleg and a bird’s wing; and the nerves of
a hydra can be recognized as forerunners of the special-
ized odor-sensitive cells in the nose of a salamander (right).

A WIDELY SHARED SENSE

Whitish nerve cells in the nose of a salaman- _ from fish to men, have similar nerve endings,
der react to the chemical differences among which reach their highest development in
substances reaching their moist surface—that those mammals that can detect and identify
is, they respond to smells. Almost all animals, |an enemy, a mate or food by smell alone.

46
 Eminently practical in its inventive- Sometimes, however, evolution
Skeletons ness, the process of evolution rare- takes a new road. The exoskeleton
ly builds a better mousetrap from would be an inadequate framework
for Support scratch. In effect, evolution keeps old for larger animal bodies, and for them
a different scheme has evolved—a
mousetraps, and slowly alters the de-
signs to fit new jobs. For instance, a skeleton that grows internally (be-
lobster supports its tissues by secret- low, bottom). First found in small sea
ing a hard shell (below, top)—and the creatures, modifications of the skele-
same scheme, called an _ exoskel- ton enabled pre-amphibians to crawl
eton, in some 965,000 versions sup- onto the land about 365 million years
ports such lightweight bodies as ago—the breakthrough that led to an
those of bees, snails and centipedes. enormous wealth of land animals.

48
 EXOSKELETON

THE LOBSTER’S EXOSKELETON

The lobster’s exterior skeleton (right) is perfectly adapted to
its
needs. The hard skeletal shell is segmented and has muscles
at-
tached to its inner side, permitting the lobster to crawl rapidly along
the sea bottom, scavenging for food. And as its body grows, the
lob-
ster periodically sheds its old shell and forms a new and larger
one.

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

NOTOCHORD

BEGINNINGS OF A NEW DESIGN ELABORATE STRUCTURE IN A FISH

A primitive example of an internal skeleton is found in a two-inch- Oncetheperch, atypical “bony” fish, emerges from the embryo stage,
long aquatic animal called an amphioxus, which has a rod of jelly- its notochord is incorporated into a true vertebral column. Numer-
like cells enclosed in a sheath of tough fibers. Highly flexible, yet ous ribs support its muscles, and many small skull bones support
strong enough to support the amphioxus’ body, this rod—the no- and protect its brain tissue. Since its body is buoyed up by water,
tochord—is the forerunner of the backbone of ail higher animals. the perch’s bones are fragile compared to those of a land animal.

eS) a

STRONGER BONES FOR LIFE ON LAND AN ADVANCED SUPPORT SYSTEM

Amphibians, of which the frog is a familiar example, were the first The internal skeleton reaches its highest level of development in
animals with internal skeletons strong enough to support their bod- the mammals. As shown above in the skeleton of a cat, mammals
ies on land, without the help of water to buoy up their weight. Be- possess four strong legs directly under the body, making walking
cause the frog's leg bones project sideways, the animal can hop but and running easy; a rib cage protects vital organs; and a firm but
cannot walk, and so stays close to water, in which it is very mobile. segmented spine helps to give the body suppleness and strength.

49
 In the 17th Century, the English the gills, where it picks up oxygen. It
Moving Blood physician William Harvey solved an carries the energy-giving oxygen to
age-old anatomical mystery. Draw- the cells through a second network of
through the Body ing on some remarkably acute obser- vessels and takes on a load of waste
vations and experiments, Harvey carbon dioxide. The blood then re-
showed that the blood of humans turns to the rudimentary heart for
and many other animal species cir- another go-round. In higher animals,
culates in one direction through a a complex, four-chambered heart
system of vessels beginning and end- greatly improves the circulatory sys-
ing in the heart. tem: a bird’s heart beats hundreds of
Ina fish, for example, blood passes times a minute; a man’s heart can
first through a network of vessels in pump five quarts of blood per minute.

Above: Seen under a microscope, an earthworm’s heart has smooth muscle fibers (purp/e) that move blood with low efficiency.
Below: In a sheep’s heart the muscle fibers (b/ue) are striated rather than smooth, enabling them to maintain strong, rapid beats.

50
 THE ELEMENTARY EARTHWORM
The earthworm (right) possesses the least complicated and least
efficient of closed circulatory systems. Its “heart” is a group of five
pairs of enlarged blood vessels, with muscular walls that constrict
and relax erratically to move blood through the system. Oxygen en-
ters the bloodstream by passing through the moist cells of the skin.

UNOXYGENATED BLOOD
OXYGENATED BLOOD

GENERAL BODY ~—GILLS GENERAL BODY —~ eg

A,* Fs Ae
f A

OXYGENATED BLOOD
ye HEART

AL UNOXYGENATED BLOOD
HEART
A FEW IMPROVEMENTS CIRCULATION IN A FISH
A bit higher up the evolutionary ladder than the earthworm, the Like the crayfish, a bony fish picks up oxygen from the water
crayfish absorbs oxygen into its bloodstream by means of gills. The through its gills, but the fish’s blood moves within a closed system
oxygenated blood (red) is pumped through a one-chambered heart of blood vessels. Nevertheless, circulation through the fish’s body
to the general body. There it briefly leaves the closed system, bathes is slow and inefficient, because the blood loses pressure as it pass-
cells, and eventually seeps into chambers leading back to the gills. es through the intricate blood-vessel network of the gills and body.

OXYGENATED BLOOD

MIXED BLOOD rite GENERAL BODY

UNOXYGENATED BLOOD UNOXYGENATED BLOOD

THE FROG’S SOLUTION THE MOST ADVANCED SYSTEM

The more elaborate circulatory system of a frog contains a major In birds and mammals, the circulatory system is immensely aided by
advance in design. The frog’s blood is first pumped through two a complex heart. One side of the heart-pumps blood through the
oxygen sources—the lungs and the skin—then recirculated through lungs to pick up oxygen; the other side receives the oxygen-rich
the heart. There the mixture of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood and propels it out to the body. A maximum of pressure is thus
blood is given a boost in pressure and speeds out through the body. maintained and the tissues are supplied constantly with oxygen.

51
:
“T am convinced,” wrote the English enough to be directly engulfed by cells
Designs essayist and wit Sydney Smith, “that in the body (below, top). Higher
mals can handle larger, more complex
ani-

digestion is the great secret of life.”

for Digestion Smith may have been speaking wry- meals with a special digestive tract—
a sort of disassembly line where food
ly of his own, moods, but his state-
ment is a basic truth. The explosive is chemically broken down and ab-
proliferation of animal life on this sorbed into the bloodstream. To ab-
planet is based on the ability to di- sorb nutrients as they pass through
gest an amazing range of foods, from the digestive tract, coiled and intern-
milk by babies to wood by termites. ally folded intestines of surprising
Very simple animals, such as the length evolved; a 15-inch-long rabbit
flatworm, eat particles of food small has an intestine that is 14 feet long.

Pas Be Be ¢

Above: A microscopic view of the

the digestive cavity i of a flatworm shows particles
i i
of food as black dots being i
digested rein cells.
inside
Below: White globules of fat inside a salamander’s stomach are broken apart by enzymes (b/ue) Eee eee ee digestive cells.

52
 PHARYNX

DIGESTIVE CAVITY ©) 5) Sa eee 2

DIGESTION IN THE TINY FLATWORM
Living on plants in fresh-water ponds, the flatworm (right) digests
minute particles of food by a rudimentary system. The food is sucked
into the pharynx and enters a many-branched cavity, lined with cells
that both break the food down into simpler chemicals and absorb it.
Solid waste products are passed back and out through the pharynx.

LIVER INTESTINE
JOO
a

STOMACH

PANCREAS

INTESTINE

THE LAMPREY’S TECHNIQUE IMPROVEMENTS IN THE SHARK

The lamprey eel, feeding on the blood of other fish, has a primitive The digestive system of the shark retains the crude scheme of a
digestive tract. It contains a stomach, used mainly for storage, and straight intestine with a spiral valve (deta//), but has a well developed
a simple liver, which secretes enzymes to break down the food. The stomach, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. These organs, particularly
intestine is straight, but has a spiral valve (shown here enlarged) the pancreas, secrete various enzymes to break down protein, fat and’
that multiplies the surface through which food can be absorbed. carbohydrate—three fundamental nutrients contained in the food.

LIVER

ae I /} ¢ ALLBLADDER
© ‘ PANCREAS
GALLBLADDER \
STOMACH

PANCREAS

COILED SMALL INTESTINE

ARGE INTESTINE

LARGE INTESTINE

A MAJOR CHANGE FOR THE FROG THE MAMMAL’S MODEL

Instead of a spiral valve, the frog has a long, coiled small intestine, Mammals have the most complex digestive systems in the animal
increasing the food-absorbing surface. To break down the relatively kingdom. There is an intricately coiled small intestine—which, in a
large proportion of fat in the frog’s diet, the digestive system has a man, is about four times as long as his body. After absorption is
complex, four-lobed liver. One primitive feature is retained: the blad- completed, some wastes pass on to a large intestine, where they
der still empties urine waste directly into the lower digestive tract. are stored before elimination. Urine waste is eliminated separately.
 have nerves that receive sensations
The Signal System
According to one estimate, a com-
puter with a performance equal to from the animal’s surroundings and
the nerves in a man’s eye would oc- send signals for action to muscles
within the Body cupy 800 square feet of space and use and glands. But the nerves of a hydra
(below, top) resemble a telephone sys-
four tons of. electronic equipment.
Yet the eye is only a tiny fraction of tem without a switchboard: when
the human nervous system. one phone rings, all of them ring.
This superb nervous system is the Higher animals have a brain that
end product of many ages of evolu- sorts and analyzes nerve messages,
tion, for nerve cells appeared at a thus making possible feats ranging
very early stage. Even animals as from the swift muscle-reactions. of a
primitive as the half-inch-long hydra cat to the subtle thinking of man.

pS ON ah date fa. rh

Above: In a hydra, all the nerve cells (dark dots) are linked together by fine fibers to form an interconnected signal system.
Below: On orders from the brain, a neuron (brown star) in a cat's spinal cord sends commands to a single muscle via its thick fiber.

54
A SIMPLE NET OF NERVES
The hydra (right), a tiny fresh-water animal, has a network of inter-
connected nerve cells. When one of the hydra’s tentacles touches
possible prey, the nerve signal spreads throughout the body, and
other tentacles swing around to help. Simple as this system is, it en-
ables the hydra to perform maneuvers as complex as a somersault.

DORSAL NERVE CORD

PRIMITIVE BRAIN

CEREBRAL GANGLIA

A BASIC CENTRAL SYSTEM A MORE COMPLEX MODEL

The earthworm has a centralized nervous system, with individual A forerunner of the nervous system of higher animals is found in the
nerves in each segment of the body connected to a main nerve tiny amphioxus. This fresh-water animal has a nerve cord running
cord. While there is no true brain, the system contains two enlarged along its top side. Branching off this cord are nerves that sense light,
masses of nerve cells called cerebral ganglia (above, /eft), which temperature and other stimuli, as well as nerves that control mus-
direct body movements in response to stimuli of light and touch. cles. At the head of the spinal nerve cord is a brainlike enlargement.

CEREBELLUM

BRAIN SPINAL CORD = 5 TS

& »
\\ \s
CEREBRUM & Wit \
\
\
NN
aN
\. ~

A BRAIN IN COMMAND THE GREAT LEAP AHEAD

While the frog’s nervous system resembles that of the amphioxus, Through the developmentof a complex brain, mammals such as
the presence of a developed brain makes a vast difference. Nerve the cat gain a wide margin of superiority over the rest of the ani-
impulses to the muscles and glands are still conducted by the spinal mal kingdom. Within the brain a cerebellum coordinates quick and
cord, but the brain coordinates and controls these action signals adroit body movements, while a highly convoluted cerebrum is ca-
with signals from the senses—sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing. pable of interpretations and memory—all invaluable survival tools.
 Mind and Body:
Clues to Healing

“A sound mind in a sound body.”

The Roman poet Juvenal’s classic description of man’s great-

est blessing has challenged science over the centuries—in
large part because early recognition of the unsound is so
difficult. Only in comparatively recent times has the physi-
cian possessed any diagnostic aid beyond his own senses of
sight, sound or touch. And when the senses were extended by
the first instruments—the stethoscope to listen to the heart-
beat; the clinical thermometer to measure body temperature;
the X-ray to peer inside the body—those tools were main-
ly useful to diagnose physical rather than mental disorders.
Not until 1911, when Hermann Rorschach, a Swiss psychia-
trist, devised an ingenious test consisting of smeared inkblots,
did the infant science of psychology come up with a practical
means of diagnosing and defining illnesses of the mind in
their early stages. Today batteries of such tests, including the
one shown at right, discover hidden mental ailments. These
tests, with newly devised techniques that pinpoint physical
disorders, probe the mind and body for signs that often enable
an attack on illness before the victim is aware of its presence.

A MIND REVEALED IN MOSAIC

In the deceptively simple Lowenfeld Mosaic | shownhere stems from the unhampered im-
Test, patterns have meaning. ‘Make anything _agination of anormal person. An exaggerated,
you like,” the patient is told as he is given discordant design might be considered by a
a tray and 228 colored tiles. The pattern psychologist as a suggestion of schizophrenia.

56
 Peaa Tests What appear to be children’s play-
y things on these pages are actually
important tools for the clinical psy-
for Mental Illness chologist, whose job it is to detect
and diagnose the scores of emotional
disorders that constitute most men-
tal illness. For these play tests help
guide the treatment of more than
four million Americans suffering from
conditions ranging from nervous
headaches to schizophrenia.
To aid in the diagnosis of mental
illness, psychologists have devised
batteries of tests, some of them con-
ventional question-and-answer type
but most resembling—and some even
adapted from—games for children.
In the examples shown here, the pa-
tient is asked simply to arrange a se-
ries of plastic figures on a numbered
felt strip (below) or to create a pic-
ture story by placing cardboard fig-
ures against various backgrounds
(right). Other tests might require him
to interpret ink blots, finish phrases
like “If I had my way... ,” drawa
person, make up stories to match
selected pictures, or even to select
from groups of photographs the ones
that he likes the best and the least.
The objective of each test is two-
fold. It encourages the individual to
react in a way that reveals different
facets of his unique personality, and
it may uncover a behavior pattern,
or syndrome, indicating a specific
emotional disturbance. It is then up
to the psychiatrist or psychologist to
prescribe treatment that will enable
the victim to deal with his problem
so that he can lead a normal life.

Plastic objects often take on new meanings when placed in order of preference along a numbered felt strip in the Kahn Test of Sym

58
 THE MAKINGS OF A STORY
The Make a Picture Story test, a versatile diag- ‘his imagination. He is asked to choose figures grounds. By observing the figures selected,
nostic tool for mental disorders, provides the —such as the disrobing man, distraught woman where they are placed and the sort of story
patient with various backgrounds and 67 card- and pensive girl in the group above—and weave made up for them, an examiner can often de-
board figures to use in creating a scene from them into appropriate stories for the back- tect sources of anxiety and emotional conflict.

Arrangement. The anchor above box 1, for example, might suggest love of adventure or fear of restraint, depending on the personality.
A rose wool skein, oddly matched with blue ones in the Gelb-Goldstein sorting test, may indicate the presence of brain damage.

60
Colored blips on a scanning device show a red mass (arrow) where a radioactive chemical, injected into the blood, permeates a tumor.

Diagnosing |
a Damaged Brain
So closely linked are the body and would break out in loud, uncontrol- was himself shot down by police—did
the mind that the cause of a disturb- lable laughter at inappropriate times. an autopsy reveal a significant phys-
ance in one often can be found in the Eventually, telltale physical symp- ical abnormality. His violent behavior
other. Thus, worry and anxiety can toms were recognized. The senses on may have been influenced by a brain
produce a stomach ulcer, while a the left side of his body had weak- tumor the size of a pecan.
physical injury usually affects the vic- ened, a sign of brain damage. Then Today psychology and medicine,
tim’s personality and behavior. About X-rays and brain-wave recordings in- working together, can often diagnose
half of mental illness can be traced, dicated a tumor was indeed pressing brain damage even in the absence of
at least in part, to physical causes, on the lower brain. When the tumor more obvious physical symptoms.
especially brain damage. Determin- was removed, the laughter fits ceased. The skeins of wool at the left are one
ing where the fault lies is obviously A far more tragic case was that of a device used in examinations that help
essential to proper treatment, but student at the University of Texas, to indicate faulty perception, mud-
the decision is often very difficult to Charles Whitman, who was troubled dled reasoning and poor emotional
make. Even with subtle techniques, by severe headaches and what one control, all signs of brain damage. In
like those shown here, the correct psychiatrist called “overwhelming the case of brain tumors, medical
diagnosis may be elusive. periods of hostility.” Not until Whit- techniques like “isotope scanning”
A few years ago in Boston, doctors man systematically killed 14 people— (above), pinpoint and define the dis-
were puzzled by a young man who including his wife and mother—and eased areas for the brain surgeon.

61
 The discovery of X-rays in 1895 revo-
A Look inside lutionized diagnostic medicine. For
the first time, without opening the
the Body skin, a physician could actually see
tumors, clots and broken bones in-
side a living body. Today the X-ray
machine still ranks as one of the best
and most basic of medicine’s diag-
nostic tools, but recently developed
techniques are providing newer and
more illuminating views of the body’s
interior. One such technique con- these ultrasonic waves are beamed once little more than a thin flash-
verts black-and-white X-ray prints into the brain and their echoes are light for illuminating the large body
into vivid color (left), and another analyzed. From the echo patterns openings. Now it has been given a
can detect circulatory ailments from physicians have been able to locate greatly improved system that pro-
colors produced by applying a heat- structural changes caused by injuries vides 300 times more light than the
sensitive liquid to the skin. and tumors lying within the body. old model, but keeps nearly all heat
A completely new diagnostic sci- The advanced technology that has out. Using it, the physician can watch
ence called sonography is being de- made ultrasonics possible has also the workings of the heart, lungs and
veloped with devices that use very helped convert an older instrument brain—and even photograph them or
high-pitched sound waves. So high into a new and more valuable diag- televise them to consultants watch-
on the scale that they are inaudible, nostic tool. This is the endoscope, ing in cities hundreds of miles away.

A COLORFUL X-RAY A PSYCHEDELIC THERMOMETER

Arteries show up in red and veins in shades of The color on this hand is caused by tempera-
blue-green in this color X-ray of a skull, a com- ture variations below the skin, which has been
posite picture outlining the blood flow. It is coated with heat-sensitive crystals. The crystals
produced by using color filters and two types of glow blue over a relatively warm point and red
light on two X-ray plates, one made before over acool one, revealing the local temperature
and one after injection of an opaque solution. changes that accompany impaired circulation

6:
A Trend
to Automation
Almost half of the population of the
United States—some 93 million peo-
ple—are chronically ill, and the aver-
age healthy American gets sick briefly
about twice a year.
Faced with statistics like these,
harassed physicians are trying a radi-
cal new way to diagnose illnesses
more swiftly and more accurately.
They now use machines and compu-
ters to identify simple disorders au-
tomatically, freeing the physician for
more important work.
The plastic coils at the right are
part of one such machine, a multiple
analyzer capable of performing a doz-
en different tests on a single sample
of blood and recording the complete
results in just 12 minutes. By linking
such a machine with a computer, this
new data can be interpolated into
previous medical history to provide
a complete health profile. The com-
puter can even print out an updated
analysis each year as the results of
new tests are added.
The day may not be distant when
a physician uncertain of his diag-
nosis can consult with the world’s
greatest medical authority—a com-
puter into which has been fed the
entire body of current medical know]-
edge—without ever leaving his office.

A MECHANICAL CHEMIST
The tints of these coils from an automated ana-
lyzer indicate how a patient’s blood has reacted
to some of the 12 different diagnostic tests per-
formed by the machine. The colors are produced
by blending clear blood serum with various
chemical agents, and can show the presence
of such conditions as diabetes and hepatitis.

64
~ herrea canatientnme dayneMenon

65
 Technology:
Shaper of Today's World

Our times can truly be labeled the age of technology. On

every side the fruits of scientific knowledge are being applied
to man’s endless task of conquering and improving his en-
vironment—a term that is rapidly expanding its meaning to
encompass the bottom of the ocean and the distant reaches
of space. The tools of this technological revolution range from
tiny microcircuits (opposite), which enable computers to com-
municate 20,000 times faster than humans, to the power of
controlled nuclear fission. By skillfully using these tools, while
constantly improving older techniques, engineers have be-
come the chief architects of modern society.
Technology began in ancient times by giving men the
weapons, structures and transportation they needed simply
to survive. How far modern technology has progressed can
be judged by today’s supersonic aircraft, interplanetary ve-
hicles and worldwide television—all regarded as the stuff of
fantasy less than a century ago. Nor is there any end in sight.
Before the end of this century American homes may be
equipped with tabletop computers to run appliances, cook
meals, figure family budgets and help children with school-
work by summoning data from libraries half the globe away.

A COMPUTER’S BRAIN
Miniaturized microcircuits, each smaller than head for the moon, such a computer will be
a postage stamp, are soldered into computer on board, automatically making engine adjust-
systems like those that guide huge Saturn ments and directional changes needed to put
rockets. In 1969, when the Apollo astronauts Apollo on target for its 239,000-mile journey.

66
 :i
1
t

Cee
age aie
Sea
The Tiny, Foolproof
Tools of Electronics
When the first truly modern electron-
ic computer went into operation in
1946, its 19,000 tubes and miles of
wires filled a room big enough for a
tennis court. By 1958 the substitu-
tion of transistors and printed cir-
cuits for tubes and wires had shrunk
a computer of similar capacity to the
size of a desk. Today, using as many
as 1,700 integrated circuits like the
one at left—magnified 65 times—en-
gineers can make such a computer
almost as small as a typewriter.
Small size is only the obvious mer-
it of these integrated-circuit “chips.”
Because each combines into. one sol-
id piece scores of electronic elements
—replacing separate tubes, resistors,
condensers and their soldered con-
nections—it is far more foolproof
than the old conglomeration of parts.
The integrated circuit’s combination
of great reliability and small size
makes it possible to cram sophisticat-
ed equipment, including a TV camera,
radiation detectors and a device to
measure magnetic fields, into the
roughly four-by-nine-foot body of the
Mariner spaceship that studied Mars.
Now integrated circuits, applied to
everyday life, can produce practical
wrist radios, hearing aids implanted
underneaththe skin and even—if any-
one wants to watch a screen the size
of a quarter—a pocket-sized T'V set.

A CHIP OF MANY PARTS

This magnified view shows an_ integrated-
circuit chip held by fine tweezers. The size of a
printed ‘’o,” circuits like this contain more than
100 elements, including transistors a third as
thick as a human hair, and make possible new
types of tiny computers, TV and radio sets

69
 In 1907 Leo Baekeland produced the paint (right), unbreakable mela-
Molecules Better first truly synthetic plastic—Bakelite mine dishes, wrinkle-free polyester
—and proved once and for all that clothing and squeezable polyethyl-
than Nature’s Own men could manipulate molecules to ene bottles are just a few of their
create substances superior to any- achievements.
thing in nature. By now 39 basic syn- The home of the future may be a
thetics in thousands of combinations handsome structure of molded plas-
have poured from chemical labora- tic, liberated from the rectangular
tories around the world. And as patterns and high costs imposed by
swiftly as materials such as nylon, conventional building materials and
Dacron, Formica, Plexiglas and bu- techniques. A definite possibility is a
tyl rubber appear on the scene, “do-it-yourself” bubble house, formed
chemical engineers seek ways to by spraying liquid plastic over an in-
adapt them to the needs of modern flated form. Someday these plastic
society. Stain-resistant fabric pro- igloos may be as commonplace in
tectors (below), fade-proof alkyd America as the ranch house is today.

RESISTING AN OIL DROP A TOUGH COAT OF CANARY YELLOW

Glistening on a fabric surface, the drop of oil A brightly glowing van, freshly sprayed with
shown in this enlarged view is kept from soak- alkyd paint, is ‘‘baked’’ under heat lamps at a
ing in by Scotchgard, a compound contain- truck factory. The synthetic alkyd dries to a
ing fluorine. Because such a fluorochemical plastic coating that is harder and far more re-
resists oil and water, such finishes are used to sistant to fading than older paints, even un-
stainproof tablecloths and upholstery fabrics. der constant exposure to sun, rain and snow.

70
 a
siete te

Cg SS et 8 ; os ae
aon isa
*
 Improving a
“SSpresEsIaSt< —Yeserpuarasic nen

Basic Material
From the dawn of civilization, man’s
ability to shape metals into useful
objects has served as a measure of
his technological progress. Thus the
Copper Age gave way to the Bronze
Age in Europe some 5,500 years ago,
and was in turn succeeded by the
Iron Age around 1000 B.C. In the
late 19th Century, iron had been sur-
passed by its by-product, steel, as
the basic building material of mod-
ern technology; the glowing loop of
steel pipe (opposite) is symbolic of
the more than 500 million tons of
steel produced each year.
In spite of steel’s preeminence—
almost enough steel is smelted in the
United States each day to build five
Golden Gate bridges—the metallur-
gical engineer constantly seeks new
metals and alloys. For just as tung-
sten filaments proved the key to a
practical light bulb, and aluminum
alloy construction made the airplane
a useful vehicle, so today’s metallur-
gical research will affect the future.
Tomorrow’s supersonic airliners
may fly on wings of lightweight ti-
tanium, which can withstand the high
temperatures (up to 500° F.) pro-
duced at 1,800-miles-per-hour air
speeds. And tomorrow’s electricity
may travel freely through niobium
alloy superconductors at tempera-
tures close to absolute zero: —460° F.

AN ENDLESS TUBE OF STEEL

A loop of five-inch pipe snakes out of the fiery
furnace mouth (right, background) of a pipe
mill, where it has been automatically shaped
and welded from flat strips of steel. At the oth-
er end of the loop, machinery stretches the pipe
lengthwise, reducing its diameter to sizes for
water pipe, railings and playground equipment.
 THE TOOLS OF ATOMIC POWER
A giant stator (/eft), the stationary portion of an
atomic-powered electrical generator, is given a
smooth finish before it is fitted with a rotor
like the one below, a 175-ton cylinder that will
spin at 1,800 revolutions per minute. By 1980,
atomic power is expected to generate almost a
third of the electricity used in the United States
—about 150 million kilowatts, more than
enough for the needs of every American home.

LS
ENE

eee

edn
eases
fb
-
The Machinery Power is the lifeblood of an industri-
alized society. To the housewife, the
from the “fossil fuels”—coal and oil—
that generate steam in electric plants

of Power one-tenth of a horsepower needed to

whip up a cake in the kitchen mixer
as well as drive cars and trucks. But
increasingly engineers are turning to
is aS important as the 160 million the nearly inexhaustible energy of
horsepower (equivalent to the out- the atom. By regulating the destruc-
put of 89 Hoover Dams) required to tion of uranium atoms in a nuclear
blast the Apollo spacecraft off the “furnace,” the engineer is able to ap-
ground and get it started on its jour- ply this energy to electrical generat-
ney to the moon. More than 15 billion ing equipment like that shown here.
horsepower is consumed in the United So great is the potential of nuclear
States each year. power that engineers predict a dozen
Today most of this power comes large plants scattered through the
from falling water, which spins the United States could, by 2000, meet
turbines of electrical generators, or all the electricity needs of the nation.
 In 1934 aviation pioneer Igor Sikorsky
A N ew B reed predicted that speeds faster than 200
= miles per hour would be unnecessary
of Ai rc raft because “the size of the earth does not
warrant them.” Today, passenger jets
cruise at 600 miles per hour; within a
decade supersonic transports will hit
2,000 miles per hour; before the end of

E
“sli

aaaaaanlain
ge
50

Cae

emer

Helicopter transports, a recent military innovation, move through final assembly at the Boeing-Vertol plant. The two in the foreground

76
 the century, hypersonic rocket planes the production lines (below). Work is Already in production is the world’s
should reach 6,600 miles per hour. proceeding on an aircraft that will largest airplane, the Air Force’s C-5A,
Not all of aviation technology is combine the helicopter’s ability with a162-ton behemoth capable of carry-
geared to spectacular speeds, how- the swift flight of a conventional jet. ing 50 tons of cargo 6,300 miles with-
ever. The aeronautical engineer is This VTOL—Vertical TakeOff and out refueling. A commercial version
also concerned with the advantages Landing craft—could speed passen- could revolutionize travel by flying
of vertical flight demonstrated by gers into the heart of the city instead 748 passengers from New York City
highly developed helicopters now on of leaving them at an outlying airport. to Paris for as little as $75 each.

avy and Marine rescue and transport Sea Knights; behind them are Army Chinooks designed to carry 44 fully equipped soldiers into combat.
Grand Scale
Technology
The ultimate goal of all technology is
man’s effective control of his environ-
ment, and nowhere is this goal better
realized than in imposing bridges,
tunnels, canals, highways, buildings
and dams. Each represents a triumph
of technology on a grand scale.
When several such structures are
combined into an integrated system—
like coast-to-coast railroad and high-
way networks, or huge urban com-
plexes of homes, shops and schools—
man makes his greatest strides
toward independence from nature.
The mighty dam shown here is only
one unit of the Colorado River Stor-
age Project, a system of six dams,
five power plants and 2,500 miles of
transmission lines. The completed
project will transmit electricity to five
Western states, while the six new
lakes created by its dams will provide
recreational areas for thousands of
people; and three tunnels will divert
millions of gallons of water into the
Rio Grande Basin.
But although the project will pro-
duce two million kilowatts of elec-
tricity, it will be only a part of an
even greater transmission system that
will serve a third of North America
from a power pool of 45 million kilo-
watts—almost as much electricity as
is consumed by all of Great Britain.

NATURE RESHAPED BY CONCRETE

Flaming Gorge Dam, shown during construction,
rises 502 feet above the Green River in Utah
and produces enough electricity for a city the
size of Spokane, Washington. Its 987,000 cubic
yards of concrete, enough for a 94-mile six-lane
highway, hold back a new lake 91 miles long.

78
 Geology:
Forces That Form the Earth

In Life on the Mississippi, Mark Twain noted that the Missis-

sippi River was shortening itself by a little more than a mile
and a third every year. If the process continued, he observed
solemnly, in another 742 years the river would be only a mile
and three quarters long, and Cairo, Illinois, would have be-
come a part of Louisiana.
Although this excursion into geology contained certain
flaws, Twain was in some ways closer to the truth than were
the ancient Roman thinkers who called continents terra firma.
Geologists now know that the land is never firm. Heat and the
tremendous pressure contained within the earth are warping
the planet’s crust and pushing up mountains and plateaus.
The forces of wind, water, gravity, temperature changes and
chemical decay are wearing the formations down. Over a peri-
od of 100 million years or so—not very long by geologic stand-
ards—a towering mountain range can be completely leveled.
Such geologic processes of construction and destruction are
occurring everywhere on land and sea—and although the
Mississippi has brought Cairo and New Orleans no closer
today than they were in Mark Twain’s time, the shape of
the planet has undergone other alterations almost as drastic.

WAVES IN AN OCEAN OF SAND

The force of prevailing winds gives a crescent _ plant and piles up against it. Sand blown over
shape to the sand dunes of Death Valley, Cali- the top of the dune comes to rest on the
fornia. The contours of the dune begin to form downwind side, forming a steep slope. Wind
when wind-blown sand encounters a rock or a rushing around the sides creates the crescent.

80
Building Up The face of the earth is always being
remolded. About 500 million years
ing summer fogs and winter storms,
voleanoes have built and destroyed

the Surface
ago, the land on which Boise, Idaho, islands several times within the past
is built rested beneath the sea, while century.
the site of Chicago was atop a moun- Most mountains are built by dis-
tain range. In the past 600 million tortions of the earth’s crust, which
years, the land now occupied by Man- varies in thickness from 10 to 40 miles.
hattan has been three times lifted by Under heat and great pressure the
mountains and reduced to sea level. crust can move like very stiff putty,
Similar change is now going on in the folding the surface upward (above).
Aleutian Islands, where, amid swirl- Occasionally, crustal rock fractures
 FOLDING AND ERUPTION
The results of two distinct mountain-building processes are shown above
Sheep Mountain (/eft) rose out of a plain in Wyoming as internal forces
along lines of weakness called faults; slowly compressed and folded the earth’s crust. Ship Rock (above), tower-
ing 1,500 feet above the desert floor in New Mexico, is hardened lava that
the tilting of these fractures, together
filled the interior of an ancient volcano. The soft ash and cinders of the
with the folding, creates mountains. volcano’s cone have eroded, leaving the more resistant lava plug behind
Sometimes solid rock in the earth’s
crust is heated enough to become
liquid. The molten rock may pour out
on the surface through volcanoes or
through long fissures. Much of Wash-
ington, Oregon and northern Califor-
nia is built on lava that emerged
from such fissures in the earth’s crust.
A Piecemeal
Demolition
Even as rock is pushed upward, it
is subjected to forces that grind it
down—at rates that vary greatly. The
granite Black Hills of South Dakota
erode about an inch in 100,000 years
(Gutzon Borglum, sculptor of the
famous Presidential heads on Mount
Rushmore, said that he made George
Washington’s nose an extra foot long
to give him an added million years of
durability). By contrast, the shale
and sandstone that once covered
the granite of the Black Hills eroded
quite quickly.
Rock demolition begins with ten-
sions that produce cracks. A host of
natural forces (below) hammer away
at these crevices in a process called
weathering. Eventually the land is
reduced to rubble—but its fragments
will someday be compressed into
new rocks to start the cycle again.

THE VERSATILE DESTROYERS

The slow tearing down of rocks by the forces
that geologists call weathering is shown in the
series of pictures at right: (1) Rainwater trick-
ling down vertical cracks cut cliffs and columns
from the limestone of Bryce Canyon, Utah.
(2) Acids manufactured by red lichen plants
chemically decompose and pock the surface of
volcanic rock. (3) A striking horizontal erosion
of a few granite rocks follows the horizontal
cracks that formed when the rock expanded. (4)
Water, which seeped into cracks, froze and ex-
panded, cut these jagged facets of a cliff in the
Sierra Nevada. (5) Wind-driven sand sculpted
the smooth curves of a formation in the Sahara.
1. RAINWATER 2. ACIDS FROM LICHENS

84
YRIZONTAL EROSION 5. SANDBLASTING
The Cutting Power Moving water—liquid or frozen—does the old snow beneath it is compressed
most of the large-scale sculpting of into ice; under the pull of gravity, the
river of ice begins to move downhill,
of Water
the earth’s surface. The rivers of ice
called glaciers (below) grind across ripping away rock and carrying debris
the land at the rate of a few inches a with it. Long Island, a 118-mile-long
day, gouging out mountain valleys, ribbon of land east of New York City,
bulldozing away soil and dislodging was formed from rubble that a gla-
huge masses of rock. These ponder- cier pushed into the sea about 50,000
ously powerful glaciers form where years ago.
snow can accumulate over long peri- Liquid water levels the land even
ods of time. As new snow piles up, more effectively than glaciers. Rain-

A GIANT SCULPTOR IN RETREAT CARVING A CANYON

On the slopes of Mt. Athabaska in the Cana- Winding through southern Utah, the swift San
dian Rockies, warming climate makes a glacier Juan River has cut a canyon whose cliffs are
slowly recede into the valley it has gouged. The 1,200 feet high. The sharp bend existed when
debris flanking the glacier fell as the valley walls the river was a stream wandering across a plain.
were undermined. In front of the glacier is a When the plain was thrust upward, the river
layer of dirt, left behind as the ice melts. cut vertically down along the old stream course.

86
fall begins the work. While the im- ful abrasive weapon that is wielded
pact of single raindrops on rock has to sculpt valleys and canyons (be-
no discernible effect, the damage low, right). Much of the debris from
adds up over millions of years: in a this carving process finds its way to
region where rainfall averages only the sea, where a new cycle of land-
40 inches a year—in New York for in- building may begin. The Mississippi,
stance—each square foot of land will which drains 1,243,000 square miles
be deluged by 25 million gallons in of land, pours 1,400,000 tons of rock
a million-year period. waste into the Gulf of Mexico every
Water gathers in streams and picks day, and such deposits have created
up particles of rock, gaining a power- a great part of the land in Louisiana.
 The Adriatic coast of Yugoslavia has stone caves are so intricate that they
Secret Labors of the heaviest rainfall in Europe. Para- have never been completely explored.
doxically, its land is as barren as a Underground water produces an-
Underground Water desert. The surface is completely dry other type of geological spectacle
because rain simply disappears, seep- when it comes close to molten rock
ing down through the surface into a in the earth’s crust, found in regions
water-formed phantasmagoria of un- of recent voleanic activity. Heated by
derworld chambers. the rock, the water boils to the sur-
Such dramatic underground ero- face as a highly corrosive hot spring
sion occurs at many points on earth or a geyser. Yellowstone Park in the
when the ground is underlaid with United States is a showplace for such
layers of limestone. The carbonic displays. For decades after the dis-
acid contained in rainwater reacts covery of the springs and geysers in
chemically with the calcium carbon- the Yellowstone area, people in the
ate in limestone and dissolves the East refused to believe that they ex-
rock at a swift rate. In some areas, isted; magazines even rejected ex-
rivers flow for miles through mazes plorers’ articles about the region, re-
of hidden chambers, and many lime- garding their accounts as tall tales.

ARCHITECTURE OF A HOT SPRING

Steaming as it pours out of a hillside in Wyo- mineral matter as it bubbles through rock under-
ming’s fantastic Yellowstone Park, a thermal ground. When the water cools and evaporates
spring builds characteristic terraces by depo- on the surface, the mineral residue is deposited
sition. Heated water is a powerful chemical most heavily at the edges of pools, resulting in
solvent, and the spring picks up a rich load of the formation of sharply defined rims of crust.

88
A FAIRY PALACE UNDERGROUN
Among the most bizarre and beautiful features with the rock to create a mineral-laden solution been picked up earlier. These deposits accumu-
of the earth, the draperies in the Carlsbad Cav- that falls drop by drop from the ceiling to the late to form hanging stalactites. If some of
erns of New Mexico were built by water drip- floor. But in the few seconds before each drop the water is evaporated on the cavern floor, sta-
ping from the limestone ceiling. As the water falls, some of the water evaporates, leaving be- lagmites are built upwards. Such formations
passed through limestone, it reacted chemically hind a tiny deposit of the limestone that had grow at the rate of an inch or so each century

89
Rising starkly out of the Pacific surf off Washington, towers of extra-resistant rock, called stacks, hold out against the sea’s attack.

90
 Surging,
Battering Seas
Hour after hour, day after day, cen-
tury after century, waves batter the
seacoasts and smash them to rubble.
Sometimes shores are reshaped with
sudden violence, by storm waves
SANDBARS striking with a force of seven tons
per square foot, or by an earthquake-
caused wave that may be more than
100 feet high. But most changes are
effected slowly. Soft rocks like shale
go first, leaving behind projections
of more resistant rock such as gran-
ite. But eventually these, too, will
be beaten down.
Since waves hurl most of their pow-
er against the land’s projections, the
irregularities of a coastline are usu-
ally straightened over a long period
of time. This straightening tendency
is opposed by the action of currents,
which pile up broken bits of rock to
form spits, sandbars and beaches.
These deposits slow the erosion of
the waves by serving as breakwaters.
Even so, the waves steadily gobble
up more and more of the land—a few
feet per year on Cape Cod, 17 feet
PEBBLE BEACH per year at one point on the coast of
England. But at the same time this
destruction is going on, the earth’s
crust is rising in many places, recap-
turing land from the sea in the un-
ending war between water and rock.

DEPOSITS OF ROCK WASTE

Much of the material taken from the land by
waves is redeposited nearby. Spread by cur-
rents, it may form a sweeping pattern of under-
water sandbars, as shown by the deposits off
Cape Cod (top). If the particles are too heavy
(middle), they will be left on the beach as peb-
bles to be reduced to sand. Sometimes a cur-
rent carries particles past a headland, then—
slowing—drops them to build a spit (bottom)
SPIT

91
The Land
beneath the Sea
A century ago, many people thought
the oceans were bottomless. Today,
most of the ocean bottoms—compris-
ing about 70 per cent of the planet’s
surface—have been mapped by echo-
sounders probing the depths with
sonic waves. In 1953, the Swiss physi-
cist Auguste Piccard and his son
Jacques dived to the deepest point,
seven miles down in the Pacific, in a
pressure-resistant bathyscaphe.
From such explorations, geologists
now know that undersea terrain re-
sembles the land surface in many re-
spects. Across the continental shelves
—submerged land that is relatively
shallow—run valleys cut by rivers
and glaciers when the land was ex-
posed. In some areas, tidal currents,
moving at speeds up to 12 miles per
hour, continue the erosion. Swifter
currents, as fast as 50 miles per hour,
sometimes roll down the precipitous
slopes beyond the shelves, cutting
ravines and slicing telegraph cables
that are in the way. These currents
are probably caused by landslides on
the slopes. Other currents, recently
detected, draw ripples in the silt at
extreme depths (right).
Warring against these forces of ero-
sion are the land-building forces that
lift great mountain ranges and vol-
canoes from the ocean floor. Thus the
same slow geological processes of lift-
ing and leveling are going on cease-
lessly even in the lightless depths.

THE WORK OF A DEEP-SEA CURRENT

A closeup photograph of ripples on the ocean
floor off Cape Horn—taken with high intensity
light at a depth of 13,000 feet—shows the
work of a current running from the Pacific to
Atlantic. The current travels at a velocity of
one mile per hour—very swift for such depths.

92
93
 Astronomy:
A View of the Universe

Beyond the earth stretches a universe whose size and ex-

tent dwarfs man’s home planet and all his works. As mod-
ern astronomers probe deeper and deeper into space, the
vastness of that universe is gradually being revealed. The
sun, the largest object in the sky, is now known to be only
one star among the hundreds of billions that make up our
galaxy, the Milky Way. The Milky Way in turn has been re-
vealed as one galaxy among the billions in the universe.
So immense are the distances in the universe that astron-
omers have had to coin their own length units, such as the
light-year, in order to cope with the problem arising out of
these enormous quantities, an awkward surplus of zeros.
Each light-year—the distance traveled by light in a year—is
6,000,000,000,000 miles. Yet our own galaxy alone, with its
billions of stars and glowing clouds of gas and dust (right),
measures 20,000 light-years through its bulging center, and
100,000 light-years from side to side.
And this is only a small part of the universe. Outside the
Milky Way galaxies are strung for billions of light-years.
Even farther out may lie tiny, incredibly brilliant points of
light called quasars whose mystery has only begun to unfold.

A NEBULA’S ROSY GLOW

The Rosette nebula, a star-speckled cloud emitted by its gas atoms. Although the gas
of luminous dust and gas in the Milky Way appears as dense as fog, it is spread over so
5,000 light-years from the earth, glows as_ large an area that it actually is more rarefied
radiation from its stars is absorbed and re- than any vacuum created in a laboratory.

94
SPOTS ON THE SUN
The surface of the sun is heavily mottled with
dark areas (/eft) at the height of an 11-year cy-
cle in which sunspots wax and wane. The spots
are caused by scattered magnetic disturbances
that keep the sun’s hot interior gases from flow-
ing upward, thus allowing parts of the surface
to cool and darken. A more detailed telescopic
view of the sun (be/ow /eft) shows the bright
swirling patches of gas around the sunspots and
the dark filaments that appear as prominences
when viewed from the side. A still more detailed
view (below right), taken from a balloon, shows
an active sunspot group 30,000 miles wide.
 SOLAR FIREWORKS
An arch of hot gas (mostly hydrogen plus a little sun in a display called an eruptive prominence. surged outward 400,000 miles at more than
helium and calcium at a temperature ranging The sequence above shows the largest eruptive 100 miles a second. Later it stretched nearly
from 45,000 to 180,000° F.) boils up from the prominence ever observed. In one hour, the gas_—a million miles into space before disappearing.

The Most A REVEALING BLACKOUT

With the sun’s face blacked out by a disk inside a telescope, the activity of the gases in its
10,000-mile-deep lower atmosphere is clearly revealed. The gas flares at the top burst from

Familiar Star the surface and shoot straight into the sun’s atmosphere. Other prominences, like those at
the bottom of the picture, form arches and loops that may persist for days and then sud-
denly explode, flinging great bursts of hydrogen atoms into space at tremendous speeds.

Compared with the billions upon bil-

lions of other stars in the universe,
the sun, 865,000 miles in diameter,
is only an average star. But it is some
200,000 times closer to the earth than
the next star, and it is the only star
close enough to be studied in detail.
Astronomical instruments have re-
vealed the solar surface to be a seeth-
ing cauldron speckled with dark spots
and frothing with spectacular jets of
glowing gas that spurt thousands or
even millions of miles above the sur-
face of the sun, sometimes even af-
fecting radio transmissions on earth.
The energy for this spectacular fire-
works display comes from the core of
the sun. There at a temperature of
28,000,000° F. a giant nuclear fur-
nace is at work fusing hydrogen at-
oms into helium. The heat from this
reaction keeps the surface of the sun
glowing at a temperature of 10,000°F.,
but local areas of the surface “cool
off” sometimes, causing the appear-
ance of the dark spots. But the cool-
ing—to 4,500° F.—and the darkness
are relative. If we could cut the dark
areas out of the sun and hang them
elsewhere in the sky, they would
glow even brighter than the moon.
A CLOUDY BREEDING GROUND
The Lagoon nebula, a cloud of interstellar hy- light-years from the earth. The nebula is dotted form new stars. The wide dark band lying diag-
drogen visible to the naked eye as a faint, with tiny dark globules, which are believed to _onally across the bottom is a cloud of cosmic
blurred star, lies within the Milky Way 36,000 _ be dense concentrations of gas contracting to dust floating between the nebula and the earth.

A SPENDTHRIFT STAR
The planetary nebula NGC 7293 (so-called after bubble of gas violently thrown off from the hot 25 miles’ per second—a dispersal of substance
its number in the New General Catalogue of blue star at its center. Narrow streaks in the so rapid that the star will die in about 100,000
Nebulae and Clusters) is a 12-trillion-mile-wide | center are gases streaming outward at six to years—a mere instant in astronomical time.

98
 The Birth
and Death of Stars
Astronomers believe that stars are very rapidly after they are born. The have found remarkable examples of
formed out of whirling clouds of gas speed of their rotation causes them dramatic events of the life-death cy-
and dust. The clouds contract as they to give off great clouds of gas and cles of stars. They can point to clouds
whirl, causing matter to concentrate dust and use up their hydrogen so rap- of cosmic gas and dust where stars
at gravity centers in their midst un- idly that they die in a relatively short are probably being born. Through
til stars are formed. Then as the con- time. Astronomers call these spend- their telescopes they can see plane-
traction continues, the stars grow so thrift stars planetary nebulae; the tary nebulae spewing out gas and
hot that they begin to shine; at a cer- name arose through a mistake, for dust at prodigal rates. And they can
tain point, the rising temperature can when the stars were first discovered, even see the remnants of supernovae
support thermonuclear reactions that scientists believed they were witness- rushing outward in the sky. When
convert the hydrogen of the original ing the birth of planets out of nebu- they look up at the Crab nebula in
cloud into helium to provide the ener- lous clouds of gas and dust. the constellation Taurus, for exam-
gy that the star emits as heat, light The supergiants—the largest stars ple, they observe the aftermath of a
and radio waves. in the sky—die even more spectacu- mighty celestial explosion that oc-
A normal star like the sun will go larly. When one of these monsters curred 900 years ago. Ancient Chi-
on converting hydrogen into helium has used up most of its hydrogen it nese records, brought to light half a
for billions of years. Then as helium begins to collapse inward like an century ago, tell us that Oriental as-
ash accumulates within the star, the enormous tent that has suddenly had tronomers witnessed this explosion
nuclear furnace grows hotter. The its center pole removed. Then in a on July 4, 1054. Cave paintings of
star swells, uses up almost all the hy- final mighty fling the supergiant star prehistoric Pueblo Indians are also
drogen and finally cools, shrinks, throws off its remaining energy, pro- believed to have recorded the event.
turns black and dies. ducing a supernova, the most violent Today, gas from this ancient explo-
Notall stars behave this way. Some explosion in nature. sion is still flying outward at a speed
erratic performers begin to rotate Within our own galaxy astronomers of about 2.5 million miles an hour.

AFTER A COSMIC EXPLOSION

The gaseous nebula IC 443 in Gemini, a frag- trillion miles through space. This stellar explo- million years, every trace of the supernova will
mented strand of glowing gases thrown off by sion occurred so long ago and so far away that be gone. Such stellar explosions occur in our own
an ancient supernova, stretches more than 180 no star fragments can now be detected. In a few galaxy once every 200 years, on the average

99
The Worlds beyond
the Milky Way
Beyond our own galaxy, billions of
other galaxies dot the sky with
bright, whirling pinwheels and spar-
kling clusters of spinning stars. Only a
few of these spectacular formations
can be seen from the earth with the
naked eye: Andromeda, one of this
small number, was early noted by
Arabian astronomers and listed in a
star catalogue of 964 A.D. But not
until 1924 could astronomers prove
that the galaxies were located out-
side the Milky Way. Now millions of
these great star systems have been
mapped and photographed in their
gaudy hues and shapes.
Each of these compact island uni-
verses contains perhaps 100 billion
stars and each rotates at great
speeds, imperceptible because of the
huge distances involved.
Most galaxies fall into two major
types. About 17 per cent are called
ellipticals, although they range from
spherical to oval in shape. In struc-
ture ellipticals are relatively simple,
consisting of a tight nucleus sur-
rounded by a halo of stars. Such
formations usually are old, dust-free
galaxies, glowing with the orange-red
light of aging stars.
The more dazzling and more com-
plex galaxies are called spirals. Each
spiral includes a nucleus with an en-
circling halo of stars, and an outer
disk with spiral arms flaring out from
it. Such formations are relatively
young galaxies, often filled with
clouds of gas and dust that may be
contracting to form new stars. Alto-
gether they make up about 80 per
cent of the known galaxies in the
universe, including the Milky Way.

A GALLERY OF GALAXIES
Illustrated here are the two main categories of
galaxies, elliptical and spiral, classifications in-
troduced by the late Edwin P. Hubble of Mt.
Wilson and Palomar Observatories. The ellipti-
cal galaxy at the top is known as NGC 147.
The Sombrero galaxy (center) and galaxy NGC
2841 (bottom) are spiral galaxies. Seen edge
on Sombrero has a thick encircling ring, made
up of dust, gas and stars, that looks like a hat
brim and gives the galaxy its name. Galaxy NGC
2841 is a looser spiral with a smaller nucleus,
broken arm segments and heavy dust clouds.

100
A SHOWCASE OF SPIRALS
Two loose spiral galaxies, NGC 5457 (top) and
the Whirlpool (center), show the most highly de-
veloped spiral forms. It is these arms that usual-
ly give these galaxies their spiral shape; but in
NGC 5457 even the center shows a slight spi-
ral pattern. The Whirlpool’s arms swing around
its center, and one long arm stretches out to a
smaller companion galaxy nearly 14,000 light-
years away. The galaxy at bottom, NGC 1300,
is a barred spiral. It is distinguished by two bars
running out from its nucleus with forearms, set
at nearly a right angle, extending from the bars.

101
 mal spiral and elliptical forms. Oth-
Odd Shapes Along with the more common spirals
and ellipticals, the world of galaxies ers may be galaxies colliding.
includes many nonconformists. As- Two features of the peculiar galax-
among the Galaxies tronomers call them peculiar galax- ies are of special interest to astrono-
ies. Although no one knows exactly mers. First, their abnormal shapes
how they were formed, their odd aid the study of normal galaxies. As-
shapes suggest that they were ripped tronomer Halton C. Arp, who has cat-
apart by cosmic explosions. However, alogued nearly 400 peculiar galaxies,
some of the peculiar galaxies may be points out that if he could examine
embryonic systems evolving into nor- a normal galaxy in the laboratory,
 A STAR SYSTEM BLOWING UP
he would probe and twist it to find waves reveal the shape of galaxies, An exploding galaxy, M-82 in Ursa Major, flings
gas out in all directions as it is torn apart by un-
out how it behaves. Since galaxies are radio waves tell something of their known forces. In the center of the galaxy gas
too distant and massive for this sort internal turbulence and fluctuating is hurled outward at 1,600 miles per second.
of experiment, the only alternative magnetic fields. And since radio ob-
isto look at the peculiar galaxies to servations are very little affected by
see what twists and deformities in clouds or daylight, radio astronomers
their structures are possible. can study these galaxies 24 hours a
A second intriguing feature of pe- day. Eventually they hope to create NONCONFORMISTS IN THE COSMOS
culiar galaxies is their richness as a more complete picture of the struc- A group of peculiar galaxies (be/ow and oppo-
sources of radio waves. Just as light site) register a variety of strange shapes in pho-
ture and composition of all galaxies.
tographs taken by wide-ranging telescopes. But
how these forms are created is still not known.
Ultimate Objects
of the Universe
In 1960 radio astronomers at the Cali-
fornia Institute of Technology and
Cambridge University in England be-
gan picking up signals from a strange
new source in the sky. When optical
astronomers at Caltech correlated
the location of the radio source with
their photographs of that area of the
heavens, they saw a tiny point of
light that they then took to be a
faint star with a rather puzzling spec-
tral pattern of light emission.
Not until three years later, after
the discovery of several more “qua-
sars”—short for quasi-stellar sources
—did the full dimensions of their
mystery burst upon the world of sci-
ence. Analysis of the quasars’ spec-
tra indicated that they may be the
most remote objects ever detected,
eight to 10 billion light-years from
the earth and rushing outward at
speeds as high as 150,000 miles per
second. If they are so far away, these
“faint” objects must actually be in-
credibly brilliant, each emitting 100
times more energy than is given off
by all the stars in our own galaxy. No
process observed in other stars can
generate so much energy. Many as-
tronomers now believe that the “fire”
that keeps a quasar blazing is a suc-
cession of supernovae, as depicted in
the artist’s conception at right.
If quasars are indeed so distant
and energetic, they may be pieces of
the original universe—perhaps small,
bright galaxies in the process of for-
mation. Some of them seem so remote
that their light must take 10 billion
years—about as long as the universe
is believed to have existed—to reach
the earth. If this is so, quasars may
hold clues to one of man’s basic ques-
tions: how the universe was formed.

PORTRAIT OF A QUASAR
An artist's rendition of the visible part of a
quasar shows a blue nucleus illuminated by su-
pernovae in its core. The white streaks run-
ning outward from the center mark regions
stimulated by radiation from the nucleus. As
the brightness fades on the outer edges of the
quasar the color turns to green and then red.

104
105
i
Using the LIFE Science Library
for Schoolwork

The LIFE Science Library provides a rich supplement to school

courses with easy-to-understand explanations of difficult sub-
jects, historical background, lively discussions of people and
places, and many pictures of science at work. The chart on
these foldout pages organizes the library especially for stu-
dents (and for teachers and question-harried parents).
Listed vertically on the left-hand side of the chart are 82
topics. Selected by a group of education experts, they repre-
sent the core of the school science curriculum. To use the
chart, the student first locates a topic in the vertical list. By
moving horizontally across the chart, he finds references to
discussions of the topic in various volumes, which are listed
along the top of the chart. For example, if he traces the topic
of water across the chart, he will discover that it is studied from
many different points of view. Not only is one whole book de-
voted to the subject but also 15 chapters and 12 picture essays
of other volumes. The Planets volume discusses water else-
where in the solar system; Ships treats man’s development
of transportation across bodies of water; and the Water vol-
ume deals with the topic in hundreds of ways—from the be-
havior of the water molecule to the role of water in geology.

107
 we wo 5
FOOD AND
NUTRITION

Ths,

CHAPTERS 2,3
ESSAY 1 ESSAYS 2,3.6.8
AIR
+ is
ASTRONAUTS

ASTRONOMY | =
CHAPTERS 2,3
ATMOSPHERE LESAN ESSAYS 2,3
| CHAPTERS 4.7.8
ATOMIC ENERGY ESSAYS 7.8

AUTOMATION
ESSAY 8 ESSAY 5 CHAPTER 7
|
ESSAY 5 ESSAY 1
AUTOMOBILE ——_
+

BASIC MACHINES
ESSAYS 2,3,6
~

CHAPTERS 2.4
+—
CHAPTER 4 |
CHAPTER 4 ESSAY 4
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CHAPTER 7 CHAPTERS 2,3 CHAPTERS4Can
CHAPTER 7
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CHAPTERua 5 | Baan
CELL STRUCTURE CHAPTER 1 ENTIRE BOOK Sue
CHAPTERS 5.8 i CHAPTER 1 CHAPTERS 14.5
CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE ESSAYS 2,5 | L || ESSAYS 4,5
ESSAY 5 NUE) s
CHAPTER 3
COMMUNICATION ESSAYS 2.8 ESAS
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RESOURCES
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CHAPTER 5 |
DIVERSITY OF LIVING THINGS ESSAY 5
IL :
CHAPTERS 3,7 | |
DNA—RNA CHAPTER 1 ESSAYS 3.6 i
ESSAYS 1,5,8 ESSAY 7
EARTH’S SURFACE
ESSAYS 1,4 |
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CHAPTERS 4,7,.8
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CHAPTERS 4,5,7,8
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CHAPTER 6 i CHAPTER 1
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CHAPTERS 2,6 ENTIRE BOOK CHAPTER 4
ESSAY 4
ESSAY 2
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LIFE ON OTHER WORLDS

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108
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Index to the
LIFE Science Library

The following 92 pages comprise a comprehensive index of

the 25 volumes of the LIFE Science Library. Page numbers in
Roman type indicate text references; numbers in italics in-
dicate illustrations. Abbreviations in light italic capital let-
ters specify the volumes to which each reference is made (a
full list of these abbreviations appears at the foot of every
left-hand page of the index). Thus, the index entry Glenn,
John, ms 80, 94, 95 directs the reader to the Man and Space
volume, where he will find a text reference to Glenn on pages
80 and 94 and an illustration on page 95.
But this index is more than an A-to-Z compendium of
names and subjects. Incorporated in it are a number of mas-
ter entries—each a major area of a scientific study—that sim-
plify the finding of information about big, complex subjects.
Under Rockets, for example, are listed a number of paragraphs
that break down the subject of rockets into categories identi-
fied by subheads: engines of, escape velocities of, fuels, history of, materials aNd
steering. By looking first for a master entry, checking its sub-
heads, and then glancing over the list of references under each
of the subheads, the reader will very quickly be led to spe-
cial information in any book in the LIFE Science Library.

115
 170-172, 175, 176; faulty New Guinea, G 112-113;
A Acetyl group, GM 78, 79
physiological responses, HD obesity among, FV 140-141;
Acetylcholine, 8 62, 144, c 149, permissiveness toward, G
D 90, 110,194, MND 178 13, 149, 150-152, 156; fight-
A-2 rocket, MS 195 113-114; prolonged
Acetylene, GM 128, 178, 182, 183; or-flight response, HD 148-
A-4 rocket. See V-2 rocket dependence of, G 88, 111, 114;
molecule, GM 62, 63; 149, 150; high altitude, HD
Aaron Manby, SHP 10, 78 in Samoa, G 111-112; society
production, GM 180-181 169-171, 172; genetic, G 179-
Abacounter, MATH 20-21 and, G 110-114. See also Boys;
Acetylsalicylic acid, D 121. See 181, HD 119, 125, 170, 171;
Abacus, MATH 18, 14, 20-21 Girls; Puberty
also Aspirin homeostatic mechanisms, HD
Abbe, Cleveland, WEA 157 Adonis (asteroid), PL 135
Achelis, Elizabeth, 7 63 10-13, 16, 150, 172; infants,
Abdominal organs, D 108 ADP. See Adenosine
Achilles, race with tortoise, HD 12; physiological, HD 169,
Abdominal surgery, PH 103; diphosphate
paradox, MATH 45 170-172; problems in
muscle relaxants, D 54, 64; Adrenal glands, 8 107, 170, 173,
Achilles tendon, 8 47 industrial nations, HD 173-
spinal anesthesia, D 66-67 176; psychological, HD 170; by D 85,G 171, HD 173, PH 65;
Abel, John, D 194 Achondroplastic dwarfism, G 163
survival, HD 173; compensatory growth of, G
Abelson, Philip H.,£ 172, 7 171- “Acid head,” D 43, 59 12: cortex, 8 173, 175, D 195;
Acids, GM 32; digestive, 6 102, technological and social, HD
172, SHP 131 functions of, G 134; hormonal
Aberdeen Angus (cattle breed), 107, 112-1138, FN 83, 87, HD IAL WG, 10725.
See also Resistance to stimulants of, G 183, 144-145;
FN 37 151, 152; excretion from
disease location of, D 85, G 139;
Aberration, chromatic, £ 86, LV body, D 92-93; synthetic, GV medulla, 8 173; secretions of,
115 Adaptation syndrome, general,
169 B178, D 92,195, G 144-145,
Ablation, GV 154 Acne, D 104 HD 150
Adapter RNA, G 26 172, HD 11, 149, 7 50 (see also
Abominable Coalman, the, 8 59 Aconite, D 30, 31
Acoustic fan, SH 152 Addiction, D 55-59, MND 153, Hormones, adrenal)
Aborigines, Australian, D 11, FV Adrenalin (epinephrine), 8 82,
41, HD 16, 17-19, 20, 155, 173 Acoustic horns, VCH 150, 151 154; to alcohol, D 39, 56, MND
153-154 (see also Alcoholism); 173, HD 11, 148, 149, MND 28,
Abortion, G 29, 31 Acoustic nerve. See Auditory
nerve to cocaine, D 56; and 35
ABS plastics, GV 145, 151-153 Adrenocortico-steroids
Absolute pitch, SH 79-80 Acoustic pipe, SH 152 criminality, D 56-57, 58;
Acoustic tile, SH 27, 175 defined, D 55-56; hazards of, (adrenocortical hormones), 8
Absolute zero, £ 31, 41, 1/7 59, 60, 173-174, G 148, HD 150
SC/ 56, WEA 36 Acoustical Society of America, SH D 57; lessening of sex drive
105 by, D 56-57; number of Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Absorption, active (reverse (ACTH), 8 175, G 133, 134,
osmosis), FV 85, 94 Acoustics, SH 77, 80; defined, SH addicts in U.S., D 56; to
193; echo-control techniques, opiates D 56, 57, 58, 59, MND 144-145
Absorption of light, £ 77; partial, Adrian, Edgar, SC/ 193
by pigment molecules, and SH 18-19, 188, 189-191; halls 153; physical, D 55, 57-58,
and churches, SH 19, 23, 180, MND 153; psychological, D Adsorption, / 92
resultant color, LV 56, 98-99, Adults: adaptability at various
110-111, 128 181, 188-191; loudness scale 55, 58, MND 153; sociological
for, SH 82-83 aspects, D 58-59; tolerance, ages, HD 12; and childhood
Absorption of sound, SH 15-16,
Acrasin, C 106, 110 D 57-58, MND 153; and diseases, HD 60; children
26-27, 175-177 compared with, G 105;
Absorption (dark-line) spectrum, Acrilan, GV 104, 152, 194 withdrawal, D 57, MND 153
Acrolein, HD 106, 113 Adding machine, invention of, comparative size of organs,
PL 68, 64,65, 71,7 142
Acromegaly, G 133, 160 MCH 193 G 12; skin cells of, G12. See
Abstract group, in group theory,
Acrophobia, WD table 60 Addison, Thomas, 8 173 also Aging
MATH 174
Acrylates, Plexiglas, Gi 127 Addison’s disease, 8 173 Advanced Manned Strategic
Abstraction, MATH 149, 169,
Acrylic, GV 194, /v 112; fibers, Addition (arithmetic), MATH 106; Aircraft, £176
172, 176: definition and
example, MATH 39; in group GM 8, 16, 17, 62, 119, chart symbols, MATH 11 Aédes aegypti, HD 35
theory, MATH 173-174; by 137, 194; plastics, Gu 19, 27, Addition polymerization, GV 57, Aeolipile, of Hero of Alexandria,
symbolic logic, MATH 174-175; VIO eLOe: 64, 65, 67, 126, 129, 1388, 140, MCH 30, 58, 109, SC/ 88, 147,
use, MATH 39-40 Acrylonitrile, G// 140, 151, 152 146-147, M 110; defined, Gu SHP 81, W 146-147
Abstracts, journals of, SC/ 108, ACTH. See 194 Aeration: purification of water
109 Adrenocorticotrophic Addition strip board, VND 115 by, W174, 183; zone of, in
Abu-Khadra, Suad Azhari, F/V hormone Additive mixing of color, — 80-81, soil, W 56, 195
118 Actin, 8 62, C 128-129, 130, FV LV 98, 112-113; defined, Lv 194 Aerial highways. See Airways
Académie des Sciences, SC/ 100-101; defined, C 193 Adenine, C 60-61, 70 Aerial Navigation, On, Cayley,
74, 126 Actinide metals, / 148-149; in Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), C F194
Acantharia, C 19 periodic table, 127 46, 47, G 24-25 Aerial perspective, as cue in
Acceleration, 7 147, 148; defined, Actinium, // 148 Adenosine monophosphate depth vision, /V 143, 145;
MATH 106; effect of mass on, Actinium oxide, VM 148 (AMP), G 26 defined, Lv 194
£ 142-143; examples, MATH Activated-carbon method of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 8 Aerial photography, EVG 146, F
120-121; free fall, water treatment, W/176 62, C 49, 50, 86; coupling 156, 157-167; stereoscopic, LV
MATH 110 Activated-sludge method of problem, C 128; defined, C 142; use in hydrology, w 61,
Acceleration control, of aircraft, water treatment, W176 193; energy release, C 37, 50, 190-191
F174 Active absorption (or transport; 128, G 26; function of, Cc 21, “Aerial Steam Carriage,”
Accelerators, particle. See Atom- reverse osmosis), FV 85, 94 37,47; and muscle Henson’s, fF 11-12, 13
smashers Actomyosin, C 129 contraction, C 128-129; Aero Propulsion Laboratory,
Accelerometer, of submarines, Acuity, visual, /V 168, 174; structure of, C 37; USAF, F 145, 148, 150
SHP 124 defined, /V 194; retinal area synthesis of, G 24-25; in animal Aerobee Hi (Sounding rocket),
Acceptor molecules, C 35, 36-37, of greatest, LV 76 cells, C 38, 39-40, 48, 127; in MS 53,60 ~
39, 40 Acuity tests, LV chart 58, 59, 168 muscles, C 127-128; in plant Aerobee 300A (Sounding rocket),
Acclimatization, HD 169-172; Acupuncture, Chinese chart for, cells, C 37, 39-40, 46-47; MS 42-43
artificial, experiments, HD B15 . primeval, PL 39, 40 Aerodrome, Langley’s, f 14, 36,
169, 176 ACY. See Air-cushion vehicle Ader, Clément, F 35 77-78, MCH 107
Accommodation, of eye lens, /V A.D., in dating of events, 773 ADF RCVR. See Automatic Aerodynamic fence, F 62
56-57, 58, 89; defined, .v 194 Adamantane, GV 120 Direction Finder Receiver Aerodynamic heating, £ 152, 170;
Account of the Foxglove and Adams, John (U.S. President), Adhesion, V/ 75, W 22, 56. See materials research, F 149,
Some of its Medical Uses, MATH 148, PH 1384 also Capillarity 183,190, 191
An, Withering, D 79 Adams, John C. (mathematician), Adhesives, GM 70, 105, 154, 158- Aerodynamics, F 10-11, 31, 34-
Accretion, G 120-121 PL172,173 159, 171, 172-173 38, 53-62, 63-75, 176, 184-185,
Accutron, 7 104-105 Adams, John Quincy, WEA 155 Adiabatic Low Energy Injection MCH 106, 108; air resistance,
Acetaldehyde, in alcohol Adams, Samuel Hopkins, 0 165 and Capture Experiment, / 168 F10, 11, 24, 31, 57, 147; basic
oxidation, D 37, 39 Adam’s apple, G 80 Adipic acid: in nylon production, factors in, F 34-35, 53;
Acetanilid, D 165 Adaptability oflife, 2. 116-117, GM 66, 106, 107; in Vuleollan biplanes vs. monoplanes, F
Acetate. See Cellulose Acetate 136-137, 188; of man, B 16, production, GM 150 102-103; of birds, F 38 (see
Acetate process, GM 88-89, 91, HD 16, 168, 171-172; of Adiprene, G/M 150, 151 also Birds, flight); defined, F
93,95, 96 microorganisms, HD 61-62, PL Adler, Alfred, MND 87-88, 89 34; design considerations, F
Acetate Rayon, GV 14, 78-79, 116-117, 137, 188; problem of Admiral of the Ocean Sea, 37, 38, 60-62 (see also
88, 89, 96 maintaining, HD 174-176; at Morison, SHP 59 Airplanes, design); early
Acetazoleamide, D 93 various ages, HD 12, 16 Adolescents, G 105-114; experiments, F 147, 148, 150;
Acetic acid, GV 56, 79; in Adaptation, environmental, C 89- biochemical changes, G 105- in gliders, F 36-37. See also
acetate process, GV 78, 88, 90, PL 116, 7 33; 106, 134; dating, G 110; Air currents; Airflow; Drag;
89, 91, 93; liver’s conversion of of animals, G 116-117, 128-129 emotional problems of, G 84- Lift; Thrust; Turbulence
alcohol to, D 37, 39; synthesis camouflage, C 77, G 116; 85, 108-110; growth patterns Aerojet-General Corporation,
of, GM 34 desert, W108, 115, 118; eyes, in, G 29, 82-84, 86-87, 107- ENG 172
Acetic anhydride, Gv 78 LV 10, 22-23, 28-29, 60; 108; growth studies, G 80; Aeronautical engineering,
Acetone, / 73; in acetate studies, HD 173-174; hormone control, G 105-106, schooling for, EVG 91, 95
process, GM 78, 88, 95, 96; of humans, HD 10, 156, 170- 144-145; muscular Aeronautics, F (entire vol.), MCH
solvent, GV 95 176: acclimatization, HD 168, development of, G 82-84; in 106-110; around-the-world
eo
eee

8-The Body c-The Cell o-Drugs &£-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HO-Health and Disease (v-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MNO-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets SC/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time W-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 flights, F 92, 93,194, 195; MS 50-51 48, graphs 49; soil and Air sacs, in lung, 8 90, 120-121,
beginnings and early history, Aerospace research and industry, climatic conditions, FV map
ENG 145, 146-147, F 8, 9-16, 123, D 86-87, HD 96-97
California, SC/ 130 46, 47.
17-29, MCH 106-108, SC/ 150, Air space, jurisdiction over, VS 84
Aeschylus, G 15 See also Farm land; Farm
158-159; historic milestones, Air-to-air guided missile, CH
Aesculapius (Greek god), PH 8 population TORN
F 194-195; level flight, F 68- Affine geometry, MATH 12 AGS. See Alternating gradient
69, 70; Air-traffic control, £ 118, 129,
Afghanistan, nomads of, 7 21 synchrotron 130, 131-143; research, F146;
climbing of planes, F 64-65; Africa: continental drift of, P/ Ahrens, E. H. Jr., FV 134
rate of, indicator, F 114; supersonic transports of
37, 58, map 59; man’s physical Aileron trim wheel, £ 112 future, F145, 189
descent of planes, £ 54, 55, 74- development, G 179-183; Ailerons, F 29, 62, 63, 112, 113,
75; holding patterns, F 140- Air transportation: competition
nurses’ training, HD 180-181; 123; in turning maneuver of to railroads, WHL 61,175:
141; ILS controlled, F 142- railroads in, WH 11; planes, F 70-71
143; rate of, indicator, F 114; expenses in U.S. (1965) WHL
smallpox vaccination, PH 141; Ailurophobia, (/VD table 60 graph 94;
SST, £145; U.N. food aid, FV 8, HD 189; Air, V 51; Aristotle’s concept freight, £ 55, 57, 94-95, 154,
high-altitude flight: and health problems: famine, FV of, GM 31, 32, M 12, 13, WEA 172, 173; containerization,
cosmic radiation, F 170; 178-179; kwashiorkor, G 188; 128; auditory adaptations to, WHL 172, 185; helicopters, F
design for, F 80, 90-91, 149- sleeping sickness, HD 44-45, SH 32-33; composition of, GV 170; rates, F172; VTOL, F174;
150, 151, 169; pilot escape, F 72; in slums, HD 22-23; 11, 13, M table 58, 60; daily passenger, f 94-95, 171, 195;
152-153; pressurization, F 90, trachoma blindness, HD 183; human need, HD 99; density beginnings of, F 87, 102, 195;
101-102, 106; records, F 90- water supply, HD 186; yaws, of, WEA 40; dephlogisticated, capacities, F 95, 169, 171-172,
91; and solar weather, F 170; HE 178 GM 42, M 33, 56; discovery of 189; commuter-type, F 173-
use of supercharger, F 80, 90, African clawed frog, lateral line composition of, GV 32; 174, Sc/ 149, WHL 175;
91; wing design for, F 60, 67, sensory system of, SH 66-67 “fixed,” GM 32, 41; Greek competition to ocean liners,
90-91; Afterbirth. See Placenta concept, V 53; SHP 100; daily number of
high-speed flight, - 86; angle Afterburner, HD 100 “inflammable,” GV 32; takeoffs, in U.S., £ 123; future
of attack, F 68-69; drag, F 57- Aftercastle (ships), origin of ionization, WEA 113-114, 176, of, £ 170-172, 175, 189 (see also
58, 59, 60; jet propulsion, F term, SHP 59 190; lignefaction of, / 58, 59, SST); intercity travel
82, 84-85; lift-to-drag ratio, F Afterimages, in color perception, 60, 62; molecular motion in, statisties, WHL 175; low-cost
59; pilot escape, F 152; LV 124, 132, MND 54-55; M 51, SH 10, 7172; movement mass, F 172; speed range, F
pressure waves, F 58, 178; defined, LV 194 of, in atmosphere, WEA 37, 123; Zeppelin, F 32, 33-34,
research, F 146; shock waves, Afterlife, versions of, 7 13, 190 39-41, 57, 85, (see also Air 194, 195.
F 58, 59; takeoff and landing Aga Khan Hospital, Nairobi, masses); sound absorption See also Airlines
problems, F 98, 180; transonic Kenya, HD 180-181 by, SH 16; sound transmission Aircraft carriers, SHP 115, 123,
region, F 58, 179; wing design Agamemnon, King, 7 132 in, M 51, SH 10, 11, 12, 20-21; 134, 148, 149; landing on, F
for, F 58-60, 61; see also See Jean Louis Rodolphe, W as source of raw materials, 61; nuclear, SHP 172, 195
Hypersonic flight; Supersonic ENG 180; water-vapor Aircraft industry: automation,
flight; Age of Steam, VCH 53, 62. See capacity of, WEA 83; water- MCH 188-189; research, F146,
landing, F 74-75; on aircraft also Industrial Revolution; vapor saturation, and 152; statisties (U.S.), £16
carriers, F 61; airflow study, F Steam engine humidity, / 79. See also Aircraft-location systems, SH
184-185; air-traffic control of, Age: chronological, G 79, MND Atmosphere 105. See also Radar
F 142-143; all-weather, F 130, 130; developmental, G 79-82, Air bladder, of fish, SH 32, 68-69 Airflow (in aerodynamics), F 52,
152; braking, F 116; first 84; growth and, G 78, 83; Air brakes, railroad, E/VG 11-12, 53-54, 55-57, 64, 177, 184-185;
blind, f 128; holding patterns, mental, MWD 130; 13, MCH 194, WHL 57-59, 62, across bird wings, F 48;
F 140-141; hydroplaning and incidence of disease, HD 66-67 boundary layer, F 55-56, 73,
problem in rain, F 153; 10, 12, 15, 84, 85; arthritis, Air compressors, diesel, \/CH 106 184; early wind-tunnel
impact shock, F 154; increase HD 95; atherosclerosis, HD Air conditioning, WEA 121; experiment, f 149; laminar, F 56
in angle of attack and lift, F 87, chart 88; cancer, HD 90, invention of, VCH 195; noise, Airliners, commercial, £ 171, 172;
54, 55, 74; instrument, F118, chart 92; diabetes, HD 127. SH 177, 186 beginnings of, F 87, 102, 195;
128, 1380, 142-143, 152; See also Aging Air currents, use in flight: by design, F 61, 94-95; landing
microvision, F 152; PALS, F Agglutinin, 6 84 birds, F 41, 50-51; by gear, F 154; largest, F 95;
130; by radio beams, F 127, Agglutinogen, 8 84 sailplanes, F 36 speed range, F 123;
128, 130, 142-143; vertical (see Aggressiveness, Freudian view Air Cushion Vehicle (ACV), (/CH turboprop, F 84, 95. See also
Vertical TakeOff and of, MND 85-86 111, SHP 111, 170, 173, 176- Air transportation,
Landing); Aging, C 107-108, G 171, 176; 177,178, WHL 180-181 passenger; Jetliners
long-range flight, F 86, 91, 92- American attitude toward, 7 Air filter, automobile engine, Airlines: financial losses due to
93; navigation, F 123; wing 182; bone changes, B 59; WHL 195 weather, F 130; and jet
design for, F 59-60, 61, 63; cellular, C 107-108, 124, G 176; Air Force diet (misnomer), F/V propulsion, Ff 83; revenues
pire flight: angle of change of metabolic rate, HD 154 and earnings (U.S.), £16
attack, F 68-69; wing design 12; defined, HD 16; diet and, Air Force Office of Scientific Airmail service, beginnings of, F
for, F 59, 61; FN 170; eye defects due to, LV Research, SC/ 127 125, 194
records: altitude, F 90-91, 55, 59, 61, 90, 91; of face, & Air freight. See Air Airplanes, F (entire vol), MCH
190, 195; range;F 92-93; 34, 40; hearing loss due to, transportation 106-110; cabin pressurization,
speed, F 89-90, 104, 190, 195; SH 14, 153; senility, 8 146, D Air hammer, / 54, WCH 17, 24, 25 and fatigue, F 101-102, 106,
(see also Transatlantic flights; 174; skull changes, B 40; Air masses: characteristics of, 107; early history, EVG 145,
Transcontinental flights); search for drugs for control WEA 41; and cyclone 146-147, F 8, 9-16, 17-29, MCH
research, Ff 145, 156, 169-170, of, 0 174; slowed by high development, WEA 136; 106-108, SC/ 158; of future, F
173-176; all-weather flight, F speed space travel, VS 166, T defined, WEA 41; effects on 168, 169-176, 177-191, SC/ 149;
129-130, 146, 152; annual U. 152 temperate-zone weather, human-factors engineering,
S. spending, F 145; areas of, Agnew, D. H., PH 30 WEA 41-42, 74, 75, 78; and ENG 147-148, 154, 164-165,
F 145-146; hypersonic flight, Agricola, Georgius, SC/ 94 fronts, WEA 86-87, 94-97; and 168; lighter-than-air craft, F
F 147-150, 151,175, 190-191; Agricultural colleges, FV 50-51 heat transfer, WEA 18, 41; 34; multiwinged, VCH 107;
lightplane, fF 174-175; pilot- Agricultural Museum source regions of, WEA 41, noise and noise control, SH
escape devices, F 152-153; (periodical), FV 50 map 75; symbols for, WEA 41; 172, chart 173, 178-180, 186;
sonic boom, fF 155; sound Agricultural Revolution, F/V 33- types of, WEA 41, 75 payload, F 34, 37, 86, 93, 94-
barrier, Ff 178-179; STOL, F Air pollution, EVG 174, HD 99- 95, 171-172, 189; pilot escape
173; supersonic flight, F 144, Agriculture: beginnings of, D 103, 112-116, WEA 74, 75, 119, devices, Ff 152-153;
145, 146, 155-156, 169-170, 33, FN 33, 34-35; early 178; control measures and socioeconomic impact of,
177-179; tools, F 146-147; implements, FN 35, 40; devices, HD 101-102, 103, 116, MCH 101, MS 99; synthetics
VTOL, F 150-151, 152-153, 173; electrification, VCH 131; PH 138, 139, WEA 179; used in, GM 19, 167, 170, 173;
takeoff, £ 64-65; air traffic mechanization of, FV 33, 40- pollutants, HD 99-101, 113- takeoff, descent, landing (see
control of, F 132-135; first 41, 42, 48-49, 187, MCH 14, 60, 114, chart 115, PH 138; thermal Aeronautics); weather
blind, F 128; see also Short 70, 71, 82, 105, 194, WHL 84, inversion and, HD 100-101, observation by, WEA 82, 149,
Take Off and Landing; 90, graph 91; modernization 102, 115, WEA 119; 158, 175 (see also Hurricane
Vertical TakeOff and of, FV 184-189; potential health hazards, HD 15, 84, 101, hunters); wings (see Wings,
Landing. : tillable land, global, FN 171; 106, PH 136; bronchitis, HD airplane);
See also Aerodynamics; Air underdeveloped countries, 100; emphysema, 101; altitudes reached, £ 90-91, 190;
transportation; Airplanes; FEN 41, 177, WHL 9, 20, 23, 27; combined bronchitis and gliders, F 31, 37;
Heavier-than-air flight; various countries, statistics, emphysema, HD 96, 101, 112; cockpit instruments, f 108, 109-
Lighter-than-air flight; FN table 180-181; water needs lung cancer, HD 92, 101, 112. 121; design and placement of,
Navigation, aircraft; of, W171, 173-174, table 177 See also Smog ENG 147-148, 154, 164-165;
Powered flight (see also Irrigation); in U.S., Air pressure. See Atmospheric early, £124, 126, 127-128;
Aerosol propellant, GV 146 FN 42, 43-55; major crops, FN pressure flight control, ENG 164-165, F
Aerosol spray can, V/ 55 44, graphs 45, map 47; Air pump, // 51, 55, SC/ 44-45; 110-112, 114-115, 120-121;
Aerospace plane, Ff 168, 169, 176, productivity, FV 42, graph 43, invention of, VCH 193 navigational, F 114-115, 118-

117
 155; hydrofatigue, F 106; of alcohol, 0 35-36; intoxication,
119, 123, 124, 126, 127-128, 183, 186-187, MCH 109; D 37, 38; mental effects, D
pressurization, F 101-102, materials, £ 100, 106-107, 191;
129: radio and radar, F 110- 34-35, 36, 37, MND 153, 166;
106; strap device, F 107; preflight, F 106-107; various
111, 118-119, 123; techniques, F 107; wind tunnel, on nervous system, D 9, 34,
control, £ 10, 21, 31, 35-36, 62, structural failure of, F 101- 36-37; oxidation, D 37, 39;
102, 106, 107; testing, F 106- F 22-23, 52, 144, 146-147, 169,
63; acceleration vs. physical effects, 6 100, 112,
displacement, Ff 174; in early 107; 178-179, MCH 107-108;
weight: aerodynamics of, F 34; 113, D 34-39, MND 153;
designs, F 12, 13, 14-15, 20- landing gear: multiple-wheel, removal, D 37; tolerance and,
F154; retractable, early, F 12, C-5A military transport, F
21, 24, 25, 28, MCH 108; D 58;
landing, F 54, 55, 74-75; 78; 172; hypersonic transport, F
148; jetliners, F 169; SST, F medical uses: as anesthetic, D
lateral, F 14, 20-21; level maneuverability, £ 37, 86; 52, MND 153, PH 37; medieval,
flight, F 68-69; of lift, F 54, 55, design advances, 1918-1961, F 169.
See also Aeronautics; D 16; in patent medicines, D
64-65, 68-69, 112; 96-97; of gliders, F 37; 158, 161, 165, 166
longitudinal, F 37; at sound materials, structural, F 102; Aerospace plane; Airliners;
Biplanes; Cargo planes; Alcohol nerve block, D 72
barrier, £ 59, 176, 178, 179, fabric-covered wooden Alcoholism, D 39, 56, 58-59, MND
184; of speed, F 54, 68-69, 74- frames, F 102, 105; fatigue in, Gliders; Helicopters;
Hypersonic transport; 153-154, 158; cures, D 39, 59;
75, 112, 113; at supersonic F 101-102, 106, 107; first all- number of addicts in U.S., D
metal aircraft, F 104-105; Jetliners; Monoplanes;
speeds, F 184; surfaces, F 14, 56; withdrawal symptoms, D
62, 63, 112, 113, MCH 108 (see heat-resistant, F 149, 183, 190; Navigation, aircraft; Rocket
propellers, F 81; strong, light- planes; SST 58
also Ailerons; Elevators; Aldehydes, PL 39
Rudder); systems, ENG 164- weight, F 86, 94, 183; Airports: noise, SH 178-179;
traffic control at, F 131-135, Alder, Kurt, SC/ 175, 192
165, F108, 110-112, 114-117, synthetic, Gi 170, 173;
Aldosterone (hormone), D 91, 92
120-121; takeoff, F 64-65; in testing of, F 100, 106-107, 191; 142-143.
See also Runways Aldrin, Edwin, VS 139
turning, F 70-71, 112; military; design problems, F
61, 96-97; first, Signal Corps Airscrew, F 82-83. See also Alecto (steamboat), SHP 80, 81
design, F 60-62, 86, 88-89, 105- Alertness, EEG recordings, VVD
106; for altitude, F 60, 61, 90- I, F 28-29, chart 174; future Propeller
projects, F 176; Airships, F 32, 33-34, 82, 83, 194 174
91; area rule, F graph 182, 183; Alexander the Great, VATH 45,
basic elements, F 31; basic reconnaissance, F 60, 90-91, Airspeed dial, F 114, 124, 126
148; speeds, F 16, 34, 86, 155; Airways (aerial highways), F MCH 29, SCI 79, 82, SHP 152
structural features, modern Alexandria, Egypt, as center of
monoplanes, F 103-105; supersonic, F 60, 89, 180-183, 123, 138-139, 141; access
186-187; TACAN, F 128; routes, F 136-137; high- learning, MATH map 48, SC/ 79-
biplanes, F 102; 80, 778; mathematics, MATH
computerized, F 86, 105, 106, thrust ratings, F 84; altitude, F map 122, 138
transports, F 154, 172, 173; Airy, Sir George Biddle, PL 172 45, map 48, 50; medical
108, 147; early monoplanes, science, PH 12. See also Hero
F 103-105; fuselage, F 60-61, see also Bombers; Fighter Ajax, S.S., SHP 81
planes; Korean War; World Akers, William, EVG 179 of Alexandria; Ptolemy;
104-105, 148, 149-150, 151,
War I; World War II; Akutsu, Tetsuzo, EVG 153 Claudius
182, 183, 186-187, MCH 109;
motions of: pitch, F 25, 36, 63; Alamogordo, N. Mex., A-bomb Alfalfa, FV 36, 107
future lightplane, F 174-175;
jetliners, F 105-106; for long- roll, F 36, 37; yaw, F 36, 70, explosion, £ 172, 173, 195 Alfvén, Hannes, PL 30
Alaska: Lake Schrader, W 52-53; Algae, C 18, 19, 112-113, W 112;
range flight, F 59-60, 61, 93; 71,184;
private, light: design, F 61; land bridge to Asia, W map in carbon-cycle experiment,
for maneuverability, F 96-97;
future, F 174-175; 50-51; Taku Glacier, WEA 32-33 C 43; as food source, C 41, F
for payload, F 94-95; special
propeller, F 66-67, 78, 81-82; Albacore (submarine),SHP 132- 23, ENG 175, GM 175, HD 79;
problems of, F 61-62;
limitations of, F 82; 133 fossils, C 89; habitats, C 112;
specialization and
compromise in, F 31, 37-38, materials, F 81; tip speeds, F Albarello, 0 19 number of species, C 112; and
59-60, 61, 86, 88-89; for speed, 82; turboprop engine, F 83- Albatross (airplane),F 60 oxygen balance of water, W
F 58-60, 61, 88-89, 177, 180- 84; vibration, F 81-82; Wright Albatross (bird), £ 40-41, 50 176; pigment of, and capture
189; SST, F 169-170, 188-189; brothers’, F 15, 16, 26, 27, 29, Albedo, PL 89 - of sunlight, C 39; sizes, C 112;
streamlining, Ff 57, 60, 89; for 78, MCH 108; Albert, Prince Consort, EVG 34 for Venus colonization, PL 117
structural strength, F 105- range of, F 37, 93; gliders, F Albert Einstein College of Algebra, MATH 46, 63-70, 149,
106; structural vs. functional 31, 37; pioneer attempts, F Medicine, New York, VND 182 SC/ 86, 100; applications,
elements, ENVG 145, 146-147; 92-93; Albertson, Noel, 0 135 examples, MATH 63-65; basic
for VTOL, F 98-99, 150-151, speed of, £ 37, chart 174-175, Albinism, C 76-77 purpose of, MATH 63;
152-158; see also Aeronautics, 176; aerospace plane, F 176; Albucasis (Arab physician), PH 33 beginnings of, MATH 63, 64,
research; Wings, airplane, airliners, F 123; control in Albumin, 8 82, 94, FV 86 65-67, SC/ 78, 80; Boolean,
design of; flight, £54, 68-69, 74-75, 112, Alchemy, GM 31-32, 41, Vv 12, 14, MATH 12, 50, 170; branches
engines, F 35, 77-86, VCH 106, 113; design advances, 1909- 15-16, 17-27, SC/ 47, 79, 90; of, MATH 12; definition, MATH
107-110; bypass, F 84; control 1946, F 88-89; effect on lift, F Aristotelian principles, /V 12, 11; Diophantine, MATH 66;
and cockpit instruments, EVG 54, 55, 66, 68-69; gliders, F 15, 30; contributions to Fibonacci, MATH 67;
164, F 110-111, 116-117; 37; goals and prospects, F 86, sciences, GM 32, / 16, 24, 26, fundamental theorem of,
cooling, F 79; gasoline, F 77- 147-148; helicopters, F 98; SC/ 46, 47; demise of, SC/ 82, MATH 70, 152; group theory
82, MCH 106, 107-109; hypersonic, Ff 148, 190; Mach 91; doctrine of two applied to, MATH 174; higher,
hypersonic flight, F 148; jet, numbers, F 58; military contraries, V 15; and drugs, MATH 149, 152-153;
F 76, 82-83, 84-85, 116-117, SH aircraft, F 16, 34, 86, 155; D 16, 22; equipment, GV 32, hypercomplex, MATH 153;
178-179 (see also Jet engines, records, F 89-90, 104, 190; 40, M 22-28, 25-28, SCI AT; integrated with geometry in
in aircraft); nuclear, £ 158, relation to angle of attack, F origin of word, /V 15; analytical geometry, MATH
159; piston, F 77-82, 116 (see 54, 55, 68-69; SST, F169, 170, symbolic codes of, VV 14-15, 11, 81, 83, 86; origin of word,
also Piston engines, in chart 174-175; transonic 17, 20-21, 35, 37; texts, GM MATH 67; procedure of solving
aircraft); power-to-weight range, F 58,179; VTOL 30,M 17,18 problems, MATH 64;
ratio, F 77-78, 84; pre-Wright, forward, Ff 151, 173; Wrights’ Alcock, J., £ 194 Renaissance, MATH 68-70;
F 13,14, 77-78, 79, MCH 107; Flyer, F 16; X-15, F 34, 150, Alcohol, 0 33-39, 51, 52, Gv 32, symbols, MATH 65. See also
radial vs. in-line design, F 78, 190; M 26, 73; addiction to, D 39, Equations
79, 80-81; ramjet, F 84, 85, stability, £ 10, 35-36; dihedral 56, MND 158-154 (see also Algeria, fuel resources, £ 193
148-149; reaction, F 82; effect, £11, 12, 36; in early Alcoholism); calorie content Alice’s Adventures in
rocket, F 85-86, 149; rotary, F designs, F 11, 12,13, 14; of, D 37, FN 128; ethyl (wood) Wonderland, Carroll, MATH
78-79; supercharged, F 80, improvements by Wrights, F alcohol, D 33, V 74; as fuel, ig
90, 91; supersonic flight, F 14-15, 20-21, 24, 25; lateral, F E97, 99,100, uv 64, MS 32-33, Alienation, in adolescence, G 114
82, 86, 169; turbofan, F 84; 14, 36; longitudinal, F 14, 36; 36, 41; molecular structure Alimentary canal, G 18, F/V 81,
turbojet, F 76, 82-83, 84-85, supersonic flight, problems, F of, GV 53, 56; sources of, D 84,85
86, 148, VCH 92-93, 109-110; 184; 33, £ 99, GM 180; Aliphaties, GV 53-54
turboprop, F 83-84, 95; stabilizers, £ 113, VCH 108; in consumption: beverages and Alkali(es): GM 32, VV 128;
turboramjet, £ 85; VTOL supersonic planes, F their sources, D 33-34; ethnic excretion from body, D 92-93
planes, F 150-151, 152-153, 183,184; differences, D 59, MND 154; Alkali cellulose, GV 78, 88, 95;
173; Wright brothers’, F 15, structure: F 31, 38; biplanes, fatal dose, D 35; in history of xanthate, GV 94
27, 28-29, T7-78, MCH 107, F 102, 105; for hypersonic civilization, D 33-34; Alkali metals, / 29, 36, 37, 128,
108; speeds, F 149-150, 151; load moderate vs. habitual, D 38- 129, 131, 1386; atomic
fuels: consumption, jet factors, F 105; monoplanes, F 39; safe amount, D 37-38; U.S. structure, / 128, 136; in
engine, F 83, 84; 103-105; annual (1965), D 34; periodic table, / 127;
consumption, rocket engine, F tail section, F 29, 36; control effects on body: absorption, D properties of, 7 128
34, 86; evaporation-resistant, surfaces, F 62, 63,65, 71, 112, 35-36; blood level, D0 34-35; if Alkaline earths, // 130, 131; in
F 91; high-yield, F 94; 113; early studies, F 11, 12; carbonated, D 36; combined periodic table, v 127
hypersonic flight, F 148-149; redundancy in future with depressant drugs, D 39; Alkaloid drugs, D 28, 125;
jet engine, MCH 109; liquid designs, F 174; see also combined with food, D 35; sources of, D 124-125
hydrogen, F 148-149; Elevator; Rudder; congeners and, D 38; Alkaptonuria, HD 121
fuselage: design, F 60-61, 104- testing, F 105, 106-108, 147; depressant effect, D 34, 36; Al-Kashi, MATH 18
105, 148, 149-150, 151, 169, 182, flight, F 108, 146, 147, 150, hangover, D 38; high-proof Alken, Henry, SC/ 155

8-The Body c-The Cell D-Drugs €-Energy

Bu ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth Gm-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease Lv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind MsS-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sci-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 Al-Khowarizmi, ATH 17, 67 123, D 86-87, HD 96-97 Amino acids: in blood, 8 82,
All-weather flight research, £ 40-41;
Alvin (deep-sea craft), SHP 186- 103, Gi 175; defined, c 193; recorded sound, SH 119; by
129-130, 146, 152 187 in enzymes, G 22; in growth transistor, MCH 174; by
All-weather schedule keeping, Amantadine, D 132 hormone, G 168; in Krebs vacuum tube, WCH 150, 151,
ships: economic importance, Amazon River, W 81; basin, WEA cycle, B 104, C 48; number 152
SHP 34, 103, 104; modern aids, 100 of, C 73; nutritional Amplitude, defined, SH 193
SHP 37-40 Ambulance, 19th Century, PH 148 utilization of, 8 103-104, 108, Ampules, D 8, 50
Allahabad, India, W map 131, 134 American Academy ofArts and 112, 115, G 18-19, FN 18, 15, Amputations: infections from,
Allan’s Anti-Fat, FV 153 Sciences, SC/ 125 83, 84, 172, HD 76-77; 19th Century, C 184, HD 57,
Allegheny River, Roebling’s American Association for the cellular protein synthesis from, 68, PH 36-37; local anesthesia,
aqueduct across, WHL 127, 129 Advancement of Science, SC/ 8104, 105, C 72, 73, G 26, FN D 68
Allergies, C 171; causes of, C 31, 125-126 84, 86-87, GM 103; research, Amputees, training of, PH 103
171, D 118-119; drugs for, D American Association of Medical C 136-141; Amsterdam: below sea level, WW
18, 118, 195; to drugs, D 99, Clinics, PH 123 synthesis of: in early earth uence Schipol Airport, WHL
HD 105. See also Asthma; Hay American Bureau of Shipping, atmosphere, C 84-85, PL 39; Uf
fever SHP 10, 14 food production, GV 175, FV Amygdala, D 45, 48
Allergy, pediatric, P+ 101 American Chemical Society, SC/ 172, HD 79-80; laboratory, C Amyl nitrite, D 82, 194
Allfrey, Vincent, C 138 126 80, 83-84, 85, MS 172, PL 39, Amylopectin, FV 59
Alligator: auditory evolution of, American College, The, 186, G 187; polymerization, C Amylose, FV 59
SH 33; hearing range of, SH Flexner, PH 54 86, 97,GM 176 AN-22 (airplane), F 94-95
chart 194-195 American College of Physicians, Aminophylline, D 72, 86 Anableps, bifocal eye of, LV 23,
Allotropy, V 140 PH 127 Aminosalicylic acid, D 98 60
Alloys, V 30, 103, 147; as American Cyanamid Company, D Amish, 7 180-181 Anaconda snake, eye of, /\/ 22
conductors, V 70, 105-106; for 126, ENG 97 Ammann, Othmar H., £VG 15, Analgesic drugs, D 31, 52, 134-
elasticity, \V 130; heat- American Diabetes Association, 108, 117, 118, 120, WH 130 135; effect on brain, D 48. See
resistant, / 147; for jewelry, HD 139 Ammonia, / 58, 73; gaseous, GV also Pain relievers
coinage, precision American Dietetic Association, 43, MV 58, T 106; liquid, Analog computers, WCH 174-175
instruments, VV 134, 135, 137; FN 156 possibly the “water” of Analysis: chemical (see
for lightness, // 131; for low American Farm Bureau extraterrestrial life, vs 173, Chemical analysis);
melting point, 140; Federation, FV 51 174; molecular structure of, numerical, SC/ 78; statistical,
magnetic, / 134; misch American Farmer (journal), F/V T 106; sources of, ENG 129, SC/ 84;
metal, / 146, 147; 130, Gl 120; specific heat of, logical, SC/ 56-57, 77; and
prehistoric, // 10, 12, 30, 137; American Heart Association, PH E 31, table 36; synthetic proof, MATH 39-40, SC/ 56-58,
for strength and hardness, VV 127 production of, £ 99-100, ENG 11:
TSF 132,133) 135 American Indians: adaptation to 130; transportation by mathematical discipline, GV
Almagest, of Ptolemy, P/ 12, 13 altitude (Andes), HD 169-170; tanker, SHP 106; in urine, D 99, MATH 11, 86, SC/ 86, 100;
Alnico, / 134 of Brazilian jungle, HD 158- 93; waste product of cells, FV defined, MATH 11; offshoots
Alouette (satellite), WS 101 159; Campa (Peru), HD 177; Sie of, MATH 11-12, SC/ 86-87
Alpha (Northrop airplane), F 104 drugs of, 0 18, 19, 100, 124- as atmospheric component, PL Analyst, The, Berkeley, MATH
oe Centauri (star), 7S 170, 125, MND 152, 154, 155; Inca 43, 190; detection of, PL 68; 114
75 engineering, ENG 59, 62, 70- early earth, C 83, PL 38, 39, Analytic chemistry, SC/ 91, 100
Alpha particles, £ 169, V diagram 71, WHL 125, 127; puberty 41, 186; early Mars, PL 136; Analytic (Cartesian) geometry,
120; bombardment of atomic ceremonies, G 107; public Jupiter, VS 151, 153, PL 153, MATH 81-87, 88, 149, SC/ 86,
nuclei with, £ 170-171, v 151- health services for, PH 134; 155, 159, 164; Saturn, ws 87, 100; Cartesian
152; deflection of, by atomic Pueblo, HD 173; sledge used 153, PL 171; in synthesis of coordinates, MATH 82, 83,
nuclei, £ 169-170, 1 122-123, by, WHL 18; smallpox organic molecules, C 83-85, PL 157; definition, MATH 11;
124 epidemics, HD 37 39, 159, 186, 187; Uranus, VS essence of, MATH 83-84, 86;
Alpha rays (waves), £ 75, / 120, American Institute of Aeronautics 158, PELT3 examples of presentation of
122, 188; of brain, MND 182 and Astronautics, /S 194 Ammonia clock, SC/ 55, 7 106- equations as curves, VATH
Alpher, Ralph, SC/ 13-14 American Institute of Physics, 107 83-84; functions, MATH 86;
Alphonsus crater (lunar feature ), SC/ 130 Ammonium chloride, G// 34, 47 and logarithms, MATH 84, 85,
MS 127-128 American Interplanetary Society, Ammonium cyanate, G// 34, 35, 86; practical uses, examples,
Alps, WEA 60, 61, 85 MS 15,194 46, 47 MATH 86, 87; tool in
ALSS. See Apollo Logistic American Journal of Science, Amniotic sac (amnion), 8 175, formulation of scientific laws,
Support System SC! 106 176, G 63; formation of, G 32; MATH 87; and trigonometry,
Alternating current, 7 102 American Medical Association, function of, G 29, 31; testing MATH 84, 85; variables, MATH
Alternating gradient synchrotron FN 156, PH 54, 127; Journal of, for sex, G 55 86
(AGS), M 9, 160-165, 194-195, PH 127 Amoeba, C 9, 20, 110; food Analyzer, automatic, F/V 121, G
SC/ 66,128 American Miscellaneous Society ingestion of, C 24-25; life 168
Altimeter: barometric, F 115; (AMSOC), SC/ 12-13 eycle of, C 24; light sensitivity Anamorphosis, VA7TH 100
early, F 126, 127; radar, F129, American Museum of Natural of, LV 16; locomotion of, C 24, Anapolis, Brazil, WHL 101
130 History, 7 178-179 28, 104, 123; protective shell, Anathomia, Mondino de Luzzi,
Altitude, human adaptation to, American Philosophical Society, C30 PH 22-23
HD 169-171, 172 SC/1125 Amoebic dysentery, D 96, HD Anatolian bullock eart, WHL 20
Altitude indicator, F 114, 715, American Physical Society, SC/ 186; protozoa, D 97 Anatomy, 8 9, 15,42, wwo 16,
127, 128 72 Amoeboid movement, C 28, 130 PH 15, 55, SC/ 76, 96, 100;
Altitude of celestial bodies, American race, 8 40 Amontons, Guillaume, £ 29 branches of, 8 12-13;
measuring, SHP 153-155, 164 American Revolution, War of, Amorphism, molecular, GV 127- comparative, SC/ 97, 101;
Altitude records, airplanes, Ff 90- SHP 126 128 descriptive, PH 193; history
91, 190; gliders, F 37 American Rocket Society, VS AMP. See Adenosine of, 8 11-13, 17, 23, 24-25, 27,
Altocumulus clouds, WEA 86, 97, 15, 59, 194 monophosphate 32-33,C 124, 125,148, PH 12,
194 American Society of Heating Amperage, £ 121 18, 14-15, 21-23, 24, 27, 28,
“Alton Giant,” G 160 Engineers, ENG 94 Ampeére, André Marie, £ 47, SC/ 80; training in, B 12, 184-
Altostratus clouds, WEA 86, 97, “American System, The,” 123, 124 185, PH 52, 55, 56, 61, 64, 68-
195 industrial, VCH 60, 68 Ampere (amp), electrical unit, £ 69, 71. See also Body, human,
Alum (potassium aluminum American Telephone and 47, 121, 123 anatomy of; and individual
sulfate), / 13; crystal type, V Telegraph Company, WHL 94 Amphetamines, D 34, 38, MND parts of body
101; molecule, V 32; water American Thoracic Society, PH 154; addiction to, D 56, 58; Anatomy of Expression, The,
purification with, W177, 178, 126 effect on time sense, 7 15; in Bell, MVD 59
184-185 American University of Beirut, reducing pills, FV 154 Anaximander, universe of, PL 20
Aluminaut (submarine ), SHP 188- Lebanon, FN 116, 118, 120- Amphibians: auditory evolution Anaximenes, /V 14
189 Bil, Nee! of,SH 33; breathing of, 8 121; Anchor escapement, 7 97
Aluminum, V 138, WHL 88; America’s Cup race, SHP 40, 50, ear of, SH 62, 70-71; hearing Anchorage buoy, SHP 160
Dalton’s symbol, V/ 32; 65 and sound ranges of, SH chart Andean Indians, HD 169-170
honeycomb, ENG 23, 84; as Americium, // 148 194-195; lateral line in, SH 66- Anderson, Bronco Billy, EVG 52
polymerization catalyst, GV Americium oxide, // 148 67. See also Frogs Anderson, Carol D., £ 145, VV
131; refining, EVG 123; Ames, Adelbert, Jr., MVD 50 Amphibious dredge, ENG 12, WHL 154, 156, Sc/ 189-190
uses of, V 106, 131, 134, 138, Ames Research Laboratories, 32 Anderson, J. Redwood, 7 15
WHL 88; in aircraft engines, F Mountain View, Calif., PL 187 Amphibious monoplane, Andover, Me., communications
79, 80, 81; in ships, Ames room, MND 50-51 Pénaud’s, F 12, 14 satellite station at, VS 100;
structural, SHP 87, 188 Amide, GV 66, 67 Amplification of sound, /V 106; radome, ENG 184-185, MS 118
Alvarez, Luis, SC/ 14 Amidships, defined, SHP 193 by acoustic horn, MCH 150, Andrea Doria, S.S., lifting of,
Alveolar membrane, 8 121, 122 Amines, D 28, FV 14 151; impedance matching, SH GM 24
Alveoli (air sacs), 8 90, 120-121, Amino acid analyzer, FV 121, G 168 34; in middle ear, SH 37-38, Andrews, James J., WH 46
NN SO

119
 regeneration, C 105, 116-117, HD 61-62; allergic reaction to,
Androgens: adrenal, G 134, 144- Animal proteins, in diet, F/V 120, D 99, HD 105; and bacteria, D
145, 171, 172; functions of, G 172, HD 76-77 G 174-175; sensory
deprivation, HD 147; sexual 94, 97-98, 99; broad-
134, 144-145; gonadal, G 134, “Animal spirits,”’ MND 32, 33 spectrum, D 98, 99, 125, HD
145,171 (see also Animal substances, as source of behavior, MND 177-178;
stress, HD 149-150; vision 105; microbial drug
Testosterone) drugs, D 128, 125-126, 142- resistance to, D 99-100, HD
Andromeda (galaxy), WS 165, 143,178 (frog), C 151-153, LV 171;
eyes and vision of, C 162-163, 61; overuse of, 0 99; —
166-167, PL 185 Animalcules, 8 13, C 82 proliferation of, D 169, 190-
Animals: body structures, G 126- LV9, 10-11, 16, 17-29, 53, 56;
Androsterone, 8 174 191; of sea squirt, D 125;
Androsthenes, 7 34 129; carbon cycle, role in, C birds, C 152, LV 10, 11, 16, 22,
23, 26, 27,77; browsers, LV tablet manufacture, D 186-
Anechoic chamber, SH 184, 185 38, 42, 43,49, PL 41; 187; testing of, D 150-151,
Anemia, D 16, HD 10, 77, 164; classification of, SC/ 82, 97; 11, 16, 58; color vision, C 153,
162-163, LV 126; compound 152, 153, 185; tetracyclines,
diagnosis of, PH 35; domestication, FV 33, 34, 35, D 98, 99, 125, 169, HD 105;
hereditary forms, HD 125, 36-37; extraterrestrial, eyes, C 163, LV 20-21, 25, 60,
61, 194; euglena, C 11, LV 18; toxic reactions, HD 105;
129-130; iron deficiency, 8 possible forms, M/S 172-174,
evolution, LV 10, 11, 16, 18-19, various uses of, D 104, 150-
83, FN 63, HD 82; pernicious, PL 190-191; flight of, F 38-51
193; fishes, LV 10, 22-23, 24, 151, 152, 153, HD 34, 61, 134-
D195; sickle-cell, C 75, G 1538, (see also Birds, flight); food
26, 27, 78; frog, C 151-153, 135, SH 147-148; and viruses,
HD 125, 126, 180 and energy, C 41, £ 93, 101-
163; insects, C 163, ENG 146, D 95, 96, 98-99
Anemometer, WEA 58-59; 102, FN 86; fossils, £ 102, F
LV 20, 21, 60, 61; lids and Antibodies, 8 82, 93, 94, D 112-
homemade, WEA 161, 164-165 46-17, LV 20, PL 41, 7126, 127,
115, 118-119, GM 177, PH 36;
Anemourion, VCH 30 140, 178-179; and hydrologic lashes, LV 26-27, 59;
eycle, W 39; lateral line mammals, C 162; marine life, all-purpose, C 172;
Anencephaly, G 151, 152 autoimmune theory, HD 95;
Aneroid barometer, WEA 170 sensory system, SH 62, 66-67, LV 20, 24-25; nocturnal vision,
68-70; Lower Paleolithic, 7 LV 11, 16, 22-23, 28-29, 77; and blood proteins, HD 142;
Anesthesia, 8 15, C 185, PH 31, corticoids and, 8 174; defined,
101, 105; ancient methods, D 140-141; migration of, 7 37- numbers in various species,
38, 48-49; vs. plants, C19, 30, LV 20, 58; oldest fossil, LV 20; C170, 193; failure of self-
52-53; in brain surgery, PH recognition system, and
181, 195; development of 49, 112-113, FN 86; protective placement of eyes, LV 10, 11,
cover, C 30, 169; respiration, 16, 24-25, 58; predators, C immunological paralysis, C
modern, D 53-54, HD 57, PH 175; function of, C170, 175;
37; by hypnosis, HD 154; local, C42, 48, 49; salt content of 152, LV 11, 16, 22-23, 27, 58,
body fluids, W118; salt 77; pupil shapes, LV 22-23; inhibiting treatments, C 173-
D 67, 68-71; spinal, D 66-67;
excretion, W 118-119; sound retinal vs. cortical analysis of 175; maternal, against polio,
stages of, D 62-63; tests for
production range of, SH chart nerve signals, /V 176; rod HD 60; production of, 8 133,
effectiveness and safety, D
194-195; in space program, pigment, /V 78; simple eyes, Ila 10), Sle 2, fo) A,
64-65
Anesthesiology, D 60, 61-75, PH MS 80, 86-87, 195; weather LV 20; spiders, LV 20, 58; HD 58; production following
effects on, WEA 112; stereoscopic vision, /V 11, 58; vaccination, D 115, HD 59; in
101, table 102, 154; tools of, D
adaptation and specialization, G hearing organs of, SH 63-75; RH incompatibility, HD 126,
66-67
Anesthetics, D 9, 52-54, Gv 54, 116-117, 128-129, HD 173-174; birds, SH 62, 72-73; and 129; transplant rejection by,
60, PH 101; alcohol used as, camouflage, C 77, G 116; eyes, echolocation, ENG 145-146, SH B 126, 127, 132-133, 137, C172,
D 52, MND 153, PH 37; LV 10, 22-25, 28-29, 58-59, 60; 121-129, 133-143; evolution, PH190 ~
chloroform, D 54, 193, Gi 36; water-need (desert), W/ 108, SH 32-33, 62, 64-65; fishes, SH Anticoagulant drugs, D 137;
cyclohexanone, D 71; ihily,, TINS 32-33, 68-69, 128; frequency research, SC/ 50
cyclopropane, D 71; effect on behavior patterns: instinct, range, SH chart 194-195; frog, Anticyclones, WEA 59, 64-65
brain, D 48; ether, D 51, 58, MND 114, 117, 194-195; SH 33, 70-71; insects, SH 62, Antidepressant drugs, D 52, 55,
54, 62, 64-65, 193, PH 37, 105; memory and learning, FN 81- 74-75; mammalian, SH 33, 183, MND 62-63, 153, 154-155;
general, D 48, 68; 82, MND 15-16, 106-107, 108- 63, 65, 72; Renaissance testing, D 134-135, 153
introduction of, D 53-54, 62, 110, 111-112, 118-119, 194-195; drawing, SH 32; Antifreeze, / 73
193, HD 57, PH 37; local, D 67, reasoning, MND 110, 195; mental capacities: learning, Antigens, C 169, 113, 118-119;
68, 71, 194; nitrous oxide, D reflexes, VND 33-34, 194-195; MND 15-16, 106-107, 108-110, defenses against, 8 133, C 169-
53-54, 62, 64-65, 193, MND withdrawal behavior, HD 155; 111-112, 118-119, 194-195; 171, 172, 175, 0 118, 114-115;
153, 167; opiates as, D 52-53, brain of: evolution, C 147, LV memory, ND 16; reasoning, defined, C 169, 193; diversity
PH 37; procaine, D 60, 67, 68- 193, MND 36; fishes, SH 68; MND 110, 194-195; of, C 171; injection of, for
69; side effects, D 54, 62, 68; monkeys, experiments, V/NVD one-cell, C 19, W108, 7 42-43; graft tolerance, 8 138, C 174-
sodium pentothal, D 62, 63, 176, 185-187; porpoises, SH food ingestion, C 24-25; 175; in surgical transplants,
PH 128; tetracaine, D 67 127-128; sizes compared to locomotion, C 24, 28-29; B 126, 132, C173
Aneurysm, PH 34 human brain, 8 147, MND 36; protective shells, C 30-31; Antihistamines, D 118
Angel, C. D., / CH 160-161 in visual system, LV 19, 176; response to stimuli, C 26-27; Antimatter, / 155
Angelo Petri, S.S., SHP 105 cells, C 17, 18-19; energy and parasitic infections: hosts, Antimony, V/ 26, 29, 30, 140, WHL
Angers, France, suspension transformations in, C 34, 38- HD 33-34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42-49, 88; drug, D 110; uses of, MV
bridge disaster, WHL 127 42, 48, 49; flexibility of shape, 50, 51; vectors, HD 38, 39, 42, 105, 140, WHL 88
Angina pectoris, D 82, FN 132, C19, 24-25; food storage in, C 43,44, 45, 46,47, 48, 49, 50, Antinoise ordinances, SH 174-176
Hb 154; drugs, D 82, 83, 194 41, FN 86; 163, 182-183, 185; Antiparticles, (7 154-155, 156
Angle of attack. See Wings, disease in: cancer, HD 92, 93, water in body of: functions, W Antipater of Thessalonica, CH
airplane 101, 119; heart, HD 147, 149- 106-107, 110; percentages, W WA ileal
Angle of incidence, /V 194 150; ulcers, HD 147, 152; 115; synthesization, W 108, Antipitching devices (ships), SHP
Angle of reflection, LV 31, 32, 42- evolution, C 90, G 126, PL 41, 118; waste product of cells, C 40, 46
43,194, SH 18,19 W 103, 7 126; birds, F 46-47; 39, 40, 42, 48, 49. Antirolling devices (ships), SHP
Angle of refraction, LV 32, 33, brain, C 147, LV198, MND 36; See also Multicelled 38, 46, 87, 88-89
44-45, SH 20, 21 eyes, LV 10, 11, 16, 18-19, 193; organisms Antirolling tanks, SHP 38
Angles (mathematics): of hearing organs, SH 32, 33, 62, Anio Novus water system, ENG Antiscorbutic “principle,” HD 80-81
isosceles triangle, MATH 40; 64-65; variety of forms, PL 54- 68-69 Antiseptic of body, 0 105
in semicircle, MATH 41; 55; Anitschow, Nikolai, FV 133 Antiseptic practices, beginnings
Thales’ propositions, MATH experiments and studies: Ankle: arthritis, HD 95; bones, of, C184, HD 56-58, 64, 68-69,
40-41; trigonometric chemical brain stimulation, 857; fracture, B 59 PH 31, 36-37, 194
functions of, MATH 86; MND 177-178; choice of Annular jet, ACV, SHP 177 Antisubmarine devices and
trigonometric ratios, MATH animals for, D 148-149, FV Anode, in electron tubes, CH weapons, SHP 130, 131, 133,
84, 86; between two crossed 106; conditioning, FV 82, MND 152-153 148-149
straight lines, MATH 40; 106-107, 108-109; crowding, Anopheles mosquito, D 100, 101, Antisynchronism design (ships),
visual illusions in viewing of, HD 146, 175; decerebration, HD 36, 39, 42, 43, 185 SHP 46
LV 146. See also Right angles MND 37-838; in drug testing, D Anoxia, 8 124: causes of, 8 123- Antithamnion plumula, C
Anglesey suspension bridge, EVG 59 126, 132-136, 140-141, 146, 124 112-113
Angstrom (unit of measurement), 147-149, 150, 176, 184-185, Antabuse, D 39 Antitrade winds, WEA 63
C 11,13, 193 MND 186-187; echolocation, Antagonistic drug combinations, Antoniadi, Eugenios M., Mars
Aniline, GV 37 SH 121-124, 127, 134-137; D194 maps of, PL 143, 147
Aniline dyes, GV 37, 39, 48-49 embryos, C 101-102, 103, G Antarctica, PL 50-51; airborne Antonoy, Oleg, F 95
Aniline sulfates, GV 48 13, 35-40, 51; ESB, wb 176, exploration of, F 195; Anvil, of ear, SH 35, 36-37, 40-
Animal census, by aerial 184-185; hormonal, G 105- icebreakers in, SHP 120-121 41; in otosclerosis, SH 148
photography, f 160-161 106, 1381, 133-135, 136, 171- Anthrax, C 183, HD 58, 62, 72, Anxiety, D 44, 48; “free-
“Animal electricity,” misconcept 172; learning, VND 106-107, PH 36, 194; bacillus, HD 72 floating,” MND 58; neurotic
of, £ 118,120, MCH 124, SH 108-110, 111-112, 118-119, 194- Anthropology, 8 40-41, Sc/ 98, state, MND 58, 87; and
59-60 195, 710; memory, C 155; 99, 100; and skeletal remains, repression, VND 83-84. See
Animal fats, in diet, FV 134-135, memory drugs, D 175; B 58-59, table 60 also Emotional strain; Stress
HD 83-84, 89 nutritional, F/V 81-82, 106- Anthropometry, 8 41 Aorta, 8 48, 49, 80, 88, D 87, FV
Animal magnetism, VD 162-163 107, 113-114, 129-130, 146- Anthroposcopy, 8 41 98, G 61; receptors, 86, 89
Animal organs, temporary use for 147,169, 170; psychological Anti-Coronary Club, FV 135 Aortic arch, 8 49
humans, PH 178, 184-185 growth, G 170, 172-173; Antibiotics, D 95-100, 111, 133, Apache Indians, puberty
——_—
ee SSSSSSSSSS—s

8-The Body c-The Cell D-Drugs £-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease LV-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 ceremonies of, G 107 plants, W172 Arendal shipyard, Goteborg, SHP Arrhenius, Svanté August, °/
Apeliotes (wind), WEA 59 Aquatic life: compound eyes, LV 16, 17-29 124,125, sc/ 191
Aperture, camera, ///54 20, 25; eye placement in, LV Arfons, Art, automobile speed Arrhythmia, cardiac, D 80-81,
eosreare color’ experiments, LV 24-25; microscopic, vision of, records of, WHL 169, table 170 83, 88
LV 18-19; plants, C 39, W112: Argentina: fuel resources, £ 193; Arroyo, W 87, 92
Apes: brain of, MND 36; color water pollution and, W176. grain exports, FV 41; man’s Ars Magna, Cardano, VATH 69
vision of, /V 126; eye See also Fish growth trend in, G 86 Arsenic, MV 26, 29, 30, 140;
placement, / 58; learning in, Aqueducts: ancient Roman, ENG Argon, £ 75, 59, 145; crystal type, V 101; sources
MNO 110, 118, 119; reasoning 34, 57, 68-69, W124: Barton, discovery of, 7 59, 145; of, ENG 123; uses of, V 105,
in, MND 110, 195; sexual ENG 39; for canals, ENG 34-35, liquefaction, / 62; 140
maturity of, G 110; “time 36; irrigation, China, W 158; liquefaction temperature, V/ Arsphenamine, D 96
sense” of, 710 Los Angeles, table 58; percentage in air, / Art: and geometry, MATH 14-
Apes, The Mentality of, W171; Nineveh, W 123; table 58, 60; uses of, V 60, 62, 15, 88, 94-97; influence of
Kohler, VD 110 Roebling’s, at Pittsburgh, 145 science on, SC/ 164, 165, 166-
Aphasia, VND 37 WHL 127; Syrian, ENG 63 Argonne National Laboratory, 169; perspective in, LV 147,
Aphelion, PL 25 Aqueous humor, 8 154, LV 53-54, Chicago, V 41, SC/ 11, 129 187, 190-191, MATH 98-101;
Apollo Program, ENG 76, 77, 78- 55, 84, 194 Ariadaeus rill (lunar feature),PL psychotic, MND 136, 137-151;
85, MS 91, 1380, 131-145; Aquifer, W 57-58; artesian, W 59; 101 surrealism, /\/ 162;
computer use, ENG 83, MATH defined, W194; effects of Ariel (Uranian moon),PL table techniques for indicating
36-37; cost of, ENG 78; flight man’s use of groundwater on, 193 depth and distance, /V 145-
plan outline, ENG 78, 80-81, wW 59-60 Aries (constellation), PL 23 146, 182-183, 187-191;
MS 122-128, 132-135; lunar Arab and Moslem role in Aristarchus, PL 12, 13, SC/ 80 techniques for indicating
bases and vehicles, VS 142- sciences, SC/ 80; algebra, Aristotelian logic, VATH 170 shape, LV 145, 180-181, 182,
145, PL 106-107; moon MATH 66-67; Arabic Aristotle, SC/ 59, 79, 96, 104; and 186; uses of syntheties in, GV
landing, ENG 80, 83-84, MS numerals, MATH table 17, 77; atomic theory, // 14-15, Gv 26-27. See also Architecture;
134-135, 138-139; moon astrology, MATH 73; 31; biological theories, 8 40, Painting
launch, ENG 78, 81, MS 135, astronomy, MATH 71, 72, 73, G 15, MND 9; concept of light Art of Tenths, The (La
139; power supply, ENG 174- PL 12, SC/ 92; calendar and of, /V 31; concept of motion Disme), Stevin, MATH 18
175, MS 46-47, 136-137; time-keeping, 7 24, 62-63, 66, of, £9, 7 146, 147; concept of Art therapy, VND 72, 144-145
Saturn V rocket for, ENG 79, 67, 78; mathematical round earth, SHP 152; concept Artemon, SH? 55, 58
MS 46-47, 124, 131-133, 136- manuscript, MATH 78; of spontaneous generation of Arteries, 8 48, 49, 77, 78, 87, 88,
137; space suits for, /S 8, medicine, 8 25, PH 21, 32, 33; life, C 81, 86; and emanation 90-91, D 88, G 61, FN 98;
140-141; technical manpower pharmacology, D 13, 16, 21, theory of vision, /V 53; four artificial, V 116, PH 103; blood
for development of, ENG 78; 22-23, 24 “elements” of, GM 31, 32, Mv pressure, D 90-91;
space capsules, GV 131, WS Arab dhow, SHP. 53, 56 12, 13,15, 30 WEA 128; lack- contraction of muscular wall
47, 1238-124, 132-135; Arab-Israeli water dispute, W121 of-vacuum thesis, / 53; of, 8 48, 63; coronary, D 82,
Command-Service Module Arabic numerals, MATH 17, 77 Meteorologica, WEA 128, 142, FN 184; diseased by fat
(CSM), ENG 78, 79-81, 174- Arachnoid granulation, VVD 21 153-154; weather theories of, deposits, FV 132, 133, 134;
175, MS 134-135; Lunar Arachnoid membrane, VND 21 WEA 58, 128; quoted, MCH flow of blood in, & 48, 78, 80;
Module (LM), ENG 78, 79-81, Arboviruses, HD 183 172, SH 127, SHP- 146, WEA hardening of, 8 80, 86, FV
82-85, MS 123, 133-135, 138- ARC (computer), VND 174-175 128; mentioned, SC/ 53, WEA 81 127, HD 15, 86-87, 89, PH 83
139, 144 Arc lights, V 146, MCH 72, 126-127 Arithmetic, SC/ 86, 100; ancient (see also Arteriosclerosis;
Apollo Logistic Support System Areas (sounding rocket), /S 42-43 history, MATH 14-18, Sc/ 78, Atherosclerosis); main, 8 80;
(ALSS), MS 144-145 Arch, use in construction: 104; Archimedes, MATH 47- normal, FN 134; origin of, G
Apollonius of Perga, VATH 46, aqueducts, ENG 57, 69; 48; definition, MATH 11, 34; pulmonary, 8 81, 88, 121;
47, 83, MCH 27 bridges, ENG 57, 113, WHL integrated in analytic receptors, D 88
Apoplectic type, 8 40 123-124, 125, 126, 130, 134- geometry, MATH 11, 81; rules Arterioles, 8 48, 77, 80, 81, 89,
Apoplexy, false diet for, (NV 155 137, 193; Gothic cathedrals, for hypercomplex numbers, D 90-91
Berelactian Mountains: ENG 57, 58, 72-73; pointed vs. MATH 158; of set theory, MATH Arteriosclerosis, 8 80, VND 57,
rainage, W 92; effects on round, ENG 57 173; symbols, MATH 11. See 72; death rates, D graph 173;
weather, WEA 9-10, 15; ice age Archaeopteryx, F 46-47 also Counting systems; symptoms, PH 83. See also
effect on, W 50-51; rebuilding Archeology, SC/ 76, 77, 98, 99, Numbers; Numerals Atherosclerosis
of, W 86 LOL iis oenggs Arizona: Canyon Diablo Crater, Artesian, defined, W/ 194
Appalachian Plateau, W78 Agricultural Revolution MS 150, PL 87, 88, map 89; Artesian springs, W 48, 59, 61
Apparent motion of celestial research, FV 33-35; dating groundwater, W 55, 66; Artesian wells, W 57, 58-59, 64,
bodies, P/ 176 methods of, 7 123, 129-130, irrigation, W171, 174; 65; pressure test, W/ 66;
Appendicitis, 8 103; false diet 132, 133-139; discoveries by Painted Desert, W 92-93 replenishment of, W/60
for, FN 155 aerial photography, Ff 156, Arkwright, Sir Richard, EVG 193, Arthritis, 8 59, D 168,169, HD
Appendix, 8 103 158-159 MCH 58, 64, 65, 193; spinning 10, 84, 85, 95, PH 47; areas
Apperley, Charles James, WHL 103 Archer, Scott, /V 66 machine of, MWCH 57-58, 64 affected HD 95; drugs, D 30,
Appert, Nicolas, FV 62 Archetype, Jung’s theory of, VVD 89 Arlandes, Marquis d’, £ 34, F 32, 128, 136, 137, 195; false diet
Appestat, FV 129-130 Archiméde (bathyscaphe), 194, MS 27 for, FV 155; forms of, HD 95;
Appetite, F/V 129-130, 143; SHP 190-191 Arm(s): bones 8 45, 56; injection, PH 46; origin of
conditioned-reflex Archimedes, VATH 46, 47-50; coordination of, G 81; elbow word, HD 94: osteoarthritis,
stimulation of, FV 81-82; Sand Reckoner, MATH 47; joint, 8 70-71; in growth HD 95; replacement of
controlled by hypothalamus, quoted, MATH 48, 49, MCH 19; studies, G 78; motor control crippled joints, 8 64;
FN 129-130, 146 mentioned, MATH 70, 87; of, VND 38; muscles 8 47, 61; rheumatoid, D 128, 173, 195,
Appian Way, ENG 66-67 engineering contributions, £ musculoskeletal structure of, HD 18, 94-95, 126, PH 129;
Apple pie, calorie content of, FV 71, MCH 198, MATH 49, SCI B 62; nerves of, MND 26-27; weather and, WEA 112
table 11, 128 151; hydraulic law, MATH 49, prenatal formation of, G 33, Artichoke, FV 29
Apples: calorie rating of, FN 10; SC/ 52, SHP 10; war machine, 65-66 Artificial Horizon, F 127, 128
discoloration of peeled, FV MATH 49, MCH 29; water- Armada, Spanish, SHP 140-141 Artificial insemination, G 178
60; processing, FV 68 raising screw, MCH 26-27, 29- Armadillo, W108; and Chagas’ Artificial organs and body parts,
Appleton, Sir Edward, SC/ 191 30, 31, W 145-146; disease, HD 47 B 126, 132, ENG 150-153, Gu
Appliances, electric, £ 122, WCH mathematical contributions, Armer, Paul, EVG 177 169, HD 16, PH 103; arteries,
123, 131, 132, 134-135, 142- MATH 47-48, 111, 112; number Armillary spheres, VATH 73, SC/ M 116, PH 103; bone, B 64;
143, 167; noise levels, SH 175; system, MATH 47-48; volume 42-43; equatorial, SC/ 38, 39 breast, synthetic, GM 176;
ownership statistics (U.S.), of sphere, MATH 48 Armor, personal: ancient, CH cornea, G// 176; heart, 6 86,
MCH 14 Architecture: Gothic, EVG 57, 37, 38, 39; plastic, for 131, ENG 152-153, 178, Gu
Applied mathematics, MATH 10, 58, 72-73; impact of science infantry, GV 170 176, 177, PH 108, 178, 188-
54, 170 on, SC/ 166, 167; use of Armstrong, Charles, PH 142 189; heart-lung machine, 8
Applied physics, Nobel geometric shapes in, MATH Armstrong, Edwin H., EVG 195, 85, 130-131, 134, D 74-75, ENG
prizewinners, SC/ 191 88, 94-95, 102-103 MCH 150, 195 150, MCH 195, PH 128, 187;
Applied science, SC/ 145-146; Archytas, MATH 45 Armstrong, Neil, VS 139 heart pacemaker, 8 86, ENG
expenditures, SC/ graph 124. Aretic, PL 52; submarine Armstrong-Jones, Sir Robert, SH 145, 150, 151-152, Gu 176, PH
See also Technology voyages beneath, SHP 123; 174 151; heart valve, 8 86, 131,
Approximation, MATH 118. See weather-improvement Arnold, General Henry (Hap), ENG 151, 152,179, GM177,M
also Infinitesimal method schemes for, WEA 178-180 MS 54 116, PH 103, 178, 186-189;
A priori (innate )knowledge, VD Arcturus (star), 7 56 Aromatics, GM 54 joints, 8 64, PH 103; kidney,
10, 105 Area-rule design of airplane Around the Moon, Verne, VS B 125, 128-129, ENG 150, 152,
Aptitude tests of scientists, SC/ wings, F graph 182, 183 28-29 GM 176, MCH 195, PH 169;
32; problems and answers, Arecibo, Puerto Rico, radio Around-the-world flights, £ 93, limbs, ENG 161; lung, & 131,
SCI 82, 34 telescope at, M/S 174, PL 74-75, 194; first solo, £92,195 GM 165, 176
Aqaba, Gulf of, desalination 170 Arquebus, VCH 50 Artificial womb, G 174

a TTF

121
 128, 142, 144, 154, 166-167;
Artillery: counterpoise, CH 42- Astronomer(s),
r r SC/ 116-117; MS 80, 44
Atmosphere: absence on moon, units, WEA 168; upper air,
43; guns, MCH 32-38, 50-51; dating of term,
rm SC/ 29;
living, SC/ 117; MS 172-1738, PL 88, 84-85, 96; WEA 59, 144, 145, 149-151, 158;
tension, MCH 48, 44-45; number of
greenhouse effect of, PL 42, meteorology: air movement
torsion, MCH 29, 43. See also priests, ancient civilizations,
114, WEA 38; life-developing caused by pressure
Guns PL 10-11, 7 57, 58, 59, 60, 69, imbalances, WEA 39-41, 57;
Aruba, Dutch West Indies, 70 conditions, C 84-85, 88, 92-
93, MS 172-178, PL 89, 41, 158- weather forecasting, WEA 58,
desalination plant, W/ 186 Astronomical cycles, 7 70
159, 186, 187; origin of word, 154-155, table 167; weather
Asafetida, D 11, 14 Astronomy, PL (entire vol.), SC/
WEA 11; reducing gases, PL 38- map rotation, WEA 168
Ascidia nigra, antibiotic 76, 82, 83, 92-93, 117; vs. Atmospheric pumps, / 56-57;
substance in, D 125 astrology, SC/ 79; and 39:
earth, VS 11, PL 33-34, 38-438, Newcomen’s, W 149
Ascorbic acid, FV table 113, HD calendars, MATH 16, 76, 77, 7 Atmospheric turbulence, F 155-
81. See also Vitamin C 55-64, 65-75; early history of, 83, WEA 18-15, 16, 127;
MATH 16, 17, 70, 71-73,PL 9- altitude, PL graph 56; barrier 156, PL 64, 67, 79, WEA 173
Ash, James, SHP 127 Atom, £51, 52, 93-95, Gv 10, 31,
Ashburson water-purification 13, 16, 17-23, 108, SC/ 36, 78- to telescopic observation, PL
64, 66-67, 79; circulation of, 101, Vv 118-126, SC/ 17, 48,
plant, Baltimore, W 184-185 79, 92, 104; early 83; basic entity of matter, /
instruments, MATH 73, SC/ 37- WEA 62-64, 68-71;
Asherah (research submarine), composition, early, C 83, 85, 9, 34; crystal arrangement,
SHP 181 40, 42-43; modern, beginnings
90, MS 172, PL 38-39, 186; SC/ 24-25; molecular
Ashtabula Creek bridge disaster, of, MATH 81, Ms 9-10, PL 13- arrangement of (see
WHL 123 15, 16, 24-25, 61-62; modern composition of, and life
forms, interactions, C 88, 89- Molecular bonding;
Asian- Alaskan land bridge, W instruments and techniques, Molecular structure); origin
PL 62-67, 68, 69-81, SC/ 116- 90, PL 39, 41; composition,
map 50-51 of word, GM 12, 31, v 14;
Asian flu, drug research, GV 120 117; spacecraft observatories, present, PL 41, WEA 14;
electricity in, C 92-93, £ 26, chemical properties:
Asian swift, echolocation by, SH MS 105, 110-111, PL 67; dependence on electronic
specialties, SC/ chart 92-93, WEA 87, 103-105, T 116-117 (see
142 structure, £ 94-95, v 10, 125,
Asimoy, Isaac, /S 173 chart 100-101; ie also Ionization; Lightning);
mathematical contributions to, greenhouse effect, PL 42, 114, 128, 131, 136, 140, 145;
Aspect ratio, of airplane wing, F immutability, V 34, 119;
59-60, 61 MATH 46, 71, 110, 111, 112, WEA 38; a heat engine, £ 18;
155, 160, 162; calculus, WATH heat transfer, PL 42, W 30, radicals, GM 35; valence, GM
Aspirin, D 121, Gv 142; anemic 52, M 35;
reaction to, HD 125; fever 105, 112, 149; trigonometry, 40-41, WEA 18, 39, 40, 41, 68,
reduction by, D 13, 100, 108- MATH 84-85. 69, 90; impurities, as nucleus of, £ 77, 169-171, Gi
Seéalso Earth-centered condensation nuclei, WEA 84, 101, v 9-10, 151-157, 7 120;
109, 121; poisoning accidents, binding force, £ 174 (see also
D9 system; Optical astronomy; 88; infrared window, PL 65,
Photographic astronomy; 66; latent energy of moisture Electrostatic force; Nuclear
Assembly-line production: force); density of, MV 123, 124;
beginnings of, EVG 13, MCH Radio astronomy; Radio in, W 13-14, WEA 39; layers,
68, 74, 76, 79, 82-84; modern, telescopes; Spectroscopic MS 104, PL 42-43, graph 56, discovery of, £ 169-170, MV
D 188-189, ENG 28-29, FN 68- analysis; Sun-centered 57, WEA 14, 15; mass, PL 38; 123, SC/ 48, 53; electric
79, MCH 75-76, 82, 178-179, system; Telescopes; and origin, £ 25, PL 38; particle charge of, £ 94, 119, 169, 174,
individual heavenly bodies effect on sunlight, LV 30, 100- M 124-125; fission process, F
SHP 16, 18-19, 26-29
Associated Universities, SC/ 128- andy eis SCI 92, 93, 100, 101, 102; radiation absorption 148, 167-168, 174-175, v 171,
by, PL 38, 42-43, 57, 65, 67, 172-173; fusion process, F
129
Associations, scientific, SC/ 125- Aswan Dam, Egypt, FV 184-185, 79, 85, WEA 12, 35-36, 38; 148, 173, 174-175, 186, MV 173,
126 W 154, 171 radio window of, PL 65, 66- 176-177; liquid-drop concept,
Atabrine, D 100, 183 67; reducing, PL 38-39, 41, mM 154, 170; mass of, £170, MV
Assyria, ancient: anesthesia, D
52; hydraulic engineering, W ATC. See Air-traffic control 153; research models of, WEA 10, 151; particles in, £ 170-
122-123; transportation in, Athabaska Glacier, Canada, £ 20- 173-175; research vehicles, F 171, MV 151-158; size of, £ 170,
WHL 16, 21, 22, 23; war 22 147, MS 105, WEA 135, 144- M 10, 125, 151; stability,
machines, MCH 29, 40-41 Atheroma, HD 86-87 145, 149-151, 158, 175, 177, degree of, £ 174;
Astatine, V 37, 142, 143 Atherosclerosis, 8 80, FV 127, 178, 182-183; synthesis of transmutation by alpha-
Asteroid belt, PL 135, 144, 175 132-135, HD 15, 25, 27, 83-84, organic compounds in, C 84- particle bombardment,
Asteroids, /S 150-151, PL 37, 85, 86-89; in animals, HD 149- 85, 92, MS 172, PL 39-40, 158- 151-152; transmutation by
135, 163; Ceres, MATH 155, 150; causative factors, FV 132- 159; temperatures, WEA 14, neutron bombardment, //
162, PL 37; impacts on moon, 135, HD 83-84, 88, 89, 149- graph 15; tint of, LV 100, 102, 169-171, 172-173; “unified”
PL 85, 87; orbits of, MATH 160, 150; coronary, FV 132-133, PL 32, 33, 48, W 36; visible theory of structure of, Vv 154;
PL 135 134, 135, HD 83, 86, 87; death (optical) window of, PL 64- physical characteristics: ability
Asthma, 8 128, D 72, 87, HD 60, rates, HD 83, 84, 87, chart 88; 65, 66; water content of, to emit or absorb
112, 164; drugs, D 18, 72, 195; defined, HD 83; drugs, D 82, average, W 9, table 38, 39, 47, electromagnetic radiation, 7
symptom of, PH 91 83; and diet, FV 127, 132-135, WEA 14; water turnover in, 106, 168; electrical balance,
Astigmatism,
LV 59, 82, 86; HD 83, 88, 89; and heart rate of, W 39, 42; water vapor £ 94,119,170, Mv 124-125;
defined, /V 194; test, LV 60 attack, FV 127, 132, 134, HD in, LV100-101, PZ 38, 42, Ww mass, £ 170, M 10;
Aston, Francis W., £ 194, // 153, 86; main sites affected, HD 39, 40-41, 44, 46-47, WEA 14, polarization, / 74; size, E
SC/191 87; in men vs. women, HD 21, 36, 38, 39; weight, WEA 170, M 9,119, 124-125;
Astrobee 1500 (sounding rocket), 88; problems of drug tests on 13, 35; see also Air; Clouds; structure of, £ 77-78, 93-95,
MS 42-43 animals, D 149; and stroke, other planets: composition, PL 169-171, Gv 10, 101, 7 10,
Astroblemes, PL 88, map 89 FN 127,132, HD 87 table 193; greenhouse effect, 118, 121, 122-123, 124-125, sci
Astrogeology Branch of U.S. Atka (icebreaker ), SHP 120 Ms 151, PL 112,114; Jupiter, 61-62, 64; Bohr’s concept, F
Geological Survey, moon probe Atlantic, Battle of the, SHP 129, MS 151, 152, PL 153, 154-156, 76,77, 93-94, M 123, 124, 125,
projects, PL 104-107 148-149 160, 161, 164-165, 166; life 151, Sc/ 61; electron orbits, £
Astrolabe, VATH 73, SC/ 36, 37, Atlantic Blue Ribbon, SHP 75, 82 zones in, MS 148-149, 151, 76, 77-78, 94-95, M 124-125;
SHP 151, 154 Atlantic Ferry, SH? 75, 77, 79, Are gaa] tayo ne Roy mostly empty space, F 169-
Astrology, VATH 78, PL 11, 141, 81, 104 183, 190-191; Mars, MS 80, 170, M 9, 123; Rutherford’s
Sci 79, 7 56, 186-187; Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, 148, PZ 80, 131, 132, 133-134, concept, £ 77, 169-171, M 123,
geomantic calculator, MATH W125 135-136, W 34; Mercury, PL 124, 125; Thomson’s concept,
73; and medieval medicine, Atlantic Monthly, magazine, 170; methods of study of, PL M 121, 122.
PH13 MCH 72, MS 12 63-64, 65, 73, 74, 78-79, 80; See also Atomic particles;
Astronautical engineering, Atlantic Ocean, W/ 36-37; area of Neptune, PZ 173, 182, 183; Fission; Fusion
schooling, EVG 91, 95 origin of hurricanes, WEA 42, Pluto, PL 182; reducing, PL Atom bomb, £ 15, 148, 172-173,
Astronautics, /S (entire vol.), SC/ 44, map 54, 65; Gulf Stream, 136, 153; Saturn, PZ 171, 182; M 149,187; birth defects
93,101 w 41; storm, Gemini V Uranus, PL 173, 182, 183; from, G 156; destructive
Astronauts: and aging in space photograph, W 32; winds and Venus, MS 79, 150, PL 78, 79, effects of, £ 175; development
MS 166, 7 152; in Apollo trade routes, WEA map 63 109-112, 114, 115, 116, 125, of, £ 172-173, 195, wv 173-175,
Program, ENG 78-79, 80-81, Atlantic shores: hurricanes, WEA 126-127, 128 SC/ 135, 148, graph 149; heat
82-85, MS 8, 134, 138-141, 144- 30-31, 44, map 54, 133-134; Atmospheric friction, in re-entry generation, £ 175; materials
145; dangers for, MS 82-83, and theory of continental of spaceships, VS 96 used, £ 172-173; peaceful
96, 154, 178; electrification of, drift, PL 37; trade, SHP 61-62 Atmospheric (barometric) blasting by, & 150-151;
MND 176; food for, C 47, MS Atlantis (research vessel), SC/ pressure, £ 31, 33, WEA 18-14; storage of, £173; triggering
184, 185; on moon, ENG 78, 128 altitudinal variation, WEA 14, of H-bomb by, £175;
MS 184, 142, 144-145, PL 83, Atlas (rocket), M/ 65, MS 37, 44, 144; defined, WEA 39-40; explosions, £ 149; first, £173,
84, 92, 106; physical stresses, 79, 122 health effects of, WEA 110, 195, v 169, 175; first Soviet,
MS 179-181, 186-189, SH 182, Atlas Agena B (rocket), /S 44 111-1138, 114; high vs. low, £195; Hiroshima, £ 172, 195,
183; in Project Gemini, VS Atlas bone, 8 58 global belts, WEA map 69; G 156; Nagasaki, £ 172, 195.
85, 93-97; in Project Mercury, Atlas Centaur (rocket), VS 44 laws governing, WEA 130-131; See also Manhattan Project
MS 80, 81, 90-91; protection Atlas ICBM program, /S 57, 59- Magdeburg spheres Atom-smashers, £ 143, GV 168,
of, MS 140-141, 182-183; and 60, 195 experiment, V 52, 54-55, Sc/ 45; M 11, 41, 155, 158, 159-167, M
zero gravity, MS 184-185 Atlas Mercury (manned rocket), measurement, / 53-54, WEA 194-195, SC/ 132-135, 7 151;
ee SSFSSSSFFFSSSSeeSeeSeeeSeSeSeeeeeSeSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSFFFSeeee

8-The Body c-The Cell D-Drugs €-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HO-Health and Disease Lv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets SC/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships 7T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 beginnings of, Vv 195, Sc/ 48, Atrioventricular valves, 8 80 employment statistics, WHL GM 172;
49, 132-133; Berkeley Atrium, heart, 8 79, 80, 81,0 89, graph 93, 94, graph 85; torque: requirements, WHI
bevatron, MV 155, 194-195, sc/ G61, PH 91,95 number of manufacturers,
134, 135, 141; Berkeley 79, 81-82; in various gears,
ATS-1 weather satellite, 7S 115 WHL graph 93, 94; production WHL 82-85;
cyclotrons, M 159, 194-195, Attitude, of objects in flight figures, VCH 76, WHL 83; raw
SC/ 132-135; Berkeley transportation statistics:
defined, VS 193 materials used in, and their annual expenses, U.S., WHL
synchrocyclotron, V 194-195, Auden, W.H., VND 102 sources, WHL 78, map 88-89 graph 94; annual mileage per
SC/ 135; betatron, (Vv 155, 194- Audiology, defined, SH 193 Automobile magazines, WH 119 car, WHL 98; car’s percentage
195; Brookhaven synchrotron Audion, vacuum tube, VCH 150 Automobile racing, WHL 118- of intercity travel, WHL 175;
(AGS), / 9, 160-165, 194-195, Auditoriums: acoustical 119, 169, table 170; Doppler consumer spending, WHL 86,
SC/ 66, 128; Cornell planning, SH 180, 181; effect in, SH 28-29 graph 94, 98, graph 99; cost
synchrotron, V 194-195; interference in, SH 23; Automobile repair garages, per mile, WHL 98, graph 99;
cosmotron, V 195; cost of, MV testing, SH 188; whispering number in U.S., WHL 94 total annual mileage
194; energy reached, /v 161, galleries in, SH 18 Automobiles, W/HL 77-85, 108; traveled, U.S., WH 83, 108
165, 194, Sc/ 72; Harvard- Auditory agnosia, SH 50 battery, WHL 80, 194; body, Automotive engineering, £ 16, 17-
M.1.T. synchrotron, /V 194- Auditory cortex, MND 19, 22, SH ENG 18-19, GM 22; chassis 31
195; Soviet, V 194-195; 48-51; functions of, SH 62; testing, ENG 22-23; clutch, Autonomic functions, brain areas
Stanford linaes, /V 166-167, sensory-neural hearing losses MCH 106, WHL 82; computer- concerned with, VND 37
194-195, SC/ 140-141; and, SH 147 controlled, ENG 24, sc/ 149, Autonomic nervous system, 8
transmutation of elements Auditory evolution, SH 32-33 WHL 174, 175, 176-177; 149-150, D 84, 85, 88, 91, HD
ae 16, 148; types of, vv 194- Auditory feedback, SH 62 differential, CH 103-104, 11, MND 27-28, 35
Auditory nerve, 8 152, SH 42-43, WHL 82, 195; drive train, WCH Autopharmacology, D 195
Atomic clocks, SC/ 55, 7 106-107, 46-49, 54; electrical 106, WHL 195; of future, ENG Autopilot: automobiles, EVG 24,
193; increase of entropy in, stimulation of, SH 46-47, 57- 24-25, 174-175, MCH 115, WHL SC/ 149, WHL 174, 175, 176-
7170 62; fibers, SH 48-49, 60-61, 74; 178, 179; gears, MCH 105, WHL 177; planes, F108, 112, 119,
Atomic energy. See Nuclear sensory-neural hearing losses 80, 82-85; generator, WHL 194; 128, 130; ships, SHP 93; space
energy; Thermonuclear and, SH 153 lights, EVG 24-25; as measure vehicles, MATH 32
energy Auditory system, MND 22, 23. See of national economies, WHL Autopsy, PH 35, 81
Atomic Energy Commission, F also Kar; Hearing 86, graphs 90-91; noise and Autoradiograph, C 141
172, 195, ENG 95, SC/ 129, 135; Auenbrugger, Leopold, PH 193 noise control, SH chart 173, Autumn crocus (meadow
radiation studies, HD 99; Auger, VCH 10 174; number of different saffron), 0 13, 30, 31
research installations, SC/ Augustus Caesar, Emperor, 7 73 types, in U.S., WHL 78; prices, Avalanches, 77
PARC, HICH Aurelius Augustinus (St. WHL 78, graph 92; safety Avco-Everett Laboratories, / 70
Atomic engines. See Nuclear Augustine ), 79 features, ENG 26-27, WHL 85; Average Adult test, VD 131-132
engines Auricle, defined, SH 193. See also seat design, ENG 159; self- Average Response Computer,
Atomic fallout. See Fallout Outer ear starter, VCH 105, 195, WHL MND 174-175
Atomic fission. See Fission Aurochs (Urus), FV 36, 37 80; shock absorbers, ENG 84, Avery, Oswald T., C 59
Atomic fusion. See Fusion Auroras, PL 57, 158, WEA 176; MCH 105; socioeconomic Aviation, F (entire vol.); history
Atomic number, GV 33, V/ 38, borealis, MS 110 impact of, WCH 101, WHL 83- of, £ 194-195; jargon of, £193.
124-125; of all elements, /V Auscultation, PH 193 85, 86, 92, 94, 108, 110-115, See also Aeronautics; Air
table 127 Australia: aborigines, D 11, FV 158-154, 162-163 (see also transportation; Airplanes
Atomic particles, £ 170-171, 41; HD 16, 17-19, 20, 155, 173; Traffic problems); speed Avicenna, 8 25, D 28, 34, PH 21,
10, 12, 118, 120, 151-158, scr fuel resources, £ 193; grain records, WHL 77, 169, table 32
5G), 02, 1, Weyl jrilisml, wsy2e production, FV 41; space 170; steering apparatus, ENG Avion ITT, Ader’s, £ 35
charges of, MV 154, SC/ 64-65; tracking stations, PL 77 25, 26, 148, WHL 85; Avionics Laboratory, USAF, F
defined, Sc/ 64; enumeration, Australopithecus, 7 10,12 transmission, VCH 106, WHL 145, 150
M 154, SC/ 64, 65; law of parity Australorbis glabratus, HD 40 82-85, 195; weight, average, Avogadro, Amedeo, F 53, / 58
disproved, /V 47; lives of, Vv Autochrome photography, LV 72- Ax: invention, FN chart 34;
157, Sc/ 64; multiplets of, SC/ 73 air pollution from, EVG 174, HD Paleolithic, 7 12; war, MCH
65; Principle of Uncertainty, Autogiro, Ff 98, 194 92,99, 100-101, 102, 113, PH 38
M 157-158, SC/ 61; properties Autoimmune theory, HD 95 138; control measures and Axillary artery and vein, 8 49
of, and their rating, SC/ 64, Autokinetic phenomenon, /V 175 devices, HD 102, PH 138, 139; Axiom: defined, MATH 39;
65; research, SC/ 48, 62, 63- Automatic Direction Finder early history, EVG 25, 123, MCH Euclidean, MATH 46
73,133, T 120-121 (see also Receiver, £ 118, 119 103-106, WHL 77; Ford Model Axiomatic method, VATH 39-41;
Atom-smashers); Automation, EVG 107, HD 174, T, ENG 128, MCH 74, 83, 84, limitation by Gédel’s Proof,
supermultiplets of, SC/ 65; MCH 14-15, 84, 167-176, 177- 89, 104-105, WHL 84, 92; fuels, MATH 175; in symbolic logie,
wave vs. particle theory of, 191; defined, MCH 167, 179; MCH 103, 104; models, 103- MATH 174
M 12, 125-126, 158. See also degrees and range of, WCH 104, 105; nameplates, WHL 76; Axis bone, 8 58
Electron; Meson; Neutrino; 167, 179; 1884 cartoon, SC/ engineering, VG 16, 17-31; Axle, evolution of, VCH 11, 20-
Neutron; Omega Minus; 151; future, examples, SC/ human-factors engineering, 21,193, WHL 18, 14, 25
Pion; Positron; Proton 148-150; industries ENG 147, 148, 159, 168-169; Axolotl (salamander), G 39-40
Atomic physics, SC/ 88, 89, 100; particularly affected, WCH patents, WHL 78; Axons, 8 142, C 148, 158-160,
early instruments, SC/ 48-49; 173, 174, 180, 190; labor engines: air filter, WHL 195; 165, 166, D 40, 41, 42, 47,G 12,
history of achievements, F displacement by, MCH 167, carburetor, ENG 21, MCH 103, MND 21; defined, C 193
194-195; Nobel prize winners, 172, 180-181, 188, 190; of oil WHL 81, 195; cooling, ENG 21, Ayer’s Sarsaparilla, D 158, 159
SC/ 189; role of mathematics refining, EVG 107, MCH 180- W 30; distributor, WHL 80, Ayllon, Teodoro, VND 63
in, MATH 11, 60, 70, 130, 154; 181; productivity increase 194; early, VCH 103-105; Ayres, Eugene, EVG 107
and technology, ENG 94-95, due to, VCH 167-168, 188; of electric, ENG 174-175, WHL Ayrshire (cattle breed), FV 37
SC/ 145, 148 science libraries, SC/ 108-109; table 170, 178, 179, 183; fuel Ayurvedic medicine, India, D 144
Atomic-power pack, for artificial of ships’ engine room and cell, ENG 174-175, WHL 183; Azimuth quadrant, SC/ 38, 39
heart, PH 178, 189 navigation, SHP 172; gasoline, ENG 20-21, MCH 103- Aztec number symbols, VATH 12
Atomic reactors. See Nuclear statistics, VCH 14-15, 168, 105, WHL 79-82, 194-195; gas-
reactors 174; of telephone information turbine, VCH 195;
Atomic theory: ancient Greek, & service, ENG 149-150. See also horsepower, WH 79; hot-rod,
51, Gm 10, 12-13, 31, v 14-15, Computers; Machine MCH 85; ignition system, ENG B-17 Flying Fortress (airplane ),
119; Dalton’s, Gv 33, 99,uv communication; Machine 24,25, MCH 108, WHL 80, 194; F195
34, 57-58, 119; explanation of control; Remote control jet, WHL 169, table 170; B-29 (airplane), f 186
electricity and magnetism, & Automobile accidents, WH 10; nuclear, £ 175, ENG 174; B-47 (airplane), F 180
119, 124, 127; modern, £ 76, annual death rates, EVG 26, synthetic parts, GV 105, 148, B-52 (airplane), £ 190
77-78, 93-95, 169-171, Gu 12, WHL 10, 77; causes of, WHL 171; see also Internal B-58 Hustler (airplane), £ 186
101, Vv 119-126, 151-158, sc/ 85; deaths since 1900, WHL combustion engine; Baade, Walter, SC/ 10
64-65; modern, effect on 85; fatality rate, on instrument panel: fuel-gauge, Babbage, Charles, VATH 23, MCH
knowledge of solids, controlled-access highway vs. ENG 147; speedometer, CH 170, 194
M99 U.S. average, WHL 107 ns Babei, Tower of, ENG 65
Atomic weight (mass), £ 96, 170, Automobile dealers, number in ownership statistics: Mexico, Babies, newborn, G 60, 74-75;
GM 33, 99, M 33-34, 58, SC/ U.S., WHL 94 WHL 11; U.S., MCH 14, 105, adjustment to environment,
83; determines places of Automobile industry, EVG 17-31, WHL 9, 61, 77, graph 92, 114; G 60-62, HD 12; comparative
elements in periodic table, / MCH 75, WHL 83-84; annual U.S. projected, by 1980, WHL size of organs, G 12; maternal
36-38; of all elements, /V table sales, WHL 77; automated 83; world, 1900-1965, WHL 86, antibody protection of, C 175;
127; isotopes, £ 171, VV 153- assembly-lines, ENG 28-29, graph 87; world projected, by mortality, causes of, G 58;
154 MCH 178-179; beginnings, 1985, WHL 86; premature, G 57-58; senses of,
“Atoms for Peace,” £ 151, 154 MCH 104-105; beginnings of synthetics used in, GV 9, 16, G 81, LV8; size range, 8 193,
ATP. See Adenosine mass-production, MCH 74, 169, 173; body, GV 22; engine, G 86, 87-88; test-tube, G 36,
triphosphate 76, 83-84, WHL 77; GM 105, 148, 171; windshield, 171,174
ERE
ES ee

123
 Barnard, Edward E., PL 142, 193 59, 172; root nodule, SC/ 20
Babylonia, ancient: astrology, PL BAL, poison gas antidote, D 129 Bear, life expectancy of, G chart
Balaklava, fleet disaster of, WEA Barnard’s star, P/ 176, 179
11, Sc/ 79; astronomy, PL 108, 110
146-147, 156 Barnes, Henry, WHL 173
SC/ 78; birth defects regarded Bearings, taking (navigation):by
as omens, G 151; calendar of, Balance, sense of, 8 150, 152, Barnett, S. A., HD 155
Barometer, WEA 135, 154-155, compass, SHP 162; by pelorus,
MATH 16, 76, 7 58, 59, 66-67; 162-163, 166, LV 11-12, MND SHP 162-163; by radio, SHP
46; brain center, 8 147; and 170; diagonal, WEA 142;
concept of universe, C 82, PL 157-158, 166-167; by sextant,
muscle control, 6 61; organs, homemade, WEA 166-167;
18; cuneiform tablets, MATH SHP 92, 164-165; visual, SHP
SH 82, 43, 62, 64-65. See also Hooke’s wheel barometer,
16, 39, PL 108, SC! 66-67; 163
Equilibrium WEA 154; invention by
drugs, D 16; engineering, EVG Bearings, wheel, introduction of,
Balance spring and wheel, in Torricelli, £ 31, M 53-54, WEA
62, W 145; eye surgery in, LV WHL 14; journal on freight
61; Hanging Gardens of clocks and watches, 7 84, 98, 128, 142, 154
Barometric altimeter, Ff 115 cars, WHL 69
Babylon, ENG 65, W 145; 195
Barometric pressure. See Beasts of burden, F/V 35, 40, 177,
water management, W121, Balanced polymorphism, HD 125
Atmospheric pressure WHL 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19-21,
145; weights, / 13; Balavignus, C 178 23-27; in U.S., 1920 vs. 1965,
mathematics, WATH 21, 70, 84, Balchen, Bernt, F 195 Baron, Samuel, D 106
Barr, David P., HD 145 WHL graph 93
Sc/ 78; cuneiform numerals, Baldwin, Matthias, W., CH 59,
Barraud, Francis, SH 113 Beat, frequency, SH 12, 17,
MATH 16; geometry, MATH 41, WHL 44, 45
Baldwin freight locomotives, WHL Barrel assembly, in watches, 7 1038
42; 60-system, MATH 16 Beating, in sailing, SHP 66
Bacilli, C 183; anthrax, C 183, 4h, 45, 49 194,195
Barrel cactus, W109 Beau de Rochas, Alphonse, CH
HD 58, 72, PH 35; Pasteurella Baleen whale, W118
Balkans, bora (wind) of, WEA 61 Barrow, Isaac, WATH, 111, 112, 66, 103
pestis, C178, HD 33, 50; Beaufort, Admiral Sir Francis,
tubercle, D 98, HD 58, 59, 72 Ballista, MCH 44 SCI 34
Ballistic Missile Early Warning BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit), WEA 165
Back muscles, 8 61, 67 Beaufort scale of wind velocity,
Backbone. See Spine; Vertebrae System (BMEWS), ENG 77, San Francisco, WHL 172, 173,
101, 103-106, map 107 IAs ae WEA table 164, 165
Bacon, Sir Francis: on alchemy,
Bartholin, Erasmus, / 100 Beaumont, William, 8 99-100,
M 16; 0n heat, — 35; New Ballistics, WATH 46, SC/ 77. See
also Trajectories Bartholomaeus Anglicus, WEA 102, 105, 106, PH 194
Atlantis, 153; and scientific
Bec de Corbin, VCH 38
method, /V 31, SC/ 52, 59, 81, Balloons:
astronomical observation by, Barton Aqueduct, ENG 35 Bécherau, M. L., F 104
82
PL 67, 68, 78-79, 112; early Baruch, Bernard M., GV 129- Becker, Hans, £ 170
Bacon, Roger, D 171, V 24
Bacon fat, FV 128 history of, £ 34, 39, F 10, 31- 130, SH 145 Becker, John, F 148
Bacteria, C 88-89, 183, G 32, HD 33, 194, MCH 193, MS 11, 26- Basalt, VV 131, PL 36, 57; erosion Becquerel, Henri, £ 74-75, 169,
9, 56-58, W185; in air, 8 120, 27, WEA 144; powered, F 33, of, W 91; on moon, MS 127, PL 194, /v 120, 184, sc/ 189, 7127
PH 36; defined, Cc 193; 82-83, 194; and rocket-engine 89, 105 “Bedlam” (St. Mary of
discovery of, 8 13, HD 56-57; principle, MS 32; inrockoon Baschet, Francois, SH 96-97 Bethlehem, London), //VD 68-
food spoilage by, FV 60, HD device, MS 57, 60; in space Base. See Alkali 69
57; fossil, PL 41; intestinal, 8 communications, /S 80; Baseball, financial losses from Bedrock: glacial grooves, W 78;
117, D 94; isolation and synthetic, GM 24-25, 98; rain, WEA 91 impermeability of, W 56, 64-
identification of, HD 56, 57, weather surveillance by, WEA Basilar membrane, SH 46-47, 54, 65
58, 62, 72; origin of name, C 10, 59, 82, 149-151,158, 175, 55, 60; in bats, SH 126; Bee: navigation of, 7 37; vision
183; pseudonomas, survival 178, 182, 183; beginnings, defined, SH 193; in frequency of, LV 20, 126
in atomic reactor, PL 188; size WEA 134, 144-145; instrument discrimination, SH 44-45; in Beebe, William, SHP 187
of, C 18; skin, D 104; soil, panel, WEA 135; Operation hearing process, SH 42-43; Beecher, Henry, HD 153, 154
drugs from, D 98; strains and Skyhook 60, WEA 177 pitch and, SH 78; resonance Beef, FV 30, 35, 171; and
mutations, D 94, 100, HD 61; Baltic and North Seas, evolution theory, SH 54-56 cholesterol, FV 134; food
and disease, C 176, 183, D 96, ofsailships in, SHP 54, 56-57, Basov, Nikolai, SC/ 190 value of, FV 37; marbled, FIV
99, 102, HD 57-58, 61, 68, 70, 59 Bass drum, SH 87 37, 134, 160; “prime,” FN 37,
PH 36; body’s defense Baltimore, Md.: computer control Bat, ears of, SH 124-125, 126; 134; processing, FN 74-75
mechanisms, 8 14, 82, 83, 92, of traffic lights, WHZ 173; early echolocation by, SH 121-126, Beef cattle, FV 30-31, 37
93,94, 120, C 175, D 105, 108- streetcar, WHL 150; express 132, 138-141; eyes of, LV 28; Beer, D 33, 35, 36
109; 112-113, FN 83, HD 53; buses, WHZL 155; municipal hearing range of, SH 139, chart Beerbohm, Max, MND 135
cholera, HD 35, PH 194; waterworks, W 165, 184-185 194-195; ultrasonic pulses of, Beetle, eyes and vision of, EVG
pneumococcus, HD 61; Baltimore & Ohio railroad, WHL SH 124-125, 139; vocal range 146, G 116
pneumonia, D 97; of, SH chart 194-195 Behavior, MND (entire vol.); in
staphylococcus, C 183, D 132, Baltimore clipper, SH? 60, 195 Bateson, William, HD 120-121 adolescence, social factors, G
138, HD 13; streptococcus, D Baluda, Marcel, PH 144-145 Bathymetric navigation, SHP 158 105, 110-113; animal studies,
97, 118, 195, HD 61; Balzer, Stephen M., F 77 Bathyscaphes, SHP 178, 179, 190- FN 81-82, G 18, 170, 171-173,
streptomyces, D 98; Bamboo: biological clock ef, 7 Ou HD 146, 175, MND 106-107,
and drugs: antibiotics, D 94, 33, 36; growth, G9 Bathysphere, SHP 187 108-110, 111-112, 118-119, 176-
97-98, 99, 111; bacterial drug Banach algebra, WATH 12 Baton twirling, 7 108-109 178, 184-187; boys vs. girls, G
resistance, D 99-100, 1382, HD Bank-and-turn indicator, £ 114, Battering rams, WCH 29, 40-41. 94-95, 108; insightful, MND
61; sulfa drugs, D 111. 126,127 See also Ramming 110; male vs. female, hormone
See also Bacilli; Microbes Banking, flight maneuver, F 70- Battery, £ 13, 123; automobile, experiments, MND 177-178;
Bacteriology, 8 185, PH 31, 35- (aL Ne es WHL 80, 194; lead-acid vs. normal vs. abnormal, VND 57;
37, 79, 195; Koch, C183, HD Banking service, computerization zinc-air, electric-powered patterns, MND 194-195 (see
58, 72-73, PH 35, 194; Pasteur, of, ENG 176-177 ear, WHL 178; solar, £ 71, 182, also Instinct; Learning;
HD 57, 58, 63, 70-71, PH 35-36 Banting, Frederick G., 8 172, 0 MCH 195, SC/ 148, WEA 184- Reasoning; Reflexes);
Bad seeing, in optical astronomy, 194. HD 138, PH 195, SC/ 192 185; Volta’s, E 46, 120, MCH retrogressive infantile, WNVD
PL 64, 67 Bar Mitzvah, G 87, 104 124-125, 127, 145 60; stages of, G 81-82; study
Badlands, W 87, 100, 101; Barany, Robert, SC/ 193 Battleships, SHP 146-147, 195; of, in medical curriculum, PH
drainage, W 92°93 Barber, George A., GV 74 end of age of, SHP 123, 134, table 56; weather effects on,
Baekeland, Leo H., FVG 195, Gv Barbiturate poisoning, drug for, 148 WEA 110-114; withdrawal, HD
73, 79, 145; development of D124 Bauhin, Gaspard, SH 53, 54 154-155;
Bakelite by, Gv 14, 79-81, 99, Barbiturates, VD 158; Bay of Astronauts, on moon, VS abnormal, /VD 57-61; basic
100; laboratory of, Gv 72 addiction to, D 56, 57; and 125-126 forms, MND 57;
Baeyer, Johann Adolf von, GV alcohol, additive effect, D 39; Bayer, Otto, GV 150 and chromosomal abnormalities,
80, SC/ 191 effect on brain, D 46-47; effect Bayeux Tapestry, SC/ 76 G 155; defined, MND 57;
Baghdad, 13th Century on time sense, 7 15; first, D Bayliss, William, 8 169, G 132 mother-love deprivation and,
pharmacy, D 21 194; porphyric reaction to, HD Baylor-Rice University, Texas, G 170, 172-173, HD 146-147;
Baguio (hurricane), WEA 42 124; tolerance, D 57; use in ENG 152, 179, PH 103 neurotic, VND 57-59; origins
Bailie, Anne E., VS 116 anesthesia, D 54 Bayonne Bridge, WHL 134-135 of, MND 61-62; psychopathic,
Bain, Alexander, SH 101 Barbour, James, WH 103 Bazooka, prototype of, /S 65 MND 61; psychotic, MND 57,
Bainbridge, U.S.S., SHP 172 Bardeen, John, WCH 120, SC/ 190 B.C., in dating of events, 7 73 59-61, 62, 74-79, 90; sexual,
Bakelite, G/ 14, 80-81, 99, 104, Barium, V 130 BD+5° 1668 (planetary system), MND 178. See also Mental
chart 137, chart 141, chart 143, Barium nitrate, / 130 PL table 179 illness
M 108; fermula, GM 81; Barium sulfate, 1/ 130 BD +20° 2465 (planetary system), Behavior therapy, VD 63-64
invention of, GV 80; Barium X-rays of stomach and PL table 179 Behaviorism, purposive, VND 111
molecule, GV 80; properties intestine, FV 90-91 BD+43° 4305 (planetary system), Behaviorist psychology, MND 13-
of, GM 81; uses of, GV 80-81 Bark (oftrees), C 19, 30; drugs PL table 179 14, 63, 108; Gestalt school,
Baker, Matthew, ship designs of, from, D 11, 18, 30, 81, 121 Beach, Alfred Ely, WHZ 129 MND 15; learning theory, VND
SHP 32-33 Bark (vessel), SHP 52, 53, 70- Beadle, Clayton, GV 78 106-110, 112-113
Bakhtiari tribe, 7 20-21 71,195; defined, SHP193 Beadle, George, C 58-59, SC/ 14, 193 Behring, Emil von, PH 195, SC/ 194
Baking,, FV 58 Barkentine, SH? 53 Beam of ship, defined, SHP 193 Beischer, Dietrich, VND 46
Bakwin, Harry, G 138 Barkla, Charles, SC/ 189 Beans: as protein source, FV 25, Békésy, Georg von, SC/ 193, SH
eo.
er] _—_—_—nkn

8-The Body c-The Cell £-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease LV-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematies MCH-Machines MND-The Mind: ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets SC/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 54-56 Berkelium, // 149 ik aes
Belem, Brazil, WH 101 Birds: bats’ competition with,
Berkelium oxide, V 149 Binaural hearing, SH 99-106 SH 126; bones of, 47, 48; ears
Belem Virus Laboratory, HD 183 Berlin, Germany: noise control Binaural location: evidence of,
Belka, space dog, M/S 86 and hearing of, SH 62, 72-73,
in, SH 174; University of, 7 SH 101-102; frequency in, SH chart 194-195; evolution, F 46-
Bell, Alexander Graham, VCH 171 104-105; intensity theory of, 47; migration and navigation,
72, 126, 136, 147-148, 194, sc/ Berliner, Emile, SH 109 SH 102-105; phase theory of, F 50-51, T 37-38, 49; nest-
146, 148, sHP 112, 174 Berlioz, Hector, HD 141 SH 108-105; pitch in, SH 104; building instincts, MWD 195;
Bell, Sir Charles, MND 33, 59 Bermuda, rainstorm, WEA 16, 17 time theory of, SH 103-104 songs, SH 72-73; structure of,
Bell, Chichester, SH 109 Bernard, Claude, D 15, 193, HD Binaural ratio, SH 102 F 47-48; vocal organ of, SH
Bell Aero Systems Company, EG 11, 156, PH 34-35, 194 Binaural summation, SH 100-101 72; vocal range, SH chart 194-
80, WHL 181 Bernoulli, Daniel, £ 52-53, 54, F Binding energy, of atomic 195; wing design, £44, 47-49,
Bell buoy, lighted, SHP 160, 169 53, SHP174 nucleus, £ 174. See also 53, 60;
Bell-Magendie Law, VND 33 Bernoulli, Jacob, VATH 84, 113 Electrostatic force; Nuclear eyes and vision of, /\/ 22; birds
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Bernoulli, Johann, WATH 113, force of prey, LV 11, 16, 23, 27, 77;
70, 126, MATH 57, MCH 151, 188 Binet, Alfred, VD 124, 129-130 eyelashes, /V 26; nictitating
PL 65, SC/ 129; and Bernoulli’s principle, £ 53, 54, Binet-Simon intelligence test, membrane, /V 26, 27; robin,
stereophoniecs, SH 105; SHP 174 MND 130-131 LV 10;
telephone design, ENG 150, Berthelot, Marcellin, Gi 34 Binney, Joyce, HD 181 flight, £38, 39-41, 44-51, 77,
156-157; transistor Beryllium, / 130, 131; crystal Binocular cues, in depth vision, MS 20, 21; early aviators’
developments, /V 48, 105 type, MV 101; atom model, v LV 141-148, 146, 158-159 studies of, £10, 11, 12, 21,
Bell Telephone System, EVG 118; uses of, 7 130 Binocular vision, (58, 80, 87, MCH 108; hovering, F 53;
149, MATH 169 Berzelius, Jons Jakob, GV 34, 141-148; coordination, LV 141- sailing, F 39-41, 60, wingbeat
Bell Telephone System long- 35, M 35, 37 142; range, LV 140 eycle, F 44-45
distance center, MCH 182-183 Bessemer, Sir Henry, VCH 65, Binz, Carl, D 194 Bireme, SHP 54
ae (airplane ), F 88, 89, 186, 194 Bioastronautics, SC/ 75 Birth, 8 57, 193, HD 9,18, PH 66,
Bessemer converter, CH 65, Biochemical genetic diseases, HD 74; breech position, G 33; Cae-
Bell X-22A (VTOL plane), F 152 82,194 121-128, 132-141, 142 sarian, PH 32, 116-117; from
Bell XS-1 (rocket plane), WS 195 Bessemer steel process, ENG 37, Biochemical engineering, D 98 dead mother, G 60; multiple,
Belladonna, D 16, 30, VND 155 38, VCH 65 Biochemical genetics, HD 118, G 57, 131; premature, G 57-
Bellevue Hospital, New York Best, Charles Herbert, 8 172, HD 121 58; process of, G 59-62; shock
City, C 185, PH 146 138 Biochemical oxygen demand of, G 60; size of infants at, B
Bellman, Richard, MATH 59 Beta particle. See Electron (BOD), of water, W176 193, G 86, 87-88; use of anes-
Bells, underwater, navigation aid, Beta rays, £ 75, / 120, 122, 188 Biochemistry, HD 11, /V 42, Sc/ thesia, D 68, 193
SH 128,129 Betatron, V 155, 194-195 83, 91, 97, 100, 101; cell Birth control, 0 128, 129,175,
Belluschi, Pietro, EVG 103 ee Hospital, Boston, EVG research, C 31; defined; 8 FN 190-191,G 16, PH175
Belonephobia, VD 60 184, / 42; future outtook, Sc/ Birth defects. See Congenital
Beluga caviar, FV 161 Beth Israel Hospital, Newark, 8 150; and genetic research, C defects; Hereditary diseases
Beluga whale, echolocation by, 180-181 58; Nobel prizewinners, SC/ Birth rate, PH 170
SFAIPN) BY. EE} Bethe, Hans, £ 145, 194, /v 47, 192-193; role in drug Bishop, K., FV 118
Belyayev, Pavel, M/S 89, 92 IT, Sten ala! research, D 122, 123; training Bismarck, the, SHP 148
Benares, India, W map 131, 133, Bethesda, Md., National in, B 184, PH 56, 61, 64, 71. Bismuth, (/ 26, 29, 30, 140; uses
136-137 Institutes of Health, D 106, See also Body chemistry of, M 105, 140
Bending roll, machine, SHP 25 115, PH 132, 142, sc/ 127 Bioelectronic devices, VCH 173 Bisplinghoff, Raymond L., £ 175
Bendix Corporation, The, F 152, Bethlehem Iron Company, ENG Bioengineering, ENG 145. See also Bjerknes, Jacob, WEA 136, 148
MCH 188-189 37-38 Bionics engineering, Human- Bjerknes, Vilhelm, WEA 135-136,
Bends, the (decompression Bethlehem Steel Corporation, factors engineering; Medical 137, 148
sickness), WHL 125, 129 MCH 83, W165 engineering Black, Joseph, 8 122, Gl 40;
Benedikt, Moritz, PH 81 Bevan, Edward J., GV 78 Biological clocks, C 11-12, 79, carbon dioxide experiments,
en of ores, EVG 141, Bevatron, VM 155, 194-195, Sc/ 33-41, 42, 43-53; and animal GM 32, 40-41; study of heat,
42 134,135,141 migration, 7 37-38, 48-49; £31, 32-33, 42, sc/ 146, W12;
Bengal, Bay of, W map 131, 142 Bezoar stones, PH 13-14 conditions affecting, 7 36; tools of, GV 40; mentioned, £
Bengal, famines in, HD table 77 Bhakra Dam, India, W 155 elements involved, 7 36, 37, 34, 57, GM 38, 43
Bennett, Fred I., CH 158 Bhang (drug), 0 56, MNO 155 44, 45; essential for survival, Black (color absence), £ 79, LV
Benson, A. F., EVG 136 Bible, Holy, quoted, 7 24, 63, 190 T 46; inability of some, to 136; caused by complete light
Bentham, Sir Samuel, M/CH 14 Bibliophobia, VD table 60 change, 7 41, 52; in insects, 7 absorption, £ 82, /V 99, 110,
Benz, Karl, VCH 103, 106, 195 Bicarbonate of soda: addiction 46-47; location of, G 140, 7 111; in color TV, /V112
Benz car, VCH 103-104 to, D 56, 57; in cooking, FV 36-37; in man, G 79, 84, 140, Black bile, 8 31, 77, PH 27
Benzedrine, MND 154 59; in drinking water, W193 T 40-41, 42, 50-51, 52-53; Black Brant III (sounding
Benzene, GV 37, 54, 132; Biceps, 8 47,61 mechanics of, 7 42; in rocket), MS 42-43
formula, Gv 54, 142; Bicétre asylum, Paris, VND 71 paramecia, 7 43; in plants, 7 Black Death, medieval Europe,
molecule, GM 54, MV 110; in Bichat, Marie-Francois- Xavier, 9, 32, 34-387, map 39, 40, 44-45 HD 31, 132, PH 18, 16
petrochemicals production, PH 193 “Biological computer,” M/CH 175- Black Hiils, artesian system of,
GM 182, 134, chart 135, chart Bicycle, VCH 20, 21, 80, 194 176 Ww 60
142-143 Bidwell, Joseph B., WCH 114, 115 Biological sciences. See Life Black rat, and plague, 1D 33, 72
Benzene ring, GV 54, 81, 193, Bifocals, £60, 90, 91 sciences Black Warrior River, Ala., W/96-
SC/ 91; defined, GV 194; in “Big bang” theory oforigin of Biologicals (drugs), 0 185 97
synthetics, GV 68-69, 149,171 universe, 7 131,174, 175 Biologist(s): dating of term, SC/ Blackett, Patrick M.S., 7 152,
Benzine, solvent, G// 142 Big Dipper, VS 168, PL 61 29; divorce rate, SC/ 33; 1.Q. SC/ 190
Benzpyrene, HD 113 Big Red, gas-turbine powered test results, SC/ 34 Blackout, power, 7 102
Berdyaev, Nikolai, 7 167 truck, WHL 182-183 Biology, SC/ 76, 78; molecular, Blackstrap molasses, F/V 152
Bergen (Norway) School of “Big time,” 7 123-131; Darwin’s C 62, 65, GM 177, SC/ 96, 97, Blackwell, David, VATH 56
Meteorology, WEA 135-136, 148 contribution to concept, 7 100, 101 Blackwell, Elizabeth, 8 181
Berger, Hans, VND 173, 183 126; Hutton’s observations Biomathematics, in medical Bladder, 8 52, 53,119, 124, 125
Bergeron, Tor, WEA 88, 148 about, 7 125; importance of curriculum, PH table 56 Blake, C.F., 0105
Bergeron-Findeisen theory of radioactivity to, 7127-130 Bionetics Research Laboratories, Blake, James, D 193
rain, WEA 88-90 Bikini H-bomb explosion, £ 146 D 140-141 Blake, Lyman R., VCH 194
Bergius, Friedrich, SC/ 191 Bilateral symmetry, G 119 Bionics engineering, EVG 145-147 Blake, Philos, WCH 79
Beriberi, FN 14, 63, 105, 113- Bile, 8 104, 114, 115, 169, FV 84, Biophysics, SC/ 97, 100, 101, 165 Blanchard, Jean Pierre, £ 194,
115, HD 81-82, 83, 188 97, 133; gallstone formation Biotin, FV table 113 MS 26, WEA 144
Bering Strait, proposed damming from, PH 104-105; medieval Biotron, SC/ 128 Blanchard, Thomas, /CH 194
of, WEA 179 humors concept, 8 31, 77, Biplanes, F 89, 90, 102-103, WCH Blasingame, F.J.L., PH 123
Berkeley, Edmund C., VND 188- 104, PH 27; and temperament, 107; drag of, F 57, 88, 89, 102; Blasting gelatin, Gi 77
189 B104,HD 15 early, F 8, 13, 15, 57, 88, 124, Blastocyst, G 29-30, 31, 33;
Berkeley, George, Bishop, LV Bile canaliculus, 8C 198, 195 174; lift, £102, 103; structure transplant, G 174
139, MATH 114 Bile capillary, FV 97 of, F 102, 105; strut-braced Blauer Enzian (German
Berkeley, Calif.: bevatron, // Bile duct, FV 96, 97; obstruction, wings, F 13, 57, 102; Wright passenger train), WHL 188
155, 194-195, SC/ 134, 135, 141; FN 170 brothers, F 14, 15-16, 17, 21, Bleaching effect, in color
cyclotrons, VM 159, 194-195, Bilge keels, SH? 38 24-29, 102 perception, LV 136
SC/ 132-135; Hormone Billroth, Theodor, PH 194 Bipolar cells, in retina, C 161, LV Blériot, Louis, £ 103, 123, 125,
Research Laboratory,;G 168- Bimodal vehicles, WHL 176-177 76, 80, 94; defined, /v 194 174, 194, MCH 108
169; Lawrence Radiation Binary system, VATH 25; as Birch, T., FV 113 Blette (vegetable), FV 28-29
Laboratory, SC/ 132-135; machine language, VCH 169; Birch tree, transpiration of, W104 Blind fish, perception of, SH 66
synchro-cyclotron, VV 194- use in electronic computers, Bird Flight as the Basis of Blind flying, beginnings of, / 126-
195, SC/ 185 MATH 18, 24, 25, 26, 28, MCH Aviation, Lilienthal, £ 12, 15 128

125
 Bock, John, G 16 control of balance of, D 84, 85-
Blind spot, in eye, 8 154, LV 80, 107, 110, 116; and capillarity, 93; blood circulation, D 88-
W 15, 22. See also Circulatory BOD. See Biochemical oxygen
92, 93; defined, Lv 194; 91; blood pressure, D 90-91;
system demand
locating, LV 93 by hormones, 8 173-174, 175,
Blood coagulant, D 195 Bodek, Carl Jay, G 104
Blindness, 8 166-167; due to Body, human, 8 (entire vol.), G D 92, W107; by kidneys, D
brain injury, /V 75; due to Blood count, 8 195, PH 71, 7 50; 92-93, W 116-117; by
white, 8 83 (entire vol.), HD (entire vol.);
cataracts, LV 61; due to respiration, D 86-87;
Blood disorders, diagnosis of, PH adaptability of, 8 16, HD 16,
cornea damage, LV 86; and water: amount, 8 195, 73,
35, 70-71. See also Anemia; 168, 171-172; anatomy, 8 42,
hearing, MND 45, SH 100-101; W 33, chart 106, 114, 115;
in one eye, remaining vision, Hemophilia; Leukemia 43-53 (see also individual parts
of body); biological balance of, and its control, B
LV 141-142; rehabilitation, HD Blood poisoning, HD 64 36, 82, 173-174, 175, W107,
Blood pressure, 8 80, PH 92; timekeeping, 7 40, 41, 42, 50-
178, MND 44; trachoma, HD 110; by-product of cell
20, 183; vitamin A deficiency, average, PH 93; brain center, 51, 52-53; contour studies, in
human-factors engineering, respiration, 8 104, FN 86, W
D 11, FN 15, HD 82 FN 130, MND 37; effect of noise 106; essential nutrient, FV 14;
Bliss, H.H., WHL 77 on, SH 173; effect of stress ENG 148-149, 155, 158-159;
energy household of, 8 104- in exhalation, W108, 116;
Blizzards, WEA 26, 65; Donner on, 8173, HD 147-148, 149, functions, 8 14, D 84, W106-
Pass, WEA 99, 108 150, PH 84; nervous control 105, FN 10 (see also Energy
and living organisms); 107, 110, 116; in plasma, 8
Bloch, Felix, SC/ 190 of, D 90-91, MND 28, 35, 37; 82; sources, B 117, W106, 115;
Bloch, Konrad Emil, SC/ 193 range of, 8 193; readings, PH defense systems of, 8 132-
133, C 169-175, D 102, 103-119, symptoms of excess or lack
Block, James, WNVD 182 42-13, 92-93; systolic vs.
HD 36-37, 58, 60-61 (see also of, W107; synthesization, W
Block and tackle, VCH 22, 23, diastolic, HD 148; 10, 106, 115.
29,1938 high (hypertension), 6 81, 86, Antibodies; Immune
reaction; Immunity); vs. See also Blood; Lymph fluid
Block copolymer, G/M 151, 194 D 90, FN 135, G 31, HD 83, 156,
mind, past views of, HD 155, Body temperature, & 16, 193, 7
Block glide, W 77 PH 47, 84; causes of, D 91, HD
MND 9, 10; mobility, 8 55-56, 50; effect of alcohol on, D 36;
Blood: amount in body, 8 77, 149-150; death rates, D graph
58, 61-62; motion study, ENG muscular activity and, 8 63,
98, 195; color shades, 8 80- 173; drugs, D 77, 88, 90-91,
160-161; number of cells in, C181; rise of, after eating, FV
81; composition of, 8 82-83, 125, 173, 194; symptoms of,
93; drug transportation by, D B10,0 15, G11, Ho 19; 130;
PH 89;
number of chromosomes, C maintenance of, C 131, FV 12,
34; in embryo, G 33; filtration low, D 89, 90; cause of, D 91;
drugs, D 71, 90, 142,195 57, G 15; number of enzymes W 106-107, 116;
in kidney, 8 124-125, D 92-93,
in, 8 102, FN 83; organ acclimatization, HD 171-172;
W 116, 117, 118, 119; iron need Blood proteins: basic types, HD
systems of, 8 10, 15, 42, 43- blood’s role, 8 82, 86, W107;
of, FN 13; purification by 143, normal vs. abnormal, HD
53; regenerative powers brain center, 8 38-39, 145, FV
synthetics, GV 169, 176; sugar 142
130; homeostatic mechanisms,
level, 6 16, 104, 125, 172; Blood tests, PH 70-71, 83, 102 limited in, C 118, 124, 0 174;
Blood tonics, D 158-159 reserve strength, C 123, 130; HD 10-11, 12; skin’s role, 8 36,
tissue, B 14, 86; water content
Blood transfusions, 8 84, 94, 96, statistics, 8 193-195; weather HD 11
of, B table 83, D 84, W114,
D 87, 91, PH 195; early, B 84; effects on, WEA 9, 109, 111- Boeing Company, SST research,
115;
hemophiliacs, HD 136; 114, 139; F 169-170; winning design, F
cells, 8 15, 80, 92-93, C 107,G
prenatal, HD 126; for Rh shape and size, 8 35, 60, G 178, 188-189
12, FN 97; kinds of, B 82-83;
incompatibility, HD 126 179-191, HD 170, 171; Boeing 40-A (airplane),F 102
life cycle of, C 107, 7 50;
lymphoid, function of, C 169- Blood vessels, D 77, 82, G 26; adolescent changes, G 82-84, Boeing 247 (airplane), F 195
170; places of manufacture, cells of, C 102, FV 99; diseases 107-108, 144-145; and Boeing 307-B (airplane), £195
B 82, 86, 93; see also Platelets; (see Circulatory system); intelligence, G 78, 84-85; male Boeing 314 (airplane), F 195
Red blood cells; White blood drug action on, D 82-83, 90- vs. female, 8 107-108; Boeing 377 (Pregnant Guppy), F
cells; 91; effect of aleohol on, D 36; symmetry, G 119; see also 94-95
clotting, 8 83, 93, 94, HD 87, kinds of, 8B 48-49, 80, 87-89; Growth; Height; Weight; Boeing 707 (airplane), £ 108, 195;
89; and cerebral stroke, HD lining of, 8 15; in nephrons, Aging; Circulatory system; cockpit, F 108, 109-121; fuel
15, 87, 89; drugs against, D D 92; shock effect on, D 82-83, Digestive system; Disease; capacity, F 120; speed, F chart
137, SC/ 50; and heart disease, 91; total length of, 8 48, 77; Endocrine system; Internal 174, 195; testing, F 106-107;
FN 134, HD 15, 86, 87, 89; transplants, PH 195; walls of, organs; Muscular system; wings of, F 58-59, 106, 185
flow of, 8 48, 80, 80-81, 88-89; B 80, 88. See also Aorta; Nervous system; Boeing 727 (airplane), F 105, 106;
in brain, MND 186-187; Arteries; Arterioles; Reproduction; Respiratory testing, F 106-107
duration of cycle, 8 48, 81; Capillaries; Veins; Venules system; Skeletal system Boeing 727-200 (airplane), F
functions of, 8 82, 86, D 77, 87, Bloodletting, 8 27, 30, 31, PH 20, Body chemistry, 8 10, G 18-27; 172
88; carbon dioxide 21, 27; knives, PH 26 brain, MND 186; constancy of, Boeing 737 (airplane), £173
transportation, B 80, 90, 122; Blow-by recycler, HD 102 HD 11; drug effects on, D 34- Boethius, VATH 20, SC/ 104
nutrient pickup from Blucher (early locomotive),WVHL 39, 40, 41-49, 90-91; and Bogie (locomotive front truck),
intestine, B 90, 91, 103, 116, 34 genetic disease, G 152-154, HD MCH 60, WHL 44-45, 54
117, FV 85, 94; nutrient Blue, Rupert, F/V 108 118, 121-128, 132-141, 142; Bogie (unidentified object in
transfer to cells, 8 80, 83, 88; Blue (color): cause of hue of sky, medieval concept of, HD 15; sky), ENG 105
FN 86, 99; nutrient LV 100, 102, PL 33, 48, W 36; control of, 8 82, 124, 169, 170, Bohr, Aage, /V 154
transportation, 8 82, 86, 93, coolness and recession of, LV W116; enzymatic, 8 102, 104, Bohr, Niels, V/V 123-124, 186, SC/
103-105, D 88, FN 85-86, 87, 184, 186; creation of, LV 110; 125, C15, FN 83, 86, G 22-28, 189; and atomic fission
97, 98-99, G 18-19; oxygen a fundamental color in 24; homeostatic, HD 11-13; research, V 171-172, 174;
pickup from lungs, 8 82, 90, perception, LV 123, 133; low hormonal, 8 170-176, G 22-23, concept of atom, £ 76, 77, 93-
121, D 86-87, FN 98, HD 96; brightness of, /V 120, 169; of HD 11; 94, M 123, 124, 125, 151, 158,
oxygen transfer to cells, 8 80, man-made materials, LV 99; processes: cellular, 8 14, 104- SC/ 61-62; liquid-drop concept
83, 88, FV 99; oxygen primary spectral color, £ 80- 105, C 39-40, 41, 42, 48, 49, of atomic nucleus, /V 154, 170;
transportation, 8 80, 81, 82- 82, LV 98, 110, SC/ 23; FN 86-87, G 19, 20-27 (see also mentioned, £ 194, 195, c 62,
83, 86, 93, 121; waste pickup saturation of, LV 120; Krebs cycle); digestive, 8 102- GM 101, M170, 171, 172
from cells, 8 80, 83, 88, 90, sensitivity of retinal rods vs. 104, 108, 112-115, FV 81, 83- Boiler: on ships, high pressure,
122, FN 99; waste cones to, LV 77, graph 170 84, G18, 24; in kidneys, B SHP 78, 81, 88-89, 94, 95; on
transportation, B 82, 86, 122; Blue-eyed grass (wild iris), 7 32 125, D 92-93; in liver, B 104, steam locomotives, WHL 36,
plasma, 8 15, 82, 84, 93, D 88, Blue-green (color). See Cyan D 37-38, 39, FN 86, 87, 97; in 37,40, 44, 55, 56
91, W chart 106; composition, Blue light: refraction of, LV 33; muscle, B 62, C 126-129; barton he deafness, SH 154,
8 82; donation, 8 84, 94, 95; wavelength of, /v 120 between nerve and muscle,
functions, 8 82; salinity of, Cc Blue Ribbon, Atlantic, SH? 75, B 144-145; in nerves, c 149, Boiling, £ 32-33, 56-57, / 78, 79
89; storage, 8 94-95; 82 158, D 40, 84, MND 34, 186. Boiling point, V 79, 80, W9,
substitutes, Gi 105; Blue Ridge Parkway, WHL 100 See also Metabolism graph 14; change with
supply to body: to bone, & 60; Pasha echolocation by, SH Body fluids: amount of, 8 36, D altitude, £ 33
to brain and nerves, 8 81, 84; circulation, W116, 117 (see Bolivia, malaria in, HD 184
146, MND 20; hormone Bluebird (speed car), WHL table also Blood circulation; Boll, Franz, LV 75, 78
control of, 8 173; to muscle, Circulatory system); daily Bologna, Italy, PH 18-19; early
8 48, 61, 81, 82; to retina, 8 Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 8 fluid demand, W108, 109, 115; medical school of, PH 16, 18,
88-89; to vital organs, 8 81, 40, SC/ 98 distribution, B table 83, W 21-25, 27, 28-29
90-91; BMEWS. See Ballistic Missile chart 106; excretion, 8 119, Bolometer, germanium, P 72,73
types, 8 84-85, G 131, HD 125- Early Warning System 124, D 92-93, FN 86, 130, W Bolt and nut, WCH 26, 27
126; discovery of, PH 195; Rh Boarding, in naval warfare, SHP 108, 116-117; filtration, 8 119- Boltzman, Ludwig, 7 173
factor, B 84-85, HD 126, 129, 59, 184, 138 120, 124-125, D 92-93, w 116- Bolyai, Farkas and Janos, VATH
130 Boas, Franz, G 77-79, SC/ 99 117; medieval humors 156
Blood, animal, in Masai diet, FV Boat hulls, synthetic, GV 23, concept, 8 31, 77,104, HD 15, Bomb calorimeter, £ 95
9,11, 18-19 105, 170 PH 27; and perspiration, W Bombers: B-17 Flying Fortress,
Blood additives, D 74 Boats, SHP (entire vol.); motor, 107, 108, 116; salinity of, B F 195; B-47, F 180; B-58
Blood alcohol levels, D 34-35 MCH 106. See also Sailing 124,173, W 107-108, 110, 116, Hustler, F 186; Mosquito, GV
Blood circulation, 88-89, W vessels; Ships 118; waterlogging, B 82, D 78; 173; research, F 146; XB-70A,

8-The Body c-The Cell D-Drugs £-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HO-Health and Disease Lv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MNbD-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sci-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships 7-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 F155, 183 36, 37 Bragg, Sir William Henry,
Bonaparte, Maria, VND 102 D 34, 36-37, MND 153, 166;
Bosch, Hieronymus, VD 143; 103, SC/ 185, 190 drug effects on, D 40, 41-49,
Bond, W., PL 193 paintings by, MND 65, 137 Bragg, William Lawrence, V/
Bondi, Hermann, SC/ 117, 7147 51-52, MND 1538, 166, 186-187;
Bosch, Karl, £VG 130, SC/ 191 108, SC/ 184, 185, 190
Bonds, chemical. See hormone experiments, MND
lage Satyendrenath, SC/ 110, Brahe. See Tycho Brahe 177-178;
Intermolecular bonding; Hi Brahmaputra River, W map
Molecular bonding defects and damage, MVD 57,
Boston: Donald McKay’s 131 174, 175; in aphasies, MND
Bone(s), 8 43-45, 55-60, 65-75; shipyard, SHP 30, 60; early Braille, Louis, /V 14
absorption of radioactive 37; from arteriosclerosis,
electric streetcars, WH 151, Braille alphabet, /V 14 MND 57, 72; from
materials, 8 63; arrangement 152; early subway, WHL 152: Brails (naval term), SHP. 55
in body, 8 56-57; blood supply atherosclerosis and stroke,
growth of, WH 149; mid-19th Brain, 8 50, 51, 141-142, 147, HD 15, 87,89; blindness due
to, and resistance to Century death rate, HD 59; 176, C 164-165, FN 81-82, G 46, to, LV 75; from combined
infection, 8 60; classification and Northeast Corridor rail MND 17, 18-23, 31, 36-39, 180, bronchitis and emphysema,
of, 8 57; design, B 44, 57-58, project, WHL 175; rapid SH 47, 7 14-15; data HD 97; congenital, G 152, 156,
64, 65-75; function of, 8 55; transit lines, WHL 154; Route integration in, VND 23, 38- SH 153; in epileptics, HD graph
fusion, 8 56; joints, 8 44, 55, 128, WHL 101; smallpox 39, 179; EEG research, G 102- 141, MND 38, 57, 181;
57-58; length-of-bones to epidemics, 18th Century, HD 103, HD 141, MND 174-175, hydrocephalus, PH 175; injury
height-of-person ratio, 8 table 37-38 182-183, 185, 190, T 50-51; at birth, MWD 57; from lack
60; mechanical replacements, Boston City Hospital, PH 184-185 electrical activity in, 8 145- of oxygen, MND 20, PH 156;
8 64; muscle attachment to, Boston Symphony Orchestra, SH 146, D 46, MND 173-174, 179, locating, MND 38, 181; in
8 56; in musculoskeletal 118 180, 181-183, 185; evolution PRU, G 152-153, HD 122;
teamwork, B 62, 64, 67, 71; Botanist, dating of term, SC/ 29 of, C 147, 150, Lv 193, wND retardation due to, G 152-
nature of, G 11; number in Botany, SC/ 77, 96, 101 36; glandular role of, 8 170, 158, HD 121-122, MND 57;
body, 8 44, 56; percentage of Bothe, Walter, £170, SC/ 190 175; initiation of impulses in, sensory-neural hearing
body weight, 8 58, 195; Bottlemaking machine, W/CH 195 MND 34; keeping alive after losses, SH 147, 153;
sesamoid, 8 56; stresslines, 8 Botulism, C 127 death, MND 173; and somascopic detection of, SH
74, 75; transplants of, a ipa et Gustave, GV 125, peripheral system, MND 25, 131; tumors, PH 83, 89, 179-
8 63-64; vitamin D need of, 26, 27, 33; sleep activity of, B 181;
FN 87; Bouchon, Basile, loom of, WCH 146, 0 46, MND 174, 190-191, energy consumption of, 8 146,
calcium in, 8 14, 15, 58; loss 169 T 50-51; 150, C 164; oxygen, 8 146,
with age, 8 59; nutritional Bouguer, Pierre, SHP 12 anatomy and physical MND 20;
needs, FN 13, HD 81; Boulders, movement by ice, WV characteristics, 8 141-142, WwvD growth and development of, G
cells, 8 15, 16, C 107; WG, TH US 18-19, 32, 36-37; blood supply, 81; embryonic and fetal, C
development of, c 102, G 33- Boulton, Matthew, EVG 193, MCH 8 81, 146, MND 20; complexity 102, 1038, G 30-31, 33-34, 36,
34; reproduction, 8 60; 55, 56, 80, W150 of, C 150; computer analogy, 59; ;
characteristics of: durability, 8 Boulton and Watt engine, /CH C 164, 166, MND 36, 178-180, mental activity of, 8 145, 150,
58-59; hardness, 8 58; 188-189; convolutions, B 147, C 147, 154-156, MND 19, 36;
porosity, 6 58; strength, 8 44, Boundary layer, £ 55-56, 184; C 164, MND 36; crossing of information storage and
55, 58; control, F 56, 62, 185; impulse routes, MND 22-23; recall, C 154-156, VND 19,
composition of, 8 58; mineral turbulence, F 56, 61-62, 73, interconnections, MND 19, 122, 179; intelligence, 8 147,
content, 8 58, 63; water 184 23, 34, 36, 37; models, VND G 85-86, MND 36; see also
content, 8 table 83, W 114; Bourbaki, Nicolas, pseudonym, 30, 179; neural systems, MVD Intelligence; Learning;
pot and development, G 10- MATH 138, 53, 169, 176 177-178; “opposite side” Memory; Thinking;
1; adolescent, G 134; Bourbon whiskey, composition of, phenomenon, MND 22-23, SH muscle action control by, 8 62,
prenatal, C 102, 120, G 33-34, D table 38 48; protection, 8 57, 69, 147, 148, 144-145, c 130, 150-151,
85, 5d, 70-71; Bourges, France, Cathedral of St. MND 20, 21; similarity 165, 166-167, MND 18; motor
marrow, G 33; antibody Etienne, ENG 72-73 between sexes, G 81; 16th control areas, MND 19, 38;
production in, 8 138; blood Bourne, Walter, WH 148 Century concept, C 149; motor routes, MND 22-28, 33;
cell manufacture in, B 82, 83, Bovet, Daniel, SC/ 192-193 switchboard analogy, VND sensory perception and
93, D 108; Bow, ofship, SH? 193; draft, SHP 36; water content, W114; interpretation, 8 142-144, 145,
tissue, 8 14, 15; regeneration 11, 14; fins, SHP 40, 46 weight, 8 50, 141, 195; 147-148, 150, 162, c 151, 153-
of, 8 55, 60, C 118. Bow and arrow, invention of, F/V animals: evolution of, C 147, 154, 156, MND 38-40; auditory
See also Fractures; Skeletal chart 84, MCH 11. See also LV198, MND 36; fish, SH 68; centers and routes, 8 145, Cc
system Crossbow of monkeys, experiments on, 149,151, MND 18, 19, 22, 23,
Bone cancer, HD 99 Bowers, David, EVG 152 MND 176, 185-187; porpoises, SH 48-51, 61-62; sensory
Boner, C. P., SH 174 Bowling balls, synthetic, GV 23 SH 127-128; size of, vs. human routes to brain, general, C
Bonner, John Tyler, G 44 Bowman’s capsule, D 92 brain, 8 147, MND 36; and 150-151, MND 18, 33, 37;
Bonnet, Charles, G 35 Bowsprit, SHP 57 visual system, LV 19,176; sound censorship stations in
Book of Signs, Theophrastus, Box camera, invention of, L/ 70, areas ofspecific functions in, 8 brain, SH 48, 49; sound
WEA 154 71 145, 147,C 149, 164, FN 130, perception, role of brain, 8
Book of hours, VATH 77, 7 72-73 Boyd, T. A., ENG 123-126 MND 18-19, 36-38, 175, 185, SH 143, SH 48, 49, 50, 62; visual
Boole, George, MATH 170 Boyle, Robert, € 52, VM 30, SC/ 50-51, 7 14; appetite control, centers and routes; 8 145, Cc
Boolean algebra, WATH 12, 50, 91, WEA 131; and chemical 8 145, FN 129-130, 146; 149, 164, LV 80, 81, 148, VND
170 analysis, MV 31-32; concept of auditory center, 8 145, Cc 149, 18, 19, 38; visual perception,
Boosters, rocket, EVG 78, MS 30, heat, — 35; corpuscular MND 18, 19, 22, SH 48-51, 62; role of brain, C 151-154, 161,
44-49, 50, 60, 79, 136-137, 161 concept of matter, GV 33; law blood pressure, FV 130, MND 164, 166, LV 9, 14-15, 75, 80-
Booth, Henry, WHL 36 of gases, £ 52-53, 55, iV 55-56, 37; emotions, 8 145, D 45, FN 81, 126, 130, 136, 140, 141-
Bora (wind), WEA 61 WEA 130; sound transmission 1380, MND 19, 36, 176; 142, 148, 150-163, 168, 172,
Borax, V 129, 138; crystal type, experiment of, SH 10; involuntary control center, 8B 174-175, 177, MND 39; visual
M101 mentioned, SC/ 44, 81, 125, 149-150; motor control signal transmission to brain,
Borden Company, G/V 180 146, WEA 138 centers, 8 145, C 130, VND 81438, LV 76, 79-80, 81, 93,
Bordet, Jules, SC/ 194 Boylston, Zabdiel, HD 37 19, 38; pain and pleasure Wb, 18051382, 188, 134. 136,
Bore, ram, VCH 40 Boys, Sir Charles Vernon, 7 centers, B 145, D 48, MND 140;
Boreas (wind), WEA 58 116 175, 176-177, 184; respiratory size of: man vs. animal, 8 147,
Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, F 9, Boys: adolescent problems, G center, 8 121, 123, 145, 147, MND 36; Neanderthal man, 7
MATH 154, SH 11 108-114; behavioral patterns D 86,87, G105, MND 37; 11; newborn vs. adult, G12.
Boric acid, V 138; crystal type, G 94, 108; disadvantages speech, MND 19, 37; See also Brainstem;
M101 compared with girls, G 81, temperature control center, Cerebellum; Cerebral
Boring, Edwin G., LV 177 135; growth rates, G 29, 77, 8 38-39, 145, FN 130; visual hemispheres; Cerebrum;
Borman, Frank, VND 47, MS 83 83; growth termination, G 83; center, 8145, C 149, 164, LV Cortex; Hypothalamus;
Born, Max, SC/ 189 intelligence of, G 97; 81,148, MND 18, 19, 38; Limbic system; Reticular
Boron, / 138; neutron malnutrition in, G 136; artificial stimulation of: system; Thalamus
absorbency of, £ 154; uses of, mature heights, G table 194; chemical, MND 177-178; Brain, The Machinery of the,
lM 106, 138 : puberty age compared with electrical, VND 38, 39, 175- Wooldridge, VD 179
Boron family, V 138-139; atomic girls, G 82; puberty changes 177, 184-185; electroshock, FV Brain surgery, VND 63, 180, PH
structure, // 139; in periodic in, G 107-108, 144; sex 82, MND 62, 186-187; in 103; 104, 179-181; anesthesia
table, MV 127 hormones, G 144; strength Pavlov’s digestion in, PH 181,195
Boron nitride, GV 170 compared with girls, G 83 experiments, FN 81-82; Brain waves, G 102, MND 173-
Boron trifluoride, as Boys in White, PH 56 cells, C 164, 165, G 12, 33-34, 174, 175, 183, 79, 50, 51;
polymerization catalyst, GV Brace and bit, CH 26-27 36, 81, MND 34, 178, 179; alpha, MND 182; during
129 Brachial plexus, 6 51, 0 70 development, C 103; number dreams, MND 190; normal vs.
Borsig Machine Factory, Berlin, Brachioradialis muscle, of, MND 16, 19, 31; epileptic, HD graph 141
Germany, VCH 68 BAT chemistry of, D 42, 45, 47, 48, Brainstem, & 141, 145, wo 18,
Bos primigenius (Aurochs), FV Bradford, Charles, 8 178 MND 186; alcohol effects on, 20, 37, 176; crossing of

RS

127
 Bronze, V 137; in prehistory, M Burden, Henry, VCH 194
auditory impulse routes, 123-124, 125, 126, 130, 134- Burke, Edmund, MVD 69
137, 193; computer aid in 12, 30; specific heat of, & table
MND 22; functions of, MND Burnet, Sir F. Macfarlane, C 171,
design of, WHL 181; disasters, 36; plow, V 10; weapons, MCH
18, 37; and heartbeat, D 88- D102, 103, SC/ 194
89; and respiration, D 86-87; WHL 128, 124, 127, 128, 130; 38
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Burning glass (or lens), & 71, GV
tranquilizer effect on, D 45 Eads’, at St. Louis, WHL 124- 43, LV 32, 60
126, 127, 128, 129; pier M 161, SC/ 108, 127, 128, 7 120-
Brainwashing, MVD 159-160, Burning process. See
construction, ENG 112, WHL 121; drug research, D 136;
168-169
search for Omega Minus at, Combustion; Oxidation
Brake grid, locomotive, WHL 65 125, 127, 128-129; primitive Burns, body, 8 37, C 118, D 71;
rope, ENG 59, WHL 125, 127, SC/ 66-73; synchrotron, M 9,
Brake shoe, railroad wheel, WHL as cause of cancer, HD 92
67 Renaissance, WHL 124; of the 160-165, 194-195, SC/ 66, 128
Brooklyn Bridge, WHL 126-127, Burt, Cyril L, VND 133
Brake valves and cylinders, Roeblings, WH 126-130; steel Burton Island (icebreaker), SHP
railroad, WHL 66-67 introduced to, ENG 58, WHL 128-130; pier excavation, WHL
128-129 121
Brakes: automobile, dual 124-126; Verrazano Narrows, Bus terminal, as part ofinterface,
systems, WHL 85; early ENG 15, 108, 109-119, WHL Brosnan, Bill, WH 170-171
Brown, Edmund G., EVG 172, 174 WHL 161
railroads, WHL 41, 57; electric 130, 182, 135, 193;
Brown, Frank, Jr., 738 Buses, MCH 105, 130, WHL 86,
trains, WHL 191; pneumatic, statistics: annual construction
Brown, Gene, D 111 153, 154-155; annual
on railroads, ENG 11-12, 13, in U.S., WHL 131; number in
Brown, Joseph R., VCH 194 transportation expenses, WHL
MCH 194, WHL 57-59, 62, 64- U.S., WHL 132; world’s
Brown, Paul K., LV 125 graph 94; competition to
65, 66-67 longest, WHL 138, 139;
Brown, Robert, 7 172 railroads, WHL 50, 61; diesel
Bramah, Joseph, CH 194 types of: bridle-cord, WHL 142- engine, VCH 106; Levacar,
prance Giovanni, W/CH 128, SHP 143; cantilever, WHL 125, 193; Brown, Sanborn, V 44, 45
Brown-Séquard, Charles, 8 171 WHL 176; minibus, WHL 166;
1 floating pontoon, WHL 140-
Brown (color), creation of, LV noise of, SH 174; passenger
Brand, Hennig, / 28, 32 141; orthotropic, WH 131,
Hihily MOP statistics, WHL graph 155
Brand, Vance, V/S 138 144-145; prestressed
Brown bat, hunting techniques of, Bush, Vannevar, MATH 23, MCH
Brandenberger, Jacques, GV 115 concrete, WHL 131, 138-141,
142: reinforced concrete, WHL SH 140-141 195, WEA 180
Brandon, S.8., SHP 80, 81 Bushmen, ofsouthern Africa, 7 56
Brandy, D 52; composition, D 136-137, 139, 193; simple Brown Swiss (cattle breed), FV
truss, WHL 193; suspension, OM Bushnell, David, VCH 193, SC/
table 38
ENG 14, 15, 58-59, 108, 109- Brown University, MATH 54 160, SHP 126, 130
Braque, Georges, LV 186; Butadiene, GV 104, 126, 152; in
painting by, Lv 189 119, WHL 122, 125, 126-131, Brownian movement, 7 172
132, 133, 142, 193 Browning, John, F 147 ABS plastics, Gi 151, 152,
Brass, / 137; specific heat of, &
Bridgewater, Duke of, EVG 34-35 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom, ENG 153; molecule, Gl 126, 129;
table 36
Brass instruments, SH 74, 88-89 Bridgman, Percy, SC/ 55, 191 194, SHP 78-79, 80 polymerization of, GM 126,
Bridle-cord bridges, WHL 142- Brunel, Sir Mare Isambard, CH 129, 152; in rubber, Gv 129,
Brattain, Walter H., 49, MCH
120, sc/ 190 143 130
Braun, Carl, SC/ 191 Brig: defined, SHP 193; U.S. Bruner, Jerome, VND 118-114 Butane, GV 60; specific heat of,
Bray, C.W., SH 58 Navy, SHP 194 Brunn, Francis, C 146 E table 36
Brazil: arbovirus research, HD Brigantine, SHP 194; defined, Bruno, Giordano, PL 14 Butenandt, Adolf, SC/ 192
183; droughts, W171; food SHP 193 Brunschwig, Hieronymus, D 52 Butler, Daniel I., WCH 161
production in, FV table 180- Bright-line (emission) spectrum, Brush, Charles, VCH 126 Butler, Samuel, 8 9
181; fuel resources, £ 193; PL 63, 64 Brunton, Thomas Lauder, D 82, Butter, FV 13, 59; and
malnutrition, HD 77; rain Brightness: of color, /V 116, 119- 194 cholesterol, FV 134, 1385; HD
forest, PL 52-53; Xinguano 120, 169; defined, .v 194; of Sad Farnborough (airplane), F 83; source of vitamin A, FV
Indians of, HD 158-159 heavenly bodies, PL 89-90; of 30, 63, 107, HD 81. See also
Bread, FN 11; enriched, FY 63, objects, and judging distance Bubble chamber, /V 153, 162, Dairy products
113; toasted, FV 153; water and size, LV 145, 147, 155, 182; 167, SC/ 66, 67-71, 73, T 120- Butterflies: ears of, SH 74;
content of, W106 relative (color), LV 155, 169 121; photographs of particle monarch, metamorphosis of,
Bread mold, genetic research Brill, A. A., VND 95 tracks, MV 155, 165, SC/ 63, 66, T 46
with, C 58-59 Brindley, James, ENG 32, 34-37, 68, 70-71, T 120-121 Butterfly cod, D 142-143
Breadfruit, FV 21 1938, W125 Bubonic plague, HD 31-33, 34, 50- Butterfly valve, automobile, WHL
Breakaway plane, f 153 Brion, Marcel, SC/ 166 Lisi, 2 195
Breaker points, in ignition circuit, Bristol 138A (airplane), F 90, 91 Buchanan, Colin, WHL 147 Buttress, flying, EVG 57, 58, 72, 73
WHL 80 Britain; British Isles; etc. See Buchanan, James, ENG 60 Butyl rubber, GV 129, 130, 181,
Breast: growth studies, G 80; in Great Britain Buchheim, Rudolf, 0 193 140, 160, 161; monomer of,
puberty, G 107-108; synthetic, Britannia, S.S., SHP 104 Buchner, Edward, SC/ 192 GM 160
GM 176 British Aircraft Corporation, F Buck Rogers space suit, /S 141 Butylene: formula, Gv 140; in
Breast cancer, HD 91 Buddhists, 7 22-23 petrochemicals production,
Breast feeding, G 172 British clipper, SH? 60-61 Bueding, Ernest, D 110 GM 182, 134, chart 135, chart
Breast wheel, M/CH 31, 32 British Interplanetary Society, Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, 140-141
Breastbone, 8 141, 145 MS 15, 57-58, 123 Comte de, C 82, G 77, 7 123- Buzzard, wing of, F 49, MCH 108
Breath, shortness of, in British Overseas Airways 124 Bykovsky, Valery, /S 88
emphysema, HD 96 Corporation, f 101 Buggy, WHL 15 By-products, use of wastes for,
Breathing. See Respiration Broad-spectrum antibiotics, 0 Building cranes, CH 97 ENG 123, 129, 130, 131
Breathing bag, D 61 98, 99, 125, HD 105 Building industry, future, SC/ Bypass engine, F 84
Breathing membrane, silicone Broadcasting networks, 7 103- 149; plasties in, GV 18-19, Byrd, Harry, SC/ 127
rubber, GM 164-165 104 173-174, 175. See also Housing Byrd, Richard E., F 195
Breech-loading firearm, Brobeck, John, F/V 129 Bukantz, Samuel, D 172 Byrne, Charles, G 133, 135
invention of, MCH 193 Broca, Pierre Paul, VND 37 Bulkhead, SHP 11, 83 Byzantine lateener, SHP 58
Breech position of fetus, G 33 Broca’s area of brain, VD 37 Bulldozer, invention of, WCH 195
“Breeder reactor,” £ 176 Brockel, Harry C., SHP 110 Bulletin of the Atomic Cc
Breeding. See Selective Broiling, FV 58 Scientists, SHP 172
breeding Bromine, V 36, 142, 143; as Bullfrog, sound waves from, SH C-5A (military transport), £ 154,
Breedlove, Craig, automobile gasoline additive, EVG 125, vu 45 WP AS
speed records of, WHL 169, 143; hydrogen replacement Bullitt, William C., VD 102 C-87 (cargo plane), F 55
table 170, 176 by, GM 36; natural state of, Bullock cart, WHL 9, 12, 20-21, C-124 (cargo plane), 57
Bréguet, Louis, MCH 108 M 29, 73, 142; source of, ENG 23, 26-27 Cable: in bridge construction,
Brenner Pass, Europa Bridge, 125, 130, 175; uses of, Vv 143 Ee Edward R., VND ENG 114-117, WHL 122, 127, 128,
WHL 144-145 Bronchi (bronchial tubes), 8 120, 129, 133, 1384-135, 142-143;
Brentano, Franz, VND 12 121, D 86-87, 105 Buna rubber, G// 129, 131 transatlantic, EVG map 60, 61
Breuer, Joseph, MND 82, 83, 95 Bronchial columella, SH 71 Buna S rubber, GV 129, 130 Cable ships, SHP 110, 118-119
Brewer, Earl, FV 110 Bronchial infection, D 105 Bundy, McGeorge, SC/ 31 Cabriolet, WHL 15
Brewrink, J. L., MCH 160-161 Bronchial membrane, SH 71 Binning, Erwin, 7 45 Cacti, W 61, 108-109
Brick Moon (magazine serial), Bronchioles, 8 120, 121 Buoy, SHP 193; bell, sHP 151, Cadillac Automobile Company,
MS 12, 103 Bronchitis, 8 123, HD 100; and 160, 168-169; types and chart MCH 105
Bridge (game): number of emphysema, HD 84, 85, 96- symbols of, SHP 160-161 Cadillac of 1912, MCH 104
possible hands, MATH 133, a 101, 112; symptom of, PH Buoy tender, SHP 160 Cadmium, VV 11, 136, 137;
139; odds for certain hands, Buoyancy, SHP 9-11; center of, crystal type, V 101, neutron
MATH 1389 Bronchoscope, D 67, PH 149 SHP 11, 12-13; controlled, SHP absorbency of, £ 154, 168;
Bridge, of ship, SHP 193; ocean Bronk, Detlev, SC/ 120, 121 124; defined, SHP 193; force sources of, WHL 88; uses of,
liner, SHP 86, 90, 91, 92 Ere: Nathaniel R., SH 130- of, SHP.11, 12-13, 124; M 136, 137, WHL 88
Bridges, EVG 108, 109-119, WHL negative, SHP 124, 125; Cadmium sulfide, / 137
123-132, 133-145, 193; ancient Bronson instrument, SH 130 neutral, SHP 124, 125; of Caecum, 8 117
Roman, ENG 57, WHL 123-124; Bronx River Parkway, New York, plastics, GV 24; positive, SHP Caesar, Julius, SH 174, 7 60-61,
arch, use of, ENG, 57, 113, WHL WHL 104 124, 125; principle of, sHP 10 72, WHL 148, 155

8-The Body c-The Cell O-Drugs &-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GmM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease iv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind MS-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 Caesarian birth, PH 32, 116-117 130, map 131, 132-143; space locks, W 162; transportation 13, 15; as raw materials, GV
Caffeine, D 14, 34, 38, 51, 124, view of, PL 48, 49; urban
125,715 by, compared to railroads, 130;
problems, systems analysis WHL 35; tunnels, ENG 36 cellular synthesis of, 8 105; in
Cage, John, SH 95 of, ENG 172-173, 174 Canard wing, F 183 photosynthesis, £ 100, G 24;
Caged-ball heart valve, PH 186- California, University of, £ 172 Canberra, Australia, space
187 as food, £ 101, FV 14, 44, 155,
California Institute of Tech- tracking station, PL 77 HD 76, 172; calories from, FV
Cailletet, Louis Paul, Vv 59 nology, M/S 126, 195, PL 66, SC/ Cancer, D 169, 173, HD 15, 24,
Caissons, WHL 125, 127, 128, 13; digestion of, 8 103, 108,
129, 130, 139, 142-143; Owens 27, 84, 85, 90-93; in animals, 110, 111, 112, 114-115, FN 58-
129 Valley Observatory of, PL 75 HD 92, 93,101, 119; causes 59, 84, 93, G 18-19, 24; effect
Calabar bean, D 124 California peninsula, drift of, PL of, £161, HD 92-93, 99, 101, of cooking on, FN 58-59;
Calash, WHL 15 37, 58, map 59 M 130; death rates, HD 84, 90, function in body, FV 13, 86,
Calear, Stephen, 8 12, 32 Californium, Vv 149 chart 92, 101; diagnosis of, PH
Calciferol, FV table 113. See also
100, 155; and reducing,
Californium oxychloride, \V 149 35, 70-71, 149; drug research, misconceptions, FN 154-155;
Vitamin D Calipers, MCH 26, 27 D 127, 137, 138-139; drugs, D sources, 8 109, FN 18, tables
Calcination, Lavoisier’s Callisto (Jovian moon), PL 163, 138, 195; false diet for, FV
quantitative experiments, VV 19-30, 36, 37, 40, table 194-
table 193 155; heredity factor, HD 92, 195.
33 Callus: in bone fractures, 8 60; 119; main sites affected, HD See also Sugar
Calcium, V 130; biological skin, 8 37 90, 91; pain relief, D 72:
importance of, / 130; erystal Carbolic acid, C 184, Gv 80, 81,
~ Caloric theory of heat, £ 34-35, radiation treatment, £ 164, HD 57-58, 68, PH 36; sprayer,
type, /V 101; in drinking 42,53, WEA 37-38; disproven, 174, M 135, 145, 147, 150, 175,
water, W193 HD 69. See also Phenol
E 35-88, 42-43 190, PH 101, 149-150; Carbon, GM 44-45, 145, u 30,
in body: arterial deposits of, Calorie: heat unit, £ 42-43, 96, somascopic detection of, SH
80; in bone, 8 14, 15, 58, 59, 139; atomic structure of, £
FN 10; 131; spreading, HD 90, 91;
HO 81; cellular need for, C 21; 76,170, M 125; atomic weight,
in food, £ 96, 101; vaccine research, D 140-141; E 96; energy release in
in plasma, 8 82; role in carbohydrates as source of, virus theory, C171, HD 92,
muscle action, 8 62; oxidation of, £ 96; isotopes, &
FN 13; consumption in various 93; worldwide distribution of, 171; in organic compounds,
in nutrition, FV 13, 15; dietary countries, FV table 180, 181; HD map 28. See also Leukemia; GM 11, 34, 53, M189 (see also
supplements, F/V 121; sources, dieting and, FN 130-131, 153- Lung
FN table 194-195 Organic compounds); prime
154, 155; fats as source of, Cancerous cells, HD 90, 91, 93; matter of life, vw 139, ws 172,
Calcium carbonate (calcite), GV FN 18, 59, HD 89; needs, FV division of, C16, HD 90, 93;
32, 41, Vv 100; in drinking 7 130; radicals, GV 35; slow
10, 128, 136, HD 83; and migration of, C 106; research, oxidation of, £ 98; uses of, Vv
water, W193; formula, Gv overweight, FV 128, 136, 153; C 8,42, 106, 171 139; valence of, Gu 52;
32; source of, ENG 122 ratings of various foods, FV Candlelight, / 99 warming of arctic by earbon-
Calcium sulfate crystals, SC/ 26-27 table 11, 128, table 194-195 Candles, Gi 61 dust layer, WEA 178-179
Calculator, VCH 194, MATH 18, Calorie starvation, FV 119 Candy striper, uniform of, PH 155 Carbon-12, £ 171, 7130
14, 18, 20-23,7 90 Calorimeter, £ 95-96; bomb, £ Cane sugar, crystal type, V/ 101 Carbon-13, £171
Calculus, MATH 46, 88, 105-114, 95 Canning offood, FV 57, 61-62, 78 Carbon-14 dating, 7 129-130,
115-125, SC/ 100; basic Caltech. See California Institute Cannizzaro, Stanislao, V 58 132, 138-139
concepts and aims, MATH of Technology Cannon, Gaine, PH 38, 39-51 Carbon arc lights, V 146, MCH
106, 114; basic rules, MATH Calvin, Melvin, SC/ 193 Cannon, Walter B., HD 11-12, 126-127, 194
108-109; defined, MATH 11; Calx, M 32-33, 130 148-149, 150, 156 Carbon compounds. See Organic
functions, MATH 106, 117; Cam: automobile distributor, Cannon: development of, WCH compounds
limitations of, MATH 11, 127- WHL 80; invention of, MCH 30; 32-33, 50-51; invention of, Carbon cycle, C 36, 42, 43-49, 85,
128; rate-of-change concept, uses of, VCH 31-32, 33 MCH 193; sound energy of, SH PL 41; defined, C 193;
MATH 106, 107, 109, 118, graph Camayura Indians, HD 158-159 14,172 experiments, C 33, 36, 43;
121; symbols, MATH 107, 113; Camber, F 15, 70 Canon of Avicenna, B 25, PH 20, initial establishment of, C 89-
terminology, MATH 106, 107; Camel, W 118; eyelashes of, LV Dio 90; photosynthesis, C 33-38,
invention of, SC/ 86, 87; 26 “Canon’s Yeoman’s Tale,” 44-47, 49, G 24, 25, PL 40-41;
Leibniz, MATH 106, 107, 112; Camel (freight locomotive), Chaucer, / 22 respiration and Krebs cycle,
Newton, MATH 105, 106, 108- MCH 62-63, WHL 45 Cantilever wing, F 94, 103-104, B 104, C 39-42, 43, 48-49, G 24,
112; Newton-Leibniz Camera: aerial, EVG 146; Boys 105 25; in rocket ship, C 41
controversy, MATH 112-114; moving lens, 7 116; Cantilevering, in bridge Carbon dioxide, GV 13, MV 34, 55;
uses of: maximizing and comparisons of eye to, 8 154, construction, WHL 125, 193 as “fixed air,” GM 32; Black’s
minimizing problems, MAT LV 58, 54, 55, 56, 76, 82, 88; Cantor, George, MATH 172-173 experiments, GM 32, 40-41;
113, 154; motion and change early, wet-plate vs. dry-plate; Canyon Diablo crater, Ariz., VS formula, GM 32; in oceans, PL
problems, MATH 105-106, 114; LV 69; first Kodak, LV 70, 71; 150, PL 87, 88, map 89 41; in photosynthesis, C 33,
practical, MATH 105-106, 108, focusing, LV 54, 56, 88; high- Canyons, W 75, 86, 87, 95, 101 36, 37, 38, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49,
109, 117, 149, 154-155. speed, 7 108, 178-119; lunar Capacitor, variable, VCH 149 90, G 24, 25, PL 40-41; and
See also Differentiation; probe, PL 104, 105; movie, Cape Cod, origin and erosion of, positive ions, WEA 113;
Infinitesimal method; invention of, MCH 195; w79 respiratory control by, 8 122-
Integration Muybridge’s 12-lens, LV 69; Cape Kennedy (formerly Cape 123, 144; sublimation
Calcutta, India, W map 131, 142- photo-finish, 7 111; refraction Canaveral), Fla., /S 12,75, temperature, / table 58;
143,165 principle in, LV 45 90, 130, 131; space view of, in air, PL 41, WEA 14, 7129,
Calder, Alexander, SH 191 Camera obscura, /\/ 62 PL 48 138; discovery of, Gi 32;
Calendar, 7 55-63, 64, 65-75; Camouflage, animal, C 77, G 116 Cape Wrath, Scotland, surf, £ 22- greenhouse effect, P/ 42, 43,
Babylonian, MATH 16, 76, 7 Camp Devens, Mass., /S 67 23 112; from industrial waste,
58, 59, 66-67; basis of, 7 55; Camp Irwin, Calif., SC/ map 131 Capella (star), /S 175 WEA 178; percentage, /V table
books of hours, MATH 77, T Campa Indians, HD 177 Capillaries, 8 48, 77, 79, 87, 88, 58, 60; pre-life appearance, C
72-73; correction system, first Campbell, Andrew, SHP 127 89-91, D 88, FN 86, 95; 85, 88, PL 38-39; radiation
rational, 7 59; correction, use Campbell, D., automobile speed adjustment to blood supply absorption by, PL 67, 79, WEA 36;
of intercalation in, 7 66; record of, WH table 170 and demand, 8 81; bile, FV in planetary atmospheres:
decimal, 7 24; Egyptian, MATH Campbell, M., automobile speed 97; dilation by alcohol, D 36; Mars, PL 134, 1386; Venus, PL
76, 7 10, 60-61, 68-69, 72, W records of, WHL table 170 functioning of, 8 80, 83, 88, 110, 112, 125, 126-127, 128;
121; Greek, 7 24, 59-60; Campbell Soup Company, F/V 66- FN 98-99; lang (pulmonary), solid (dry ice), / 60, 61; cloud-
Gregorian, 7 60, 61, 62, 74- 67 8 90, 121, D 86-87; lymphatic, seeding by, WEA 90, 102;
75; Jewish, 7 61, 62, 66, 67; Camphor, D 15, 28, Gl 77, 86 8 83; total length in body, FV waste-product of animal cells,
Julian, 7 61, 62, 72-73, 74-75; Can buoy, SHP 160 99 8 104, C 39, 42, 48, 49, 90, FV
lunar, 7 66; lunisolar, 7 59, Canada: first spacecraft, WS Capillarity, 7 77, 78, W 15, 22- 86, G 25; disposal of, 8 80, 82,
62; Maya, 7 70-71; medieval, 101; fuel resources, £ 193; 23,105, 106; defined, w 194 90, 122, D 86-87, 93, FN 99,
MATH 77,7 73; Moslem, 7 62- glacial shaping, of landscape, Capillary fringe, groundwater, // HD 96
63, 66, 67; old style and new W maps 50-51, 77, 78; grain 56 Carbon disulfide, in viscose
style, 7 62; perpetual, 7 64- production, FV 41; sounding Capitol Building, Wash., D.C., anos GM 78, 88, 94, 95,
65, 75; problems in making, rocket, VS 42; tundra, PL whispering gallery in, SH 19
T 58-59, 64; Roman, 7 24, 60- 52 Caproni, Gianni, Model 60 of, F Carbon family, / 139; atomic
61; Sumerian, 7 58-59; Canada goose, F 44-45 8&7 structure, // 139; in periodic
Western civil, 763; World, 7 Canada-India Reactor, Bombay, Capsules, drug, D 8; gelatin, D table, i 127
63. See also Leap Year IE G35) 180-181; manufacture, D 177, Carbon monoxide, £ 51, GV 180,
Calendering, GV 188 Canaletto (Antonio Canal), MATH 189 185, MV 34, 55; air pollutant,
Calf, in artificial-heart 98 Car; Car racing, etc. See HD 101, 102, chart 115, PH 138;
experiment, PH 188, 189 Canals, ENG 34-36, W125-126, Automobiles; Automobile bonding, £ 97; molecular
Cali, Colombia, water purification 154, 162-163; ancient racing, ete. weight, £ 96; poisoning, B 123-
plant, W 179 civilizations, W 121, 122-123, Caravel, SHP 57, 58, 194 124, D198
California: Gold Rush, SHP 59, 124-125, map 125; irrigation, Carbohydrates, £ 98, 100-101; Carbon tetrachloride, GV 36, 51,
60, 61; “science state,” SC/ W 158-159; lining, ENG 35; chemical composition of, FV M79
TT

129
 36-37; fodder, FN 380, 37; 14, 104-105, C 37-38, 39-40,
Carbon tetrafluoride, GV 146 Carrel, Alexis, PH 104, 195, SC/ 41, 42, 46-48, 49, FN 86-87 (see
Sedese in drinking water, WV 194 raising, FV 30-31, 37; U.S.
production, FN graph 45, map also Muscle, fiber, chemical
93 Carrier, Willis H., VCH 195
AT activity; Nervous system,
Carbonated alcoholic beverages, Carrier beam, PL 77
Cattle blood, in Masai diet, FV 9, cells, chemical activity);
D 36 Carrier molecules, in cells, C 37, electrical, C 34-37, 39-40, 46-
48, G 21 11, 18-19
Carbonated water, GV 43 49 (see also Muscle, fiber,
Carbondale, IIl., water tanks, VW Carroll, Lewis, pseudonym, Cattle plague, HD 72
Caucasian race, 8 40 electrical activity; Nervous
180,181 MATH 172, 173, 174
Carrot, as source of vitamin A, Cauda equina, 8 51 system, cells,
Carbonic acid, GV 107 electrochemical activity);
Carbonic-acid gas motor FN 25 “Cauliflower” clouds, WEA 85
Carson, Rachel, HD 104 Caus, Salomon de, WCH 53 radioactive tracing, C 13, 60,
(airplanes), F 13, 77 134, 137, 139, 141, 142; water
Carboniferous period, G 176 Carswell Air Force Base, F 60 Cause-and-effect relationship,
Cartesian coordinates, VATH 82, Sc/ 61, 77, 172-173 as by-product, 8 104, C 39,
Carbonyl group, GV 193 40, 48, FN 86, W 106; see also
Carboxyl group, GM 193 83, 157; curves in, examples, Caustic soda, GV 78. See also
MATH 88-84 Lye Krebs cycle; Photosynthesis;
Carburetor, EVG 21, MCH 103, differentiation and
WHL 81, 195 Cartesian system. See Analytic Cauterization, PH 32-33;
geometry instruments, B 12, PH 26 specialization of, 8 14-15, 175,
Card games, and laws of 177, C 101-106, 108, 120, G
probability, MATH 132-133, Carthaginians, E/VG 66; sailships, Cave fish, SH 66
SHP 54 Cave paintings, PH 10; Cro- 33-34, 41, 42-43; chemical
138-139 E
Cartier, Jacques, FV 103 Magnon, 7 13; Neolithic, 7 122 mechanism held possible, Cc
Cardano, Girolamo, MATH 69, 102, 103-104; current research,
70, 128 Cartilage, 6 15, 55, 59; cell Cavendish, Henry, F 31, GV 32,
develonnen’ C102, 103, G 33, V 56, 59, W18 C 142-144; evolution of, C 108,
Cardénas, Garcia Lopez de, W 109-117; examples, human
75 34; in larynx, G 108; Cavendish Laboratory,
ossification of, G 33, 55, 80; Cambridge, C 61, £ 77, 169, // body, C 102, 103, G 44-47;
Cardiac arrest, treatment, PH induction, G 38, 49; interac-
164-165 tissue regeneration, C 118 120-122, 186, SC/ 36, 48-49, 186
Cartwright, Edmund, V/CH 65, Caves: limestone, WV 55, 63, 64, tion, C 103-104, G 37-40, 48-
Cardiac arrhythmia, D 80-81, 83,
193 75, 79-80; 49; organizer, G 37-40; primi-
88 tive form, C 100, 109-117;
Cardiac monitor, PH 151 Carvel-built hull, SHP 54, 58, 59 man-made atomic, £ 150-151
Carver, George Washington, SC/ Caviar, FV 161 process, C 102-104; timing, C
Cardiac muscle. See Heart,
14 Cavitation, SHP 82, 174,175 103, 104; tissue-building, C
muscle
Cardiology, PH 154 Carville, La., leprosarium at, PH Cavity theory of hearing 104-106, 120, G 45, 47, 49;
Cardiovascular system, 8 77. See 34 (Bauhin), SH 53, 54 division (reproduction) of, C
also Circulatory system Cascade Mountains, orographic Cayley, Sir George, F 10-11, 12, 20, 55-56, G 11, 14-15, 42-43;
Cardiovascular diseases. See effect of, W 40 168, 194 meiosis, C 56-57, G 15;
Circulatory system, diseases Cash register, invention of, /CH C-Curity Placket Fastener (early mitosis, C 54-55, 56, 66-67;
of; Heart disease 194 zipper),ENG 13-14 normal vs. cancerous, HD 90,
carro handling, dockside, SHP Casserio, Giulio, SH 32 “C-domain,”’ SC/ 57. See also 93; timing, T 33, 43, 50;
107-110 Cassia, D 11, 14 Scientific concepts electron-transport chain: basic
Cargo planes, F 55, 57, 94-95, Cassini, Giovanni Domenico, PL Celanese Corporation, GV 89, W importance of, C 40-41; in
SA cenliaro We SIEB 165 chloroplasts, C 35-36, 39, 40,
containerization, WHL 172, Cassini Division of Saturn’s Celery, misconception about, F/V 46-47; defined, C 193; in
185; helicopters, F 170; rings, PL 172 152 mitochondria, C 39-40, 41, 48;
VTOL, F174 Castle Geyser, Yellowstone Park, Celestial goldfish, eyes of, strength of currents, C 41;
Cargo ships, SHP 8, 82-83, 102, E24 LV 24 functions of, 8 14, G 11;
103-105, 106-110, 195; air- Castles, medieval, EVG 57-58 Celestial mechanics, MATH 149, carbohydrate synthesis, 8
cushion vehicles, SHP 178; Castor oil, 0 13, 16, PH 11 Sc/ 92,101 105, £100, G 24; energy
anti-rolling devices on, SHP Castoria, D 154, 157 Celestial navigation, 124, MATH production, 8 14, 62, 86, 104,
38; automation of controls, Castration studies, G 134 84-85, SHP 92, 151, 153-155, 105, 121, C 37-40, 46-48, FN
SHP 172; bulk shipment, SHP Cat: eyes and vision, LV 22, 238, 156, 164-165, T 81-83 86, G 21-25; energy storage
105, 106-107, 109-110; 28, 58, 176; growth studies, Cell(s), 8 138-15, C (entire vol.); in ATP, 8 62, ¢ 21, 37, 49)
capacity and speed curve, G 100-101; hearing and vocal aging of, C 107-108, 124; basic 50; fat synthesis, 8 105, C 41;
SHP graph 105; ranges of, SH chart 194-195; categories, C 18-19; basic nutrient storage, B 105,C 14,
containerization, SHP 102, life expectancy of, G chart 110; structure, 8 14,c 10, 13-14, 23, 38, 41, 48, FN 86, 97;
107, 109, 195, WHL 172, 185; sexual maturity of, G 110; 17,195, G11, 21; chemical protein synthesis, 8 104, 105,
design, SHP 83; model- experiments with: behavioral, ties between like cells, Cc 106; C 72, 73, 136-141, G 21-24, 26,
testing, SHP 41; nuclear- MND 46,154, 158; ESB, MND communication within, C 20, FN 84, 87, GM 103; sugar
powered, SC/ 144, SHP 172- 176; learning, MND 107-108; 22; death of, C 16, 107, G 50- synthesis, C 37-38, 42, 44, 45-
173; operating costs, SHP 34, Wever-Bray, SH 58 51, 176; disposal of dead, C 47, FN 86;
107-108; schedule Catalase, FN 83 175; early fossils, C 89; nucleus, 8 14, C 10, 11, 15, 17,
requirements, SHP 34, 75, Catalysts, £ 99-100, Gu 57; “energy currency” of, C 37; 20, 53, 195, G 11, 21, 28;
103, 104; submarine, SHP 171; defined, C 198, Giv 194, /v 105; enzymatic action in (see current research, C 132, 134-
tonnage values, SHP 14. See human body, G 22-23; enzymes Enzymes, in cell 144; defined, Cc 194; in
also Tankers as, B 102, C 15, FN 83, G 22- metabolism); fermentation division, C 20, 55-56, 66-67, G
Caribbean, hurricane origin area, 23; hormones as, G 22-23; in, C 128; food needs of, FV 11; function of, C 20, 22;
WEA 42, 44, map 54 minerals as, G 22-23; 10, G 17-19; growth of, G12; radioactive tracers in, C 137;
Carlsbad, N. Mex., limestone vitamins as, G19, 22-23 history of study of, 8 13,c9, in sexual reproduction, C 56,
caves, W 80 Catalytic cracker, £ 115 12-13, PH 35, 194; hormonal G 14-15; structure, C 20;
Carlson, Chester, WCH 118-119, Catalytic reformer, £ 114 action on and in, 8 170, 172, various kinds in body, C 106-
195 Cataract, G 156, LV 61; defined, G 22, 23; life-span of various, 107; bipolar, C 161, LV 76, 80,
Carlyle, Thomas, £ 124, VCH 57, LV 194; false diet for, FV 155; C 107-108, FN 86; light- 94,194; blood, B 15, 80, 82-
MND 135 surgery, 8 11, /V61, PH 24, 32 sensitive, as forerunner of 83, 92-93, C 107, 169-170, G
Carmina de Urinarum, Catastrophic theory of formation eye, /V 16, 18; membrane, C 12, FN 97, T 50 (see also
Corbeil, 8 125 of planets, PL 34-35 10, 13, 15, 17, 24, 30, 193, 195, Platelets; Red blood cells;
Carnegie Foundation for the Catatonia, VND 60 G 21; microscopic White blood cells); bone, 8
Advancement of Teaching, PH Categelophobia, VND table 60 examination of, C 40, PH 35, 15, 16, 60, C 102, 107, G 33-
54 Caterpillar, metamorphosis, G 63, 70-71; mineral action in, 34; brain, C 103, 164, 165, G
Carnegie Institution, C 60, SC/ 175 G 22, 23; motion of, C 104- 12, 33-34, 36, 81, “vp 16,19,
Catharsis, VND 82, 83, 95 105, G 40, 41, 46; number in 31, 34, 178, 179; bronchial
Carnot, L.N.M., £ 12 Cathedral of Agrigento, Sicily, human body, 8 10,C15,G 11, mucus, D 105; connective
Carnot, Nicholas Leonard Sadi, whispering galleries in, SH 19 HD 119; nutrient supply to, 8 tissue, 8 15, C 107; epithelial,
E57, 58,60, ENG 9, MCH 56 Cathedral Rock, Cape Wrath, 78, 80, 86, 88, 89, 104-105, B15, C 30, 106,107, FN 94-95;
Carnot’s principle, £ 58 Scotland, £ 22 121, FN 86, 99; G 18-19; origin fat-storage, C 101; kidney
Carolinas, space view of, PL 32 Cathedrals, Gothic, £ 57, 58, 72- of term, C 10, 18, Sc/ 40; tubule, D 93; liver, C 17, 107,
Carotene, LV 78-79, 99 we power plant of, C 21, G 21; 195, FN 97; lymph, B 182, 133,
Carothers, Wallace Hume, GV Cathode, in electron tubes, CH precursor of, C 88; sex (see 134, 187, 188, C 169-170, 194;
105-107, 709, 116, 126, 128, 152-1538 Ovum; Sperm); shapes, 8 13, muscle, B 14-15, 61-62, c 50,
145, M 107-108 Cato the Elder, FV 149 14-15, C 9,19, 24-25; sizes, B 101, 102, 106, 124, FV 100-
Carotid artery, 8 49, HD 87 Caton, Richard, VND 173 13, 14, C 9-10, 18-19; vitamin 101; nerve, B 15, 62, 63, 141-
Carpenter, Scott, Ws 91 Catsup, as medicine, D 157 action in, G 22-23; waste 142, 143-146, c 9, 102-103,
Carpenter’s clamp, VCH 26 Cattail, W/ 102 disposal by, 8 80, 83, 86, 88, 106,107, 147-156, 158-159, D
Carpenter’s plane, MCH 24-25 Cattle: ancestor of modern 90, 122, 124, FV 99; water 40, 41, 42, 47, 52, G12, 46-47;
Carpus (bone), 8 45 breeds, FN 36, 37; controlled content of, 8 table 83, D 84; optic nerve, C 160-161; retina,
Carr, Archie, 7 48, 49 breeding of, FV 37; activity of, 8 14, 105, c 338-42, C 161,LV 76, 80, 94, 194;
Carrack, SHP 59, 194 domestication of, FV 33, 35, 43-49, G 20-26; chemical, B salivary gland, G 20; skin, C
—- af fe oe ee le Na pe ae me Rene onan a ae a aaa

8-The Body c-The Cell £-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease LV-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind MsS-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships 7-Time w-Water WEA-Weather ae
 102, G 12; syncytial, G 148- 130, 151, MND 18, 23, 36; eee II, King of England, VCH See also Industrial chemistry;
149; unipolar, G 46. interconnection with cortex,
See also Animals, cells; Plants, Inorganic chemistry; Organic
MND 23 Charles IX, King of France, 24
cells chemistry; Polymer
dad arteriosclerosis, VND 13-14 chemistry
Cell metabolism, F/V 86. See also Charles, Jacques, £31, 33, WEA
Cell, activity of Chemstrand Corporation, plant,
Cerebral artery, HD 87 131, 144; law of gases, £ 33, M114
Cellophane, G/ 14, 73, 78, 82, Cerebral circulation, & 81 53, WEA 130 Chen, K. K., 0 195
86, 87,108, 115, 166; osmosis Cerebral cortex. See Cortex Charleville musket, VCH 79, 80
through, W/ 104, 105 Cheops Pyramid. See Great
Cerebral hemispheres, ND 18- Charley horse, 8 61 Pyramid of Gizeh
ca tolerance, to drugs, D 57- 19, 22, 36; blood supply, MND Chase, Martha, C 60
5 Cherwell, Lord, Sc/ 13
20 Chasseloup-Laubat, Gaston de, Chest muscles, 8 61
Celluloid, Gv 14, 73, 77, 82, 86, Cerebral stroke. See Stroke automobile speed records of,
112; products, GV 77, 86-87, Chest surgery, PH table 102, 103,
Cerebrospinal fluid, 8 147, WwvD WHL table 170 186-187
115,M 108 21 Chassis tests, automobile, £VG Chest X-rays, PH 96-97
Cellulose, G// 12, 14, 73-75, 81, Cerebrotonic temperament, 8 41 22-23 Chewing of food, FV 82-83, 151;
102, 103, 104; formula, Giv 56; Cerebrum, 8 51, 141, 147 Chebee, SHP 194 Fletcherism, FW 151, 152
indigestibility of, 8 103, 114, Cerenkov, Pavel, SC/ 190 Cheese: and cholesterol, FV 134, Chiarugi, Vincenzio, VND 71
115; intermolecular bonding, Ceres (asteroid), MATH 155, 162, 135; in primitive diet, FV 35; Chiasma, optic, LV 80, 87; 195
GM 90-91; man-made, GV 74- - PL3 Gi processing, FN 76; as protein Chiba University, Japan, £VG
75; molecular structure, GV Ceriani, Ernest, PH 122 source, FN 25, 120 158
74-75, 82, MV 107; in plants, C Cerium, VV 146, 147 ee Abstracts Service, D Chicago, Ill.: Air Route Traffic
30, £101, G 82, 85; product Cerium oxide, / 147 Control Center, F 135, 136,
families, GV 86; products, Giv Cerumen, in hearing losses, SH Chemical analysis, SC/ 46; 137; growth of, WHL 153;
74, TT-79, 82, 84, 86-97, 112, 147 automatic analyzer, FN 121, suburban growth, WHL 83
153, LV 71; properties of, Giv Cervical nerves, B 51 G 168; Boyle’s work, / 31-32; transportation: cars, daily
74, 75, 82, 90, M 107; pulp, Cervix, cancer of, HD 91 Lavoisier’s work, GV 34, M number, WH 120; early
GM 84, 86, 89-91; rayon Cesium, // 36, 128, 129; uses of, 33; methods, GV 56; of electric streetcars, WHL 152;
production, GV 78-79, 82, 88- M 129, 7107, 193 organic compounds, EKisenhower Expressway, WHL
97, 106; sources of, GV 74, Cesium 137, fallout, HD 103 beginnings of, GV 34, 35, 56, 154, 173; parking garage, WHL
83-85, 86, M112 Cesium atomic clock, 7107, 193 99, Sc/ 46 120-121; railhead, WHL 53;
Cellulose acetate, GV 78-79, 81, Ceulen, Johannes van, 7 97 Chemical bonds. See Molecular transit trains, WHL 154
88, 91,93, 95, 96,103; film, Ceylon vs. India, health bonding Chick peas, FN 22, 23, 124; in
GM 79, LV 71, M 113; rayon, problems, HD maps 28-29 Chemical compounds. See dietary supplement, FV 120-
GM 78-79, 96; various uses of, Ceylonese outrigger, SH? 53, 54 Compounds SBy EAL
M113 Cézanne, Paul, SC/ 167 Chemical drugs, D 28 Chicken: embryonic
Cellulose nitrate, GV 75-77, 78- ees Sir Edwin, HD 54, 66, Chemical energy, £ 13, 15, 93- development, C 103, G 13, 35,
79, 81; colloided, Gi 77; film, iff 102; convertibility, £13, 61, 48-49, 51; hormone study, G
GM 77, 79, LV 71 Chadwick, Sir James, £ 171, 194, 93; energy release in various 131; naked-neck (mutation),
Cellulose triacetate, GV 78 M 154, 187, SC/ 189-190 reactions, £ 94, 96-97; fossil C 75; processing (food), FV 74-
Cellulose trinitrate, GV 75, 77. Chagas, Carlos, HD 46 storage of, £ 13, 100, 102; in 75; in various national diets,
See also Guncotton Chagas’ disease, HD 46-17 hydrogen-oxygen reaction, W FN 25, 29; water content of,
Celsius, Anders, £ 30, 41, Vv 193 Chain, Ernst Boris, D 97, 98, 10, 18; latent, £ 93; W115
Celsius (centigrade) scale, £ 30, 170, SC/ 194 measuring, £ 95-96; potential, Chicken cholera, 1D 58, 62
41,M 193 Chain reaction, nuclear, £ 148, £95; production of, £ 93, 95; Chicken pox, HD 24
Celtic wagon building, WHZ 14, 167-168, 171, 172-173; conversions: from electricity, Chicory, 7 36
22,25 controlled vs. uncontrolled, & £ 15; to electricity, £ 15, 93; Child labor, G 87, HD 55, 60, MCH
Centennial Exposition, 154, 167-168 to heat, £ 93, 94, 95-97; to 68, 69
Philadelphia, EVG 34, MCH 72, Chain structure, molecular. See kinetic energy, £ 93; from Child mortality, G 58, 0 12;
73,81 Molecular structure sunlight, by photosynthesis, accidents, PH 118; among
Center for Advanced Study in the Chair design, EVG'148, 158-159 £ 100-101, C 36-38, 46-47 American Indians, reduction
Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, Chaldeans: engineering, SC/ 78; Chemical engineering, VG 21, of, PH 134; decrease of,
SC/127 necromancy, SC/ 79 91, 96, 122, 123-126, 1380-131 statistics, HD 9, PH 110, 175;
Center for Cognitive Studies, Chalk, G// 32, 41, 45; formula, Chemical fuels, £ 100. See also in industrial societies, HD 9,
Harvard University, WD 113 Gm 45; in soda production, Fossil fuels 24, 26; leukemia, PH 144;
Centigrade (selsius) scale, £ 30, GM 44-45 Chemical industry, £ 98, 115; malnutrition, HD 14, 75-76;
41,M 193 “Challenge and Response” automation, VCH 174, 180. Negro vs. white, PH 171; New
Central nervous system, ND thesis, Toynbee, VS 129 See also Drug industry; England, 18th Century, HD
31, 33; drug effects on, D 9- Challenger (research vessel), Industrial chemistry; 9, 10; 19th Century urban,
10, 40, 41-49, 51-52, MND 153- SCI 95 Synthetics industry HD 54; among primitives, HD
154; need of higher organisms Challenger-class ship, SHP 195 Chemical properties, basis of, & 18; smallpox, 18th Century,
for, C 154; nonregenerative, Challis, James, PL 172 94-95, M 99, 107, 125; HD 36; in underdeveloped
C118. See also Brain; Spinal Chalquenio (corn), FV 38 reactivity, GM 53, 147, 128, nations, HD 14, 21, 22, 75-76,
cord Chamberlain, Owen, SC/ 190 131, 136, 145; stability, civ 173
Central Pacific railroad, WHL 56 Chamberlain, Mt., W/52-53 53, 54, 128, 131, 136, 145; Child psychology, VD 88, 89,
Central Railroad of New Chameleon, eyes of, LV 17, 58-59 atomic immutability in, / 109
Jersey, WHL 60 Champagnat, Alfred, FV 169, 174 34, 119; catalysts, 99-100, Gv Childbed fever, HD 56, 64, 65,
Central Valley, Calif.: irrigation, Champagne, D 36 57, VW 105; constancy of mass PH 31
W 158-159; pollution Chance, Britton, C 40, 42 in, MV 38, 55, 57; endothermic, Childbirth. See Birth
problems, ENG 174 Chance, laws of, VATH 114, 127, £ 97; energy release in, Childhood diseases, 1D 60, PH
Centralized Traffic Control 129, 7170, 171-172, 178. See examples, £ 94, 96-97; energy 110; and natural immunity,
(CTC), WHL 70-71 also Probability, release measurement, £ 95- HD 36-37, 60-61; worldwide
Centrifuge, high-speed, mathematics of 96; exothermic, £ 97; induced distribution, HD 28, map 29
GM 102 Change, mathematics of, MATH by heat, £ 98-99; induced by Childhood experiences: Adlerian
Centriole, C 195; defined, C 193 86-87, 105. See also Calculus light, £ 99; Laws of personality formation, VND
Centrosome, G 14 Chanute, Octave, £10, 13, 14, Thermodynamics, £ 97-98, 87; behavior conditioning by,
Century (steam train), WHL 50- 21, MUCH 107 100, 101; quest for maximum HD 145-146; roots of neuroses
51,53 Chapin, Daryl M., WCH 195 molecular stability, £ 98. See (Freud), VND 83; roots of
Cephalosporium (fungus), D 133 Chapman, William, W/HL 34 also Body chemistry; psychoses, MND 61-62, 142-
Cereal diet, F/V 155 Chappe, Claude, VCH 146, 147 Combustion; Oxidation 143, 150-151
Cereal grains, FV 11, 25, 172; Character disorders, MND 61 Chemical spectrum, £ 73 Children: adults compared
domestication of, FV 34-36, Charas (drug), VND 155 Chemist: dating of term, SC/ 29; with, G 105; behavior stages
37-38, 39; major producers, Charch, William Hale, G/v 149, education and careers, /V 42, in, G 81-82; cerebral cortex
FN 41; primitive grinding 150-151, 152 48 of, G 81; coordination in, G
method, MCH 12; as protein Charcoal, GV 44, 45, VM 139; Chemistry, £ 92-102, 29-38, 81-82; cultural deprivation,
source, FN 172, 173, Gv 175, dating of, 7 138 SC/ 76, 78, 82; contributions and intelligence, MVD 134-
HD 717, 78, 79-80; as raw Charcot, Jean-Martin, VND 82, of alchemy to, V 16, 24, 25, 135; gifted, MND 126, 134-135;
material, Gi 130, 132; 94,95, PH 194 26, SC/ 46, 47; defined, SC/ growth patterns and rates, G
thiamine content, HD 8&2, 83; Chardack, William H., EVG 90; history of, SC/ 90-91; 19th 29, 77-79, 83, 86, 132;
U.S. production, FV graph 45, 152 Century laboratory, GV 46, hormonal influence on, G
map 47 Chardonnet, Hilaire de, GV 77- 72, SCI 46-47; 106, 142-143; learning, VND
Cerebellum, 8 51,141, 147,C 78, 82, 89 pharmaceutical, D 15, 28, 127- 104,114, 115, 120;
164, MND 18,19, 20, 32, 36, Chariot, VCH 37, 46-47, WHL 12, 129; specialties, / 10, 42, Sc/ malleability of young, VND
37; alcohol’s effect on, D 37; 16, 22, 23 84, chart 90-91, chart 100-101; 133-134; mental
functions of, 8 145, 147, Cc Charles I, King of England, HD 81 symbols, / 32, 35, 37, 127. development, G 84-86, VND

131
 Ciliary muscle (or body), LV57, 161, 172-174;
126, 133-134; play, G 8, 108; Chloroquine, D 101, HD 185 water: consumption, W178;
Chlorothiazide production, D 179 58, 84, 85, 89; defined, Lv 194
in primitive societies, G 110, municipal water works, W/
Chlorpromazine, D 44, 45, 54, CIN 2347 (planetary system), PL
HD 18; psychoanalysis, MVD 178, 180-189; pollution, HD
80; sensory development of, MND 76, 77 table 179
Cinchona tree, D 30, 37, 81, 100, 103, 106, 108-111, PH 138, W
G 81, LV8, 12-138, MND 116; Cholera, HO 31, 35-36, 54, 186,
GM 36, 125 190
speech, G 82. See also Boys; PH 18, 108, 136; cause and See also Urban belts; Urban
spreading of, HD 20, 35, 54- Circadian cycles, 7 36, 38, 40
Girls; Infants growth; Urban planning
55; deaths, HD 176, 186; Circle: area, MATH 44, 45, 108;
Chile, food production in, FV table Citrus fruits: misconception
180-181; fuel resources, £ 193 epidemics, HD map 35, 36, in Cartesian system, WATH
83; cireumference-to- about, FN 151; source of
Chimpanzee, 7 10; brain of, MND 54, 55, PH 108; isolation of vitamin C, FV 104, HD 80, 81
bacterium, PH 194; old diameter ratio, WATH 44;
36; learning, MND 119, 195; City of San Francisco (train),
superstitions in fighting of, C conic section, MATH 47;
reasoning, VND 195; in space WEA 99, 108
170, HD 34; symptoms, HD 35 equation for, MATH 83;
flight, Ws 80, 87; stress Civil engineering, schooling, EG
Cholesterol, 8 84, 86, 104, D 127, Euclidean postulate, WATH
experiment, HD 149-150 91, 95
FN 138-135, HD 25, 88, 88, 89; 46; 60-based division of,
Ch’in Shih Hwang Ti, Chinese Civil War: impetus to mass
origin of word, FV 133 MATH 16; “squaring the,”
Emperor, ENG 56 production, MCH 75, 77;
Cholinesterase, 8 144 MATH 44; Thales’ bisection,
China: Communist mass railroads, WHL 46-47;
Chorion, G 29, 31, 32, 64 MATH 40; visual illusions in
propaganda, MND 170-171; shipping, SHP 126-127, 144-
famine of 1876-1879, HD table Chorionic hormone, G 147 viewing of, LV 146
Circulatory (cardiovascular ) 145
77; farm population of, FN 48; Chorionic villi, G 30, 31, 148-149
system, 8 42, 48-49, 77-86, 87- Civilization(s): ancient river-
fuel resources, £ 193; Great Choroid, LV 84-85, 94, 194
91, D 84, 85, 88-89, FN 89, 98- based, W 121; beginnings of,
Wall, ENG 56-57; irrigation, W Chowhan,J.S.,0 144
99; effect of alcohol on, D 36; FN 38-35, chart 34, 193, MCH
158-159; legend of creation of Christ among the Children,
embryonic development, C 11-13, 38, 711-12, WHL 12;
universe, 7 125; malnutrition, Nolde, LV 184
102, G 33, 44-45; fetal, G 60, dating of, 7 132-137;
HD 76; modern numerals, Christ as pharmacist, paintings,
61-62; history of knowledge discovery and use of metals,
MATH 17; monsoon, WEA 62, D 26-27
of, 8 10-11, 25, 77-79, PH 12- M 10,12, MCH 11; earth
map 73; plague epidemic of Christian Church, 7 61, 62; role
in medicine and 13, 15; nervous control of, D development of, PL 178;
1910-1911, HD 33-34; engineering skills of ancient,
supernova observation pharmacology, D 26-27, PH 88-89, MND 27, 28, 35;
28, 32 regulation of supply and ENG 83, 55-57, 62, 63-71, 74,
(1054), PL 13; transportation W 58, 121-125, 145-146 (see also
in, WHL 11, 26; Christina, Queen of Sweden, demand ofblood, 8 48, 81;
MATH 817-88 and spreading of cancer, HD individual civilizations); fire,
ancient: abacus, VATH 21;
Christmas, 7 73 91; total length of, 8 48, 77; use of, FV 58, MCH 11, 711;
alchemy, / 15, 18,19;
Christofilos, Nicholas, SC/ circuits, 8 81; cerebral, 8 81; impact of invention of wheel
apothecary jar, D 19; clocks, 7
108 coronary, 8 81; lymphatic, 8 on, WHL 13-15, 16; impact of
79-80, 90, 91, 92; flying machines,
Chroma of color, LV 116-117 82, 83-84, 103, 117, D 108, G mathematics on, WVATH 10-11;
legendary, f 10; Grand Canal,
Chromalizer, VND 121 32-33; portal, 6 81; role of alcohol, D 33-34;
W124, map 125; grandfather
Chromatic aberration, £ 86, LV pulmonary, 8 48, 81, 121; technical, PL 178-179;
wells, W58; mathematical
169 renal, 8 49, 81; systemic, 8 technical extraterrestrial, PL
manuscript, MATH 78;
medical knowledge, & 10, 15, Chromatids, C 66 81; 179, 184, 190
77, D 16, 18; river-based Chromatin material, C 20, 55-56, diseases of: clues, PH 89, 92; Cladonia rangiferina, PL 90
civilization, W121, 123-124, 193 drugs, D 77, 78-83, 88-89, 90- Clarinet, SH 74, 90-91, 94; sound
126; rope bridges, WHL 127; Chromatography, D 182-183, V 91, 137, 169, 173; noise and, range of, SH chart 194-195
seismograph, Pl 34; weather 92-93 SH 174; worldwide Clark, Alfred, D 194
gods, WEA 140-141; weather Chromium, V/V 132; body need distribution, HD map 29; see Clark, David, sewing machine
instruments, WEA 58 for, FV 15; sources of, WHL also Atherosclerosis; Blood of, MCH 165
China trade, SHP 59, 60 88; uses of, V 131, 182, 133, disorders; Heart, diseases of. Clark University, WS 64-65
Chinchon, Count of, PH 10 WHL 88 See also Blood; Blood vessels; Clausewitz, Karl von, WEA 108
Chinese- Americans, menarche Chromium oxide, as Heart Clausius, RudolfJ. E., £ 54, 58
age of, G 132 polymerization catalyst, GV 65 Cirrhosis, D 39, HD 13 58), (OY), iFUSD, el
Chinese food, FN 59, 84 Chromosomes, 8 14, C 8,56, G 14, Cirrocumulus clouds, WEA 87, Claustrophobia, VND table 60
Chinese junk, SH? 53, 56, 62, 28, 52-538, HD 119, 121; aber- 97,194 Clavicle, 8 45
68-69, 195 rations, G 152, 154-155, HD 122, Cirrostratus clouds, WEA 85, 86, Clavius, Christopher, 7 61
Chinook (wind), WEA 61, 85 MATH 54, MND 158; chemical 97,194 Pi pee eh MCH 165, WHL 103-
Chip log, SHP 157 composition, C 59, G 12; Cirrus clouds, WEA 84-85, 86, 96,
Chironomus tentans, defined, C 193; DNA molecule 97,194, 195; streamers, WEA Clay: erosion of, W 86, 92-93;
chromosomes of, G 52-53 in, C 61; functions of, C 56-57, 77 low permeability, W 56, 59;
Chirurgia, de Chauliac, PH 24, G11; lampbrush, c 142, 144; Cis-polybutadiene rubber, GV source of, W91
25 mapping, G 155; number of, 160-161 Cleaning fluids, GV 36, 51
Chisel, VCH 10, 24, 25 in various species, C 57, G Citation Index, Tukey, WATH 57 Clear, Alaska, BMEWS Station
Chiton shell, SC/ 18 15; sex, G 15, 154-155, 177- Cities: air pollution, EVG 174, HD at, ENG 104
Chlamydomonas (algae), W 178; structure of, C 57, 58; 99-108, 112-113, 115-116, PH Clear-air turbulence, high
112 in cellular reproduction, C 54- 138, 139, WEA 74, 75, 119, 178; altitude, F 156
Chloramphenicol, D 153 55, 56, 66-67, G 11, 14-15; ancient, water supply of, W Cleaver, A. V., WS 58
Chlorella pyrenoidosa (algae), meiosis, C 56-57,G 15 121, 122-123, 124; developing Cleft palate, G 154
ENG 175 Chronic diseases, D 72, HD 9-10, nations, slums, HD 17, 22-23; Clement VI, Pope, PH 24
Chloride, in drinking water, W 15-16, 25, 27; drug research, effect on weather, WEA 60, Clepsydra. See Water clock
193 D 186-137, 169, 172-173; 87, 118, 119, 178; health Clermont (steamboat), CH
Chlorination, V/ 142-143, W174, mental stress and, PH 84. See problems, various, HD 24-25, 59, 70-71, SHP TT, 78, 79, 195
176, 177, 178, 179, 183, 185 also Arthritis; 60; land use, in relation to Cleveland, Ohio: early tram,
Chlorine, / 29, 36, 142, 143; Atherosclerosis; Bronchitis traffic, WHL 155; noise and WHL 150; rapid transit line,
body need for, FN 15; and emphysema; Cancer; noise control, SH 173-175, WHL 154
hydrogen replacement by, Diabetes 176; satellite, WHL 164-165; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland,
GM 35-36; salt as source of, Chronological age, G 79, MND sewage-disposal problems, Ohio, ENG 152, PH 127
129, 143; uses of, VW 111,143 HD 106, 108-111, 116-117; Clevite Corporation, VCH 120
Chlorisondamine, D 90 Chronometer, VATH 76, SHP 19th Century: electrification, Cliffs, erosion of, W 79, 86, 87,
Chloroform, GV 36; as 156, 157, 158, 164, 779, 90, ENG 39, 48, MCH 127-128; 98,99, 101
anesthetic, D 54, 193, Gv 36; 91, 92; defined, SHP193; gain epidemics, and sanitation Climate, PL 52-53, 83, W (entire
boiling point, V7 79 of entropy in, 7170; efforts, HD 53-56, 58-59; vol.); basic factors, W 12, 13,
Chloromethane, GV 36 Harrison’s, SHP 157, T 84-85 traffic problems and 30, 40-41; changes in, and ice
Chlorophyll, C 11, 34, 35, 44, 87, Chronos (Father Time), 7 11 solutions, VCH 130-131, WHL ages, W 50, 76; changes in,
£101, LV 98-99; composition Chrysalis, 7 46 146, 148-152; and water supply, W maps
of, C 34; defined, c 193; Chrysanthemum, 7 39 transportation: automobile, 173; and farming, FV map 46,
emergence of, in earth Church acoustics, SH 188, 189 WHL 120-121, 147, 152-154, 47, map 171;
history, C 89, 112; function Paya Sir Winston, G 85, 7 156, 158-159; highway man and: body shape, HD 170,
of, C 34-35, 46, 47 proliferation, WHL 107; mass, 171; genetic adaptation, HD
Chloroplast, C 11, 44, W 112; Chyme, FN 83, 84, 85, 90, 98, 94 WHL 152, 154-155, 156, 160- 119, 170; physical growth, G
defined, C 193; electron- CI 2354 (planetary system), PL 161, 172-173, 175; pedestrian 88, 187; skin color, HD 119,
transport chain of, C 35-36, table 179 needs, WHL 155, 157, 160, 164- 170; social and technological
39; photosynthesis in, C 34- Cider, D 33 165; systems analysis of adaptation, HD 171, 172, 175
37, 39; structure of, C 34, 36, Cierva, Juan de la, £194 problems, ENG 172-173; traffie Climate control. See Weather
40 Cigarettes. See Smoking congestion, WHL 147-148, 153- control
eos GM 106, 128, Vv 107- ee 29, 123, 1380; defined, C 155, 156, 169; traffic control, Climate Makes the Man,
08 WHL 148, 154-155, 156, 157- Mills, WEA 110
—_——_— oo nk —Sn— ee SSSSSSSSSSssFhFeFeF

8-The Body c-The Cell bD-Drugs &£-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease /v-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind MsS-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships 7-Time W-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
Clinical death, and revival, PH 95, 100-101, 104, 194, 195; 38
177 LV 98, 112-113, 194; pigment
various types, WEA 86-87; Cognitive experience, SC/ 54 mixing, /V 111; subtractive,
Clinical medicine, in medical weather forecasting aided by, “Cognitive maps,” MND 111-112
curriculum, PH table 56 E 82, LV 98-99, 110-111, 195;
WEA 81, 86-87, 194-195; Cognitive psychology, VND 15, primary: artists, £ 81, 82, LV
Clinical training, PH 56-58, 72- weather-map symbols for, 106, 110, 111, 113-114
sf 97-98; spectral, E 81, 82, LV
WEA table 168; weight of water Cohen, Sidney, WWD 157 98, 110, 128, sci 23;
Clinies: group, PH 123, 127-129, vapor in, WEA 35, 87 Cohesion ofliquids, / 74, 75-77,
130-131, 171; hospital, PH qualities, nomenclature of: L\/
Cloverleaf interchanges, 79, 80 116; chroma (saturation), LV
147, 152, 153; outpatient, PH highway, WHL 102, 104 Cohn, Edwin J., 8 94
128, 152, 153 116-117, 119, 120, 195; hue,
Cloves, FN 56, 57 Coil, automobile engine, W/HL LV 116-117, 119, 120, 194;
Clinker-built hull, Ss? 54, 56, Clubfoot, G 151 80, 194
57, 59 relative brightness, LV 155,
Cluster gear, WHL 82-83 Coiter, Volcher, SH 53 169, MND 54; value
Clipper ships, SH? 30, 54, 60-61, Clutch, automobile, /CH 106, Coker, David R., FV 51 (brightness), LV 116-117, 119-
195; speed and cargo WHL 82 Colchicine, D 30, 178 120, 169
capacity, SHP 60, 61, graph Clyn, John, HD 31 Colchicum autumnale Color blindness, C 162, LV 124-
105 CNS drugs, 0 51-59 (autumn crocus, meadow 125, 133, 194; animals, C 162-
Clocks, MCH 33-35, 88, 712,77, Coaches, WHL 15, 16, saffron), D 13, 30,31, PH 11 163, LV 28, 77; inheritance of,
78-84, 85-99, 101-104, 106- 28-29 Cold, common, 8 123, D 95, 99, HD 125; test, LV 127
107, 149, 150-151, 193; Coal, V 107; air pollutant, HD 115, 132; susceptibility to, Ho Color coding, industrial, /\/ 118
accuracy, 7 101, 103, 104, 106- 99, 103, 113; burning process, 153, 164, 167; vaccine Color constancy, /V 120-121, 194
107, chart 193; dials, 7 82, 92, E 98-99; chemical research, D 133 Color photography, — 79, 82-83;
96-97; effect of relativity on, composition, £ 96, 98; heat Cold front, WEA 86-87, 94-95, history, LV 72-73; indoor, LV
T 150-151, 152, 156-157, 160- output, F 94, 96-97; origin of, 195; defined, WEA 86, table 106
161, 164-165; electric, 7 103- £13, 100, 102; as raw 168; squall line, WEA 22-23; Color printing, GV 171, LV 114-
104; entropy gain in, 7170; material, £ 99, GM 36-37, 39, symbol for, WEA table 168; LHS
flower, 7 35; master, at U.S. 48, 51, 58, 81, 104, 115, 129, ene sequence, WEA 86- Color receptors, in human eye, 8
Naval Observatory, 7 8, 101, 132, 108, 111, 112; 148, 154, C 161, LV 76, 77,
107; one-handed, 7 30, 95; resources, £ 176, table 193; Cold resistance of substances, / 122-124, 125, 128, 130, 133;
quartz-crystal, 7104, 106, source of chemical energy, F 104; silicone rubber, Gv 131; defects, C 162, /V 124-125; rod
107, chart 193; second hand, a 93; steamship fuel, SHP teflon, GM 147, 148 vs. cone sensitivity to various
addition of, 7108; water Coldness: adaptation to, HD parts of spectrum, LV 77,
(clepsydra), 53, MCH 35, T Coal industry, automation of, 10-11, 169, 170, 171-172; graph 170; testing, LV 134-135
78, 86, 90-91, 92,147, W146; MCH 190-191, 195 Sea power law, SH Color scale, Helmholtz’s, /V 131
atomic: ammonia-quartz, SC/ Coaltitude (navigation), SHP 164- Color television, /V 112, 115, Sc/
55; T 106-107; cesium, 7 107, 165 Colic, 8 106 23
193; hydrogen, 7 107; Coast Guard. See U.S. Coast Coliform count of water pollution, Color vision and perception, C
mechanical, VATH 76, MCH Guard W table 175 162, E 81, LV 76, 77, 82, 94, 95,
33-34, 193, 7 28, 78-83, 84-85, Coastal navigation, SHP 151, 160- Colitis: spastic, HD 25; 108, 119-125, 126, 128, 130-
92-99; Galileo’s, SC/ 55, 7 12, 163, 168-169 ulcerative, HD 156 137; animals, C 158, 162-163,
80; pendulum, MCH 193, SC/ Coastal weather features, WEA Collagen, 8 58 LV 126; defects (see Color
54, T 80-81, 84, 96-97, 193; 15, 59-60, 72 Collapsible steering column, blindness); tests, LV 127, 134-
spring-driven, 7 80, 84, 94- Coastline erosion, W 75, 78-79, WHL 85 137:
95; ticking, cause of, 7 92. 86-87, 98-101 Collective unconscious, ND 88- physiology of, 8 143, 154, c
See also Chronometer; Cobalt, V 134, 135; body need 8&9 161, V 119, 120, 122-125, 126,
Shadow clock; Sundial; for, FV 15; sources of, ENG Colles, Abraham, 8 60 130; afterimages, /V 124, 132,
Watches 175, WHL 88; uses of, V 134, Colles fracture, 8 60 194, MND 54-55; four
Closed-loop (feedback) control, 135, WHL 88 Collier's (magazine), /S 59; fundamental colors, LV 123,
MCH 172-173, 178 Cobalt 60, £ 164, 17 135, 150 patent medicine exposés in, 133; hue differentiation, LV
pecnes dryer, invention of, MWCH Cobalt machine, PH 150 D 164-165 122; loss of color in dim light,
Cobalt therapy, PH 101, 149-150 Collimator, / 167 E79, LV 76, 82, 94, 95, 105;
Clothes washer. See Washing Cobb, John, automobile speed Collins, Vincent, D 64 see also Color receptors;
machine record of, WHL table 170 Collodion, GV 14, 76-77, LV 66, psychology of, /V 119, 120-121,
oud chamber, £ 145, /v 152- C&O-B& O, automatic switch 67 126, 1383, Md 54; “aperture”
engine of, WHL 171 Colloids, 7 73-74, 84-87 experiments, /V 121; color
Cloud detection, in-flight, £118 Coca plant, 0 18, 19, 52, 125, Colombia: food production in, constancy, LV 120-121, 194;
Cloud droplets, WEA 38, 39, 82, MND 154, PH 10 FN table 180-181; outmoded memory color, LV 121;
84; forming of, WEA 84, 92, Cocaine, C 127, 0 19, 51, 52, transportation, WHL 11 subjectivity, /V 119, 120,178,
102-103; forming of 125, 194, MND 154; addiction Colon, 8 103, 117. See also MND 54;
precipitation from, WEA 87- to, D 56, 58; in patent Intestine, large psychophysical aspects, LV
ce 92, 102; supercooled, WEA medicines, D 165 Colonic and rectal surgery, PH 136, 169-170; bleaching effect,
Coccei, C 183 table 102, 103 LV 136;
Cloud maps, global, WEA 82 Coccyx, 8 45, 57, 67 Colonies of single-celled theories of: composite, LV
Cloud seeding, WEA 50, 89-90, Cochlea (ear), 8 152, MND 22, organisms, C 11-12, 18, 79, 125, 126, 133, 134; Hering
124; laboratory, WEA 102,103 SH 34, 37, 42-45, 48, 49, 53, 100, 109-113 (opponent-process), LV 123-
“Cloud societies,” WEA 184 149, 151, 193; in bats, SH 126; Colophene, GM 126 124, 125, 126, 132-133, 134,
Clouds, £ 15, WEA 81-82, 84-87, in birds, SH 72-73; discovery Color(s), £ 78, 80-83, LV 97-104, 136; Young-Helmholtz
194-195; absorption of of, SH 35; in elephant, SH 56; 105-117; absorption vs. (trichromatic), LV 122-123,
radiant heat by, WEA 38; evolution of, SH 33; frequency reflection of, £ 82, /V 98-100, 124, 125, 126, 130, 133, 134,
altitude of, measuring, WEA discrimination, SH 44-45, 55; 107, 110-111, 128; 135
82; anatomy of, WEA 188; function of, SH 31, 44-45, 49, complementary, F 81, 82, LV Color wheel, £ 82, LV 129
Aristotle’s concept of, WEA 55, 79; pitch, SH 79; traveling- 123-124, 147, 194; cool vs. hot, Colorado Plateau, W/ 92-93
128; classification and wave theory, SH 55 LV 184; creation of, LV 98-103 Colorado River, 7 140, W 75, 97,
nomenclature, WEA 84-85, Cochlea, water-raising, VCH 29- 104, 105-117; desaturation of, 181; Glen Canyon Dam, W
194-195; folklore, WEA 81; 30, 31,W 146 LV 122; of distant objects, LV 153; Hoover Dam, W 151-152
forming of, W 17, 41, 46-47, Cochlear duct (ear), SH 42-45, 145; iridescence, /V 102-103; Colored light: luminosity curve,
WEA 39, 84, 85-87; in frontal 47 light intensity and, /v 120, LV 169; minimum-intensity
activity, WEA 86-87, 94-97, Cochlear microphonic, SH 58 167, 169-170; of man-made factor, in vision, LV 170;
188; good weather, WEA 87; Cochlear nucleus, SH 48-49, 61 materials, // 99, 116-117; in plants’ use of, C 39, 44-45;
of ice crystals, WEA 85, 86, Cockcroft, Sir John Douglas, £ nature, LV 98-99, 110, 116; reflection of, LV 99-100, 106,
96, 194; and jet streams, WEA 194, MV 186, SC/ 48, 186, 190 painters’ use of, /V 111, 119, 107; refraction of, LV 33;
77; latent heat of moisture Cockcroft-Walton Generator, 184-187, SC/ 166; prismatic, relative brightness of, LV
in, W13; navigation aid, SHP 162-163, 195 LV 129; scientific analysis of, 169; wavelengths, /V 98, 107,
152; orographic (mountain- Cockerell, Christopher, SH? 176 SC/ 166; sky, LV 100-101, 102, 120
bred), W 40, WEA 16, 85 87, Cockpit. See Airplanes, cockpit PL 33, 48, W 36; source of, E Colson, Joseph B., 8 179
98; precipitation, W 41, 46- Coconut, FV 21 82, LV 36, 97, 98-99, 128; Colston, Anne, PH 74-75
47, WEA 87-90; rainstorm, Cod-liver oil, FV 103, HD 81 spectral vs. pigment, LV 98; Colt, Samuel, VCH 194
WEA 17, 87; reflection of solar Codeine, MND 153 spectrophotometric analysis Colt revolver, VCH 80, 194
energy by, WEA 36; research, Coesite, in astroblemes, PL 88 of, LV 100-101, 119; spectrum, Columbia (air-cushion vehicle),
WEA 82, 173, 188-189; space- Coffea arabica, D 124 E 86-89, LV 33, 97, 108-109, MCH111,
SHP 170
views of, WEA 34, 51, 82, 176, Coffee, D 52, 124. See also 128-129; transmission of, LV Columbia, Md., WHL 166-167
177, 184, 188; speed Caffeine 99; wavelength and, £ 81, 86, Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital,
measurements, WEA 82, 173, Coffin, Lorenzo, WHL 58-59 87, 89, LV 36, 98, 107, 119, New York City, VND 182-183
189; thunderstorm, W 46-47, Cog, SHP 54, 57, 58, 59 120, 123; Columbia University, FV 169,
WEA 22-23, 85, 86, 87, 89, 94- Cognac, composition of, D table mixing of: additive, £ 80-81, 40, 46, 47, 172, MATH 53, 178,

133
 groundwater research, W 61, 168, 169, 171, 194; function
MND 160; physies library, SC/ 124, 127, SHP 57, 155-156, of, LV 76, 94, 171; number of,
158, 159, 160, 162 68-71; highway traflic control,
102 in human eye, LV 76;
Compass rose, SHP 161, 162, 163 WHL 173-174, 177; inertial
Columbine, W113 proportion to rods, in man
Compazine, D 50 guidance, F 129; library, GM
Columbium, Ff 149 vs. owl, LV 77; sensitivity of,
Complementary colors, £ 81, 82, 169, 172, Sc/ 108-109, 149;
Columbus, Christopher, F// 38, to different parts of
57, GM 124, PL 50, 80, SHP 57, LV 123-124, 147; defined, LV 194 medical diagnosis, PH 98;
missile control, MATH 32, SHP spectrum, LV 77, graph 170;
58-59, 75, 156, WEA 63 Complements (to antibodies),D testing of, LV 134-135; visual
112-113 124; navigation, SHP 124, 158;
Columella, SH 71, 72 pigments of, LV 78-79, 94,
Complex interference, of sound planet probes, M/S 109, PL 76-
Comatose stupor, D 9 120, 122, 125. See also Color
Combination, in laws of chance: waves, SH 12 77, 186; railroad traffic
control, WHL 62, 74-75, 170- receptors
defined, VATH 132; odds of, Complex numbers, MATH 70, Conestoga wagon, WHL 15
examples, MATH 132-133, 138- 152; and vector analysis, 171, 172-173, 178, 188; ship
design, SHP 39; space flight, Coney Island, 7 184-187
139, 142, table 144, 145 MATH 152-153 Confucius, 8 10
Combine (agricultural machine), “Complex systems,” SC/ 83-84 ENG 83, GM 172, MATH 82, 36-
37, 58, 59, MS 135; storm Congeners, in alcoholic
FN 41, 48-49, MCH 195 “Compound atom,” Dalton’s, / beverages, D 38
Combustion, £ 60; of food, 8 82, 34, 35, 57 tracking, WEA 50, 187;
systems analysis of urban Congenital defects, C 58, G 30,
104, FN 12-18, 86, G 24, 25 Compound eyes, C 163, LV 20-21, 151-158; hearing loss, G 154,
(see also Krebs cycle); 25, 60, 61, 194 problems, ENG 172-174;
telephone service, ENG 149- 156, SH 153-154; mongoloid
Lavoisier-Laplace Compound steam engine, SHP 80- idiocy (Down’s disease), G
respiration experiments, F/V 81 150, MCH 182-183; traffic
analysis, WHL 105, 107; wave 154-155, HD 122; racial
12-13, 14; Lavoisier’s Compounds, chemical, £ 52, GV differences, G 152; statistics,
quantitative experiments, / 10-11, 13, 31, v7 30; combining analysis (shipping), SHP 36-
37; weather forecasting, G 151-152, 155; stress and, G
33, 57; phlogiston theory, GM of atoms in, / 32, 34-35 (see 31, 158; types of, G 151, 156;
41, 32-33; spontaneous, F also Molecular bonding; MATH 26-27, WEA 10, 127, 137-
138, 150, 152, 153, 158, 159, causes, C 58, G 152, HD 119;
98; various uses, F 92, 94, 100. Molecular structure); history drugs, D 116, G 30, 150, 156-
See also Oxidation of understanding of, GM 32- 160, 174-175, 177, 181, 186,
187 157, HD 105; German
Comet airliners, crashes of, F 33, M 32, 34-35; inorganic vs.
organic, GM 11, 33-34, 1 139; Computers, mechanical, VATH measles, D 115, 116, G 30,
101, 105, 106 156, HD 60, PH 142; hormones,
Cometary meteors, PL 175 stability, £ 97-98. See also 18, 20-23, 24, MCH 170, 195.
See also Abacus G 158; radiation, C 58, G 156;
Comets, VS 153, PL 85, 174-175; Organic compounds
“Comprehensive maps,” ND Comsats. See Communications viral infections, G 156
Halley’s work, SC/ 76; Ikeya- See also Hereditary diseases
Seki, PL 168; myths, PL 175; 111-112 satellites
Compression-lift rule, £ 183 Comte, Auguste, MATH 18 Congestive heart failure, D 77-
orbits of, PL 174, 175; Tycho’s
Compton, Arthur H., £ 195, LV Concave lenses, LV 32, 35, 44, 91 78, 79-80, 83, 88; problems of
study of, PL 174,175
Conception, sexual, G 14-15, 29, drug tests on animals, D 149
Comfort, Alex, HD 16 39, SC/ 189
Computers, electronic, MATH 18, 42, 146-147 Congo, famine, FV 178-179
Coming of Age in Samoa,
26-37, 176, MCH 120, 128, 173- Concert hall acoustics, SH 181; Congo River, W 81
Mead, G 111-112
176, MND 16, 172, SC/ 84, 86, testing, SH 188 Congress, U.S. appropriations for
Command Module (Apollo
87, 147; basic components, Conch, queen, eyes of, LV 24, 25 science purposes, SC/ 125, 126,
Program), ENG 78, 79-81, 174-
175, MS 184-135 MATH 27, MCH 166, 175; Concord stagecoach, WHL 15 127
beginnings of, MATH 60, MCH Concordance of disease: defined, Congreve, Sir William, £ 63
Comminutor, W 175
Common bile duct, PH 105-106 174, 195, sc/ 148; binary- HD 127; diabetes, HD 127; Congruent triangles, MATH 41
Commucar, WHL 177 system based, MATH 18, 24, schizophrenia, HD 128 Conic sections: Apollonius,
25, 26, 28, MCH 175; Concorde (SST), £171, 177, MATH 46, 47; axial rotation,
Communicable disease. See
Contagion; Infectious disease “biological,” MCH 175-176; 184-185, 188 MATH 48; in coordinate
Communicable Disease Center, compared to brain, C 164, Concrete, in bridge construction: system, MATH 83; equations,
PH 132, 141 166, MND 36, 178-180, 188- prestressed, WH 131, 138- MATH 83; as trajectories and
Communications, CH 145-154; 189; engineering revolution, 139, 140, 142; reinforced, WHL orbital paths of bodies, MATH
airplanes, F 118-119, 128-129, due to, ENG 101; at 136-137, 139, 193 47
130, 136; electromagnetic engineering schools, ENG 92- Condamine, Charles de la, GV Conics, Apollonius, VATH 47
principle, MCH 146; 93; noise analysis, SH 185; 124 Coniine, D 125
electronics, role of, WCH 150- potential dangers to society, Condensation, WEA 20-21, 39, 81- Conjunctiva, LV 84, 85
154; interstellar, MATH 9, MS ENG 177; programming, MATH 84, 85, 90, 92-93, 102-103; Conjunctivitis, PH 194
173-175, PL 179; by laser 30-31, 58, 59, MCH 171; defined, W193; latent heat Connate water, WV 60
beam, £188, ENG 180-181, MS proliferation of, WCH 15, 120, release, W 13-14; main cause Connecticut Light and Power
174-175; telemetry, VS 56, 174; punched-card or tape of, WEA 83; process of, WEA Company, ENG 128
108-109; wireless, VCH 148- use, MATH 24, 28, MCH 168, 84; and relative humidity, Connecticut River, 1955 flooding,
150. See also Machine 171, 175, 178, WEA 137; speed, WEA 85. See also Clouds; Dew; WEA 26
communication; Radio; MATH 26, 58, MCH 175; time- Fog; Frost; Precipitation Connecting rod: crank and (see
Telegraph; Telephone; sharing of, EVG 93,171, 173, Condensation nuclei, WEA 21, Crank and connecting rod);
Telephoto; Teletype; 176; 84, 92-93, 190 locomotive, WHL 34, 57
Television functioning of: data input and Condensation polymerization, G/ Connective neurons. See
Communications Satellite storing, MATH 28, MCH 151, 57, 66, 67, 74, 106-107, M 110; Interneurons
Corporation, /S 100, 118 166,174, 175; data defined, Gi 194 Connective tissue, 8 14, 15, 55,
Communications satellites, VS processing, MATH 29, MCH Condensing steam engine, CH G 174; in brain, C 165; cell, B
80-81, 99-102, 106, Sc/ 149; 175; recording of answer, 55, 198, W150, WHL 131 15, C 107; lupus
Courier I, VS 80; Early Bird, MATH 29, MCH 175; Condillac, Etienne de, SC/ 105 erythematosus, PH 83;
ENG 184, MS 100, 118-119; microcomponents: cryogenic Conditioned-reflex experiments, regenerative power, B 60,C
Echo I, Ms 12, 58, 80-81, 100; superconductors, V 66-67; FN 82, IND 106-107 118; water content, B table 83
ground installations, ENG monolithic crystals, MATH 32- Conditioning, MVD 107; of Conrad, Charles, VS 83
184-185, MS 98, 118-119; In- 33; transistors, ENG 106, children, VND 109; rat Consciousness, MND 15-16, 34-
telsat, WS 100; television by, 105-106, MCH 120, 121, 174; experiments, MND 108-109 36, 179-180; brain areas
MS 81, 98, 99, 100, 101-102, ae of: analog, MCH 174-175; Condon, Edward, £ 194 concerned with, MND 19, 36;
118-119; telephone service, igital, WCH 167, 175; Condor, F 60 hallucinogen effect on, D 42,
Ms 99, 100, 103, 118; Telstar, uses of, VATH 34-35, 59, 169, Conduction hearing loss: causes 59, MND 155; James’s
£185, MS 99-100, 118; various MCH 167, 174, 175, 180-183, of, SH 147-148; hearing aids analysis of, VND 18, 14; and
uses, MS 101 186-189; airplane autopilot, F for, SH 152-153; treatment, SH repression, MND 83-84. See
Community hospitals, PH 147- 112; airplane design, F 86, 148-152 also Perception, sensory
155. See also Hospitals 105, 106, 108, 147; airplane Conductivity, electric, £ 121, Vv Conservation: of natural
Community service groups, PH landings, F 130; arts and 104; alloys, MV 70, 105-106; resources, ENG 123, 126, 128,
130 literature, MCH 171, SC/ 165, basis of, Gv 102, v 104; 130-131; water, GM 175; vs.
Commutative algebra, VATH 12 173; assembly-line cryogenic super-conductors, water development projects,
Commutator, electric motor, £ 130 production, ENG 29, MCH 178; M 63, 66-67, 69-71; solid-state W 158, 167
Commuter service, SC/ 149, WHL aviation research, F 146, 147; electronics, V7 105-106; water, Conservation Laws: of electric
53, 60, 148-149, 150, 154; air, BMEWS (defense), ENG 104, W 26-27 charge, £ 119; of energy, £
F 173-174, Sc/ 149, WHL 175; 105, 106; bridge design, WHL Conductivity, heat, £ 37; basis 11-12, 36, 60, 142, WEA 1381;
rapid transit, WH 154, 164; 131; car autopilot, EVG 24, of, V 104; metals, iv 104 of mass, £ 142, WEA 131
stations, as part of interface, WHL 174, 175, 176-177; EEG Cone (geometry), MATH 38 Conshelf, Operation, SH? 184
WHL 161 analysis, VND 174-175; drug Cone of depression, W 60, 77, Conshelf sphere, EVG 188-189
Comparative anatomy, SC/ 97, testing, D 129; in electric 194 Consolidated Edison, nuclear
101 locomotive, WHL 171, 172- Cone-shell mollusks, D 143 reactor at Indian Point, EVG
Compass: dumb (pelorus), SHP 173, 188; future, ENG 170, Conel, Jesse L., G 81 127
162, 163; electric, £ 47; 171, 173, 176-177, 181, Gu Cones, retinal (photoreceptors), 8 Consolidation (steam
magnetic, £117, 127, F 114, 172, Sc/ 148, 149-150, 151, 170; 143,154,C 161, LV 76-77, 94, locomotive), WHL 49

8-The Body c-The Cell bo-Drugs &-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease LV-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MNO-The Mind MsS-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships 7-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 Constellation (airplane), £ chart Conway, N. H., glacial boulder domestication of, FN 35, 37-
174 from and into matter, £ 145,
at, W77 38; food value of, FV 40; husks
Constellation (yacht), SHP 50- M 154-155, 156; dangers in
Conway Yard, Penn Central as cellulose source, GV 86; high-altitude and space
51,65, WEA 67 Railroad, WHL 74-75,171 as livestock feed, FN 30, 36, flight, £170, MS 82-83, 140;
Constitution (U.S. warship), Convulsions, drug for, D 71 39; Opaque Number Two, FV
SHP 195
defined, V/s 193; genetic
Cook, James, D 33-34, SHP 157 173; proteins from, F/V 40, mutation from, C 58, 75; on
Constitution, U.S., on promotion Cook County Hospital, Chicago, 172-173, HD 77, 78, 79-80; moon, PL 85, 93
of science, SC/ 126 D 62, 64, 68-69, 73 selective breeding of hybrids,
“On the Constitution and Cosmides, George J.,D 129
Cooke, W. F., ENG 59, MCH 146 FN 39; transpiration of, W104; Cosmology, SC/ 92, 94, 101
Metamorphosis of Chemical Cooke-Wheatstone telegraph, U.S. production of, FV graph
Compounds and on the Cosmos, defined, VS 193
MCH 146, 148 45; water content of kernel, Cosmos satellites, VS 81
Chemical Nature of Carbon,” Cooker, solar, £ 71, 184 W 115; world importance of, Cosmotron, / 195
Kekule, Gv 52 Cooking, FV 57-61; beginnings FN 39-40; yield per acre, FV Cottage cheese, FV 135
Construction materials, future: of, FN 58; beneficial effects 39, 44
plastics, GV 18-19, 173-174, Cottage industry, CH 64, 76
of, FN 57-59, 60-61; chemical Corn belt, U.S., FV map 47 Cotton, GV 56, 76, 86, 96, Vv
175; metals. Sc/ 149 effects of, FV 57-59, Gu 12; Corn harvester, FV 48 107; cellulose content of, Gv
Consumer credit, general vs. detrimental effects of, FV 59- Cornea, 8 37, 154, LV 53, 54, 55, 74, M 107; dyeing, Gi 37;
motor vehicle, WHL graph 95 60; French, FV 158, 162-165, 56, 84, 85, 86, 89, 194, PH 88; formula, GM 56; molecule, GV
Consumer demand, mass, M/CH 166; pressure, /V 80 artificial, GV 176; defects of, 74; nitrocellulose (guneotton)
Cooking gas, £ 115, Gv 52, 53, LV 59, 60, 86; function of, LV production from, GM 73, 75-
Consumption, D 79. See also 60 53, 55, 86; surgery, LV 86; 76, 112, 173; production in
Tuberculosis Coolant, water as, W 30, 145, 165 transplants, PH 103 U.S., FN map 47; raw material
Contact flying, F 123 Coolidge, W. D., / 187 Cornell University, W/HL 176; for synthetics, Gl 112, v 112
Contact lenses, LV 61 Cooling systems: atomic reactors, Medical College, 40 115; Cotton gin, VG 13, MCH 60, 79,
Contagion, HD 20, 54-55, 62; ENG 94; automobile, ENG 21, synchrotron, VV 194-195 80, 193
early notions of, HD 33, 34, w 30 Cornfield with Lark, Van Gogh, Cotton linters, GV 84
35, 55; mechanism of, HD 56, Coon, Carleton, HD 170 MND 149 apes asa mechanical, \/CH
57-58. See also Immunity; Cooper, Gordon, M/S 83, 91 Corning Glass Works, / 106 95
Infectious diseases; Cooper, John, MND 17 ake defined, MATH Cotton thread, GV 78
Vaccination Cooper, Peter, MCH 59 Cottonseed flour, as protein
Contagious diseases. See Cooper, Theodore, WHL 125-126 Coronado, Francisco Vazquez de, source, FV 120, 172, HD 77-79
Infectious diseases Coordinates. See Cartesian Wd Cottonwood, W 61
Container-ship, SHP 102, 107, coordinates Coronal suture, 8 43 Cotugno, Domenico, SH 35
108-109, 178 Coordination, muscular: control, Coronary artery, D 82, FV 134, Coucy, castle of, EVG 57-58
Containerization (freight), SHP MND 18, 23; development of, HD 86 Cough medicine, action of, D 105
102, 107, 108-109, 178, WHL G 81-82; impairment by Coronary atherosclerosis, FV 132- Coughing, 8 120; center, D 105
11,172, 184-185 alcohol, D 37 138, 134, 185, HD 83, 86, 87; Coulomb, Charles, £ 118, 124
Continental air masses, WEA 41, Coordinatograph, ENG 18,19 Coronary atherosclerosis: death Coulomb, electrical unit, £ 47
74-75 Copan, Honduras, 7 70 rates, D graph 173 Council of Nicea, 761
Continental drift, theory of, PL Copepod, one-eyed, LV 58 Coronary circulation, 8 81 Countdown, /S 16
37, 58, maps 59 Copernican Revolution, Vs 9 Coronary occlusion, F/V 134 Counter tympanum, SH 74
Continental shelf, PL 57 Copernicus, Nicholaus, Corpus luteum, G 146, 147, 148 Counterearth of Philolaos, P/ 20, 27
Continents, theories on formation heliocentric system of, MATH Corpuscular theory of light. See Counterpoise power: defined,
of, PL 36-37, 58, W 36-37 81, MND 9, MS 9, PL 13-14, Particle theory MCH 43; use in weaponry,
Continuum: defined, MATH 152; 24-25, SC! 92,170-171; Corrosion resistance, GM 171; of MCH 42-43
space-time (four- mentioned, MS 106, PL 16, 26, Teflon, Giv 147, 148 Counting methods, ancient,
dimensional), MATH 171, 7 62, SC/ 80, 938, W 38, WEA 128 Corrugated steel, F 94 MATH 12-14
153 Copernicus Crater (lunar Corson, D.R., / 143 Counting systems, SC/ 78;
Contraceptives, oral, 0 124, 126, feature), VS 120, PL 86, 87, 95, Cort, Henry, VCH 193 Archimedes, MATH 47-48;
127-129, 130, 195 98-99, 102, 103 Cortelyou, John, SC/ 15 binary, MATH 18, 24, 25;
Control column, airplane, Copilia, visual system of, /V 18, Cortex, cerebral, 8 141, 148, Cc primitive, MATH 14, 18, 19;
F11Z ug) 164-165, LV 81, 125, 176, MND 10-based (decimal), VATH 15,
Control panel, space capsule, EG Copolymers, GM 57, 104, 129; 18-19, 21, 26, 36; areas of spe- 17-18, 25; 20-based, MATH 14;
76, MS 80, 189 block, Gv 151, 194; defined, cific funetions, C 151, MND 19, 60-based (sexagesimal),
Control surfaces, airplane, f 14, GM 194; properties 38-39, SH 50-51 (see also MATH 15-17, 18
62, 63, 112, 113. See also combination in, GV 148, 151, Auditory cortex; Visual Couplers, railroad: automatic,
Ailerons; Elevators; Rudder 153 cortex); convolutions of, and WHL 58-59, diagrams 68, 69;
Control systems, airplane, F 108, Copper, V 36, 136, 137; body intelligence, B 147, MND 36; early-link and pin, WHL 57
110-111, 114-115, 120-121; need for, FV 15; as catalyst, electrical stimulation of, 38, Coupling rod, locomotive, WHL 57
engine, F 116-117; flight, F112 E99; crystal, SC/ 22; crystal 176, 177, 185; functions of, 8 Courier I(communications
Control technique, in drug type, V 101; prehistoric 145, 150; interconnection satellite), VS 81
testing, D 150-152 discovery and use of, / 10, with cerebellum, MND 23; Cournand, André, 8 85, SC/ 194
Convair charger (airplane), 12, 30, 137; sources of, ENG motor control areas, MND 19, Course Deviation Indicator, £
aspect ratio of wing of, F 61 175, WHL 88; specific heat of, 38; motor routes from, MND 114-115
poner XFY-1 (VTOL plane), F E table 36; uses of, VV 134, 137, 22-23; postnatal growth, G 81; Course plotting: with aid of
WHL 88 sensory routes to, VND 18, wave spectra, SHP 37; in
Convection, thermal, Copper ‘‘factory,”’ 16th Century, 22, 37; size of, animals vs. coastal navigation, SHP 160-
E 35, 387, WEA 39-40; and M 25 man, 8 147,150; surgery, MND 63; 163, 168-169
condensation and cloud Copper mining, EVG 123, 134; drug effects on: alcohol, Coury, John N., MND 178
formation, WEA 81, 85, 87, 94, ocean bottom, FNVG 175; ore D 36, 37, MND 158; Cousteau, Jacques-Yves, ENG
100; global belts, WEA 62-64, flotation, V 96 barbiturates, D 46, 47; 188-189, SHP178, 184
68, 69; large-scale, WEA 24, Copper sulfate crystal, SC/ 26-27; depressants, D 36, MND 153; Coutinho, John, EVG 8&1, 82
40, 62-64, 132; local, small- type, V 101 LSD, D 42; pain-killers, D 48; Covalent bonding, £ 97, Gv 102,
scale, WEA 40, 59, 60, 87; over Coral polyp, G 117; fluorescent, tranquilizers, D 45 103,105, M 102, 104; defined,
man-made “hot spots,” WEA EZO Cortez, Hernando, D 33, GV 124 GM 194; water molecule, /
60, 87,119,178 Coral Sea, Battle of, £195, SHP Corti, Alfonso, SH 36, 52, 54 75,W 10, 18
Convection currents: in earth’s 148 Corti, organ of, SH 44-45, 52, 54, Cow: milk, FW 37; nutrition
atmosphere, Pl 42; in earth’s Corbeil, Gilles de, 8 125 60, 193; evolution of, SH 56- experiment with, F/V 106;
interior, PL 36, 37, 58 Corfam, GV 22-23, 118, 119, 120 57; function of, SH 42-43, 46- offspring of, G 173
Convective storm, WEA 94 Cori, Carl F., SC/ 192 47, 56-58; nerve fibers from, Cowan, Clyde, Jr., / 156
Convergence (mathematics), Cori, Gerty T., SC/ 192 SH 47, 49; noise damage to, Cox, Catherine Morris, VND 126
MATH 122. See also Coriander tonics, PH 11 SH 153-154, 172; pitch and, SH Crab, fiddler: biological cycles,
Infinitesimal method; Limit Coriolis, Gaspard Gustave de, 78-79; sensory-neural hearing T 38; eyes of, LV 24, 25
Convergence, doctrine of WEA 63, 70 loss, SH 147, 153 Crab nebula, P/ 13
(evolution), PL 176-177 Coriolis force, WEA 63, 64, 70- Corticoids, 8 173-174. See also Crafte of Nombrynge, MATH 17
Conversation, decibel scale for, (ith sears} Adrenocortico-steroids Crampton, Charles Ward, G 79
SH 15, chart 173 Corkscrew, VCH 26 Cortisone, 8 173, D 127, 128, Cranberry juice, processing, F/V
Conversion (defense mechanism Corliss, Henry, ENG 34 195, PH 128 78-79
in hysteria), VVD 84 Corliss steam engine, EG 34, Cosine (trigonometry ), VATH 10, Crane: dockside, SHP 102, 109;
Conveyor belt, VCH 75, 76 MCH 72, 73, 81 84, 86 modern building, VCH 97;
Convex lenses, // 32-33, 35, 44, Cormorant, double-crested, eye Cosmetics, GV 132; annual Roman, MCH 22
91; in camera, LV 45 of, LV 23 spending, 8 35-36 Crane, feathers, design of, G 116
Convoys, World War II, SHP Corn, FN 25; controlled Cosmic dust, PL 85 Cranial bone, VND 21
148, 149 breeding of, FV 38-39; Cosmic radiation: conversions Cranial capacity, VD 36

135
 Curtiss, Glenn, Ff 88, 194 ib ePr EA!
Cranial nerves, 8 50, 142, MND Cryosurgery, PH 179-181 Cytosine,C 60-61, 70
Cryo-Therm Company, VCH 117 Curtiss NC-4 (seaplane), F 80,
25, 31, 32; embryonic, G 30
Crystal clock, 7104, 106, 107, 194
Cranial sutures, 8 69
chart 193 Curvature: of curves, VATH 156- D
Cranium, 8 43, 68, 69 157; Gaussian, MATH 157;
Crank and connecting rod, CH Crystallinity, defined, Gi 194 Dacron, GM 23, 62, 195, M 112;
Crystallization, GV 32, M 26 negative, VATH 157; positive,
32; and flywheel, MCH 56, MATH 157; of space, MATH arteries, PH 103
102, 103, 193, WHL 81, 82, 195; Crystallography, / 10, 100-105, Daedalus (mythical character),
SC/ 89; first law of (identical 151-152, 155, 157-158, 163,
in internal combustion MS 17
angles), V 100; industrial 166, 167, 168, 171, SC/ 57; of
engine, VCH 102, 103, WHL Daft, Leo, WHL 150
applications, ENG 107, GV surfaces, MATH 156, 157, 160,
81, 82 163; of universe, MATH 165, Da Gama, Vasco, FV 57, 58, SHP
Crankshaft, diesel-electric 127, 128, i 105, 106, MATH
166,171; zero, MATH 157 57
locomotive, WHL 65 32-33; law of rational Daguerre, Louis J. M., £ 73, LV
intercepts, V 101; X-ray Curve plotter, automatic, WEA
Crater: H-bomb excavated, & 62, 65, SC/ 148
152-153; meteorite, MS 150, diffraction technique, C 60- 153, 181
Curves: Apollonius, WATH 47; Daguerreotypes, £ 73, LV 63, 65, 66
PL 85, 86, 87-88, map 89, 98- 61, 64, Gv 100-101, Vv 99-100, Dahabeahs, SHP 69
101, 102-103 area under, problem of
100 (see also Mars; Moon) Dahl (Hindu food), FV 22, 23
Crystals, GV 50, 11, 99-105, SC/ finding, MATH 44, 46, 48, 108,
Craterlets, PL 97 Daimler, Gottlieb, VCH 104
Creagh-Osborne, Captain, F 124 22, 24-27; classified by geometric 109, 111, 124; in calculus,
MATH 107-108, 117, 118-119; Dairy cattle, FV 37
Creation, 7 123, 126; legends of, shapes, MATH 90-91, M 101, 106; Dairy farming, U.S., (NV map 47
C 82-93, 7 125. See also Solar cleavage lines, V 98, 100; cleay- classes and characteristics,
MATH 84; conic (quadratic), Dairy products: niacin in, FV
system, theories of origin; age plane analysis, / 101; 113; as protein source, FN 37,
intermolecular bond, // 104- MATH 46, 47, 83, 84; of cubics,
Universe, theories of origin 171, 172, HD 76, 77, table 79;
105; latticework of atoms, GV quartics and higher-degree
Creative self, Adlerian concept, vitamin D in, HD 81. See also
101, M 11, 101, 103-104; equations, MATH 83-84;
MND 87 Butter; Cheese; Milk
Creativity, VND 114, 135-136 melting of, \V 105; molecular curvature of, MATH 156-157;
first-degree, MATH 83, 84; Dale, Sir Henry, D 194, SC/ 193
Creativity and Intelligence, bonds, M 102-103, 104, 105;
molecular structure of, GV geodesic, MATH 157-158; D’Alembert, Jean Baptiste, ATH
Getzels and Jackson, VND 135
100-101, 127, 128, v 101, 102- graphing, MATH 83; 150
Creep, geologic, W 75, 76 Dalén, Nils, SC/ 191
Creslan, GM 152 103, 105 hourglass, MATH 84;
logarithmic, MATH 86; of Dally, Clarence, V 188
Crick, Francis H.C., C 61, 62, 64, CSM. See Command Module;
Service Module probability (normal Dalmatian coach dog, D 149
68, SC/ 184, 186, 193
CTC. See Centralized Traffic distribution), MATH graph Dalton, John, £V 124-125, VV 33-
Crime: drug addiction and, D 34: atomic theory, V 34, 57-
56-57, 58; prevention, Control 133, 134; tangent to, MATH
Ctesibius, CH 30, 193, W146 111, 121-122; translation into 58, 119; atomic weight
systems analysis of, EVG 172;
Cuba, yellow fever in, PH 136, equations, MATH 83-84; system, GM 33, 99, M 34, 57,
weather’s effect on rate of,
140-141, 194, 195 trigonometric, MATH 85 SC/ 83; his “compound atom,”
W graph 110
Cube (geometry), VATH 38 Cusa, Nicolaus de, WEA 129 M 32, 34, 35, 57; Law of
Crimean War, SHP 80
Cube root, symbols for, MATH 49 Cushing, Harvey, G 133, PH 80, Partial Pressures, WEA 130-
Crivelli, Carlo, painting by, /V
Cubics. See Equations 81,195 131; symbols for elements, V
182
Cubmarine, the, SHP 172, 181 Cutaneous system, 8 36 32,35; mentioned, GV 125
Crocodile: auditory evolution,
Cugnot, Nicolas Joseph, VCH Cutin, W 112 Daly, Lawrence, GV 152
SH 33; hearing range of, SH
101, 102, 103, 1938, WHL 31-32, Cutting tools, MCH 25 Dam, Carl, D 195
chart 194-195
33; his horseless gun Cuvier, Georges, SH 123 Dam, Henrik, FV 118, SC/ 192
Cro-Magnon man, 8 18-19, 713
carriage, VCH 101, WHL 32 Cyan (color): creation of, LV See Development, India, W
Crompton, Samuel, /CH 58, 64,
65, 193 Culex quinquefasciatus, 110, 112; primary pigment 15
Cromwell, Oliver, WHL 148 mosquito, PH 107 color, £ 81, 82, LV 98 Damon, Albert, G 137
Crookes, Sir William, // 120, 121 Cultivator, invention of, CH 194 Cyanates, GM 34-35 Dampier, William, WEA 133
Crookes tube, / 120 Cultural anthropology, SC/ 98, Cyanide, PL 39; poisoning, B 123 Dams: of ancient civilizations,
Cros, Charles, MCH 150 99,101 Cyanoacrylic monomer, GM 158 wW 122; construction, ENG 14,
Cross, Charles F., GV 78, 82 Cultural deprivation, and Cyanocobalamin, FN table 113. FN 184-185, W 144, 154, 155;
Cross-country flights, early, F intelligence, VND 133-134 See also Vitamin B 12 Ganga River system, W 132;
123-124 Cultural evolution, PL 178 Cybernetic organism, VND 176 plastic, GM 20; types of, W
Cross dating, 7 126 Culture, impact of science on, SC/ Cybernetics, VCH 168, 188, MND 156;
Cross-modality matching, SH 84 145, 165-174 173, 179-180, 188-189 purposes of, W/ 156, 181; flood
Cross-staff, SHP 57, 154-155 Culture of Cities, The, “Cyborg,”’ MND 176 control, W 127, 152;
Crossbow, MCH 44-45; hand, Mumford, WHL 147 Cycles, frequency measurement hydroelectricity, EVG 14, W
medieval, VCH 44, 50-51 Culverin, SHP 140 unit, SH 193, 194, 7102 151-152, 154, 156, 166-169;
Crossover technique, in drug Cumae, ancient tunnel at, EVG 54 Cyclohexanone, D 71 irrigation, EVG 14, W 156-157;
testing, D 151-152 Cumberland Road, WHL 15, 103, 104 Cyclones, WEA 59, 64-65; multipurpose, W/144, 152-
Crotona, Pythagorean brother- Cumulonimbus, clouds, VW/EA 85, development of (polarfront 153, 156-157; tidal power, W
hood, MATH 42, 44, map 48 86,87, 95, 195; updrafts and theory), WEA 136; effect on 154, 168-169
Crowbar, VCH 9, 18,19 downdrafts of, WEA 87, 89, mental and physical health, Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the
Crowding, effects on health, HD 95. See also Thunderheads WEA 111, 114; space Promotion of Aeronautics, F
146,175 Cumulus clouds, PL 48, W 84-85, photograph of, M/S 115; 127
Crown-of-Thorns starfish, 0 143 87, 94, 95, 100,194, 195 tropical, WEA 42, 65 (see also Dante Alighieri, SC/ 166
Crown wheel, 7 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, Cunard Line, SHP 80, 82, 104 Hurricanes; Typhoons); pe Abraham, ENG 58, WHL
194 Cuneiform writing: Babylonian west-east movement of, WEA
Crowne of Nature, The, V 17, tablets, MATH is,39, PL 108; 156 Da Rimini, Giovanni Francesco,
ail numerals, MATH 16; Cyclopropane, D 71 painting by, GV 107
Crude oil, GV 60, 132, 133; Sumerian, PL 18 Cyclops, one-eyed, /V58 Darius the Great, W/124
refining, Gl 182, chart 134- Cup anemometer, WEA 58; Cyclotron, V 155; Berkeley, /v Dark and light adaptation ofeye,
135 homemade, WEA 161, 164-165 159, 194-195, SC/ 132-135 LV 77-78, 172-173; defined, LV
Cruikshank, George, 8 106, Cupulae, SH 67 Cycolac, GM 22 194
MATH 136 Curare, C 127, D9, 10, 64, 86, Cylinder (engine). See Piston Dark-line (absorption) spectrum,
Cruikshank, Robert, cartoon by, 120, 193; antidotes, D 71, 194 engines, piston-and-cylinder PL 68, 64,65, 71, T 142
PH 130 Curie, Iréne. See Joliot-Curie mechanism Dark reactions, C 34, 37-38
Cruikshank, William, PH 193 Curie, Marie, £ 161, Vv 129, 149, Cylinder (geometry), MATH 38; Darkness, and life rhythms, 7 34-
Cruiser: heavy, SHP 195; 184-186; discovery of volume, MATH 48 35, 36, 44-45
nuclear, SHP 172 polonium, F 75, // 120, 141; Cylinder oil, £ 107 Dart, Harry Grant, SC/ 158, 159
Crusader F-8 (airplane), 61 discovery of radium, £ 75, Cypridinids, eyespots of, LV 18 Dartmouth College, VATH 56, 57
Cry, The, Munch, MND 151 194, / 120, 130, 184; Nobel Cyrano de Bergerac, M/S 11, 24- Dartmouth College Medical
Cryobiology, 8 96, 97, 62 Prizes, V 184, Sc/180, 184, 25 School, PH 53
Cryogenerator, EVG 189 186, 189, 191 Cystic duct, PH 105-106 Darwin, Charles, /S 106, PL 14,
Cryogenics, / 45, 60, 61-71, SC/ Curie, Pierre, / 149, 184, 185, Cystic fibrosis, G 154, HD 130, SC/ 53, 97; theory of
75, 89, 100; coldest SH 130; discovery of radium 134-135 evolution, HD 11, PL 14, 40,
temperature reached, // 60; and polonium, £ 75, 194, Cystic Fibrosis Clinic, Houston, SC/ 83, 97, T7126; mentioned,
electrical applications, / 63, 120, 1380; Nobel Prize, /v 184, HD 134 SCI 30, 64, 106, 155, 170, SH
66-67, 69-71; medical SC/ 186, 189 Cytology, C (entire vol.), SC/ 96, 100, 7 126-127, 129
applications, // 60, 62, 70, PH Curium, / 149 97, 101, 128; glossary of, C Darwin, Erasmus, SC/ 155, SH
179-181; origin of term, / 60, Curium hydroxide, V 149 193-194; present standing of, 100-101, 7126
SC/ 75; use in rocketry, /V 60, Curricle, WHL 15 C176 Dassault aircraft: Mirage III, F
62, 64-65 Curtains, sound absorption by, Cytoplasm, 8 14, C10, 11, 13-15, 186; Mirage III-V, Ff 151, 152
Cryology, SC/ 75 SH 27 17, 20, G 21, 28, W 112; Data plotter, automatic, WEA
Cryostat, V 68 Curtis, C.G., MCH 129 defined, C 193; function of, C 153, 181
SS
a eee

8-The Body c-The Cell £-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease (V-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w.Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 Data processing. See Computer; Museum, ENG 44-47 Deere, John, VCH 194
Information processing white noise in, SH 177
Death, 7176, 190. See also Defense, U.S.: radar system, Dentists, income of (1959), PH
Dating (chronological), 7 12, 123- Afterlife ENG map 107; research, WCH table 128
130, 132; “absolute,” 7 127; Death instinct, VND 85, 86 118. See also Ballistic Missile
carbon-14, 7 129-130, 132, Denver, Colo., WHL 53, 84; water
Death rates, HD 9; by age Early Warning System management, W181
138-139; geological, 7 126, groups, HD 9, 10, 12; Defense, U.S. Department of, VS
127, 129, 140-141; of man on Deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA
atherosclerosis and heart 53,56 Deoxyribose, C 60
North American continent, 7 attack, D graph 173, HD 83, Defense mechanisms (biology ), C
138; radioactive, SC/ 165, 7 Deperdussin, Jules, £ 104
84, 87, chart 88, 89; bacterial 26, 30, 157, 169; camouflage, Deperdussin planes, F 88, 89,
128, 127-130, 181, 132, 138- diseases, decline, 0 95, chart C77, G 116; external, single- 104, 105
139, 140; “relative,” 7126, 98, HD 59; cancer, HD 84, 90, celled animals, C 27, 30-31; “Dephlogisticated air,” GV 42,
127; of Stone Age hunters, 7 chart 92, 101; childbed fever homeostatic, HD 11-13; 33, 56
130 (19th Century), HD 64, PH 31; against infections, C 169-172, Depressant drugs, D 39, MND
Dating (social), G 110 cholera, HD 176, 186, PH 108; 175, D 102, 103-117, HD 53, 153-154, 158; and alcohol,
Datoo (wind), WEA 60 cities, U.S., 19th Century, HD 58, 60-61 (see also Antibodies; additive effect, D 39; alcohol
Daumier, Honore, drawing by, 59; diabetes, HD 127; Immunity); mental, VND 84; as, D 34, 36; effect on time
PH 108 emphysema, HD 101; prenatal, D 116-117, G 29-31 sense, 715
Davenport, Thomas, VCH 126 encephalitis, D chart 98; Defibrillator, PH 151 “Depressant” reducing pill, £/V
Davidson, Eric, C 142-145 famines, HD table 77; heart Deficiency diseases, FV 103-116, 154
Davidson Laboratory, Stevens disease, D graph 173; 117-125; early confusion with Depression (psychology ):
Institute of Technology, SHP influenza pandemic, HD 61, infectious diseases, FV 104, neurotic, MND 59; psychotic,
39, 40, 41-45, 46, 47-51 PH 109; kidney disease, 8 129; 108, 111. See also MND 61, 144-145
Da Vinci, Leonardo, M/CH 35-36, malaria, D 101, HO 184; Malnutrition; Nutritional Depression cone, around well,
SCI 104, SHP 79; color concept maternal, Negro vs. white, PH diseases; Vitamin deficiency 60, 71; defined, w/ 194
of, LV 97; drawings, 8 168, LV 171; of overweight people, Fv diseases Deptford. H.M.S., SHP.157, T
74, MATH 94, MCH 46-47; and 127-128, table 129; plague, HD Defoe, Daniel, C 178
Golden Rectangle, MATH 94, 31, 50, PH 13, 16; pneumonia, De Forest, Lee, EVG 10, VCH Depth charge, SHP 148-149
96; interest in flight, EVG D 95, 98; reduced with rising 150, 152, sc/ 136 Depth illusion: in art, // 145-
145, 146, 147, £9, MCH 36, standard of living, HD 55, 59; Degaussing, VATH 150 146, 178, 180-183, 186-191; in
MS 20-21; 1.Q. of, MND 127; after retirement, HD 25; De generatione animalum, photographs, LV 138
painting, MATH 96; perpetual smallpox, HD 36, 38, PH 141; Harvey, G 12 Depth perception, visual, (139,
motion design of, £ 62, 63; stroke, D graph 173, HD 89; Degenerative diseases. See 140-141, 143-146, 151-159,
quoted, F 75, 1V145, MCH 18, surgery (19th Century), C ‘hronie diseases MND 48-51, 116-117; binocular
SH 129, WHL 148; mentioned, 184, HD 57, 68, PH 36-37; De Havilland, Geoffrey, F 194 cues to, /V 141-148, 146, 158-
LV 139, WHL 155 tuberculosis, D 95, chart 98, De Havilland Comet (airplane), 159; of infants, /V12, MND
Davis, Edward W., ENG 136-137, HD 59, 60; viral disease, D F101,195 116; monocular cues to, LV
138, 142 chart 98; yellow fever, HD 35. De Humani Corporis Fabrica, 138, 142, 143-146, 150-157; of
Davis, Hallowell, SH 58, 153 See also Child mortality Vesalius, 8 12, 32-33, 42,C previously blind people, LV
Davis, Harmer, WH 11 Death Valley, W/ 108; annual 125, MND 82, PH 15, SH 34 14. See also Stereoscopic
ae: Marguerite, FV 106-107, rainfall, W 40, WEA 83; Dehydration, body, symptoms of, vision
formerly a lake basin, W 52; WwW 107 Depth sounding: ancient
Davis, William Morris, // 81 groundwater, W/62 Dehydration of food, FV 33, 57, methods, SHP 151; electronic,
Davison, F. W., SH 148 De Bakey, Michael, EG 152- SHP 157, 158, 166; ultrasonic,
Davisson, Clinton J., 7 126, SC/ 153, PH 100, 103 Deimos (Martian moon), PL 139, SHP 93
189 De Berry, Duc, Book of Hours table 193 De Quincey, Thomas, 7 15
Davy, Sir Humphry, 0 193, £ 31, of, MATH T7, T 72-73 Deininger, Richard L., £VG 149- Derham, William, SH 11
35, 38, 51, MCH 126, 194 Debris avalanche, W 77 150 Derivative, in calculus, VATH
Day(s), 716, 26-27, 58, 64; Debris flow, W 77 De Laval, Carl Gustay Patrik, 107, 109; symbol, MATH 107,
divided into 24 hours, 777; De Broglie, Louis-Victor, // 39, MCH 129 113
divisions in early England, 7 M 125-126, 187, SC/ 184, 189 De Leon, Ponce, 7 182 Dermatology, PH 101, table 102,
88; of planets, compared to Debye, Petrus, SC/ 191 Delgado, José M.R., MND 154
earth, /S table 193; seven in Decameter waves, Jupiter, PL 176 Dermis, 8 37, 38-39
week, significance of, 7 24, De Limbourg, Pol, 773 Desalination, W/ 172-173; brine
61; solar, length of, 7 83; of Decans, 7 77 Delirium cordis, D 80 residue, W 188; cost of, W173;
week, names for, 755, 56-57 Decca Navigation Aid, SHP Delirium tremens (D.T.s), 0 58 defined, W194; plants, w171,
Day-night cycles, 7 27, 44-45 93 Delivery of babies, G 60. See also 172, 183, 186-187, 188;
Daylight, and life rhythms, 7 39 Decerebration, VD 38 Birth techniques, GV 169, 175, W
DC-3 (airplane), £ 195; speed, F De Chauliac, Guy, D 24-25, PH Delta, river, W 75, 80, 83, 87, 97, 172-173, 186, 187-189
chart 174 24-25, 27 100, 101; Ganga River, W map Descartes, René, £ 10, VATH 81-
DC-8 (airplane), £ 145, 171; Decibel, unit of sound intensity, 131, 142 82, 85, 87-88, MND 9-10, SC/
instruments and controls, SH 14, 193 Delta wing, airplanes, £ 170, 171, 59, 82; algebraic symbols,
ENG 164-165 Decibel scale, SH 14; for 181, 183; double, F 187, 189 MATH 65; analytic geometry,
DC-9 (airplane), £ 105, 106, 173 deafness, SH 146; harmful Deltoid muscle, & 47, 61 MATH 82-87, SC/ 86; concept
DDT (insecticide), 0 101, HD 104 noises, SH 172-174, 186; Deluge, primordial, C 85, 94-95, of magnetism, £ 117; concept
Dead reckoning, F 124, 125-126, hearing-aid increases, SH 152; W 36 of mind, MND 10; concept of
SHP 151, 156, 7 81, 82 and hearing threshold, SH Delusions: drug-induced, D 42- spontaneous generation of
Dead Sea Scrolls, 7138 chart 147; home appliances, 43, MND 154; expression of, life, C 82; deductive logic, iV
Dead spots, in acoustics, SH 23 SH 173, 175; human tolerance in art, VND 138-141; 31, MATH 82; Discourse on the
Deadweight tonnage, SHP 14 range, SH 15; and sone scale, psychotic, VND 59, 60, 75 Method of Rightly Conducting
Deaf children, VND 44, SH 144, SH 82-83; various sounds, SH DeMaeyer, Leo C.M., SC/ 112 the Reason (The Method), MATH
154; learning problems of, SH chart 173 De Mairan, Jean-Jacques, 7 34- 82, 87; 1.Q. of, MND 127;
145; muscular-coordination Decimal fractions, VATH 15, 17- 35 mechanistic concept of body
training, SH 166-167; reading 18 De Materia Medica, motion, MND 32-33; Traitéde
instruction, SH 164-165; Decimal point, VATH 15, Dioscorides, D 21, 193 UHomme, MND 32, 33;
speech instruction, MND 121, 18 De Méré, Chevalier, MATH 128- mentioned, MATH 105, 111,
SH 158-165; testing Decimal system, MATH 15, 17- 129 128, MNP 12,15, SC/81
techniques, SH 155-157; 18, 25 Demetrius, CH 29 Descriptive sciences, SC/ 76
vocational training, SH 168- Declaration of Helsinki (1964), Democritus, £ 51, GM 10, 12-13, Desert animals, // 108, 115, 118;
169 D171 31, 338, MV 14, 38, MATH 45 eyelashes, / 26, 27
Deafness, 8 166-167; Decline and Fall of the Roman De Moivre, Abraham, MATH 133 Desert plants, W/ 61, 72-73, 108-
boilermaker’s, SH 154, 172; Empire, Gibbon, MATH 50 Demonology, VD 57, 62, 64, 66- 109
burdens of, SH 145-146; Deduction (scientific method), 67 Desert tortoise, W/ 108
congenital, G 154, 156, SH 153; SC/ 56-57, 79; definition and De Montbeillard, Philibert Deserts, W 170, WEA 28-29, 98;
criteria, SH 146, 157; example, MATH 389; Gueneau, G 77 cause of temperature
determination of, SH 156-157; Descartes’ emphasis on, De Morgan, Augustus, LV 102, extremes, W 30; groundwater,
hearing aids, SH 152-153; 31, MATH 82; use, MATH 40 MATH 47 W 54, 55, 62; irrigation, FV
incidence of, SH 145; from De Duve, Christian, G 176 De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis, 171; lack of rain, WEA 83, 85;
industrial noise, SH 153-154, Deep-sea craft, SHP 182-191 Harvey, 8 79 latitudes, WE4 63; low
186; muted frequencies in, SH Deep Space Instrumentation Dendrites, C 148, 158-159, 165, evaporation rate, W 40
147; residual hearing, SH 160- Facility, Goldstone, Calif., PL G12, MND 31; defined, C 193 Design, influence ofscience on,
161; surgery, SH 150. See also 76-77 Denis, Jean Baptiste, 6 84 SC/ 167
Deaf children Deepstar (research submarine ), Denison, H.S., SHP 112-113 De Solla Price, Derek J.,
Dean, Geoffrey, HD 124 SHP 184 Density, W 11 T9
Dearborn, Mich., F/VG 30-31; Deer, eyes of, LV 11, 58 Dentistry: pain-killer, D 52; Dessauer, Friedrich, WCH 195
 153-155; balanced diet, FV 107, FN 81; Pavlov, FN 81-82;
Destroyers, SHP 46, 123, 146, 90,W176 photomicrographs, F/V 88, 92-
table 131; feeding device, FV
148-149, 195; model test, SHP Diatomic molecule, / 58, 142
142-1438 97; X-rays, FN 88, 90-91.
47 Dice games, and laws of See also Esophagus;
probability, MATH 131, 141 Differential analyzer, MATH 23
Detector, radio, VCH 149 Differential calculus, VATH 106- Intestines; Liver; Stomach
Detergents, GV 53, 132; water Dichloromethane, GM 55 Digital computers, VCH 167, 175
Dichlorophen, D 110 114. See also Differentiation
pollution by, HD 98, 103, 116, Differential diagnosis, PH 83 Digitalis, 8 82, D 30, 78-80, 81,
W178 Dichromatism, defined, LV 194 83, 88, 123, 149, 194
Dickens, Charles, HD 55 Differential gears, VCH 103-104,
Detroit, Mich., WHL 83, 153;
WHL 82, 195
Dihedral wing, airplanes, F 11,
automobile industry, WHL Dickson, Andrew, ENG 94 IPB OM
Dictaphone, invention of, MCH Differential geometry, WATH We
77, 84; highway proliferation Diisocyanate bridge, GV 150-151
in, WHL 107; John C. Lodge 195 163
Differentiation (biology).See Dikes, W127, 154, 160-161;
Expressway, WHL 9 Dictyostelium discoideum, C ancient civilizations, W 122,
110-111 Cell, differentiation of
Deuteranopia, LV 124 123, 126
Didak teaching machine, VVD Differentiation (calculus): basic
Deuterium, V 153; discovery of, Dilantin, 0 195
122-123 rules, MATH 108-109;
£194; fusion, £ 186; fusion Dille, James M., VND 156-157
Diderot, Denis, VCH 33, 7 14 definition, VATH 106;
with tritium, £ 148,173, 174, Dilworth, Robert P., SC/ 139
Dielectrics, SC/ 75 equations, SC/ 87, 100;
176-177; oceans as source of, Dimensions, V/ATH 11, 149; non-
Diels, Otto Paul, SC/ 175, 192 essence of, MATH 107;
£23 example of use, MATH 109- Euclidean, MATH 156-158,
Devaricator, PH 26 Diesel, Rudolf, VCH 106, 195, 163; relativity of, £ 141-142,
SHP 129 110; method, MATH 106; rate-
Development, scientific: 144-145, M 165, 7 150-154,
financing, SC/ graphs 124-125; Diesel-electric locomotive, WCH of-change concept, MATH
106, 107, 109, 118, graph 121; 158-161; time as, MATH 156,
period between discovery 105, 131, 195, WHL 60-61, 62, 165,171, 7 153; of universe,
and its application, SC/ 147- 64-65; brakes, WHL 64, 65; result, WATH 106, 107;
symbol, MATH 107, 118; MATH 165, 171
148, graph 149 efficiency of, WHL 56, 61, 64; Dimethylsulfoxide, 8 96
Developmental age, G 79-82, 84 electric motors of, WHL 60, tangent line problem, MATH
64-65; engine, WHL 60, 64-65; 111, graphs 121-122; Dimethyltryptamine, /VD 157
Deviation, compass, SHP 155-156 Dinka tribe, G 179, 181
Dew, W 111, WEA 20, 21, 82, 83; horsepower, WHL 60, 64; terminology, MATH 106, 107;
uses of, MATH 106. See also Dinosaur: age of, dating, 7 graph
chemical action on rock, W piston-and-cylinder
Calculus; Derivative; 124; extinction of, C 147
90, 91 mechanism, WHL 65; power
Infinitesimal method Dione (Saturnian moon), PL table
DEW Line, ENG map 107 train of, WHL 65; speed, WHL
56, 61, 64; weight of, WH 64 Diffraction: electrons, 126; of 193
Dew point, WEA 83, 84 Dionysius Exiguus, 7 73
Dewey, George, SHP 128 Diesel-electric truck, WHL 183 light, £ 88-89, LV 35, 37, 38,
39, 46-47, 108, 109, 194, uv Diophantine equations, VATH 66
Dewey, John, MND 108 Diesel engine, M/CH 105;
126; of sound, SH 24-25; X- Diophantus, MATH 11, 66-67, 69
DeWitt Clinton (early efficiency ratio, WHL 64; for
ray, GM 100-101, M 99-100, Dioscorea (yam), D 127-128, 131
locomotive), VCH 58, WHL 43 electric generators, MCH 105,
101, 102-108, 126 Dioscorides, 6 28, D 20, 21, 51,
De Witte, Emanuel, painting by, 129; invention of, VCH 195;
locomotives, MCH 105, 131, Diffraction grating, £ 89, / 126, 198, FN 149
LV 190-191 Diosgenin, D 127-128, 130
Dexter, O. E., WEA 110 WHL 60, 64-65; noise (buses), LV 108, 194
SH 174; operating principle Diffusion: of gases, £ 171, 172, Dipeptides, 8 115
Destromethorphan, D 105
of, WHL 81; trucks, buses, mM 51, 174; ofliquids, /V 73-74, Diphenylhydantoin, D 195
D.H. 9C (airplane), speed, F
tractors, MCH 105-106, WHL W 104; through capillary Diphtheria, HD 178, PH 13, 110;
chart 174 inoculation, HD 179, PH 106, 195
Dhow, Arab, SHP 53, 56 81, 183; various uses, VCH walls, 8 88, FV 99
Diabetes, HD 10, 24, 25, 83, 126, 106; Digestibility of foods, aided by Diplacusis, SH 79
127-128, 130, 138; causes of, ships, VCH 106, SHP 195; cooking, FV 58-59 Dipole character, of water
8 125,172, HD 127, 138; death submarines, SHP 129-130; Digestion, 8 101-104, 108, 110- molecule, W 10-11
rates, HD 127; drugs, D 136- Walther type, SHP 130-131 117, FN 59, 81-85, 90-97, G 18- Dirac, Paul, SC/ 189
137, 194, HD 127, 1388, PH 175, Diesel fuel, £ 115, WCH 105, WHL 19, 24; blood demand in, 8 Direction finder, SH 101;
195; false diet for, FV 155; 60-61, 64; from coal, £ 99; 81; effect of emotions on, 8 automatic, aircraft, £118, 119
juvenile, PH 175-176; ships, SHP 129-130, 1382 105-108, FV 82, 84, MND 35- Direction-finding, animal
overeating and, FN 127, HD Diet, FN (entire vol.), HD 75-84; 36; effect of noise on, SH 173; migration, 73
83, 127; symptoms, 8 125, HD and atherosclerosis, FN 127, fistula observations of, 8 99- Directional gyro, F 127, 128
127, 138, PH 82, 89; tests, HD 132-135, HD 88, 89; balanced, 100, 105-107, FV 81; and Directional interchange,
138-139 FN 11, 16, 18-31; balanced lymph, 8 84, FN 85, 94, 95, highway, WHL 104
Diagnosis, 6 185, PH 81, 82-83, reducing, FN table 131; in cold 98-99, 169; Pavlov’s study of Dirigibles, F 32, 33-34, 194;
86, 101-102, 148, 193; of climates, HD 172; essential dogs, FN 81-82; role of brain early, F 83; propelled model,
cancer, PH 35, 148-149; of nutrients, B 109, FN 10-11, 13- in, FN 81-82; role of liver in, F82
diabetes, B 125, PH 82, 89; 15, G 18-19, HD 76 (see also 8102, 104, 114, FN 84, 86, 96- Discomfort index, WEA graph 84
differential, PH 83; of Carbohydrates; Fats; 97; in small intestine, 8 102- Discourse on the Method of
digestive disorders, 8 103; of Minerals; Proteins; 103, 114-117, FN 84-85, 92-95; Rightly Conducting the
heart disease, 8 85, PH 83, Vitamins); fads (see Food in stomach, 8 101-102, 112- Reason, Descartes, MATH 82,
90-91, 94-95, 96; of lung fads); global diversities, FV 113, FN 83-84, 90-91. See also 85, 87
ailments, PH 83, 90-91, 96-97, 9,11, 16, 17-31; and growth, Carbohydrates; Fats; Discoverer satellites, VS 81
149; modern techniques and G 135-136, 138, 188-189, HD Proteins Discovery, scientific, SC/ 52-53;
instruments, 8 9-10, 103, PH 75-76, 78; and longevity, FV Digestive enzymes, 8 14, 102, duplications of, Sc/ 108, 152
35, 82-83, 86, 87-99; 19th 169, 170; low-sodium, D 78; 103, C 15, FN 83, 84, G 20 Discovery and exploration, age
Century, PH 35, 36-37, 79, 81; and overweight, FV 127-132, Digestive Juices, 8 100, 102, FV of, MATH 10-11, SHP 57-59, 156
old techniques, 8 23, 26-27, G 190-191, HD 15, 24, 25, 83; 81; acidic, 8 102, 112, FV 83, Disease, HD (entire vol.);
30, 31, 125; somascopic of primitive peoples, G 181, 87; alkaline, 8 102, 114; environmental factors in, D
technique, SH 131; steps in, FN 9, 11, 18-19, HD 18, 77, 158, gastric, 8 102, 110, 112, FV 10-11, G 131, 152, 155, HD 10,
PH 82-83; teaching of 159, 160, 164, 173; quality 83; intestinal, 8 102-108, 114- 14-16, 17-27, maps 28-29, 53-
techniques of, 8 185, PH table needs, FV 10-11; quantity 115, FV 84; pancreatic, 8 102, 55, 66, 119, 153, PH 84-85;
56, 72-75; of tumors, PH 83, needs, FN 10; tropical, protein 114-115. See also Bile; Saliva germ theory of, HD 13, 155,
89, 96, 149; uncertainties of, lack, HD table 79; in Digestive system, 8 15, 52, 99- PH 31, 36, 37; living standards
PH 57-58, 81; use of underdeveloped countries, 108, 109-117, FN 81, 89-97, PH and, inverse relationship, HD
computers in, PH 98 FN 15, 116, 117-125, 172-178, 105; functioning of (see 55, 59, 61, 62, 82-83;
Diagnostic centers, PH 128 174-176, graph 190, HD 20, 22, Digestion); length of overeating and, FN 127-135,
“Dial-a-Dietician” program, FV 75-76, 77-79, 188; U.S., FN 16, gastrointestinal tract, 8 100, HD 15, 24, 25, 83, 88, 89; self-
156 30-31, 182, HD 15, 24-25, 83- 108; lining, D 105; nervous limited, and spontaneous
Dialysis machine, PH 169 84, 89; vegetarian, FV 150- control of, 8 105, 149-150; recovery, D 12; smoking and,
Diamond, Oscar K., VND 75, 78 151, 152. See also Calories, in prenatal development of, C FN 135, HD 84, 88, 92, 96, 101;
Diamond, £ 93, LV 108, 109, food; Food; Malnutrition; 102, G 33-35, 56, 74; weather and, WEA 111-114. See
98, 138, 139; covalent bond, Nutritional diseases; disorders of, 8 105, 106-108, also Age, and incidence of
M 104; erystal structure, / Overeating; and individual HD 22, 25, 152; cancer, HD 91; disease; Allergies; Brain,
104, 105; crystal type, v 101; foods diagnostic tools, 8 103; defects and diseases; Blood
synthetic, V 99, 105; velocity Dietary supplements, F/V 63, 116, psychosomatic, HD 156, MND disorders; Childhood
of light in, Lv 44 GM 175, HD 188; frauds, FIV 35-36; ulcers, 8 107, HD 24, diseases; Chronic diseases;
Diamond beetle, wings of, LV 103 155, 156-157; labeling, F/v 156; 25, 27, 150-151, 152, 156, MND Circulatory system,
Diaper test for PKU, G 153 minerals, FV 63, 121, 155, HD 35, PH 84; worldwide disorders; Congenital
Diaphragm (anatomy), 8 46, 61, 75, 76, 82; protein, FN 120- distribution, HD map 28; defects; Digestive system,
101, D 86, 87 125,172, GMW175, HD 75, 76, study of, 8 99-100, 105-107, Fv disorders; Glandular
Diarrhea: bacterial cause of, D 77-80, 188; vitamins, FN 63, 81-82, HD 151; Beaumont, 8 disorders; Heart, diseases of;
94; drug, D 52 107, 118, 115, 121, 155, HD 75, 99-100, 105, 106, PH 194; Hereditary diseases;
Diastase, 8 102 76, 82 Bernard, PH 34-35; fistula Infectious diseases; Kidney,
Diatom (plant), C 18, 19, MATH Dieting, FV 130-132, 138, 139, observations, 8 99-100, 105- ailments; Liver, ailments;

8-The Body c-The Cell &-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease Lv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind MS-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sci-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 Lung, damage and disease; 76, GM 177; length of strands, 186, 187
Mental illness; Muscle, 194; congenital defects from,
C 61; mutation of, C 61, 74, Draft, of ship: bow and stern, D 116, G 30, 150, 151, 156-157,
disabilities of; Nervous 79, 89; replication of, C 62, SHP 11, 14; defined, SHP 193 HD 105; “contraindications,”
system, disorders of; 66, 70-71; RNA production Draft animals. See Beasts of
Nutritional diseases; D 153; defined, 0 9; dosage, D
from, C 72, G 26; structure of, burden 34, 35, 194; early history of,
Resistance to disease; C 60, 61, 63, 64,.68, 69, 70, G Draft marks, SHP 11, 14
Respiratory diseases; Skin, D 10, 11-15, 16, 17-29, PH 10-
12, MATH 147 Drag (aerodynamics), F 35, 53, 11, 18, 21 (see also
disorders; Stomach, Dobzhansky, Theodosius, HD 127 55-59, 65; airships, Ff 34;
disorders; Venereal disease; Pharmacies; Pharmacology);
Dock test, ships, SHP 12 biplanes, F 57, 88, 89, 102: environmental, D 10-11;
Vitamin deficiency diseases Docking, space, V/S 84; test, EG boundary-layer (friction), F
Dish antenna, /S 107, PL 69, 74- forms provided in, D 8;
76 55-56, 60-62; defined, F 10, 34;
CATT galenical vs. chemical, D 28;
“Doctor” (wind), WEA 60 form, F 55, 57, 60; induced, F “indications,” D 153; infertil-
Dishwasher, VCH 131-132; Doctrine ofthe two contraries, 55, 57, 58; kinds of, £55; and ity, G 57; limitations of, D 83,
materials used, Gv 152; M 15 streamlining, F 57, 60, 104; 99-100, 101, HD 61; nonmedic-
noise, SH 175 Dodgson, Charles, MATH 172. See wave, F 58, 59, 60, 182, 183;
Disinfectants: carbolic acid, C
inal, D 10; placebo effects, D
also Carroll, Lewis wing designs for reduction of, 12-14, 147, 150, 151, HD 153-
184, GM 80, HD 57-58, 68, PH Dog: in artificial heart F 56,57, 58-59, 60, 61-62, 93, 154, PH 10; poisonous nature
36; discovery of, C 184, HD experiment, PH 189; 180-181 of, D 9-10; 15; proliferation of,
57-58, 68, 69, PH 36-37, 194; conditioned-reflex Drag (nautical), SHP 60, 173. See a problem, D 169-170, 190-
halogens (bromine, chlorine), experiments, FV 81-82, MVD also Wave-making resistance 191; psychotropie, D 52, 54-55;
M 142-143 106-107; eyes of, LV 58; Dragonfly: flying speed of, F 42; range of substances, D 10;
Disintegrator, in tablets, D 186 growth studies, G 136; vision of, LV 16, 20 reducing, FN 153, 154;
Disorder, mathematical law of, hearing and vocal range of, Drainage basin, river, // 81, 86-
MATH 130
salicylates, D 121; selectivity
SH chart 194-195; learning 87, 92,194 of, D 54, 55; sociological
en technique, Teflon, Gv ability, MND 107, 195; life Drainage system, badland, W 92-
1 impact of, 0D169, 175;
expectancy, G chart 110; 93 specifics, D 80, 173; tolerance
Displacement control system, scratch reflex of, MND 33; in Drainage wind, WEA 61 for, D 57-58;
aircraft, £174 space flight, VS 75, 80, 86; Drake, Edwin L., £ 102, 104 advertising of, D 153; patent
Displacement curve, ships, SHP sperm from, G 176 Drake, Sir Francis, SH? 57, 140, medicines, D 155-161, 165,
11 Doisy, Edward, 0 195, SC/ 192 WEA 107; 1.Q. of, MND 126 166-167;
Displacement tonnage, SHP 14 Doldrums, WEA 63, map 69, 100- Draperies, sound absorption by, effects of, D 34, PH 34; on
Dissection: history of, 8 12, 17, 101; Halley’s map, WEA 132 SH 175 blood vessels and pressure,
24, 32, C 124, PH 12, 18, 14, Dollfus, A., PL 193 Dratzer, Nicholas, 7 76 D 82-83, 88, 90-91; on brain
15,16, 18, 21, 22-23, 24, 28, Dolphins. See Porpoises Dreadnought, H.M.S., SHP and nervous system, D 40, 41-
69, SC/ 80; in medical Domagk, Gerhard, D 96, 97, 195, 147, 195 49, 51-52, MND 153, 166, 186-
education, 8 184-185, PH 16, SC/ 194 Dreadnoughts, SHP 134, 146-147 187; on fluid balance of body,
52, 56, 61, 68-69 Domestication, FN chart 34; of Dreams, MND 13, 84, 85; D 84, 85-93; on heart, D 78-83,
Dissolution, in chemical analysis, animals, FV 33, 34, 35, 36-37; interpretation, VND 85, 88; 88-89; on kidney, D 92-93; on
GM 56 of plants, FN 33, 34-36, 37-38, 39 monitoring, MND 190-191 respiration, D 86-87; side
Distance Measuring Equipment, Dominant genes, C 57 Dreams, The Interpretation effects, D 153, HD 104-105,
F118, 128 Dondi, Giovanni, clock of, WCH of, Freud, VND 138, 101 124-125; on time sense, 7 15;
Distance perception: auditory, 34 Drebbe, Cornelis, SH? 126 see also Alcohol, effects on
MND 45, SH 100-101; visual, Donkey, water needs of, W/ 115 Dredges, SHP 110, 116-117; early body;
LV 138, 139, 140-141, 143-146, Donner party, WEA 108 steam-powered, ENG 12, WHL research, D 121-129, 130, 132-
148, 150, 151, 158, wD 39 Donner Pass, City of San 32 145, 176, 182-185, GM 120, SCI
Distance vision. See Vision, far Francisco in, WEA 99, 108 Dredging scow, ENG 12, WHL 32 50; animal tests, D 126, 132-
Distant Early Warning (DEW) Donora, Pa., killer smog, HD Dreyfuss, Henry, EVG 156 136, 140-141, 146, 147-149,
Line, EVG map 107 100, 101 Driesch, Hans, G 36-37 150, 176, 184-185; basic
Distillation, GV 32, V 26; in Donovan, B. T., G 106 “Drifting,” frequency, 7 103-104 methods, D 122; basic need
chemical analysis, G/V 56; in Doolittle, Jimmy, F 88, 126-128, Driftmeter, £ 124 for, D 169, 170; biochemistry’s
drug preparation, D 28; flash, 195 Drill, pneumatic, VCH 194 role in, D 122, 123; cost of, D
W172, 1738, 186-187; at sea, Door, a lever, WCH 19 Drilling machine, metal, /CH 130, 170, 183; empirical (trial-
SHP 88, 94, 123; vacuum, MV Dopamine, D 45 178,179 and-error) approach, D 122-
80 Dopant, transistors, VG 107 Drinking water: fluoridation of, 129; human experimentation,
Distillation plant, £ 114 Doppler, Christian Johann, SH 28 W 193; purification of, HD 14, D 149-153, 169, 170-172;
Distilled water, nonconductivity Doppler effect, P/ 113, SH 28-29, W 174, 176-177, 178, 179, 182- outlook for future, D 130,
of, W 26 7131 185 (see also Water pollution, 169, 172-175, Gu 177;
Distributor, automobile engine, Doppler radar, WEA 189 treatment methods); pharmaceutical chemistry in,
WHL 80,194 Dorn, Ernst, / 59 substances dissolved in, W D 127-129; rational approach,
Disulfiram, D 39 Dornberger, Walter R., VS 16, table 193. See also Water, D 122,129; use of computer
Diuretic drugs, D 78, 79, 93 31, 35, 41, 54, 194, 195 supply for human needs in, D 129;
“Diuretic” reducing pill, FV 154 Dose response curve, in drug Dripps, Isaac, WCH 59 sources: animal substances, D
Dive brakes, aircraft, F 61 testing, D 150 Drive pulleys, VCH 22 123, 125-126, 142-143, 178;
Divergence of evolution, “Double blind”’ technique, in Drive train, automobile, VCH folk medicine, D 123-125, 144-
doctrine, PL 177 drug testing, D 151 106, WHL 195 145; plant substances, D 123,
Dividers, SHP 159 “The Double Bond,” Carothers, Drivers, number of licensed, in 125, 131, 138, 144-145, 178,
“Divine mushrooms,” VND 152, GM 105 U.S., WHL 78 GM 54, MND 154-155;
155 Double bonds, between atoms, Driving perception tests, EVG synthetics, D 123, 126;
Diving, aircraft, £74 GM 58, 56, 62, 63, 102, 105, 147 168-169 synthetic, 0 123, 126, 179, 183,
Diving planes, submarine, SHP Double-ender, SH? 56 Drizzle, WEA 75, 195 GM 54, 120; beginnings of, D
iss, ey Double Helix, The, Watson, C 61 Dropsy, & 82, D 78-79, 93 96,194, Gm 51;
Diving Saucer (research Double-jointedness, 8 58 Drought, W171, WEA 28-29; testing and evaluation, 0 15,
submarine), SHP 184-185 Double star, PL 190 Ganga River, W139;in U.S., 147-153; animal experiments,
Division (arithmetic), ATH 106; Douglas, Donald W., Sr., ENG 195 W maps 173, 181. See also 0126, 132-136, 140-141, 146,
by computer, MATH 30-31; Douglas airplanes: DC-3, F chart Deserts; Dust Bowl; Dust 147-149, 150, 176, 184-185;
symbols, MATH 11; use of 174, 195; DC-8, ENG 164-165, storms clinical, D 150-158, 171;
logarithms, MATH 85 F145, 171; DC-9, F105, 106, Drug addiction. See Addiction “control” vs. “treatment”
Divisionism, art technique, LV 173; F-4D Skyray, F 186; X-3 Drug containers, ancient, D 19, group technique, D 150-152;
ing) Stiletto, F 184, 187 21 crossover technique, D 151-
Dix, Dorothea, VND 73 Douglass, Andrew E., 7 134-135 Drug industry, D 176, 177-191; 152; “double blind”
Dixon, George E., S HP 127 Dounreay, Scotland, nuclear growth statistics, D 176; technique, D 151; for
Djerassi, Carl, D 130 reactor, F 154-155 production methods, D 176, effectiveness, D 150-153;
DME (Distance Measuring Dover Castle clock, 7 193 177-181, 186-189; research, D ethics of, D 169, 171-172;
Equipment), F 118, 128 Dow Chemical Company, EVG 132-145, 170, 176, 182-185, GM human experimentation, D
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), C 125 120 (see also Drugs, research) 149-153, 169, 170-172; laws of
52, 58, 62, 66, 132, GM 177, | Down easter, SHP 61 Drug ofchoice, D 80 chance in, D 152-153;
MS 172, SC/ 57, 96; base-pair, Down’s disease (Mongolism), G Drug resistance of microbes, D patient’s consent, D 171;
Cc 61, 70, 193; carrier of 1545155 99-100, 101, 132, HD 61 preclinical, D 150; for safety,
heredity, 8 14, C 60, 61-62, Downdrafts, WEA 60, 87, 89, 95 Drugs, D (entire vol.), MND 158- D 147-150; for safety during
66, 68, 70, G 12; chemical Downstate Medical Center, State 158, 160, 166; allergic pregnancy, D 146, 148, 150;
composition of, C 60-61, 68, University of New York, G 32, reactions to, D 99, HD 105; size of groups, D 153; sources
Ms 172; defined, C 193; MND 190-191 basic types, D 28; chemical of error, D 150.
discovery of, C 59-60, 64; Dowsing, W55 types, D 28; combinations, See also Amphetamines;
laboratory synthesis of, C 75, Doxiadis, Constantinos A., EVG antagonistic vs. synergistic, D Analgesic drugs; Anesthetics;

139
 insects, SH 74-75; in water on, W 35; distribution,
Antibiotics; Anticoagulant manufacture, GM 37; natural, W 9, 37, table 38, 171; origin,
LV 98-99; of rayon, GM 96, 97; porpoises, SH 128; pressure
drugs; Antidepressant drugs; W 33-34, 35-36; salt vs. fresh
Antihistamines; synthetic, GV 37, 38, 39, 48- variations on, SH 36; relative
size of, SH 37-38; ruptured, water, percentages, 37,
Barbiturates; Depressant 49, 51, 54, 115, LV 99, 116; table 38; temperature
drugs; Hallucinogens; Heart chromatographic analysis, SH 148, 172
Earle, Wilton, SC/ 53 modulation by, £ 31-32, W15,
stimulants; Muscle relaxants; 92; photochromic, GM 172 59-60, 62, 72; total supply, W
Narcotics; Relaxants; Dye check, of metals, F 107-108 Early Bird (communications
satellite), EVG 184, MS 100, 33, table 38, 171; see also
Sedatives; Stimulants; Sulfa Dynamics, MATH 11, 112 Lakes; Oceans; Precipitation;
drugs; Tranquilizers Dynamite, £ 93, Gv 108, 112; 118-119
Earplugs, SH 172-173, 178 Rivers.
Drum, SH 74; evolution of, 87. blast, GM 112; invention of,
Earth, PL 10, 18, 32-44, WEA 12- See also Atmosphere, earth;
See also Kettledrum SE MUT
13; cloud cover, MS 80, WEA Climate; Life, on earth
Dry dock, SHP 15, 18-19, 26-29 Dynamo, WHL 149, 150;
Faraday’s, MCH 124, 125, 194; 81-82, 84-87 (see also Clouds); Earth-centered theory of solar
Dry ice, / 60, 61; cloud seeding system, Pl 16, 17,24; Greek
by, WEA 90, 102 first industrial, WCH 67, 126 cross section of, PL 56, 57;
Dynamometer, ENG 20-21 distance measurement, 7 82 and Ptolemaic, PL 12, 13, 20,
Dry-plate photography, L/ 68-69 22-23, SCI 92; of Tycho Brahe,
Dryden, Hugh, V/s 77 Dyne, unit of force, £ 14 (see also Latitude;
Longitude); elements on, PL14,15
Drying of food, FV 33, 57, 61 Dynel, GM 17
Dysentery, HD 9, 54, 55; rare vs. common, PL 38; Earth core, PL 34, 36, 44, 56, 57;
D.T.s, the (delirium tremens), D composition of, PL 34, 35, 36,
58 amoebic, D 96, 97, HD 186; escape velocity from, MS 36,
microbes of, 97, 99 65, 175, PL 84; future of, F 44: diameter of, PL 34, 57;
Dubos, René, D 195, PH 176
Dysprosium, V 146 68-69; geographical formation of, PL 35, 36; inner
Duchamp, Marcel, paintings by,
Dystrophy. See Muscular knowledge of, 150 A.D. vs. vs. outer, PL 35, 56, 57;
LV 186, T 100
dystrophy 1000 A.D., SHP maps 153; methods of study, Pl 34, 35,
Duck, nictitating membrane of,
gravity, MS 11, 104, 116, 158- 37; temperature of, PL 35, 56
LV 26
Duckworth, Joseph P., WEA 49 E 159; interior of, PL 34-36, 44, Earth crust, PL 33-34, 41, 56-57;
Ductus arteriosus, G 60, 61, 62 56, 57 (see also Earth core; changes in, PL 36-37, 58, maps
Duffalo, Richard, SH 94 Eads, James Buchanan, EVG Earth mantle); magnetism 59, 85; composition of, PL 36,
Duffalo technique, SH 94 194, WHL 124-126, 127, 128, and magnetic field, £ 127, PL 57; faults in, PL 34, 48, 49, 58,
Duke, Patty, 8 166-167 129 36, 43, 57, 85; manifestations w 194; formation of, PL 36;
Duke University, PH 62 Eagle (Coast Guard bark), SHP of nature’s energy on, F 16, highest and lowest
Dumas, Jean Baptiste, G// 35-36 70-71 18-27; and moon, PL 83, 84; extensions, PL 57; maximum
Du Maurier, George, MVD 159 Eagle, H.M.S., SHP 126 past concept of its thickness, PL 33, 57;
Dumb compass (pelorus ), SHP Eagle, F 41, 60; arm bone of, F uniqueness, /S 170 (see also minimum thickness, PL 57;
162, 163 48; bald, eyelashes of, LV 27; Earth-centered theory); Woe of hydration in, W36,
Dump truck, diesel-electric vision of, /V 16 radiation belt, WS 112-113
powered, WHL 183 Ear: evolution of, SH 32-33, 62, (see also Van Allen belts); Earth mantle, PL 36, 56, 57;
Dumping, radiation belt 64-65; history of knowledge radiation received by, C 33, composition of, PL 36, 56;
phenomenon, P/ 158 of, SH 34-87; “implanted air” £16, 71, PL 38-39, 42-43, WEA currents in, PL 37, 58; lower
Dunham, H. W., VD 61-62 concept, SH 34-35; 11-12, 36; radiation vs. upper, PL 56-57; methods
Duodenum, & 102, 103, 114-115, of animals, SH 32-33, 62, 63- reradiated by, PL 42, WEA 12, of study of, PL 36, 57;
FN 84; hyperacidity and 75; amphibians, SH 33, 62, 36; roundness of, early thickness of, PL 36, 57
ulcers, 8 107 70-71; bat, SH 124-125, 126; recognition, PL 12; seasons of, Earth Orbit Rendezvous (EOR),
Du Pont, Eleuthére Irénée, GV birds, SH 62, 72-73; fishes, SH PL 10-11, 52-53, 133, WEA 12, MS 122, 132, 133
108, 111 32-33, 68-69, 128; frequency 13; tilt of axis of, PL 10, 52, Earth sciences: history of, SC/
Du Pont Company, GV 105-108, ranges, SH chart 194-195; WEA 12,13; wind system, PL 94-95; specialties, SC/ chart
109-121, 146, 150, M 107-108; insects, SH 62, 74-75; 155, WEA 62-64, 68-71 (see also 94-95, chart 100-101
drugs, D 132, Giv 120; dye mammals, SH 33, 63, 65, 72; Wind); Earth scraper, invention of, VCH
analysis, V 92; explosives, GM porpoise, SH 128; age of, C 90, PL 58, 7124, 129; 195
108, 110-113, 115; Kapton, Gu of humans, 8 150, 151, SH 31- Buffon’s computation, 7 123- Earth steam, as power source, F
162-163; Lycra, GM 151; 32, 34-38, 39-49; aging and, 124; Thomson’s computation, 180-181, ENG 128-130
neoprene, G/M 106, 108, 109, SH 14; air pressure in, SH 35, iP WATE Earth-to-orbit plane, F 168, 169,
128; nylon, GV 107, 108, 116- 41; amplification in, SH 37- history of: early, C 83, 85-86, 176
117; orlon, GV 119; plants, 38, 39, 40-41; anatomy of, 8 94, PL 34-41, 58, W 35-36; Earthquakes, P/ 34; seismic
GM 108, 111-112, M 115, MCH 152, MND 22, SH 36-37, 39-43 emergence of life on, C 87-89, waves, PL 34, 35,57
94-95; research, GM 105-107, (see also individual ear 97, 98, MS 169, PL 39-41, 54; “Earthshine,”’ in space views of
115, 120-121, 128; various structures); cooperation with ice ages, PL 93, W 50-51, 76- earth, WEA 36
plastics, GV 112, 114-115, eye, LV 11-12; energy 77, WEA 32; life’s progress on, Earthworm: light sensitivity of,
118,119, M 115 conversion in, SH 46-47, 57- MS 169, PL 177, 178; LV 16; water content of, W115
Dura mater, VND 21 61; fluids in, SH 42-43; light of, PL 44, 83, 89; East, Edward Murray, FV 39
Dural sinus, MND 21 frequency discrimination by, albedo, PL 89; East African lakes, and
Duralumin, fF 104 SH 44-45, 55; hearing losses motion of: orbit, PL 14, 194, T continental drift, PL 37
Diirer, Albrecht, VATH 101; (see Deafness; Hearing, 59, WEA 12; rotation, PL 24, East Indies, old nautical chart of,
magic square, MATH 68; defects); hearing range of, SH 36, 7 82, WEA 12; rotation, SHP 150
woodcuts by, LV 180-181, 14, 31, chart 194-195; hearing effect on weather, WEA 12, Easter, 7 61, 62, 63, 74
MATH 101 threshold of, SH graph 147; 40, 52, 62-64, 70-71, 132-133; Easterlies (winds), WEA 52, 70-
Durum (wheat), FV 39 infections of, SH 35, 147-149; variations in rotational time, 71; polar, WEA 64, 1386
Duryea, Charles E. and Frank, mismatched, SH 79; muscles, T 104-105, 107; Eastman, George, ENG 52, GV
MCH 104 SH 37, 40-41, 126, 173; nerve origin of, C 90, PL 34-35, W 79, LV 70, 71, MCH 152
Diisseldorf, Germany, computer endings in, 8 143, 147, SH 46- 33-34; ancient myths, C 82- Eastman 910 (adhesive), Gi 158-
control of road traffic, WHL 173- 49, 57; noise effects on, SH 83, PL 18-21; 159
174 153-154, 172-174; prenatal physical data, /S 148, table, Eastwick & Harrison locomotive
Dust: in air, absorption of solar formation of, G 33, 65, 154; 193, PL table 193; of 1839, WHL 44
radiation by, WEA 36; in air Renaissance drawings, SH circumference, Eaton, Amos, SC/ 106
as condensation nuclei, WEA 30, 32; resonance in, SH 36, determination of, SHP 152; Ebers, Georg, PH 11
84; interplanetary and 38; safety devices in, SH 41; density, PL 153; diameter, PL Ebers papyrus, PH 11
- eosmie, PL 80, 85 sensitivity of, VND 34, SH 31, 34; distance from sun, WEA Ebonite, GV 128
Dust Bowl, W171, map 173 38; sleep and, SH 38; volume 11, 36; relative size, PL 11; Eccles, Sir John Carew, 8 145,
Dust-and-gas cloud theory of control in, SH 37. shape, M/S 78, 116, WEA 13; SC/ 182,194
formation of solar system, C See also Hearing; Inner ear; surface of, PL 33-34, 36-37, 41- ECG. See Electrocardiogram
90, MS 171, PL 35, 44, 175, W Middle ear; Outer ear 42, 50-53, 57-58, map 59, 85; Echo I (communications satel-
34 Ear canal, 8 152, SH 53, 72; early earth, Pl 35-36; erosive lite), MS 12, 58, 80-81, 100
Dust storms, WEA 28, 29, 35 conduction hearing losses, SH forces, PL 84, 85, 7125, w75- Echo II (communications
DuVerney, Joseph Guichard, SH 147; function of, SH 36, 38, 84, 85-101 (see also Erosion); satellite), 116-117
538, 54 39, 42-43; in porpoises, SH Hutton’s “uniformitarian” Echo, SH 11, 16; acoustical
Du Vigneaud, Vincent, SC/ 192-193 128; resonance in, SH 36, 38 doctrine, 7125; meteorites control of, SH 18-19, 190-191.
Dvorak, August, EG 148 Ear trumpets, SH 152-153 and meteorite craters, VS See also Absorption of sound
Dwarf ivy, growth rate of, G9 Ear wax, in hearing losses, SH 150, PL 35, 85, 87-88, map 89, Echo sounder, electronic, SHP
Dwarfism, 8 171, 175, G 157, 147 99, 104; space views of, WS 157, 158, 166
159, 162-163, HD 82; in rats, Eardrum, 8 152, SH 35-36, 39, 115, PL 32, 33, 45-49, WEA 34, Echolocation, SH 121-129; bat,
G 130; treatment for, G 137, 40-41, 53, 60, 150, 1938; 36, 51, 186, W 32; strata, T SH 121-126, 132, 138-141;
162-169; types of, G 163 amphibian, SH 70-71; in 125, 126, 140-141; beluga whale, SH 129, 132, 133;
Dye and dyeing: ancient birds, SH 72; in hearing temperature, F 31-32, PL 41- birds, SH 132, 142-143; blue
civilizations, GM 31, LV 98, process, SH 39; impedance 42, 114; see also Continents; whale, SH 127; defined, SH
99, M 13; “fixing,” M13; matching, SH 37-38; in Barth crust; Rocks; Soil; 193; hunting by, SH 126-127,

8-The Body c-The Cell b0-Drugs é-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease LV-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sci-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 138, 140-141; porpoise, ENG Egypt: Aswan High Dam, w Eleatic school, WATH 44-45, map
145-146, SH 127, 128, 134-137; 46-49, 55, 59-61; schooling in,
154, 171; food production in, 48, 7146 ENG 91, 96,98
sea lion, SH 142; in surgery, FN table 180-181; fuel Election forecasts, VATH 11, 130
SH 130-132. See also Sonar Electrical-resistivity, method of
resources, £ 193; pellagra in, Electric appliances. See search for groundwater, 61
Kekert, J. Presper, M/CH 120, HD 82; space view of, PL 46, Appliances
174, 195 Electrical stimulation of brain
47; winds, WEA 29; Electric car, EVG 174-175, WHL (ESB), MND 38, 39, 175-177,
K-class submarine, SHP 132 ancient, ENG 33, MATH 89, 70, 178, 179, 183; early, speed 184-185
Eclipses, 7 105; lunar, P/ 11; SCI'78, W 146; accounting, records, WHL table 170
solar, M 175, PL 11, 12 Electricity, £ 15, 118-124, wcH
MATH 75; alchemy, GM 30, SC/ Electric clock, 7 103-104 123-132, SC/ 89, 100, 7 101-
oo Polytechnique, Paris, EVG 79; algebra, MATH 63, 64; Electric compass, £ 47 103; atmospheric, C 92-93, £
calendar, MATH 76, 7 10, 60- Electric conductivity. See 26, WEA 87, 103-105, T 116-
Ecology, SC/ 97, 101 61, 68-69, 72, W121; Conductivity 117 (see also Ionization,
Economics, SC/ 98, 99, 101, 169 candymaking, FIV 132; Electric eye, V 38, 50, MCH 152
Ectoderm (outer tissue layer), 8
Lightning); charge, £ 118, 119,
chariots, MCH 46, 47, WHL 16; Electric fan, invention of, VCH MATH 106; circuitry, ENG 38-
14, 175,177, G 43, 46; chemical knowledge, /v 12, 194 39, MATH 188; high-voltage
formation of, C 102-103, G 34, 13, SC/ 90; concepts of Electric generator. See
43; of hydra, C 114-115;
discharge, £ 125; history of
universe, PL 10, 18; Generators study and inventions, £ 118-
primitive streak, G 39 embalming, & 11, 20, 21; Electric horse, SC/ 156 124, MCH 124-128, 145; history
Ectomorph, 8 41 geometry, MATH 10, 41, 74- Electric iron, invention of, CH of uses of, VCH 128, 130-132,
Ecuador, plague fatalities 75; hieratic numerals, ATH 194 146-154, SC/ 156; impact on
(1962), HD 34 16; hydraulic engineering, W/ Electric light, of future, SC/ 149; modern life, MCH 123, 130,
Eczema, 8 108; false diet for, 121-122, 124-125; land incandescent, F 121, 122, ENG 168; and magnetism, £ 47,48,
FN 155 transportation, WHL 18-19, 40, 46-47, LV 107, MCH 126- 49, 120, 122-124, MCH 125-
Eddington, Arthur, SC/ 106 21, 22; medical knowledge, 8 128; invention of, £ 121, 122, 126, 145-146; origin of word,
pocne (dropsy), 8 82, D 78-79, IQ EL PAL Pts 1, () Aldkee 1B}. ENG 40, 44, 46-47, MCH 126- E118, static, £ 47,118, 119,
16, 18-19, FN 11, PH 11; 128, SC/ 146; neon 128-129, MCH 124, SC/ 45;
Eden Valley, N. Mex., /S 68-71 painting, /V 188; pyramid- (fluorescent), £77, LV 99, 106, transmission of, £ 66-67, MCH
aN Harold, ENG 88, MATH building, ENG 33-34, 55-56; 107,174. See also Lighting 123, 130, 145; unfulfilled
shipping, MCH 12, 13, SHP.53, systems prophecies for use of, SC/ 156-
Edinburgh Review, £ 76 54, 55, 58, 69, 76, 136, 194, w Electric locomotive, VCH 131, LW
Edison, Thomas Alva, £ 121, ENG 124; water-lifting shaduf, WCH 195, WHL 60, 150, 152,175, consumption, U.S.: home, MCH
39,40, 41, 42, 194, MCH 149, 11, W145; weather 188-189, 191; pilotless, WHL 131; industrial, MCH 128;
SC/ 146, SH 109; deafness, SH instruments, WEA 58 171, 172-173; speeds, WHL conversions: from chemical
145; education of, EG 40; Ehrensvard, Gosta, C 87 169, 188, 189, 190 energy, £ 15, 93; to chemical
electric light bulb of, £ 121, Ehrlich, Paul, C 175, D 96, 193, Electric motor, £ 123-124, 130- energy, £ 15; from heat, F 15;
122, ENG 41, 44, 46-47, MCH 194, PH 195, SC/ 194 131, MCH 180, 168; to heat, £ 37, 122; to light, F
126-128; library of, ENG 41; Eigen, Manfred, SC/ 112 automobile distributor, WHL 121; from mechanical energy,
Menlo Park laboratory of, £ Kightfold way (particle physics), 80, 194; constant-speed, WHL E15, 123, MCH 129; to
121, ENG 44-45, 47; motion SC/ 64, 65, 72 150; diesel-electric mechanical energy, F 123-
pictures, ENG 52-53, MCH 195; Eijkman, Christiaan, FV 113-114, locomotive, WHL 60, 64-65; 124, 180, MCH 129, 180;
phonograph, ENG 44, 50-51, HD 81-82, SC/ 192 efficiency, £ 124; functioning current: alternating, 7 102;
MCH 144, 149,150, 151,194, Eilenberg, Samuel, MATH 53 of, £ 123-124, MCH 129; first observance, £ 119-120;
SH 107-109; power stations of, Einkorn (wild wheat), FV 35 homemade, F 132-135; frequency shift, 7 102-103;
ENG 39, 48,126, MCH 127, 128- Einstein, Albert, £ 136, 139-140, invention of, MCH 126, 194, nature of, £ 120, MCH 125;
129; various inventions of, LV9, 180, M 31, MATH 165, SC/ 151-152; unsuitable for resistance to, £ 46, 47, 122:
ENG 38-39, 40, 42-43, 44; X- SC/ 57, 58, 89, 111, T 144, 149- aircraft, — 77; uses of, MCH resistance to, absent at
ray research, / 186, 187, 188; 150; letter to Roosevelt, £ 123, 131-132, sc/ 148. See also cryogenic temperatures, //
quoted, ENG 40, 42, 44, 47, 194, 195, M173, sc/ 9; Nobel Electric car; Electric 63,67;
50, MCH 119, WHL 150; Prize, SC/ 185, 189; locomotive; Electric induction (generation) of:
mentioned, FV 151, Gv 150, photoelectric effect, £ 76, /V streetcar electromagnetic, £ 48, 122,
MCH 130, 1384, 150, WAHL 149 50, iV 125; quantum Electric pen, Edison’s, EVG 43 123, MCH 125; electrostatic, £
Edison Electric Light Company, statistics, SC/ 110; “random Electric power industry, EG 126- 120, 129, SC/ 45; frictional, F
MCH 127 walk” principle, VATH 130; 128; automation, VCH 173, 118, 119;
Edisto (icebreaker),SHP 120 slow development of, G 85; 180; frequency control, 7 102- magnetohydrodynamic
Education, VND 113-114; Unified Field Theory, VATH 103; investment value, U.S., (MHD), uv 179;
Alexandrian “Museum,” SC/ 165, 171, Sc/ 72, 83; Zurich MCH 128. See also Electricity, measuring: amperage, F 121;
79-80; computer and, ENG laboratory of, MATH 164-165; production of flow, £ 47, 121; force (pressure),
171, 177; of deaf children, SH quoted, £ 137, 139, 144, Electric- powered submarine, E 46, 47, 120-121; frequency, 7
154, 155-169; increase of I.Q. 180, MATH 110, Sc/ 77, 165, MCH 195, SHP 127-128 102; power, £ 47; quantity, F
by, MND 133-134; medieval, 173; mentioned, £ 48, 146, Electric-pulse code, in hearing, 47; resistance, £ 46, 47;
PH 16, 18, 20-25, 27, 28-29, SC/ ENG 88, LV 89, M 47, 149, 171, SH 57-61; experimental voltage, £ 46, 120-121;
104; need for cross- MATH 18, MND 102, Sc/ 13, 30, evidence, SH 58; from organ wattage, £47;
fertilization of sciences and Diels of Corti, SH 46-47 production of, EVG 126-128,
humanities, SC/ 109-110; Relativity, VW 125, MATH 11, Electric ray, eye of, LV 22 174-175, MCH 128-130, w 151-
programmed, MND 113; 158, 165-167, 170-171, 7 149, Electric shaver, invention of, 153, 156, 166-169, 173; early
prolongation of, G 114. See 153; General, MATH 168, 170- MCH 195 plants, ENG 39, 48, 126, MCH
also Agricultural colleges; 171; matter-energy Electric shock: effect on brain, 127, 128; fuel economy in,
Engineering colleges; equivalence (HE =mce?), £ 143- MND 186-187; power law for ENG 126-128; fuels, VCH 130;
Engineers, education of; 145, Mv 125-126, 155, 169, sensation, SH 83; treatment, geothermal power, £ 180-
Medical education; Medical MATH 166, 170, SC/ 58, 88, 89; D 55, MND 62, PH 164-165 181, ENG 128-130; from
school; Scientists, education Special, £ 140-145, MATH 170, Electric stove, invention of, VCH nuclear energy, £ 146, 154,
of 171, 174; time dilation, £ 141- 195 156, 175, ENG 126-127 (see also
Edward III, King of England, 142, ws 166, 177, 7 145, 147, Electric streetcar, CH 72, 130- Nuclear reactors); from
MCH 838, 50 150-151, 152-154 131, 194, WHL 150-151; decline sunlight, £ 71; tidal power, F
Edwards, M. Lowell, £VG 151 Einsteinium, / 149 of, WHL 153-154, graph 155; 16, 178-179, ENG 127, 128, W
Edwards, Calif., SC/ map 131 Einthoven, Willem, SC/ 193 invention of pole, ENG 13; 154, 168-169; see also
EEG. See Eisenhower, Dwight D., Vs 59, multiple control system, WHL Generators; Hydroelectric
Electroencephalograph SHP 131, 1383, WEA 109 152 power; Steam-generated
vel: American, eye of, LV 23; Eisenhower Expressway, Electric typewriter, EVG 148 electricity;
seales, SC/ 20; vision Chicago, WHL 154,173 Electrical activity in living theories of: atomic, £119,
experiment with, /V170-171 Ejection seat, aircraft, £ 152 organisms. See Brain, 124, 128; fluid, £ 119
Effort (mechanics), /CH 16 EKG. See Electrocardiogram electrical activity in; Cells, “Electricity and Magnetism,”
Effort distance, VCH 16 Elastic, GV 150 activity of, electrical; Muscle, Maxwell, € 73
Egg cell. See Ovum Elasticity, of synthetics, GV 58, fibers, electro-chemical Electrocardiogram, G 92, 93, PH
Eggs, as food: grading, FN 71; 70, 130-131, 149-151 activity; Nervous system, 83, 94, 95,98
misconception about, FV 151; Elastomer, defined, G// 194 cells, electro-chemical Electrocardiograph (ECG, EKG),
niacin source, FV 113; f Elbe (tugboat), SHP 115 activity B 189, PH 86, 94-95, 160-161
processing, FN 72-73; protein Elbein, Alan D., Gi 74 Electrical discharge machine Electrode, VCH 124
source,FV 171, HD 77; ) Elbow joint, 8 70-71; arthritis, tools, CH 195 Electrode probes: of epileptic’s
vitamin A in, HD 81; vitamin HD 95; artificial, 8 64; funny Electrical energy, £ 13, 15; brain, MND 38, 181; of visual
D in, FN 107 bone, & 147, 149 convertibility, £ 61, 124. See cortex, LV 75, 81
Egmont, H.M.S., WEA 65 Elder, John, SH? 80-81 also Electricity Electrodialysis, GV 175, W173,
Ego, Freudian concept, MVD 86, Eldorado uranium-radium mine, Electrical engineering, EG 60, 188
87, 89 Canada, £ 168 98; rise of, ENG 33, 39, 40, 42, Electrodynamics, £ 119

141
 in landing, F 74; in takeoff, F sixth week, 8 176, C 121,G
“On the Electrodynamics of Electronic structure of atom: 33, 55, 65-66; third week, C
Bodies in Movement,” basis of chemical properties, 64-65; in turning maneuver,
E 94-95, VV 10, 125; determines FVO-71 103, G 30, 35
Rinstein, £ 140 Embryology, SC/ 101; beginnings
Electrodyne Company, ENG 151 degree of chemical stability, Elevator, passenger: control
M 128, 131, 136, 145; device, WCH 178; invention of, SC/ 79, 96; defined, c 101;
Electroencephalogram, VND 183; experimental, G 35-40; and
normal vs. epileptic, HD 141; determines metallic or of, MCH 194
nonmetallic character, / Elgar, Sir Edward, SH 115 research on aging, C 107
sleep vs. eating MND 174, Embryonic disc, G 42, 43, 44
190,751 128, 140; of typical vs. Eli Lilly and Company, D 133,
180, 189 Emergency ward, hospital, D 70-
Electroencephalograph (EEG), G transition elements, V 131 71, PH 74-75, 152-153
102-103, MND 178-174, 175, Electronics, EVG 98, 104, 151- Elijah (prophet), VS 25
152, MCH 1238, 145, 150-154; Elixir of life (or.youth), D 123- Emerson, Ralph Waldo, VCH 9,
182-183, 185, 190-191, T 50-51 16, MND 135, SHP 103
Electrolyte, MCH 125 applied, Sc/ 146; automation 124, M 15, 16, 19, 20
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, Emery Roth and Sons, ENG 102
Electromagnet, £ 127, MCH 145- by, ENG 149-150, MCH 167,
168, 173-176, 180, 182-183, SHP 33, 140 bhi Emetics, D 13-14, 31
146; eryogenic, / 45, 69-71;
185, 188, Sc/ 148-150; Elizabeth, N.J., dock facilities of, Emetine, D 97
Joseph Henry’s, £ 49, MCH issi ight-line )spectrum,
(brig
j
industry, i i Sc/ 130,
California, SHP 109 Emission
126, 145; rotor, £ 130-131
136, 137; man-made systems Ellet, Charles, EVG 14 PL 63, 64
Electromagnetic force, SC/ 64,
compared to nature, C 36, 40, Elliott, Herb, 8 76 Emmer (wild wheat), F/V 35,
65, 72 ee
Electromagnetic induction, £ 48, 164, 166, MND 36, 178-180, Elliotson, John, VND 163 39 |
122,123, MCH 125; generator, 188-189; solid-state, V 105- Ellipse, VATH 47; in Cartesian Emotional loading, in vision, /V
E123 106. See also Computer, system, MATH 83; equation 164
Electromagnetic radiation, £ 74, electronic; Photoelectric for, MATH 83 Emotional strain, HD 15, 27, 145-
75, 76, MCH 148-149, PL 61, 7 tube; Radar; Radio; Elliptical orbits of planets, 156; conditioned responses
101-102, 106; discovery of, & Telephone; Television; discovery of, PL 14, 24, 25 to, HD 145-146; diseases
73-74, LV 38, MCH 149; ether Transistor; Vacuum tube Ellis, Havelock, MVD 135, 155 connected with, 8 107-108,
theory of transmission, £ 137- Electroplating records, SH 113 Ellis Island, health inspection at, 123, HD 156, PH 84-85; effect
139, 140-141; frequency, 7 Electroshock. See Electric shock PH 186 on digestive system, 8 105-
102; particle vs. wave theory, Electrostatic force, in atomic Elodea, C 45; cell, C 44 108, FN 82, 84, HD 150-151,
E 76-78, LV 39; penetration of nucleus, £ 173-174 Elvehjem, C., FV 113 MND 35-86; physiological
atmosphere by, PL 64-65, 66- Electrostatic induction, £ 120; Ely, Eugene, F 194 responses to, HD 147-156;
67, WEA 12; velocity of, £ 74, generator, £ 129, SC/ 45 Emanation theory of vision, LV sensory-deprivation
PL 61; wavelengths, £ 74-75, Electrostatics, £ 119 53 experiments, HD 146-147,
PL 61, 66-67, WEA 12. See also Electrotherapy (shock), D 55, Embalming, 8 11, 20, 21 MND 42-43. See also Stress
Radiant energy; Radiation MND 62, PH 164-165; early Embryo, G 29-40, 64-68; Emotions: artificial stimulation
Electromagnetic spectrum, £ 74- Roman, PH 12 abnormalities in, G 30-31, of, MND 176-177, 185; brain
75, 78, LV 38, 39, 98, PL 61, Elements, chemical, G/V 10, 13, 151, 154 (see also Congenital center, 8 145, D 45, FN 130,
66-67, SC/ 83, 147; defined, LV 31, VM 29-38, 127-149; defects; Hereditary MND 19, 36, 176; conflict in,
194 Aristotelian theory, GV 31, diseases); defined (vs. fetus), and neurosis, MND 58;
Electromagnetism, VCH 125- 32, M 12, 13, 15, 30; artificial, G 55, 68; environment of, G Freud’s emphasis on, MND
126, Sc/ 64, 72, 83, 88, 146, 7 M 29, 37-38, 126, 133, 148-149; 29-30; epigenetic theory, G 83-84; in growth process, G
168; discovery of, VCH 125, atomic number, V 38, table 35, 40; genetic blueprint of, 84-85, 136-137, 172-173;
145, sc/ 148; Maxwell’s 127; atomic weight, V/ 33-34, C102, 104, G 33-40; grafts, G hormone control, 8 86; in
theory, MCH 149, SC/ 58, 57, 36-38, table 127; binding 38-40, 174; hazards to, G 29- Jung’s theory, VND 89; role
83 energy of, £ 174; categories, 31, 151; metabolism of, G 30; in perception, /V 164, WND
Electron(s), £ 77, 169-170, 10, lM 29 (see also Metals; nutritional system of, G 29- 40; survival value of, HD 148-
12, 154, SC/ 64, 146, 7181; Metalloids; Nonmetals); 30, 63; oxygen source of, G 149; Watson’s innate, MVD
atomic numbers based on, // chemical properties 30-31, 63; preformationist 109; weather effects on, WEA
125; attraction to nucleus, / determined by electronic theory, G 34, 35, 40; 9, 110-114
124-125; basis of chemical structure, 128, 131, 136, 139, protective mechanisms, C Empedocles, /V 14, 53
character of atoms, /V 10, 125 140; definitions, / 29, 30, 32; 175, G 29-31; sex Emphysema, D 87, HD 25, 96,
(see also Electronic structure discoveries of, GM 33; determination of, G 15, 177; PH 71; bronchitis and,
of atom); and beta radiation, families, VM 29, 36-37, table 16th to 18th Century combined, HD 84, 85, 96-97,
120, 122; bombardment of 127, 128-149; molecules of, & drawings, G 32-34; studies on, 112; death rates, HD 101
atoms with, 166-167; 52; natural, Vv 29, 37-38, SC/ C 108-104, G 35-40; tissue Empiricism, VVD 10; in drug
carriers of electricity, £ 67, 145; in organic compounds, layers of, 8 41, 175,177,C research, D 122-129; in
119, 120-121, 128; charge of, GM 11, 34, 58, / 139; origin 102, G 34, 43; tolerance engineering, ENG 338, 37-39; vs.
£94,119, 169, 170, 7 121; of, 7 130; rare vs. common, mechanisms, G 31-33; rationalism, SC/ 59; vs.
concepts of, 121-124, sc/ as earth components, PL 38; development, general, C 101- scientific approach, in
59-62; creation of, V 155; spectral colors of, £ 78; 106, G 29-40; cellular division medicine, PH 37, 79
diffraction, / 126; discovery spectroscopic detection of, PL (cleavage), C101, G 29, 36, Empyema, PH 12
of, M121, SC/ 48; energy 63, 64, 71, T 142; symbols, M 42-43; chicken, C 103, G 13, Emulsion, / 73-74, 84
absorption and emission by 35, 37, 127; total number 35, 48-49, 51; differentiation, Encapsulated seat, aircraft,
(quanta, photon), £ 77-78, VM known, M 126; type C 102-104, 120, G 33-34, 37-40, F152
124; energy levels of, £ 77, determined by number of 41, 42-43, 44-49; evolution Enceladus (Saturnian moon), PL
Gm 101, M 124; mass, vv 10, protons and electrons, £171, retraced by, C 103; frog, G table 193
121; and molecular bonding, M 10, 16, 38; 36; organizer effect, G 37-40; Encephalitis, 0 95, 99; death
E95, 96-97, GM 101-102, 103, transmutation of: by alpha- salamander, G 38-40; sea rate, D chart 98; Houston
M 75, 102-103, 104; orbital particle bombardment, /V urchins, G 36-37; timing epidemic of 1964, PH 107
arrangement in atom, £ 76, 151-152; Aristotelian theory, mechanisms, C 103, 104, G 37- Encephalomyelitis, PH 107
77-78, 94-95, M 124-125; M 12,15; in atom-smashers, 40, 48-49; tissue building, C Endean, Robert, D 142-143
orbital speed of, £ 95, /v 10, M 16, 148; by neutron 104-106, 120, G 44-49; Enders, John, SC/ 194
125; probability chart for bombardment, £ 146; 172, uv development of human, 8 175- Endocrine glands, 8 14, 169-176,
location of, SC/ 61; 169-171, 172; quest of 177, C 102-103, 104, 120-121, G 132-135, 139-149; in
uncertainty principle applied alchemists, V 15-16, 19, 22, G 29-35, 39, 41-49, 55, 64-68, adolescence, G 105-106, 144-
to, SC/ 61; wave theory of, V 26; through radioactive 148, 193; bone, C 102, 120,G 145; birth defects and, G 151;
126,158 decay, VM 151, 7 127, 128-129, 33-34, 35; brain, C 102, 103, brain as, 8 170,175; in
Electron micrograph, C 141 181. G 30-31, 33-34, 36; circulatory childhood, G 142-143; defined,
Electron microscope, 8 10, Cc 12- See also Isotopes; Periodic system and heart, C 102, G 6 169; feedback system, G
13, 186, 137, 140, 141, VCH table; Radioactive elements 33, 44-45; digestive system, 142, 146, 8 176; in fetus, G
150, SC/ 136; limitations of, C Elements, Euclid, VATH 46, SC/ C 102, G 33-35; eighth week, 148-149; functions of, 8 169-
14; magnification, C 132, 137 80, 86 G 33, 68, 193; eye, G 33, 36-37, 170, G 182; kinds, 8 170,G
Electron tubes. See Elements of Psychophysics, 65, 67-68; face, G 33, 65-68, 132; placenta as, 8 170, G
Photoelectric tube; Vacuum Fechner, VND 11, SH 81-82 193; fifth week, B 176, G 33, 138, 148; regulation of, 8 175-
tube Elephant: body structure, G 129; 193; first two weeks, 8 175, C 176, G 140; study of, PH 64-
Electronic box, in animal ears, SH 55-56 120, G 29-30, 42-43; fourth 65. See also Adrenal glands;
experiment, V/NVD 184 Elevated expressways, WHL 158- week, 8 176, C 103, 120, G 33, Gonads; Hormones; Ovaries;
Electronic computer. See 159 64, 193; limbs, G 38, 65-67; Pancreas; Pituitary gland;
Computer Elevated railways, WHL 146, lungs and respiratory system, Sex glands; Testes; Thyroid
Electronic music, SC/ 168, SH 94- 149, 150, 151, 152, 154 C 102, G 34, 35, 44-45; gland
95, 96; score, SC/ 168 Elevation ofstars, measuring, muscles, C 102, 104, G 33-34; Endocrine system, 8 15, 169-176;
Electronic navigation, SHP 92, SHP 153-155, 164 nervous system, C 102-103, G interaction with nervous
93, 151, 157-158, 166-167 Elevator, aircraft, £ 63, 113; 30, 33-34, 39, 46-47; ninth system, 8 169, 176
Electronic sound makers, SH activation of, F 112; early week, G 33, 55, 67; Endocrine disorders. See
7 planes, F 12, 25, 28, MCH 108; reproductive system, G 55-56; Glandular disorders
a a OEE EEE
8-The Body c-The Cell D-Drugs E-Knergy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease Lv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets SC/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
Endocrinology, 8 169, G 133 105, C 41, FN 86, 100; by reversal, 7 172; of solar
Endoderm (inner tissue layer), 8 57, 174, 182; drug for, D 195;
plants, £ 100, C 38, 48, FV 86 system, £ 68-69; of universe, EEG, HD 141; false diet for,
41, 175,177, G 48, 44; Engine(s): noise, SH chart 173, E 59-60, 68-69, 7173-174, 175. FN 155; Hippocrates on, PH
formation of, C 102-103, G 34, 178-179; noise control, SH See also Heat, loss of 11; locating brain damage in,
43; of hydra, C 114-115 174, 186-187; use of plastics Enveloping curve, sound, SH 44-45 MND 38, 181
Endolymph, SH 43 in, GM 105, 148, 169, 171. See Environment: drugs and poisons Epinephrine (adrenalin), 8 82,
Endomorph, 8 41 also Airplanes, engines; in, D 10-11; home, study of, PH 173, D 88, 89, 90, 194, Ho 11,
Endoplasmic flow, C 104 Automobiles, engines; Diesel 84-85; and mental illness, 148, 149, MND 28, 35
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), C engine; Electric motor; Fuel
13, 14, 15, 195, G 21; defined, MND 57-58, 61-62; Episome, D 99
cell; Gas-turbine engine; relationship of health and Epistemology, SC/ 52
€ 193; function of, c 18, 22; Gasoline engine; Internal- disease to, D 10-11, HD 10, Epithelial cells, 8 15, c 30, 106,
structure of, C 22 combustion engine; Jet 14-16, 17-27, maps 28-29, 53- FN 94-95; life-span, C 107
Endothermic reactions, £ 97 engines; Nuclear engine; 55, 66, 119, 153, PH 84-85; Epithelium, 8 14; defined, c 193;
Endotracheal tube, D 66 Piston engine; Reaction
Endrin, HD 104 vs. heredity, as factors in life, pigment, in eye, LV 94
engine; Rocket engines; 8 35, G 13-14, 131-132, HD 119; Epoch, defined, 7 9-10
Energy, £ (entire vol.); Rockets, engines of; Ships, in adaptation, G 178, 179-183, Epoxy, / 112; fiberglass, Gv 22;
conservation of, £ 11-12, 36, engines; Steam engine; Hi 169, 170; in congenital
60, 142, WEA 181; defined, £ resins, GM 105
Steam turbine defects, G 152-158, HD 119: in Epsilon Eridani (star), MATH 9
12; forms of, £ 13-15; kinetic Engine oil, £ 107 disease, G 131, HD 15, 88, 92,
(of motion) vs. potential (of Equations: algebraic, MATH 64-
Engine shaft, automobile, WH 119, 124, 126-128, 141, 142; in 65, 152, 153; classification of,
position), £ 10, 12,14, w82, 82-85 growth, 8 35, G 14, 85-86, 131- MATH 64-65; Cartesian, MATH
WEA 131; loss of available, £ Engineer(s), ENG (entire vol.); 138; and intelligence, G 85-
60, 64, 68-69 (see also 83; cubic (third-degree),
annual number of graduates, 86, 131, MND 126, 182-135; in MATH 64, 65, 68-69, 83;
Entropy); mass (matter) ENG 86; compared to mental illness, HD 128, MND defined, MATH 10, 63;
equivalence, £ 143-145, 7 scientist, EVG 9; general 61-62; skull patterns, G 78. differential, MATH 107, 109,
125-126, 155, 169, MATH 166, characteristics, FVG 9-10, 15; See also Adaptation, 117, 153-154, 158, Sc/ 87, 100;
170; origin of word, £ 12; of income of (1959), PH table 128; environmental formulas, MATH 65; higher-
sound, SH 14-15; storage of, number in U.S., SC/ graph Environmental Science Services degree, MATH 64-65, 83;
in fossils, £ 13, 100, 102; 31, 124; origin of term, EG Administration. See ESSA indeterminate
transfer, 7169, 170, 171, 173; 55; roster of famous, ENG 193- Enzymes, C 14, D 148-149, FY (Diophantine), MATH 66;
conversions, C 47, £ 13, 15-16, 195; shortage of, ENG 86, 98; 60, 83, G 22, 26, Gv 177; basic integral, MATH 106, 107;
60, 61, MCH 10; efficiency specialization of, ENG 9, 16, and similar in all life, P/ 137; linear (first-degree), MATH
ratios, £ 124, EVG 125, 126- 91, 94-95, 98; basic function of, 8 102, C 15, 64, 68; logarithmic, VATH 86;
129, W 148-151, WHL 55-56, education of: federal grants 38; deficiencies, and genetic multivariable, MATH 150, 158;
64; heat loss in, £ 60; from and aid, ENG 92, 94, 95; field disease, G 152, HD 121-122, non-Euclidean, MATH 157;
matter, £ 145-146, 167, work, ENG 96, 97; graduate 125; defined, C 193; digestive, nth degree, WATH 65; number
155, 171, 172-173, 177 (see also study, ENG 94-95, 97, 98; 8 14, 102, 108, c 15, FV 83, 84, of solutions, MATH 70, 152;
Fission; Fusion); into matter ? industry grants, VG 94; high G 20, 24; discovery of, 8 102; partial differential, VATH 155;
£16,145, v 155; school, ENG 88; at M.I.T., ENG food spoilage by, FN 60, 61, quadratic (second-degree),
in nature, £15, 16-27, WEA 17- 86, 87-99; in past, ENG 11, 38, 63; genetic control of, C 58- MATH 64, 65, 67, 68, 83;
33, 35-42, 131; hurricanes, 86; refresher courses, ENG 96; 59, 102, 104; hormonal quartic (fourth-degree),
WEA 35, 42; release in storms, specialization, ENG 91, 94-95, control of, 8 170; isolation of, MATH 64, 65, 69, 88, 84;
W 13-14, 47, WEA 31; use in C 58; kidney, 8 125; liver, Fv solving, MATH 64;
hydrologic cycle, w 40-41, 42, Engineering, ENG (entzre vol.); 86; number in human body, transformation of, MATH 174;
44-45; wind, WEA 57. empirical, handbook, trial- 8 102, FN 83; polymerization translation into curves, MATH
See also Chemical energy; and-error, FNVG 33, 37-39, 57, catalysts, GM 74, 75; pre-life, 83-84, 86 (see also Curves);
Electrical energy; Fuels; 77, 82; goals of, compared C 87; research, GM 121; trigonometric, MATH 85
Heat; Light; Mechanical with goals of science, ENG 9; in cell metabolism, C 38, FV Equatorial regions: and
energy; Nuclear energy; historic roots of, SC/ 78; quest 86-87, G 22-23; ATP atmospheric heat exchange,
Power sources; Radiant for efficiency, ENG 123-131; triggering, C 37, 39, 50; WEA 38-39, 40, 41, 62-63, 68,
energy; Solar energy; rise of professionalism, EVG glycolysis, C 39, 48, G 24; 69; evaporation rate at, W 39;
Thermonuclear energy 33, 86; rise of teamwork, EVG Krebs cycle, 8 104, C 39, 48; lack of weather stations, WEA
Energy and living organisms: 16, 61; use of calculus in, protein synthesis, FV 84, 87 182-183; rain, WEA map 82,
expenditure of energy, MATH 112, 149, 154. See also Eolienne, L’ (wind chariot), 87-88, 100-101; wind cell of,
human body, B table 194; food Automotive engineering; MCH 61 WEA 62-63, 68, 69-71. See also
and energy cycle, plant- Bionics engineering; EOR. See Earth Orbit Tropics
animal, C 32, 33-42, 43-51, £ Chemical engineering; Civil Rendezvous Equilibrium, body, control of,
14, 100-102, FV 86, G 24-25, engineering; Electrical Eosinophils, as a measurement MND 23, 36, 46, SH 173. See
PL 41 (see also Carbon cycle); engineering; Human factors of stress, HD 150 also Balance, sense of
reserves in muscle, engineering; Medical Ephedra sinica, D 18,195 Equilibrium, problems of
emergency summoning of, C engineering; Structural Ephedrine, D 18, 71, 195 (calculus), MATH 154
123, 127-128, 130; engineering; Systems Ephemeral plants, Vv 109 Equilibrium of Liquids,
consumption of energy: by engineering Ephemeris time, 7 104 Treatise on the, Pascal, \V 76
brain, 8 146, MND 20; by Ht EIA as a Career, ENG Epidemics, HD 9, 33, 53, 62, PH Equinoxes, WEA 12-13
muscle, & 62, C 127-128; by il 13; cholera, HD map 35, 36, ER. See Endoplasmic reticulum
nerves, 8 146; Engineering colleges, E/VG 86; 54,55, PH 108, 136; control Eratosthenes, PL 12, SC/ 80, 94,
conversions of energy: by hair computer availability, FVG of, PH 106-109, 132, 136-138, SHP 152
cells, in hearing, SH 46-47, 93; recruitment of graduates 140-141; encephalitis. Erbium, / 146
50, 57-61; by man and from, ENG 98. See also Houston (1964), PH 107; Erbium oxide, V/ 146
animals, in Krebs cycle, 6 14, Engineers, education of; infectious hepatitis, Ercker, Lazarus, / 25
104, 105, 108, C 34, 39-40, 41, Massachusetts Institute of Pascagoula, Miss. (1961), PH Erg, unit of work, £ 14
42, 48-49, £101, FN 86, G 24- Technology 107-109; influenza, HD 61, PH Ergophobia, VND table 60
26; in muscle, B 62, C 127- England. See Great Britain 109; leprosy, HD 36; malaria, Ergot, VND 156
130, 131; by plants in English Channel: ACV traffic, HD 36; measles, HD 14, 158; Ericsson, John, SHP 80, 145
photosynthesis, C 33-38, 42, WHL 181; first crossing by 19th Century urban, and Erie Canal, W125
44-47, 49, £ 100-101, FV 86, G balloon, F194, WEA 144; first early sanitation efforts, HD Erlanger, Joseph, SC/ 193
24, 25, PL 40-41; in visual crossing by plane, F 103, 123, 53-56, 58-59; plague, HD 14, Eros (asteroid), PL 135
system, LV 75-76, 78-79, 80, 125,194, MCH 108; Spanish 30, 31-34, PH 13, 16; smallpox, “Eros”’ (life instinet), VD 86
93) 940; Armada in, SHP charts 140-141 HD 37, PH 18; source detection Erosion, PL 84, 85, 99, 7 125;
production of energy: cellular, ENIAC computer, MATH 26, 60, problems, PH 107-109; sudden control, W/ 152; defined, W
man and animals, 6 14, 62, MCH 174, 195 first exposures of whole 194; dust, PL 103; glacial, W
86, 104, 105, 121, C 38-40, 48, Eniwetok Atoll, H-bomb populations, HD 18-14, 31, 38, 75-78, 86-89, 100-101;
FN 86, G 21-25; in muscle, 8 explosion, £ 173, 195 156, 158; tuberculosis, HD 58- patterns, aerial photographs,
62, C 123-124, 127-130; in Enlightenment, age of, SC/ 81-82 59; typhoid fever, PH 138; F 157, 162-163; soil depletion
plant cells, C 37, 39-40, 46- Enlil (Sumerian god), P/ 19 yellow fever, HD 34-35, PH by, FN 41;
47; “Enriched” foods, FV 63 136, 140-141 by water, W/75-84, 85-101;
sources of energy of animals, F Enriched notes, SH 14 Epidemiology, HD 53, 55, PH 106- coastal, W 78-79, 86-87, 98-
101, C 38-39, 48, FN 86; of Enterprise, U.S.S., SHP 172, 109; in medical curriculum, 101; forms of, W75, 84, 86-87,
man, & 104-105, £101, FN table 94,195 PH table 56 90-91, 100-101; rain and
11, 13, 86; of plants, £ 100- Entropy, 7 169-170, 171; billiards Epidermis, 8 37-38, C 102. See runoff, W/ 75-76, 80, 85, 90,
101, C 33, 46; experiment, 7172, 175; also Skin 92-93; rivers, W 74, 75, 80-81,
storage of energy: in ATP, B defined, £ 59, 7 169; Epigenesis, theory of, G 35, 40 82-83, 86-87, 94-97, 100-101;
62, C 21, 37, 49, 50; food, maximum, F 59, 60, 69, 7 173- Epiglottis, 6 110 underground caverns, W 79-80
humans and animals, 8 104, 174; probability of chance Epilepsy, HD 130, 140-141, MND Error theory, VATH 128, 134

143
 143, 153, 154 26, 27, 78; frog, C 151-153,
“Brrors of judgment” in vision, Euler, Ulf von, D 195 163; insects, C 163, ENG 146,
Euler-Chelpin, Hans von, SC/ 192 Exercise treadmill, FV 143
a misnomer, /\/ 147 LV 20, 21, 60, 61, SC/ 20-21;
Euler’s formula, VATH 188, 189 Exertion, physiological responses
Erysipelas, HD 58 mammals, C 162; marine life,
Erythrocytes. See Red blood cells Eumenides, G 15 to, HD 12-138, 148-149
Exhaust valve, automobile, WHL LV 20, 24-25; number in
Erythroxylon coca, D 125 Euphoriants, VND 153, 154, 158 various species, LV 20, 58;
3SB. See Electrical stimulation Euphrates River: ancient 81, 195
Exhaust velocity, rocket, VS 35, oldest fossil, /V 20; placement
of brain civilizations, W121, 122-1238;
36-37; defined, Ms 193 of, LV 10, 11, 16, 24-25, 58;
Escape velocities: from earth, delta, W 75 predators, C 152, LV 11, 16,
MS 36, 65, 175, PL 84; from Europa (Jovian moon), PL 163, Existence proof, MATH 175
Exobiology, VS 173, PL 188 22-23, 27, 58, 77; pupil
earth orbit, Ws 164; from table 193 shapes, LV 22-23; rod
moon, PL 84; from solar Europa Bridge, Brenner Pass, Exocrine glands, 8 169. See also
Mammary glands; Salivary pigment, /V 78; simple, LV 20;
system, VS 175 WHL 144-145
glands; Sebaceous glands; spiders, /V 20, 58;
Escapement, clock, WCH 34, 88, Europe, body height increase, G defects and diseases, // 59-61,
779, 81, 84, 193; anchor 86; dacal shaping of Sweat glands
Exorcism, ND 66-67 82, 90-91; astigmatism, LV
(pendulum-regulated), 7 97; landscape, W 51, 75, 77;
Exosphere, PL 43, graph 56, 57, 59, 82, 86, 194; astigmatism
escape wheel, 7 195; LeRoy inland waterways, W125,
WEA 176 . test, /V 60; cataracts, G 156,
design, 7 82-83; verge, 7 80; 163; menarche age, G 132;
Exothermic reactions, £ 9 LV 61, 194; color blindness, C
verge and foliot, 7 92, 95; railroads, integrated system,
WHL 188-189 Expanded notation (new math), 162, HD 125, LV124-125, 133,
workings of, 7 92 194; color blindness test, LV
Europium, / 147; uses of, / 147 MATH 194
Escher, William, /S 130 127; congenital, G 156, HD
Escherichia coli (bacteria), D Eustachian tubes, 8 152, SH 193; “Expander” drugs, D 91
Expansion: thermal, F 33-34, 125; cornea damage, LV 86;
94,99 in conduction hearing losses,
SH 148; function of, SH 35, 40, 55, 56; thermal, coefficient of, Down’s disease, G 154; due
Eskimos, HD 156, 172; fishing
41; infection, SH 35; surgery, £57; of water near freezing to aging, LV 59, 61, 90, 91;
methods of, FV 32; protection farsightedness (hyperopia),
from cold, HD 172, WEA 122; SH 150 point, V 81-82, W9, 11, 14,
Eustachio, Bartolommeo, VND 28-31 LV 54, 59, 82, 91, 194;
public health services for, PH
35, SH 85 Expansion and contraction theory measuring, LV 60;
134 nearsightedness (myopia), C
Esnault-Pelterie, Robert, WS 194 Euthytonon (Greek war of universe, 7174-175
machine), CH 29 Expansion steam engine, SHP 81, 162, LV 59, 82, 91, 195;
Esophagus, 8 99, 101, 110, 177,
FN 83; artificial, PH 103; in Eutrophication, W176 W150 presbyopia, /V59, 91, 195;
embryo, G 34; heartburn, 8 107 EV, energy unit, / 161 Expansion theory of universe, 7 trachoma, HD 20, 183, 186;
Esophagoscope, 8 103 Evans, Herbert M., FV 113, G 131, 174-175 see also Blindness;
Espy, James P., WEA 81, 103, 156 133, 1386 Expectorants, D 105 of humans, 8 150, 151, C 162,
ESSA (Environmental Science Evans, Oliver, EVG 12, 37, WHL Experience: effects on LV9, 11, 53-61, 82, 83-95, MND
Services Administration), WEA ll, BA Beall intelligence, MND 132-134; 38-39; adaptability of, -v 11,
157, 174; weather satellites, Evaporation, £ 56, 78-79, W role in learning, VND 105, 82; adolescent growth of, G
MS 102 38-40, WEA 39; as analytical 118-119; role in perception, 82; anatomy of, 8 154, LV 53-
Ester: in eyanoacrylic monom- method, Gl 56; annual rate MND 39 57, 59, 84-85; blind spot of, 8
er, GV 158; linkage, GM 193 of, earth surface, £ 21, W 39, Experimental Medicine, 154, LV 80, 92, 93, 194; blood
Estrogen, 8 174, 176, D 123-124, 44, WEA 82, 90; cause of, W Introduction to the Study supply to, 8 88-89; color of, B
195, G 131, 172; functions of, 40; control of, GV 175, WEA of, Bernard, HD 11 37, 38, G 131, LV 54, 56, 86;
G 144-147, 148 179; defined, W194; ener Experimental psychology, WD comparisons to camera, 8
Etévé, A., F 124 consumption in, WEA 90: Gulf 11-15, 90, SH 82 154, LV 53, 54, 55, 56, 76, 82,
Ethane, GV 53, 54, 60, 61; of Mexico, WEA 35; Halley’s Experimentation: early history, 88; dark-and-light adaptation
formula, Gl 53; molecule, GV calculation of rate of, W 38- SC/ 79-80; pragmatic vs. of, LV 77-78, 172-173, 194;
52, 62, 63 39; in hydrologic cycle, W38- systematic, SC/ 77 distance between, Lv 141,
Ethanol, D 33 39, 41, 44-47, WEA 16, 82, 90; Exploration, SC/ 94, 98. See also 143; embryonic development
Ether: anesthetic, D 51, 53, 54, from land vs. ocean, W 39; iscovery and exploration of, G 33, 36-37, 65, 67, 68;
62, 64-65, 193, PH 37, 105; latent heat of, W13, 107, WEA Explorer, H.M.S., SHP 131 energy conversions in, // 75-
bobbing toy, 76-77; boiling 39. See also Perspiration; Explorer satellites, VS 53, 77, 81, 76, 78-79, 80, 93, 94; focusing,
point, / 79; linkage, GM 193; Transpiration 105, 112-113, PL 36 LV 11, 14, 58-54, 55-58, 86, 88,
specific heat, £ 31 Evapotranspiration, W 39, 194 Explosives, £ 98, 99-100, Giv 14, 89; focusing selectivity, LV
Ether theory of transmission of Event detectors, LV 176 1, 54, 73, 75-76, 77, 138; 14, 142-148, 156-157; light-
radiant energy, £ 137, 138, Everest, Mount, PL 57 clocking detonation of, 7 118- control of, LV 53-55, 57, 58,
139, 140-141, 7 149 Evergreen Point Bridge, Seattle, 119; PETN, GM chart 137, 84, 86, 87; lubrication by tear-
Ether wind, £ 137, 138, 7 149 WHL 140 chart 139; production, ENG gland excretion, W 116;
Ethiopian race, 6 40 Evolution, C 12, 89-90, PL 54, 130, Gv 108, 110-113, 115 mobility of, 8 155,1V 14-15,
Ethyl, gasoline additive, EVG 125 176-177; auditory, SH 32-33, Exponent(s), MATH 15; law of, 52, 57-58, 59, 77; model, LV
Ethyl alcohol, D 33, Gv 138, 4 62, 64-65; basis of, C 89; MATH 85; logarithms as, MATH 52; muscular convergence, V
TA, MS 32, 41 i beginnings of, C 86, PL 39-41; 85; negative, MATH 15, 18; 158; nerve control of, 8 143,
Ethylene, GV 54, 68, 71, 132, Vv body structures, G 126-129; zero as, MATH 15 144, 147, C 160-161, LV 57-58,
110; formula, GV 138; of brain and nervous system, Exports, U.S.: food, FV 41, tables 177; placement of, Lv 11, 58,
molecule, GV 62, 63, 146; in C147, 148, 150, £Vv 198, “nD 54-55; waterborne, SHP 103- 81; precision of, /V 11;
petrochemicals production, 36, PL177; chemical, C 88; 104 protection of, 8 37, 147; range
GM 132, 134, chart 135, chart controlled, c 76, 144, FN 35- sauce e s, WHL 156, 158-159. of, LV 140; sensitivity of, E
138-139; polymerization of, 39 (see also Selective see also Highways 71-72, LV170-171, MND 34;
GM 64, 65,188, 146, 147 breeding); cultural, PL 178; External-combustion engine, unconscious movements of,
Ethylene glycol, GM 138, M73 Darwinian theory, HD 11, PL MCH 102. See also Steam IMWASES
Etruscans: arch, ENG 57; chariot, 14, 40, SC/ 53, 64, 83, 97, 106, engine muscles, 54, 57, 59, 84-85,
MCH 46; roads, ENG 66 170, 7 126-127; degree of, External ear. See Outer ear 177; of iris, LV 54, 87; of lens
Etznab (Maya god), 7 71 related to size and External oblique muscle, 8 47 (ciliary), LV 57, 58, 84, 85, 89,
Eucalyptus tree, G9 complexity of brain, C 150, Extinction, C 89, 147 194;
Euclid, /V 53, 189, MATH 18, 45- PL 177; doctrine of Extractor, GV 48 surgery: ancients, 8 11,53,
46, SC/ 80, 86, 104; proof of convergence, PL 176-177; Extrasensory perception, 8 150 61, PH 24, 32; cataract, 8 11,
Pagers theorem, MATH doctrine of divergence, PL Extrovert, VND 88 LV 61, PH 24, 32; corneal, LV
177; of eye, LV 10, 11, 16, 18- Exurbia, WHL 84, 155 86; echolocation in, SH 131-
Euclidean geometry, MATH 12, 19, 193; by mutation, Cc 76, Eye: astronomic observation BP).
45-46, 155, 158, 160, SC/ 77, 77, 89; and specialization, C by, PL 61, 64, 147; basic See also Cornea; Iris; Lens
86; axioms and postulates, 105, 108, 109-117, G 116-117, process in, /V 53; evolution of eye; Pupil; Optic nerve;
MATH 46 PL 54-55; survival, of, LV 10, 11, 16, 18-19, 193; Photoreceptors; Retina;
Eudoxus, MATH 45, PL 12; competition for, C 88. See also focusing for three- Vision
universe of, PL 22, 23 Adaptability, Adaptation dimensional vision, LV 11, 58; Eye banks, PH 103
Eugenics, G 13, 171, 173-174, HD Exact sciences, SC/ 76 ophthalmoscopic Kye remedies, ancient, D 11,
128-129 Excalibur, H.M.S., SHP 131 examination of, PH 83, 88-89, 12
Eugenol, FV 56, 57 Excretion, 8 103, 119, 124, D 92- 111; specialization, LV 10-11, Eyebolt, WCH 26
Euglena, C 26, 28-29; eyespots 93, FN 85, W 116-117; Eyeglasses, /V 44, 61; automatic
of, C11, LV 18; gracilis, C 10- roughage and, FV 155 of animals, C 162-163, LV 9, sunglasses, GM 172; bifocal,
12, 183 “Executive” diseases, HD 27, 10-11, 16, 17-29, 53, 56; beetle, LV 69, 90, 91; history of, LV
Euglenoid movement, C 28-29 88, 152 ENG 146, G 116; birds, C 152, 59-60, 91; lenses, LV 91;
Euler, Leonhard, VATH 149, 188; Exercise, HD 19; lack of, and LV10, 11, 16, 22, 23, 26, 27, number of wearers in U.S.,
calculus, MATH 107, 149; atherosclerosis, HD 88; lack 77; browsers, LV 11, 16, 58; LV 82; polaroid, LV 38, 49
definition of funetion, MATH of, and overweight, FN 129, compound, C 163, LV 20-21, Eyelashes, /V 83; animal, LV 26,
150; magic square, MATH 69; 140-141; and reducing, FV 25, 60, 61,194; euglena, C 11, 27; function of, LV 59, 82
topology, MATH 188-189 130, 181, 132, 138, 140-141, LV 18; fishes, LV 10, 22-23, 24, Eyelids, 8 37, LV 54, 83; animal,
ee a

8-The Body c-The Cell D-Drugs &-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease LV-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematies MCH-Machines MND-The Mind MS-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets SC/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 LV 26-27, 59; function of, LV U.S., FN graph 48, 54; various 60; survival value of, HD 148-
59; movement of, L58, 82 Ferro, Scipione del, WATH 68-69
countries, FV table 181 149; Watson’s innate, VND Fertility, G 108, HD 170, 174,
Eyescrew, VCH 26 Farm population: U.S., FV graph 109 175
Kyespots, LV 18, W112 48, 180; U.S.S.R. and China, Feather River, Calif., flooding,
Eyre, John L., SHP 108 Fertilization, C 56-57, G 14-15,
FN 48; various countries, FV WEA 27 29, 42, 146-147
Eysenck, Hans Jurgen, VD 193 table 181 February, 7 64, 73. See also Leap Fertilizers, FV 33, 41, 186, 187;
Farm revenue, FN 52-53 year chemical, production, £ 99-
F
Farman, Henri, F 8, 123, 124 Fechner, Gustav Theodor, L/ 100, ENG 130; organic vs.
Farmers Educational and 167, MND 11, 18, SH 80-82 synthetic, FV 152; use in U.S.,
F-1 rocket engine, /S 46-47, 137 Cooperative Union, FV 51 Fechner’s law, SH 81, 82 FN 48, graph 49; water
F-4 Phantom II (airplane), £ 96- Farming. See Agriculture Federal aid: to engineering
97
pollution by, W176
Farmington River bridge schools, ENG 92, 94, 95; to Fessaguet, Roger, FV 158, 159-
F-4D Skyray (airplane), F 186 disaster, WHL 123 farmers, FV 48; to medical 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167
F-8 Crusader (airplane ), F 61 Farmborough B.S.1 (fighter schools, PH 174; 19th Century Fessenden, Reginald A., \/CH
F-86 Sabrejet (airplane), £ 38 plane), £ 194 railroads, WHL 10, 56; 19th 195, SH 130
F-100A Super Sabre (airplane), Farnsworth, Philo Taylor, VG Century roads, WHL 103-104;
F195 Fetus, 8 168, C 120, G 55-59, 62,
10-11, 195, MCH 153, 195 transportation research and 68-74; abnormalities in (see
F-101 Voodoo (airplane), F 186 Farrére, Claude, SHP.53 demonstration projects, WHL Congenital defects;
F-102 (airplane), F 182 Farsightedness (hyperopia), LV 11, 175, 176; 20th Century Hereditary diseases); blood
F-102A Delta Dagger (airplane), 54, 59, 82, 91, 194; correction roads, WHL 104 transfusions, HD 126; breech
F182 by glasses, LV 91 Federal-Aid Road Act, WHL 104 position, G 33; changes at mo-
F-104 Starfighter (airplane), F Fascia, subcutaneous, 8 38, 39 Federal Aviation Agency, F 107, ment of birth, G 60-62; circu-
181 Fat. See Fats; Fatty acids; ete. ee 145, 146, 152, SH 179, 7 latory system of, G 60, 61-62;
F-106 Delta Dart (airplane), F Father, The (painting),MVD of dead mother, G 60; defense
181 140 Federal Department of mechanism of, C 175, D 116-
F-111 (TFX, airplane), F 60, 153, Father Time, 7 11 Agriculture, FV 48-49, 50-51 117; defined (vs. embryo), G
GM 173 Fathers, genetic role of, G 14-15 Federal Department of Housing 55, 68; heartbeat of, G 57, 92,
F-111A (airplane), F 180 Fathom, unit of length, SH? 193 and Urban Development, WHL graph 93; hiccups, G 72; hor-
FAA. See Federal Aviation Fatigue, in aircraft materials, £ 175 monal activity, G 148-149;
Agency 101-102, 106, 107; testing, F Federal Department of “lie” (position) of, G 72-73;
Fabric of the Human Body, 106 Transportation, WHL 175 lungs and respiratory system,
The, Vesalius, 8 12, 32-33, 42, Fatigue and noise, SH 174, 176 Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic G 60-61, 74; movements of, G
C125, MND 82, PH 15, SH 34 Fats, £ 100, Gv 33; in cell Act, FN 156 56-57, 71, 72; psychological
Fabricius, 8 78; anatomical metabolism, B 105, C 41, 48, eae Housing Authority, SH influences on, G 31, 92, HD
drawings of, SH 30 £101, FN 86, 155, G 19; 146; RH incompatibility, 40
Fabricius Bridge, Rome, WHL 124 chemical composition and Federal Quarantine Act of 1878, 126, 129; sex of, tests, G 55;
Fabrikoid Company, Gv 114 structure, FV 13, 15, 134, 135, PH 137 sucking, G 71-72;
Face, human: adolescent 169; digestion of, 8 103, 108, Federal Radiation Council, £ 161 development of, G 34, 55-57,
changes, G 82-83; aging of, 8 112, 113-116, FN 59, 84, 93, G Feed grains, U.S. exports, F/V 68-74; brain, G 59; digestive
34, 40; bones, B 43, 57; brain 18-19; first synthesis, GV 34; table 54 system, G 56, 74; face, G 72,
area for motor control of, formula, typical, £ 101; Feedback, M/CH 172-173, 178; 193; fifth month, G 72-73, 193;
MND 38; childhood changes, function in body, FV 13, 86, auditory, SH 62; endocrine fourth month, C 103, G 56;
G 193; future look, 100; storage in animal cells, glands, G 142, 146, 8 176; limbs, G 68-69; reproductive
predictions, 8 42; hair on, G C41, FN 86; muscle action, Cc 124 system, G 55-56; seventh
80, 108; muscles, 8 47, 61; in diet, FV 14, HD 76, 172; Feeding center, in appestat, F/V month, G 74; sixth month; G
nerve endings, & 38; prenatal animal vs. plant, FV 134-135, 129 58, 73; skeleton, C 120,G 55,
development, G 33, 65-68, 72, HD 83-84, 89; calories from, & Feeling, in Jung’s system, MVD 70-71; third month, 8 177, G
193; shape, as racial 101, FV 18, 59, HD 89; cooking 89 62, 68-71
characteristic, 8B 40 with, FV 59; sources, 8 109, Feet: arch, 8 44; bones, 8 45, Fever, D 108, 7 15; high, effect
Factorial number series, MATH D 35, FN 18, tables 19-30, 37, 57; nerve endings, 8 38; skin, on nerve tissue, 8 16;
132-133 40, table 194-195; in U.S., B37 reduction by drugs, D 13,
Factory system, beginnings of, statistics, FV 132, HD 89; Fehmarnsund Bridge, Germany, 100, 108, 121, PH 10
MCH 64, 76-77 value of, FV 59, HD 172; WHL 1385 Feynman, Richard P., SC/ 11-12,
Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel, £ excess consumption and Felloe of wheel, WH 14 189
29, 30, 38, 41 disease, FV 127, 128; arterial Fels Research Institute for the Fez, Morocco, 7 90, 91
Fahrenheit scale, £ 30, 40, 41, /V deposits, 8B 80, FV 132, 133, Study of Human Development, Fiber glass, GM 16, 19, 23, 170,
193, SC/ 56 134, HD 86, 87, 89, 149; heart G 88; growth studies of, G 90- 195; resins, GM 22
Fair, Gordon M., HD 106 disease, FN 127, 132-135, HD 101 Fibers: industry (see Textile
Fair-weather indications, WEA 25, 83-84, 88-89; Femoral artery and vein, B 49 industry); natural, G/v 12, 74,
65, 87, 154, table 167, 171 transportation in body: in Femoral nerve, 8 51 82, 89, 176, / 107 (see also
Fairbank, William M., \/ 45 bloodstream, 8 103, FV 85, Femur, 8 45, 57, 74, 75; and Cotton; Linen; Silk; Wool);
“Fairy castles,” PL 90-91 169-170; fat droplets in villi, height, 8 table 60; hip joint, man-made cellulose-based, GV
Faiyum, Egypt, irrigation, W/ 122 FN 95; in lymph, 8 84, 103, B58, 65 77-79, 82, 106; artificial silk,
Fall wind, WEA 61 116, FN 85, 94, 169, G19; MCT Fenestration, in otosclerosis, SH GM 77, 78, 89, 106; production
Falling bodies, £ 9-11. See also fats, FV 169-170; plasma and, 149, 150 processes, GM 88-97; rayon,
Free fall B 82,G19; Fennec fox, ears of, SH 63 41; GM 73, 78-79, 82, 84, 86, 88-
Fallopian tubes, D 126, G 29, 56 types of: monounsaturated, F/V weather stations, WEA 11 97,106, 107, 1 107;
Fallopio, Gabriello, SH 34-35 134, 135; polyunsaturated, FV Fenton, Roger, /V 66, 67 synthetic, GV 105, 106-107,
Fallout, atomic, £ 14,174, HD 134, 135; saturated, FN 134, FEP Teflon, G// 148 140, 176, 7 108, 112, WHL 89;
103, MV 120,177; and genetic 135, HD 83-84, 88-89. Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, Acrilan, GM 104, 152, 194;
mutation, C 75; health See also Cholesterol MATH 51 acrylic, GM 8, 16, 17, 62, 119,
hazards, 8 63, HD 105, M 188- Fatty acids, 8 103, 104-105, 113, Ferdinand II, Grand Duke of chart 137, 194; Creslan, Gv
189; strontium-90, £174, HD 115, 116, FV 98, 94, G 18-19 Tuscany, £ 29-30 152; Dacron, GM 23, 62, 195,
103, VM 130 Fatiy compounds, GV 53-54 Ferenczi, Sandor, VND 95 M 112; Dynel, GM 17; elastic,
Familial dwarfism, G 163 Fatty tissues, 8 15, 38, 39; cells, Fermat, Pierre de, MATH 128, GM 149-151; nylon, Gv 9, 20,
Family farming in U.S., FV 52-53 C101, excess, B 39, FN 128; 137,151; analytic geometry, 22-25, 59, 66-67, 98, 106-107,
Family Medical Care, Silver, functions of, 8 39; in males MATH 87; calculus, MATH 111, 108, 116-117, 142, chart 143,
PH 85 vs. females, 8 39, 195, G 107; 137, 149; probability theory, 171, Mv 107, 108, 109, 110, 112,
Famines, FV 178, G 136, HD 76, regenerative power, C 118 MATH 128-129, 137, 189, Sc/ 113,116; Orlon, Gv 9,104,
table 77. See also Malnutrition Faucet, VCH 132, 133 86 119, 194; production, GM 107,
Fantascope, LV 166 Faulkner, William, /S 130 Fermentation, D 98, HD 57, /V/ 108, 116-117, 119, 149-151,
Fantz, Robert L., £V12 Fault, in earth crust, PL 34, 48, 13; in cells, C 128 110, 114-115; raw materials,
Farad, electrical unit, £ 48 49, 58; defined, w 194 Fermi, Enrico, £ 175, 195, V 47, GM 66, 106, 107, 116, 132, 152,
Faraday, Michael, £ 48, 124, Gi Faust, Goethe, C 87 149, 186, MCH 195, MATH 174, M 112; spandex, Gu 9, 145,
125, LV175, MCH 124, 125, Faustina Madre, Empress, 7 136 SC/ 189-190; early nuclear 149-151; strength of, GV 66-
195, SC/ 152; electromagnetic Fauth Crater (lunar feature), PL 103 research, VM 169, 171, 172; first 67,78, 149-150, 7 115; uses
induction, £ 48, 123, MCH Fauvism, LV 186-187 sustained chain reaction, F of, GM 9, 17, 20, 22-25, 98,
124, 125; gas liquefaction, /V Fayism, HD 124-125 146, 167-168, 169, 7 173 107, 116, 117, V 109, 112, 116
58; mentioned, MCH 126, SC/ 152 Fayre, Donavon Lee, VCH 162 Fermium, / 149 Fibiger, Johannes, SC/ 194
Faris, R. E. L., VND 61-62 Faweett, E. W., Gi 147 Fermium 250, V 149 Fibonacci (Leonardo da Pisa),
Farm Journal (magazine), FV 50 FDA. See Food and Drug Fermium 256, decay of, 170-171 MATH 49, 67, 93
Farm land: global, distribution, Administration Ferrari, Lodovico, VATH 69 Fibonacci series, VATH 93, 94
FN map 171; global, possible Fear: of falling, WD 109, 116- Ferret, D 133 Fibrid, GV 145, 151, 153; de-
increase, FN 171, 184-185; 117; phobias, MND 59, table Ferris wheel, VCH 21 fined, Gv 194
 forecasts, W127, WEA 159; Foam rubber, GM 142, 173-174,
Fibridization, GV 151, 153 protein source, FV 13, 120, M 113; polyurethane, GM 24,
171, HD table 79, 80, 188, 189; hurricane, WEA 54-55; river,
Fibrillation, PH 151, 156 131, 142, 1 113; urethane, GM
various national diets, FV 21, W58, 97, 121-122, 123, 126,
Fibrin, coagulant, HD 89 127, 139, WEA 10, 26-27; tidal, 26, 27,174, 175
Fibrinogen, 8 82, 83, 94 27 Fo’e’sle. See Forecastle
Fibrous strength, GV 66-67, 149- Fish farming, EVG 175, FN 173 W127, 160-161;
control, W127, 152, 153, 156, Focusing, camera, LV 54, 56, 88
150 Fisher, Alan E., /NVD 177-178 Focusing of eyes, LV 11, 53-54,
Fisher, Alva J., VCH 195 160-161; ancient civilizations,
Fibula (bone), 8 45 55-58, 86, 88, 89; defective,
Fiddler crab. See Crab, fiddler Fisher, R.S., HD 155 W122, 124, 126
Floodplain, W 75, 78-79, 80, 86- LV 59-60, 86, 90, 91; for far
Field, Cyrus W., ENG 60, 61, MCH Fishing: ancient methods, FN 32,
87, 96-97, 100-101, 126-127; vision, LV 56-57, 89; for near
147 33; equipment, GM 23, 170
defined, W 194-195; Ganga vision, LV 56-57, 59, 89;
Field dependents and Fishing bats, SH 139; hunting by
River, W139; Nile, w121- selectivity in, /V 14, 142-143,
independents, LV 161 echolocation, SH 138
122 156-157; for stereoscopic
Field equations, General Fishlike hull design, SHP 33 vision, /V 11, 58
Relativity, MATH 171 Fission, atomic, £ 148, 149, 166, Floodwall, W/ 127
173, VM 169-175; chain “Flora’s Clocks,” 7 35 Fog, M 86-87, WEA 20-21, 75,
Field ion microscope, SC/ 16 178, 195; drop, M 76;
Fight-or-flight response, HD 148- reaction, F 148, 154, 167-168, Florence, Italy: Academy of
M 171, 172-173; controlled vs. Experiments, WEA 39, 142; formation of, WEA 84; ground
149, 150, MND 28, 35 fog, WEA 84, 116-117; laser-
Fighter planes, F 96-97, 194; dive uncontrolled, £ 154, 167-168, laws against decimal system,
M171; critical mass, £ 148, /V MATH 17 beam examinations, WEA
brakes, F 61; Korean War, F 173, 188; London, 1952,
38; research, F 146, 148, 153; 175; description of process, Florey, Sir Howard W., 0 97, 98,
M171, 172-173; energy 195, SC) 197 casualties, WEA 107;
supersonic, F 180-182, 186; navigation in, SH 101, SHP
weapons, F 96, 97; World War release, £ 148, 149, 156, 167, Florida: drift of, PL 58, map 59;
174-175, Vv 171, 173; first limestone caves, W/ 80 166-167; weather-map
1,79, 96, 104, 194; World
observation of, £ 146; Florida State University, C 86, symbol for, WEA table 168
War II, £88, 96, 97,195 Féhn (wind), WEA 61, 85, 111
Figure-ground phenomenon in fissionable materials, £ 148, SH 127
156, 172-173, 174; heat Flounder, eyes of, LV 22-23, 24 Fohn wall, WEA 85
art, LV 186-187, 194
“Filler” reducing pill, F/V 154 generation, £ 156, 175; origin Flour, enriched, FV 63 Fokker, Anthony, f 194
of term, V 171; part of H- Flourens, Pierre, VND 37, 38 Fokker D-VII (airplane), F 96
Film: Kapton, GM 162-163;
bomb process, £ 148, 149, Flower clock, 7 35 Fokker T-2 (airplane), F 80
Mylar, GM 119, 166-167; Folic acid, D 111, FN table 113
photochromic, GM 172, 173; 175, M 174,177; radioactive Flowers: artificial, GV 28-29;
by-products, V 130, 177, 188. blooming cycles and Foliot, clocks, VCH 34, T 92, 97,
polyester, GM 71, 166-167;
See also Nuclear reactors conditions, 7 9, 32, 34-35, 36, 193
polyethylene, Gv 68, 138,
Fitch, John, steamboat of, WCH 39; reproductive organs of, G Folium curve, Descartes, VATH
113; polyamide, GM 162-163;
polypropylene, GV 140; 59, 70, 198, SHP 76, 77 12-13 8h
Fitzgerald, G.F., £ 139 Flowmeter, uses of, /V 66-67 Folkers, Karl, 0 195
saran, GM 62, V 113; silicone,
Fitzgerald contraction, £ 139, 142 Flu, drug research, GV 120. See Follicle-stimulating hormone,
GM 164-165; vinyl, M 113. See (FSH), 8175-176, G 144-145,
also Cellophane; Fix, getting a, SHP 162-165. See also Influenza
Photographic film also Bearings, taking Fludd, Robert, view of mind, 146, 147
“Fixed air,” GV 32, 41 MND 11 Follicles, maturation, G 146-147
Findeisen, Walter, WEA 88
pnget Lakes, N.Y., origin of, W Fixed-point theorem, MATH 190 Fluke, D 110 Folling, Asbjern, G 152, HD 121
Fixed pulley, MCH 22, 23 Fluorescence, £ 70; uranium Fond-Parisien, Haiti, nutritional
Finger piers, New York, SHP 74, Flagella, C 29, 123, 130, 193, w compounds, £ 74 education project in, FV 174-
112 Fluorescent light, £ 77, LV 99, lito)
Fingerprint, 8 36, G 115; basic Flagstaff, Ariz.: Astrogeology 106, 107,174, M 144, 145 Fontana, Domenico, ENG 57
types, B 36-37 Branch of U.S. Geological Fluoridation (of water), £ 97, Fontana, Francesco, drawings by:
Fingers: arthritis, 8 64, HD 94- Survey at, PL 106-107; 142, w193 e of Mars, PL 133; of moon, PL
95; extra, G 151-152, 154; Lowell’s Observatory at, WS Fluorinated acid, in synthetic 85
motor control of, MND 22-23, 153, PL173 coatings, GV 148-149 Fontana, Nicolo. See Tartaglia
26, 38; prenatal development, Flame test, V 31 Fluorine, G// 146, / 36, 142, Food, FN (entire vol.), HD 75-84;
G 33, 67, 73; sensitivity of Flamingos, body structure of, G 143, 145; body need for, FV composition of familiar kinds
tips, 8 156, C 157; tip 128 15; in bone, 8 63; discovery of, FN table 194-195; as energy
protection, 8 37. See also Flanged wheel, WH 31, 62, 63 of, D 28; liquid, in space fuels, source, 8 104-105, £9, 14, 15,
Nails Flap lever, F 112 E97, M 60, MS 86, 45; 93, 101, C 38-89, 48, FN table
Finsen, Niels, SC/ 194 Flaps, wing, f 54-55, 62, 113 reactivity of, £ 97, Gv 145- 11, 13, 86; “enriched,” FV 63;
Fior, Antonio, MATH 69 Flash distillation, W/ 172, 173, 146 essential nutrients, 8 109, FN
Fire: Aristotle’s concept of, GV 186, 187; plant, W 186-187 Fluorine-silicone, exobiological 10-11, 13-15, G 18-19, HD 76
31, VM 12, 13; Lavoisier and, Flash flood, W126, WEA 26 life basis, VS 173 (see also Carbohydrates; Fats;
FN 12, M 33, phlogiston Flatcar, railroad freight, WHL 68, Fluoroacetic acid, D 148 Minerals; Proteins;
theory, GM 41, M 31, 32-33; 172, 184-185 Fluorocarbon, GV 9, 145-149, Vitamins); and growth, G 135-
primitive man, FN chart 34, Flatworm, memory experiments 171, v 116; defined, Gu 195; 136, 138, 188-189, HD 75-76,
58, MCH 11, 711. See also with, C 155 exobiological life basis, WS 78; myths about, FV 149, 156,
Combustion; Oxidation Flax, GV 86; cellulose content 173; gases, GM 146-147, 148; HD 22; origin of various kinds
Fire-bellied toad, eye of, of, GM 74 rubber, GV 149; uses of, GV of, FN map 198; pesticide
LV 23 Flecha de Buenos Aires, H.S., 146, MCH 142 residues in, HD 104; raw, FIV
Fire extinguishers, GV 36, 146 SHP 113 Fluoroscope, HD 106, / 183 59; transportation, EVG 173,
Firebird III (experimental car), Fleming, Sir Alexander, D 96-97, Fluorspar, as raw material, / 112 FN 65-67; water content of,
MCH 115 193, 194, PH 195, SC/ 52, 194 “Flyball governor,” speed control FN table 194-195, W106, 115;
Fireproofing: ocean liner, SHP Fleming, John Ambrose, CH device, VCH 178, 179 of future, £VG 171, 175-176,
96-97; synthetics, Gi 154 150, Sc/ 146 Flyer, Wright brothers, 15-16, 178, FN 173-174; algae, C 41,
Fireside phonograph, SH 107 Fleming, Philip B., SH? 103 17, 26-27, 37, 78, 102 £ 23, ENG 175, GM 175, HD 79;
Fireworks, £ 92 Fletcher, Harvey, SH 99 Flying bicycle, MCH 70 synthetic, FV 174, Gv 175,
First Men in the Moon, The, Fletcher, Horace, FV 151, 152 Flying buttress, EVG 57, 58, 72, 177, HD 79-80;
Wells, MS 12, PL 90, 92 Fletcherism, F/ 151, 152 73 ingestion of, 8 101, 170-111,
First transition metals, V 127, Flexibility: of plastics, causes Flying Cloud (clipper), SHP 30, 160, C 11, 15; by amoeba, C
131-133 of, GM 64, 65, 68-69, 71, 105, 195 24-25; by hydra, C 114-115;
es Tay bridge disaster, WHL 157; of synthetic rubber, GV Flying fish, F 40 preservation: beginnings of,
12 70,131 Flying Fish (clipper), SHP 30 FN 33, 57, 61; methods, FIV
Fischer, David, EVG 152 Flexner, Abraham, PH 54 “Flying gnats” in vitreous, // 61 57-58, 60-63, 76, 78;
Fischer, Hans, SC/ 192 Flexner, Simon, C 188, 190 Flying lizard, F 40 preservatives, FN 56, 57, 63,
Fischer, Hermann Emil, D 194, Flexner Report, PH'54, 55 Flying objects: Aristotelian Gm 119, 175, 185;
GM 103, SC/ 191 Flight. See Aeronautics concept of motion of, ENG 9; processing: controls, HD 14, PH
Fish(es): auditory evolution of, Flight Dynamics Laboratory, force of, ENG 11 107; history of, FV 57-63;
SH 32-33; body structure of, USAF, F145, 152-153, 154 Flying shuttle, invention of, VCH industrial, FN 64, 65-79 (see
G 126; eyelids, LV 26, 27; eyes Flight strips, £ 137 13; 57, 65, 193 also Food industry); see also
and vision of, LV 10, 22-23, Flinders, Matthew, SHP 156 Flying squirrel, F 40, 41; eyes Cooking;
24, 56, 60, 78; hearing organs Flintlock firearm, invention of, of, LV 28 production, F/V 33-42, 43-19,
of, SH 68-69, 128; lateral line MCH 193 Flying train, ENG 182-183 table 180-181; beginnings of,
of, SH 66; sensitivity to Float valve, automobile, WH 195 ping wing,” Junker design, F FN 33-38, chart 34; and world
electrical changes, ENG 145; Floating Instrument Platform population growth, FV 171,
water content of, W115; (FLIP), SHP 171 Flywheel, VCH 56, 102, 103, w 175, 176, 179, graph 190; see
water pollution and, HD 103- Floating pontoon bridges, WHL 148, WHL 84, 81, 82, 195 also Agriculture;
104, W176; 140-141 FM radio: frequency, 7 102; spoilage, FV 57; by enzymes,
in diet: digestibility, F 59; Flocculation, W184 invention of, MCH 195 FN 60; by microorganisms, FIV
misconception about, FN 152; Flood: annual, defined, w 194; Foa, Joseph V., ENG 182,183 60-61; prevention of, FV 57-

8-The Body c-The Cell D-Drugs &£-Energy ENG-The Engineer F- Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GmM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease LV-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sci-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships 7-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 58, 60-63, 76, 78; 154-155; in infants, /V 12 Fraunhofer, Joseph von, LV 169
poe beginnings of, FV 33, 95, 158; vs. Jung, MVD 88-89;
Formaldehyde, G/V 13, 80, 81, Freckles, B 38 and religion, MND 101, 102:
57, 61; methods FN 61-63. 185; formula, Gv 81; Fred Leach (Civil War
See also Calories, in food; self-analysis of, VND 93; visit
molecule, GV 80 locomotive), WHL 47
Diet; Digestion; to U.S., MND 95; writings of,
Forman, Hugh, ENG 152 Free-association technique MND 18, 82, 83, 95, 96, 101,
Malnutrition; Nutrients; Formulas, expression of scientific (psychiatry), MVD 84-85, 95
Nutrition; and individual foods 102
laws by, SC/ 55 Free fall: equation, MATH 109- Freudian theory, VO 81, 82-86,
Food additives: for nutritional Forrestal, James T., 7S 55-56 110; measuring, MATH 110.
value, FN 63 (see also Dietary 90; dream interpretation,
Forssmann, Werner, 8 85, SC/ See also Falling bodies MND 85; emphasis on
supplements); for 194 “Free-floating” anxiety, MND 58
preservation, FN 63, Gv 119, emotions vs. intellect, WD
Fort Peck, Mont., dam Free-piston engine, WH 183 83-84; emphasis on role of
185 construction, W144 Freeboard requirements, SHP 14
Food and Drug Administration sex, MND 81, 83, 85-86, 87,
Fortresses: Inca, ENG 62, 70-71; Freed, Paul, EVG 153 89, 95; infantile sexuality,
(FDA), D 42, 129, 150, 153, Fv medieval, ENG 57-58 Freeport, Texas, desalination
139, 156-157, G 157 83, 85, 93; instincts, MND 85-
Fortune-tellers, 7 186-187 plant, W 186-187, 188 86; libido, VND 85-86;
Food fads, FV 149-157; dangers Fossil fuels, £ 13, 102; resources, Freezing: desalination by, W
of, FV 149-150, 155; health modifications of, VND 81, 87-
E176, table 193 172, 188, 189; expansion of 90; neuroses, MND 82-85;
foods, FN 148, 151, 152-153; Fossils, PL 41, 7 123, 124, 126; water at, V 81-82, w9, 11, neurotic defense
quackery, FV 155-157; Archaeopteryx, F 46-47; dating 14-15, 28, 30-31; of food, FV mechanisms, VND 84;
reducing, FN 153-155; of, T 127, 129-130, 140; of early 57, 62, 63, 76; release of opinion on its scientific
vegetarianism, FN 150-151, cells, C 89; of eye, oldest, LV latent heat at, £ 32, w 12-13 validity, VND 81-82, 90;
152 20; marine animals, 7 178- Freight: containerization, SHP personality components,
Food for Peace program, FV 182- 179; skeletal, 8 58-59 102, 107, 108-109, 178, WHL MND 86; public reaction to,
183 Foster, Roger, PH 76-77 11, 172, 184-185; dockside MND 87, 89, 101; repression,
Oey gatherers, D 33, FN 33, 34, Fou Wah Weaving Mills, Hong handling, SHP 107-110; and personality changes,
Kong, MCH 86-87 foodstuffs, FN 65-67; MND 83-84, 85; the
Food industry, FV 64, 65-79, GV Fougére, William, FV 174-175 horsedrawn, WHL 15; rates, unconscious, MND 81, 83-85
175, 177, MCH 14; automation, 4-4-0 (American) type steam railroad vs. truck, WHL 85; 86, 90
MCH 178, 177, 184-187; locomotive, WHL 44-45, 47, 54- rates, shipping, SHP 107-108. Freund, H.R., VCH 195
controls, HD 14, PH 107; early 55, 56 See also Air transportation, Friaglia, Leo, VCH 158-159
mass-production techniques, 4-H Clubs, FV 51 freight; Cargo planes; Cargo Friction: atmospheric, in
MCH 78, 82 4-6-2 (Pacific) type steam ships; Railroads, freight; reentry of space ships, VS 96;
Food supplements. See Dietary locomotive, WHL 49, 55 Trucks between atmosphere and
supplements Four-stroke engine, /CH 66, Freight locomotives, WHL 44-45, earth surface, WEA 62-63,
Foot. See Feet 102, 103, 194, WHL 80-81 48-19, 55, 60,61, 64-65 174, 175; energy loss due to,
Foot candle, unit of light, /V 169 Fourier, Jean Baptiste, SH 13 Freight yards, railroad, WHL 59, F 11, 64-65, 66; generation of
Footplate, in ear, SH 151 Fourneyron, Benoit, /CH 67, 69, 74-75, 170-171 electric charge by, £ 118, 119;
Foramen ovale, G 60, 61, 62 129,194 Frelinghuysen, Theodore, /CH heat generation, F 13, 35-36,
Foramens, 843 - Fovea, 8 154, C 160, 161, LV 76- 37-88, 42, 43; hull-water, in
Foraminifers, C 30-31 77, 81, 84, 92, 98, 94, 171, French, Anthony, ENG 88-89 shipping, SHP 33-34, 43, 173;
Force (physics): 194; tissue test, LV 135 be a Academy ofSciences, & rolling vs. sliding, WHL 12, 13
electromagnetic, SC/ 64, 65, Fowler, William A., 7131 Friction drag, F 55-56; reduction
72; measurement of, £ 10-11; Fox, Daniel W., Gi/ 156 French cooking, FV 158, 162- of, F 56, 60
Newton’s definition, MATH Fox, Renée, PH 57 165, 166 Frictional-saw noise, control of,
106; strong (nuclear), £ 174, Fox, ear of, SH 63 French horn, SH 94 SH 187
M 155-156, 170-171, MATH Foxglove, 8 82, D 78, 79. See Freon gases, GV 146 Frisch, Otto, £ 146, 195, 1v 170-
106, SC/ 64-65, 72; unit of, £ also Digitalis Frequency: measurement, 7 Ale
14; vector analysis of, MATH Fractions, decimal, MATH 15, 17- 102; relationship to Fritz, John, EVG 37-38, 39
152-153 wavelength, /V 36, SH 13; Frog, C 18; auditory evolution
oe pump, water-raising, CH Fractures, bone, 8 59-60; old electric current, 7 102-103; of, SH 33; DNA strand, length
setting devices, 8 57; sports atomic clocks, 7 106-107; of, C 61; ears of, SH 70-71;
Forceps, sonar-equipped, SH 130 accidents, B 58-59 radio and TV, SH 14, 7 102; embryonic development, C
“Forces of Inorganic Nature, SABE On, Hippocrates, 8 drifting, 7103-104; 101-102, G 36; hearing range
Remarks on the,” Mayer, £ 36 of sound: in binaural location, of, SH chart 194-195; lateral
Ford, Henry, EVG 123, 193, 195, Fragments of Ancient SH 102, 104-105; defined, SH line in, SH 66-67;
MCH 16, 77, 83-84, 104; his Shipwrightry, Baker, SHP 32, 12, 193; in Doppler effect, SH metamorphosis, G 50, 175;
first car, VCH 104, 105 33 29; harmonic, SH 13-14; high nervous system of, C 26, 154;
Ford Foundation, HD 190, Sc/ 129 Framingham, Mass., study of vs. low, binaural ratio, SH 102; regenerative powers, G 174;
Ford Model T, EVG 123, MCH 74, arterial diseases, FV 134-135 high vs. low, and sound sound waves from, SH 45,
83, 84, 89, 104-105, WHL 92; France, S.S., SHP 74, 84, 85- absorption, SH 175; human chart 194-195; visual system
transmission, WHL 84 101,176 hearing, SH 14, 44-45, 55, chart of, C 151-1538, £V 171, 175-176;
Ford Motor Company, ENG 17- France: diet, FV 16, 28-29; first 194-195; human hearing water content of, W115;
31, WHL 79; annual A-bomb of, £ 195; food losses, SH 14, 147, 153; Wied’s, eyelids of, LV 26
production figure, EVG 29; production in, FN table 180- irritating sounds, SH 172; From the Earth to the Moon,
assembly lines, WCH 74, 76, 181; fuel resources, £ 193; mixed, SH 12-13; musical Verne, MS 11-12, 28-29
83-84; Big Red truck of, WHL mistral of, WEA 61; rail notes, SH 12; notes of middle Fromm, Erich, VND 89
182-183; ear prices, 1920 vs. passenger service in, WHL octave (piano), SH chart 81; Front (meteorology): cold vs.
1965, WHL graph 92; Levacar 188-189; tipeart, WHL 26, 27 pitch, SH 12, 77-78; range of, warm, WEA 86; cyclone
of, WHL 176; Mustang, ENG Francescatti, Zino, SH 92 in animal hearing and development at, WEA 136;
16, 17, 28-31; number of Francis, James B., WCH 194 sounds, SH chart 194-195; defined, WEA 86, 136; tracking
workers, ENG 29; recent Francium, V/ 36, 37, 128, 129; recorded sound, SH 14; of movement of, WEA 169,
model, WHL 93 radioactivity, V graph 129 resonant, SH 16; in sonar, SH 188; types of, WEA table 168;
Ford V-8 engine, ENG 20-21 Franck, James, SC/ 189 130; unit of measurement, SH weather activity, WEA 86-87,
Fore-and-aft (nautical term), Frank, Ilja, SC/ 190 193, 194 94-97; weather-map symbols
defined, SHP 193 Frankfurt, Germany, subways, Fresh water, percentage of total for, WEA table 168
Fore-and-aft rig, SHP 55, 59, 64, WHL 154 water, WV 37, table 38 Front axle, swiveling,
67, 70. See also Lateen rig Frankland, Sir Edward, GV 52 Freud, Amalia, VND 93, 98 introduction of, WHL 14, 25
Fore-and-aft rigged schooner, Franklin, Benjamin, SC/ 120, Freud, Anna, ND 89, 99, 102 Frontal bone, 8 43
SHP 53, 62 125, 126; bifocals, Lv 60, 90; Freud, Jakob, VND 93 Frontal lobe, 7 14
Forearm, as lever, VCH 19 fluid theory of electricity, F Freud, Martha Bernays, VD Frontal lobotomy, VND 63,
Forecastle, ships: defined, SHP 118-119; I.Q. of, MVD 126; kite 92, 96, 98, 99, 102 714
193; origin of term, SHP 59 experiment of, £ 116,119, 7 Freud, Sigmund, HD 145, MND Frontal thunderstorm, WEA 87,
Forehead, cross section, MND 21 116, WEA 127; magic square, 13, 81-87, 90, 91-103, 1386, PH 94,95
Foreign-body reaction, G 32-33 MATH 69; meteorological 195, SC/ 83, 170; vs. Adler, Frontalis muscle, 8 47
Foresight, development of, 7 11 studies, WEA 134-135, 155; MND 87; biographical data, Frost, WEA 20, 21, 82, 83, 85.
Forgash, Morris, WHL 172 quoted, £ 124, cH 11, 81, T MND 82, 92, 98, 102; and See also Freezing
Forlanini, Enrico, SHP 174 74, WEA 134-135; mentioned, Breuer, MND 82-83, 95; and Frost, Edwin and Gilman,
Form drag (aerodynamics), F 55, GM 43 Charcot, MND 82, 94, 95; M 183
57; and streamlining, F 57, Franklin, George, ENG 85 develops psychoanalytic Frost prevention, WEA 124, 125
60 Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, system, MND 83-86, 95 (see Froude, William, SHP 32-34, 40,
“Form follows function,” ENG 148 also Freudian theory); free- Tel ove MB)
concept, SC/ 167 Fraternal twins, G 57, 131; association technique of, Fruit and truck crops, U.S., FV
Form perception, visual, /V 139, successful kidney transplant, MND 84-85, 95; hypnosis and map 47
141, 143, 144, 145, 152-153, C174 catharsis used, VND 82-83, Fruits, FV 152; digestibility of,

147
 MS 9, 10, PL 61-62, 71, 84; molecules, £ 53;
FN 58; discoloration of peeled, Furniture design, EVG 148, 155,
thermoscope of, £ 29, 30, 41, condensation, M 79; critical
FN 60; domestication of, FV 158-159
WEA 87, 142; quoted, Ms 147, temperatures, M table 58, 59;
35; processing, FN 68-69, 73; Fusee, 7 94,95 diatomic molecules, V 58; as
source of carbohydrates, FV Fuselage, airplane: PL 62; mentioned, F 28, 31,
32, 48, MATH 11, 81, MND Y, fuel (see Cooking gas; Natural
13; source of vitamin C, FV pressurization, F 101-102, gas); ionization of, /V 121,
25, 30, 104, 105, HD 80, 81; 106; strap device, F 107; 10, SC/ 52, WEA 39
Gall, Franz Joseph, VND 37 176, WEA 113; liquefaction of,
U.S. exports of, FN table 55; structural failure of, F 101- M 58-60, 62, 68; liquid, uses
in various national diets, FV 102, 106, 107; testing, F 106- Gallaudet College for the Deaf,
SH 144, 168-169 of, M 60, 62, 63-67, 68, 69-71
1G) OL, CR Sy PAT PM GAD 107; (see also Cryogenics);
water content of, W115 design, F 60-61, 104-105, MCH Gallbladder, 8 53, PH 105
Gallbladder operation, PH 104- molecular motion and
Frying, FV 58 109; area rule, F graph 182,
106; cost of, PH 170, table 172 behavior, £ 52-55, / 51, 52,
FSH. See Follicle-stimulating 183; hot-monocoque, Ff 149-
Galle, Johann Gottfried, PL 172 74: origin of word, MV 51, 55;
hormone 150, 151; hypersonic flight, F
Galleasse (vessel), SHP 138, “permanent,” / 58; pressure,
Fudge, calorie content of, F/V table 148, 149-150, 151; M 52, 58, 54-55; temperature-
ili monocoque, F 104, 105; 139,194
Galleon (vessel), SHP 33, 141, pressure-volume
Fuel: alcohol, £ 97, 99, 100, MV stressed-skin (semimono-
194 relationships, £ 33, 52-53, 54,
64, MS 32-33, 36, 41; chemi- coque), F 104-105; supersonic
Galley (vessel), VCH 48-49, SHP 55, M 51-52, 55, 56, SC/ 55-56;
cal, £ 100; diesel, € 99, 115, flight, F 169, 182, 183, 186-187
76, 136-139,
140, 194 thermal expansion, and rise
MCH 105, SHP 129-130, WHL Fusion, atomic, £ 148, 149, 173,
Gallimard, J. E., MATH 11 of, £ 33, 50; vapor, M 78-79;
60-61, 64; economic use of, 174-175, 186; description of
Gallium, // 37, 138; uses of, MV history ofstudy of, £ 52-53,
ENG 124-130; in electric pow- process, M 173, 176-177;
106, 138 GM 40-43, M 52-59; Black, Gu
er production, ENG 126-128, energy release, £ 148, 173,
Galloping Gertie (Tacoma 32, 40-41, 43; Priestley, GM
MCH 130; evaporation-resis- 174-175, M 173,177; in
H-bomb, / 142, 174, 177; Narrows Bridge), WHL 130 32, 42, 43;
tant, F 91; fossil (organic), £ laws of: Boyle, £ 52-53, 55, /V
13, 100, 102, 176; gasoline, £ materials, \/ 177; problem of Gallstones, PH 104-105
controlling, £ 176, 186-187, Galois, Evariste, MATH 172,173 56, WEA 130, 131; Charles
94, 99, 114-115, ENG 21, 124- (Gay-Lussac), £ 33, 53, WEA
125, M738, 75, 189, Ms 32, 41, 44-45, 168, 177, 178, 179; in Galton, Francis, HD 128-129
sun, F 16, 69, 145-146, 175, uv Galvani, Luigi, “animal 130, 131; Dalton (Law of
SHP 128-129; heat output of Partial Pressures), WEA 130-
various kinds, £ 94, FN table 175, 176-177; temperature electricity’ experiment of, £
required, £ 148, 175, 186, uv 118, 119-120, MCH 124, SH 59- 131; General, WEA 130;
11; high-yield, F 94; hydrogen physical properties, / 51-52;
peroxide, MS 32, SHP 130-131; 178 60
Fusion effect, binaural hearing, Galvanization, VCH 124 diffusability, // 51; fluidity,
jet, £115, F 83, 84, 148-149,
SH 104 Galvanometer, £ 47; mirror, ENG 52; shapelessness, VV 51;
MCH 109; kerosene, £ 94, 106, springiness, V 51, 52.
115, v 64, MCH 109, MS 36, Fuss, William, GV 28 60-61
Fust, Johann, VCH 35 Galveston, Texas, 1900 See also Air; Inert gases;
45, 46, 137; liquid hydrogen,
Future: efforts to foresee, 7 186- hurricane, WEA 54 Steam; Water vapor
F 148-149, /v 60, 64, MS 36,
45, 47, 64, 161; liquid oxygen 187; planning for, 7 10-11, 12- Gambling and games, VATH 135- Gas-cloud theories of origin of
(lox) as oxidizer, M59, 60, 13 137,140, 7170; billiards, 7 solar system, C 90, PL 26, 30,
62, 64-65, MS 33, 40, 41, 44- Future of Cities, The, Perkins, 170-171, 172, 175; bridge and 35, 44, 175, w 34; Hoyle-
47,64, 137; methylacetylene, WHL 155 poker hands, number of Alfvén hypothesis, P/ 30-31;
GM 63; nuclear, £ 154, 156, Future Physicians Clubs, 8 180, possible, MATH 132-133, 139; Kant-Laplace hypothesis, PL
181 bridge and poker hands, odds 26-27, 28
159, 171-173, 176, 193, ENG
126-127, MV 174, MS 37, 160- for, MATH 138-139; dice Gas-turbine engine: aircraft, F
probability, MATH 181, 141; 82; automobile, MVCH 195;
161, SHP 1831- 132, 172; source G railroad, WHL 175; trucks,
of chemical energy, £ 15, 93; probability laws applied,
world consumption, £ 176; Gaddum, John, 0 195 MATH 11, 128-129, 131, 1382- ENG 21, WHL 178, 182-183
worldwide resources, £ 176, Gadolinium, / 147 BS EY BY ral re ALi) Gaseous-core reactor, VS 160
table 193. See also Airplanes, Gagarin, Yuri, VS 80, 88 Game theory, VATH 54, 170, 175- Gaseous diffusion process, £ 171,
fuels; Coal; Natural gas; Oil; Gagarinite, / 147 176 172, M174
Rockets, fuels; Ships, fuels; Gaillard, Peter, WCH 194 Gamma globulin, 8 94, G 156; Gaseous state of matter, £ 56,
Wood Galambos, Robert, SH 124 production, D 178-179 9, 29,51. See also Gas
Fuel cell, VG 174-175, Gi 169, Galaxies, /S 168, PL 184-185, T Gamma rays, £ 14, 75, 145, wu Gasoline, V 73, 75, 139;
174, WHL 183 142-143; dark-line spectra, 7 155, 188, PL 61, 66; defined, additives, GM chart 139; in
Fuel-flow system, jetliner, f 120 142; defined, M/S 193; MS 198; discovery of, 122; fuel cells, ENG 175; heat
Fuel gauges, marking of, VG 147 movement of, 7 131, 142, 174, in electromagnetic spectrum, output, £ 94; high-octane,
Fuel line, automobile, WHL 195 175; number of, PL 184; origin E 74-75, LV 38, 98, PL 66; testing of, ENG 21; no-knock
Fuel pump, in rocket, VS 40, 66 of, 7131; planets in, PL 176, nature of, £ 75; particle high-test, development of,
Fulcrum, VCH 9, 19 184; radio telescope studies theory, £ 76-77; penetrative ENG 123-126; production, &
Full-rigged ships, SHP 54, 59, 60- of, PL 75; “red shift,” 7131, power of, V 120, 122; source 99, 114-115, GM chart 134-135;
61, 70-71, 194; defined, SHP 142, 175; space travel to, VS of, £ 75; use in pest control, as rocket fuel, WS 32, 41
193; evolution of, SHP 57-59 165-167 E 164-165; velocity of, PL 61; Gasoline engine, £ 13, 14, 33,
Fuller, Buckminster, WATH Gale, Leonard, VCH 71 wavelength of, PL 61, 66 93; aircraft, F 77-82, MCH
102 Gale, wind speed, WEA table 164 Se George, £ 194, SC/ 13- 107, 108; automobile, ENG 20-
Fuller, Calvin S., VCH 195 Galen, 8 11-12, PH 12, 21; 21, MCH 108-105, WHL 79-82,
Fully submerged hydrofoil, SH? anatomy, 8 11, 23, PH 12, 14- Gandhi Eye Hospital, Aligarh, 194-195; vs. diesel engine,
173,174 15, 21; blood concept, 8 11, India, HD 183 MCH 105, WHL 81; efficiency,
Fulminates, GV 35 77-18, PH 12-13, 21, 27; Ganga Canal, W map 131 £124; submarines, SHP 128-
Fulton, Robert, EVG 40, VCH 59, dissections by, PH 12, SH 34; Ganga (Ganges) River, W/ 128, 129; trucks, WHL 81, 183. See
70, 194, SHP 76-77, 78, 79, lasting influence of, 8 16, 23, 129-141, map 131 also Internal-combustion
126 24, 32, PH 14-15, 22; Gangetic Plain, W map 131, 138- engine; Piston engine
Fumarea (mist), WEA 61 neurology, 8 11, MND 32, PH 139, 140 Gasser, Herbert, SC/ 193
Fumarole, W 48, 49 21, SH 34; pharmacology, PH Ganglion cells, 8 149, D 88, MND Gastric juices, 8 102, 110, 112,
Functionalism, SC/ 167 13; and prescription symbol, 26, 27; in retina, LV 76, 80, 94, FN 83, SH 173
Functions: algebraic, VATH 86, 8 10; writings of, B 11, 24, PH 125, 175-176, 194 Gastrocnemius (muscle), 8 47
149; caleulus, MATH 106, 117; 12; mentioned, 8B 25, PH 28 Gangotri Glacier, W/128, 130-131 Gastroenteritis, HD 186
of complex variables, VATH Galena, flotation of, V 96 Gangrene, HD 57, 87 Gastrointestinal disease, HD 22,
153; defined, MATH 86; Galenical drugs, D 28 Ganja, D 56 152. See also Digestive
Euler’s definition, WATH 150; Galileo Galilei, V 31, PL 62, 118, Ganswindt, Hermann, V/s 194 system, disorders of
higher mathematics, VATH SCI 88, 98, WEA 129; and Ganymede (Jovian moon), VS Gastrointestinal tract, 8 100,
149; logarithmic, MATH 86, Church, / 31, PL 14; 152, PL 163, table 193 101, 109-117
149; theory of, SC/ 87, 100; commemorative stamp, F 30; Garbage disposer: invention of, Gastroscope, 8 103
trigonometric, MATH 86, 149 free fall, £10, MATH 109-110, MCH 195; noise, SH 174 Gastrostomy, 8 105
Fundamental numbers, SC/ 56 SC/ 58, 81, 86, 88, 7146; I.Q. Garcin, Marie, PH 177 Gathman, Louis, WEA 103
Fundamental tone: harmonics of, MND 127; Jovian moons Garden, synthetic, GV 28-29 Gato-class submarine, SHP 132
of, SH 13; string’s, SH 14 discovered by, MS 9, PL 163, Gardner, Wallace J., SH 177 Gauguin, Paul, WD 146
Fungicides, F/V 41, 187 193; manuscript by, PL 152; Garfield, James A., WHL 54 Gauss, Karl Friedrich, ATH
Funicular hoist, CH 23 pendulum studies, MCH 33, Garfield, Sidney, PH 129-130 150-151, 155-156, 158, 159,
Funk, Casimir, F/V 14 SCI 54, T 12, 80, 97; study of Garfinkel, David, C 42 160, 163, SC/ 86; complex
Funnel ailerons, SHP 86, 88-89 gases, M 58, 54, MCH 53; Garland, Judy, C 67 numbers and vector analysis,
“Funny bone.”’ See Ulnar nerve study of motion, 8 78, £ 9-10, Garrod, Archibald, HD 120-121 MATH 152-153; curved space
Fur, growing point of, G 10 MATH 109-110, SC/ 56, T 146- Garry Owen, the, SHP-78 concept, MATH 151-152, 155;
Furnace, oil, WCH 138-139; fuel, 147; telescopes of, LV 32, MS Gas(es), MV 51-60; in fundamental theorem of
£115; thermostat, VCH 138, 9, PL 60, 61, SC/ 40, 93, 128; atmosphere, origin of, £ 25; algebra, MATH 70, 152;
IBS. Tees 1G) telescopic observations of, Avogadro’s number of probability theory, VATH

8-The Body c-The Cell &-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease Lv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 134, 160; surface curvature, 11, 52, HD 119, 142; and defined, W195
MATH 157; tools of, MATH 160- Girlin the Moon, The (movie),
hormones, G 52, 131, HD 130; Geophysics, SC/ 95, 100, 101, 120 MS 16
162; mentioned, MATH 47, 165 location of, C 57-58; number George III, King of England, P/
Gauss, unit, MATH 150 Girls: adolescent problems, G
of, in man, HD 119; structural 172; State Coach of, WHL 28- 108-114; behavioral patterns,
Gaussian curvature, MATH 157 determination of character 29
Gautier, Theophile, 0 57 G 95, 108; growth rates, G 82-
of, C 61, 70; terminology, HD George Washington, U.S.S., 83; growth termination, G 83,
Gavin, Joseph G., Jr., EVG 80, 81 121; units of inheritance, C SHP 133-134; model tests,
Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, £ 33, 145; intelligence of, G 97:
57-58, 102, HD 119. See also SHP 48-19 malnutrition in, G 136:
39, 53, GM 35, M 58 WEA 130 Heredity George Washington Bridge,
Geared wheel, MWCH 12, 27, 33, physical advantages over
Genetic adaptation, G 179-181, Hudson River, EVG 108, WHL boys, G 81, 83, 135; puberty
34, WHL 32,78 HD 119, 125, 170, 171 130, 133
Gears: on automobiles, WCH age, G chart 87; puberty age
Genetic defects, non-inherited, G Geothermal power plants, £ 180- compared to boys, G 82;
105, WHL 80, 82-85; cluster, 154-155 181, ENG 128-130
WHL 82-83; on diesel-electric puberty changes in, G 106-
Genetic diseases. See Hereditary Geriatrics, PH 47, 102 108, 145; sex hormones, G
locomotive, WHL 65; diseases Germ theory of disease, HD 13,
differential, CH 103-104; 145; sexual precocity in, G 107
Genetic engineering, D 174, 175 155, PH 31, 36, 37 Glacial lakes, W/ map 51, 75, 78,
WHL 82; functioning principle Genetic mutation. See Mutation German measles: hazards to 100
of, WHL 78; planetary, MCH Genetic predisposition for embryo, D 115, 116, G 30, 156, Glaciers, £ 20, 21, F 166-167, W
55, 56, WHL 84-85; reduction, disease, HD 126-128, 141. See HD 60, PH 142, SH 153; 42, maps 50-51, 86-89, 100-
in marine engines, SHP 78, also Heredity vaccine, D 115, PH 142 101, 180-131, WEA 32-33;
88,94 Genetics, C 57, 58, 132, G 13-14, Germanium, /V 37, 139; use of, erosive force of, W 75-76, 77-
Geb, Egyptian god, PL 10 178, GM 169, 177, HD 130, Sc/ M 105-106, 126, 139 78, 86, 88-89; future of
Gee-Bee R-1 (airplane), F 88 97, 101, 147, 150; beginnings Germanium bolometer, P/ 72, 73 remaining, W/78; movement
Geiger, Hans, V/ 122-123, 124 of, HD 120-121; biochemical Germany: congenital defects of, W 76, 77, 88; as river
Geiger counter, £ 147,161, /v HD 118,121; and eugenics, G from thalidomide, G 156; fuel source, W 130; water content
122, 189, 190 13, 171, 178-174, HD 128-129; resources, £ 193; of, W 37, table 38
Geismar, La., Monochem plant, in medical curriculum, PH malnutrition studies, Gladstone, William, F/v 151
GM 179-184 table 56; Nobel prizewinners, postwar, G 135-136; modern Glaisher, James, WEA 135, 144,
Gel, 73, 85 SC/ 136, 193; plant, FN 39; bridge construction, WHL 145
Gelatin capsules, D 180-181 research, C 132, 141, 142-145, 131, 135, 142-143, 144; navy Glands, 8 169-176, G 132-135,
Gell-Mann, Murray, SC/ 64, 65, 72 HD 128, 142-143, M 103; of, SHP 146-147, 148; rail 141-149; basic types of, 8 169;
Gemini Program, MS 83, 85, 91, statistics and, MATH 54, 146 passenger service, WHL 188; defined, 8 169; embryonic
92; capsule, GM 131, MS 93-97, Geneva, Switzerland: rocketry, MS 16, 31-35, 38, 40- origin of, B 102, G 34;
189, W 10; space photographs, synchrotron, // 194-195; 41, 72; U-boats, SH 129-130, hereditary disorders of, G
PL 48-49, W 32 witch persecution in, ND 66 SHP 129, 130-131, 148; West, 154; liver as, 8 52, 102-103,
General (Civil War locomotive), Genius, definitions of, W/VD 135 motor vehicle and road 169; lymph, 8 93; nervous
WHL 46 Gentian tonics, PH 11 statistics, as measure of control of, 8 143, 149, 176, c
General Dynamics: B-58 Geoceniric theory of solar economy, WHL graph 90-91 158, 159, G 140, 141, MND 28,
Hustler, £ 186; F-111 (TFX), system. See Earth-centered Germer, L. H., V 126 35; study of, 8 171-172, G 132-
F 60, 1538, Gi 173; F-11A, F theory Germs, C 169-171, 172, D 96-97, 133, PH 64-65; thymus, B 93,
180 Geochemistry, SC/ 94, 100, 101 102, HD 53, 56-62, PH 35-36; 138, 139, D 108, 109. See also
General Electric Company, GV Geodesic, defined, MATH 157-158 antiseptic practices, C 184, Endocrine glands; Exocrine
156, MV 105, MATH 169, MCH Geodesic dome, MATH 102 HD 56-58, 64, 68-69, PH 31, glands
114, 152, 162, W 166; medical Geodetic satellites, /s 104 36-37, 194; preventive Glandular disorders, 8 169;
engineering, EVG 152; SST Geographic (true) north, SHP measures, C 186-187 (see also Addison’s disease, 8 173;
engines, F 169; turbojet, WCH SOLO Sanitation; Vaccination). See growth abnormalities, 8 171,
92-93; U25B diesel Geography. SC/ 82; physical, SC/ also Bacteria; Microbes; 175, G 158, 159-169 (see also
locomotive, WHL 64-65 Protozoa; Rickettsiae; Dwarfism; Gigantism);
General Gas Law, WEA 130 Geologic change, 7 125, 126; rate Viruses hereditary, G 154 (see also
General Motors Corporation, ENG of, 7127. See also Rocks Gernsback, Hugo, SC/ 162 Cystic fibrosis; Diabetes);
9, MCH 114, 115, 157, WHL 78, Geological profile, 7 map 126 Gesner, Abraham, VW/CH 102 thyroid, 8 170-171; treatment,
94; assembly line, MCH 178- Geologist, dating of term, SC/ 29 CE psychology, MND 14-15, 8171, G1638, 164-169
179; gasoline research, ENG Geology, SC/ 76, 82, 95, 101; 11 Glare (light), /V 48-49, 194;
124-125; robot car of, WHL aerial surveys, F 157, 162-167; Gestation. See Pregnancy causes, / 49; eye response
174, 175, 176 dating method, 7 126, 127, Getzels, Jacob W., MND 135-136 to, LV 54
General practitioner(s) (G.P.), 129, 140-141 Geysers, F 24, 25, W 48, 55; Glaser, Donald, V/ 152-153, SC/
PH 38, 39-51, 59, 79-80, 84, Geometric shapes, MATH 38; in defined, W 195; power plants 190
101; decline in number of, PH art and architecture, WATH at, ENG 128-130 Glass, ENG 130, Gu 31, 44, Vv
60, 101; decline in prestige 14-15, 88, 94-97, 102-103; Ghana, Volta River Project, W 139, 146-147; innovations, GV
of, PH 38; limitations of, PH multidimensional, MATH 11, 152 172; light-sensitive, Sc/ 149,
59-60 149; in nature, MATH 88, 89- Ghee (clarified butter),(VV 23 150; man-made crystalline,
General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge, 94, SC/ 20-21, 24-25; Gheel, Belgium, altarpiece, VD 106; noncrystalline, 1 99,
Venezuela, WH 131 transformation of, MATH 174 67 106; in prehistoric times,
General surgery, PH 103, 104-106 (see also Topology); Ghobar numerals, VATH table 13; refraction of light by, LV
General Time Convention translation into equations, 31-33, 44, 45; specific heat of,
(1883), 7 83 MATH 83-84. See also Conic Ghoul fish, D 142 E table 36; synthetic
Generalization: Gauss’ work, sections; Curves; and Giant gecko, eye of, LV 23 substitutes, GM 19, 156-157,
MATH 150; usefulness, MATH individual shapes, e.g. Circle; Giant molecules. See Polymers 1738; velocity oflight in, Lv
149,172 Ellipse; ete. Giantism. See Gigantism 44
Generator, electric: automobile, Geometry, SC/ 86, 100, 104; Giauque, William, SC/ 191 Glass fiber. See Fiberglass
WHL 194; diesel-powered, branches, MATH 12, SC/ 86- Gibbon, Edward, MATH 50 Glasses. See Eyeglasses
MCH 106, 129; early, ENG 48, 87; defined, MATH 11; Gibbon, John H., W/CH 195 Glassfish, SH 69
MCH 60, 72, 125; differential, VATH 12, 163; Gibbs, Josiah Willard, £ 98, SC/ Glaucoma: drug for, D 124; false
electromagnetic, £ 123; Euclidean, MATH 12, 45-46, 146-147 diet for, FV 155
electrostatic, F 129, SC/ 45; 155, 158, 160, SC/ 77, 86; Gibbs-Smith, Charles H., F 35 Glaze (freezing rain), WEA
power output, MCH 128; in Greek, MATH 41-48, 50, SC/ Gibson, Eleanor, // 12 92-93
power system, frequency 79 (see also Greece, ancient, Gibson, R. O., GV 147 Glen Canyon Dam reservoir, W
control, 7 102; steam-driven, geometry); group theory Giffard, Henri, balloon of, F 83, 153
MCH 129-130; water- definition of, VATH 174; 194 Glenn, John, VS 80, 94, 95
driven, VCH 129. See also hyperbolic, MATH 156; non- Gifted children, V/VD 126, 134- Glenn, William E., VCH
Dynamo Euclidean 135. See also Precocity 114
Genes: abnormalities, C 58, G (multidimensional), MATH Gig, WHL 15 Glennan, T. Keith, VS 77
31, 151, 152, HD 119, 123, 142 11, 149, 155-158, 160, 163, sc/ Gigantism, 8 175, G 132-133, Glial cell, 0 52
(see also Hereditary disease); 57, 86, 87, 100; Platonic 159-160 Glidden, Carlos, VCH 194
in cell differentiation, C 102, discipline, MATH 47; pre- Gilbert, O. Rundle, VCH 164 Glide slope beam, F 142-143
104, G 34, 37-40; chemical Grecian, MATH 41, 70, 74; Gilbert, William, VVD 9, SC/ 56, Gliders, F 30, 36-37, 41, 102,
nature and composition, C projective, MATH 12, 128, 154; 81 MCH 106-107; altitudes, Ff 31,
58, 59-60, G 12; control of, G measurement: Egyptian Gilbreth, Frank B. and Lillian 37; Cayley’s, F 11, 12;
52, 131, HD 130; control of techniques, MATH 10, 41, 70, M., MCH 83 Chanute’s, £13, VCH 107; lift-
enzymes by, C 58-59, 102, 104; 74-75; of irrational numbers, Gillette, King C., VCH 154-155 to-drag ratio of, F 59;
defined, C 193; dominant vs. MATH 43-44. Gilman, Alfred, D 195 Lilienthal’s, EVG 147, F 12-13,
recessive, C 57; vs. See also Analytic geometry; Gimbal, of rocket motor, defined, 15, MCH 106;
environment, 8 35, G 131- Geometri apes; Topology MS 193 maneuverability, £ 37; range,
132, HD 119; functions of, G Geomorphology, SC/ 95, 101; Gin, composition of, D table 38 F 31, 37; speeds, £ 37; Wright

i
2266.20
—— ——————— 0 —_Lh»é_TCe—eveeewrwrwrwrreew’veeoeeeeererere

149
 Grand Trunk Canal, England, (Cheops), ENG 33-34, 55-56,
brothers’, F 14-15, 21, 24-25, 94-97
MATH T4
MCH 108 Goldfish: celestial, eyes of, LV ENG 36
Grande Jatte, La, Seurat, LV Great Red Spot, on Jupiter, V/S
Glisson, Francis, 1D 82 24; color vision of, LV 126; 151, PL 155-156, 159, 160, 1617,
mutations, C 78-79 119, 184-185
Globigerina, C 31 164-165
Goldschmidt, Hans, VCH 118 Grandfather wells, China, W/ 58
Globulin, 8 82 Great Salt Lake, W 52
Gloire, 8.S., SHP 195 Goldstone, Calif., space tracking Grandi, Guido, Rose curve of,
MATH 84
Great Sanitary Movement, HD 54
Glomerular nephritis station, PL 76-77
Grange, The, FV 50 Great Train Robbery, The,
(glomerulonephritis), 1D 13 Golfing equipment, use of
Granger, John V. N., SC/ 137 ENG 52-53
Glomeruli, 8 124-125, 132 synthetics in, GM 22-23, 152,
Granite, PL 36, 57; cutting, Great Transition (Agricultural
Glorig, Aram, SH 174 160
Incan method, ENG 71; Revolution), FV 33, chart 34
Glossina palpalis, HD 45 Golgi, Camillo, C 14, 23, SC/ 193
erosion of, W 91 Great Wall, China, EG 56-57
Gloster Meteor (airplane), F 83 Golgi complexes, C 14, 23, 195;
in aging cells, C 108; defined, Grant, Ulysses S., WCH 72; 1.Q. Great Western, S.S., SHP
Glucagon, 8 172 77
Gliickauf (tanker), SHP 83 c 194 of, MND 126
Gollin, Eugene S., G 96 Grapefruit, FV 154 Great White Plague, HD 59.
Glucosan, GV 56 See also Tuberculosis
Glucose, 8 82, GV 74; body Gonadotrophic hormones, G 106, Graph, development and uses,
133, 184; chorionic, G 147; MATH 83. See also Analytic Greatbatch, Wilson, £/VG 152
storage of, 8 104; body’s use Greece, ancient: Aphrodite
of, 8B 62, 104-105, 146, C 38- follicle-stimulating (FSH), 8 geometry; Cartesian
175-176, G 144-145, 146, 147; coordinates; Curves myth, C 89; architecture,
39, 127, FN 86, G 24-25; in MATH 94-95; astronomy,
cellulose molecule, GV 74- luteinizing (LH), 8176, G Graphite, V 139; covalent bond,
144-145, 146 iM 104; crystal structure, V/ MATH 10, 17, 73, PL 11-18, 14,
75, 82, 92; composition of, C
Gonads, HD 174, 175; location 104, 105; crystal type, /v 101; 22-23, 84, SC/ 80, 92; atomic
37; defined, C 194; emergency
of, G 139; relation to synthetic diamonds from, theory, £ 51, GM 10, 12-13, 31,
administering of, PH 163; food
hypothalamus, G 135; 105; use in nuclear pile, £ mw 14-15, 119; calendar, 7 24,
sources of, FV 14; formula,
GM 74; molecular structure, secretions of, G 56, 134. See 167-168 59-60; clocks, V 53, 7 78, W
GM 74; product of digestion, also Ovaries; Sex glands; Graphophone, SH 109 146; engineering, ENVG 33, 54,
B 103, FN 59, G 24; production Testes Grass, meadow, 7 39 57, 66, MATH 49, MCH 16, 29-
by plants, C 37-38, FV 86, Gv Gondwanaland, PL 58 Grass, synthetic, GV 16, 22-23 30, 31, SC/ 80, W124, 145-
74; in urine in diabetes, 8 Gong buoy, SHP 160 Grasshopper: eardrum of, SH 74; 146; geographical knowledge,
1s, 1 Gonorrhea, D 132, HD 62 hearing and sound range of, SHP map 153; gods, PH 8,7 11,
Glucosides, D 28 Goodspeed, A. W., V 182 SH chart 194-195 WEA 141, 153; light, concepts
Gluteal muscles, 8 47, 61 Goodyear, Charles, EVG 10, GV Grasshopper-type engine, W/HL of, LV31; magnetism and
Glycerin, GV 53 124512551274 23 32,34, 39 static electricity known, &
Glycerol, 8 96, 113, 115, 116, G Goose: Canada, F 44-45; Grassmann, Hermann, MATH 153 118, 127; medical knowledge,
18, PL 137; use by cells, 8 105, graylag, F 50-51; instinct in Gravel, permeability of, W/56, 65 Pll, 23528 olin lpul onl os
G19 (gosling), MND 117 Gravitation, laws of, MATH 105, 18, 19, LV 53, PH 11-12, 32,
Glycogen: defined, Cc 194; Gooseflesh, HD 11 110, 112, ws 10, PL 15, 24, SC/ 80, 96; meteorological
unction in body, & 62, 63; Gopher plague, HD 33 109, SC/ 52, 58, 81, 89 knowledge, WEA 58-59, 81,
storage in body, 8 104, C 195, Gorch Fock (square-rigger), Gravity, force of, £ 14, MATH 128, 138, 153-154; mind,
FN 97 SHP 52 105, 106 109-110, ws 116, PL concept of, MND 9, 37, 66;
Glycol, GM 150 Gordon, T. J., £VG175 14, 15, 83, 797; absence in motion, concepts of, £ 9, 7
Glycolysis, C 39, 42, 127-128, G Gorgas, William, PH 140, 195 space, and tests, VND 46-47, 145-146; navigation, SHP 151,
24; defined, C 194 Gorini, Luigi, D 111 MS 83, 184-185; vs. buoyancy, 154; origin of life, theories on,
GM, measure ofship’s stability, Goss, A. H., MCH 195 in ships, SHP 11, 12-13, 124; C 81; origin of universe, myth
SHP 12 Gostkowski, Baron Roman von, changes in, in space flight, of, C 83; pottery of, dating
Gnome, Project, £ 150-151 MS 194 problems of, MS 181, 189; by, 7136-137; scientific bent
Gnomon (biological term), G 10 Goteborg, Sweden, Arendal earth, MS 11, 104, 116, PL 84; of, MATH 89-41, SC/ 77, 79-80;
Gnomon (of sundial), 7 88-89 shipyard, SHP 16, 17-29 effects on water, W 55; lunar, shipping, VCH 48, SHP 55,
Goat, domestication of, FV 33 Gothic cathedrals, ENG 57, 58, MS 122, 190, PL 84; 136-137, 194; vision, concept
Gobron- Brille (speed car), WHL 72-73 overcoming, in aeronautics, F of, LV 53, 89; weaponry, MCH
table 170 Gottingen Observatory 31, 34, 62, 64-65; overcoming, 29, 38, 43, 44;
Goddard, Esther Kisk, V/s 65, (German), MATH 150, 155, in astronautics, MS 156-159 chemical knowledge: and
66, 70 160, 162, 163 (see also Escape velocities); alchemy, // 15, 19; concepts
Goddard, James L., D 42 Gould, Jay, WHL 150 and sense of balance, MND of matter, GV 31, V 12, 13-15,
Goddard, Robert H., VCH 195, Gout, D 149; ancient remedies, 46; and space curvature, 53; symbols, M 35;
MS 13-14, 31, 62, 63-73, 194, Dulsss0Nsinol: MATH 166, 171 geometry, MATH 41-47, 48, 50,
SC/ 15; final rockets of, WS Government, influence of science Gravity dams, W 156 149, sc/ 79, 86; Apollonius,
40-41, 72-73; and liquid fuel, on, SC/ 169-170 Gravity propulsion, VS 164-165 MATH 46, 47; Euclid, MATH
MS 14, 15, 62, 63, 64, 72; Gowans, James, D 115 Gray, Stephen, VCH 145 12, 45-46, SC/ 77, 86; fine-
Massachusetts rocket tests, Goya, Francisco de, VND 148 Gray crescent (cytology), G 38- slicing technique
MS 63, 66-67; New Mexico G.P. See General practitioner 39; transplants of, G 38-40 (infinitesimal method), WATH
rocket tests, MS 68-73 Graafian follicle, G 146-147 Graylag goose, F 50-51 44, 48, 105, 111; manuscript,
Godel, Kurt, VATH 52, 53,175 Grace, W. R., and Company, SHP Gray’s Anatomy, 8 15 MATH 78; Plato and, MATH 46-
Godel’s Proof, MATH 175 106 Greasewood, W 61 47; Pythagoras, MATH 42-43;
Godowsky, Leopold, LV 72 Grachenkoy, Nicolai, PH 177 Great Britain, S.S., SHP 78, 80 Thales, 40-41, 42;
Gods: of time, 7 10-11; of Graf, Max, VND 101 Great Britain: atomic power, F mathematics, VATH 45, 47-48,
weather, WEA 138, 140-141, Graffin, Rene, VCH 195 195; body growth trends in, 105, 111, Sc/ 86; abstraction
158} Graft polymerization, GV 153 G 86; canal building, EVG 34- and proof, MATH 39-41;
Godwin, Francis, VS 25 Grafts. See Transplants 37, W 125; fuel resources, F algebra, MATH 66; centers of
Goebbels, Joseph, 7 186 Graham, George, 7 193 193; Gulf Stream effects on, study, MATH map 48;
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, C Graham, Thomas, / 74 W 41; during ice age, W 51; computer, MATH 18, 22;
87, G 84, LV 97; 1.Q. of, MND Graham clock, 7 193 Industrial Revolution, ENG numerals, MATH 17;
126, 127 Grain. See Cereal grains 33, VCH 56-59, 60, 62-65, 67, sexagesimal system, MATH
“Going steady,” G 110, 113 Grain binder, invention of, VCH WHL 15, 31; menarche trend oD trigonometry, MATH 84-
Goiter, FV 63, 107, G 134, HD 82 194 in, G 87; monetary system,
Gokstad ship, SHP 56, 57, 194 Gram, unit of weight, £ 96 MATH 14; National Health See also Archimedes;
Gold, V 36, 136, 137; Gram-atomic weight, £ 96 Services, PH 172; public Aristotle; Eratosthenes;
alchemists’ quest for, /V 15- Gram-molecular weight, £ 96 health movement, early, HD Euclid; Hero of Alexandria;
16, 19, 22; crystal type, 101; Gramicidin D, 0 195 54-56, 66-67; railroads, Hippocrates; and other Greek
mining, ENG 134, 138; in Gramme, Zénobe Theophile, beginnings of, WHL 33-37, 38, scientists
prehistoric times, / 12, 30, MCH 67, 72, 126 39-41, 44-45; road “Greek fire,” in naval warfare, &
137; specific heat of, £ table Gramophone, SH 109. See also construction, McAdam’s, 100, MCH 48-49
36; symbols for, / 37; world Phonograph WHL 103; Royal Navy, SHP Green, David, C 40
production since 1493, 137 Grana, chlorophyll, C 34, 36, 194 80, 131, 146-147, 148; sexual Green, G.G., D 163
Gold leaf, color of, LV 99, 103 Sage Canal, China, WV 124, map precocity in, G 107; view of, Green (color): coolness and
Goldberger, Joseph, FV 104, 105, from space, PL 46-17 recession of, /V 184, 186;
107-113 Grand Canyon, 7 140, W75, 153 Great Eastern, S.S., ENG 61, creation of, /V110-111;a
Golden Flyer (airplane), F Grand Central terminal, New MCH 147, SHP 31, 32, 78-79, fundamental color in
88 York City, WH 60; office 173, 195 perception, /V 123, 133; in
Golden Gate Bridge, WH 130 building, EVG 102, 103 Great Lakes, / 51, 125, 126; nature, /V 98-99; primary
ae Ratio (or Section), MATH Grand Coulee Dam, £ 130-131, ports, W163 spectral color, £ 80-82, LV 98,
ENG 14,174, W167 Great Plague, London, HD 32, 33 110, SC/ 23; relative
Golden Rectangle, MATH 94; in Grand Prix of Endurance, Great Plains, WEA 15 brightness of, /v 169;
art and architecture, MATH Sebring, Fla., WHL 118-119 Great Pyramid of Gizeh sensitivity of rods vs. cones
—_—_—_—————————
EEE ee ee

8-The Body c-The Cell b-Drugs £-Knergy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
Ho-Health and Disease LV-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind MsS-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets SC/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships 7-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 to, LV 77, graph 170 control by drugs, D 173-174; adaptation to seawater, W Half life, in radioactive decay, /
Green Bank, W. Va., Radio embryonie, 8 175-177, C 101- 118, 119; ring-billed, F 39
Observatory, MATH 9, MS 174, 170, 7128, 129-130, 737, 138,
106, 120-121,G 29-40, 41-49, Gullet. See Esophagus 151-152
SC/ 128-129 59, 64-68, 148; fetal, G 68-74, Gulliver (space capsule), VS 177 Half-wheel aileron control, £ 112
Green belts, WH 148, 155 148-149; individual Gullstrand, Allvar, SC/ 193 Hall, Asaph, P/ 193
Green light, wavelength of, LV variations, G 77-79; long- Gun carriage, Cugnot’s, CH
98, 120 Hall, Charles Martin, &VG 123
range trends, G 86-88, 186- 101, WHL 32 Hall, G. Stanley, G 78, MND 95
Green Monster (jet-powered 187; mechanism of, Guncotton (nitrocellulose), GV Hall, J. Edward, G 32
ear), WHL table 170 G 11-12; as phenomenon, G 9- 14, 73, 75-76, 77, 89, 112, 113,
ean whip snake, eye of, LV 22,
Halley, Edmund, MA47H 112, sc/
10; seasonal differences, G M 107; molecule, GM 75 76, 81, W 38-39, WEA 132, 133
137; Gunn, Ross, SHP 131 Halley’s comet, SC/ 76
Greenhouse effect of atmosphere, childhood, G 29, 77-79, 83, 86, Gunpowder, GV 75, 108, 110, Hallucinations: drug-induced, D
MS 151, PL 42, 43, 112, 114, 132, 142-143; boys, G 29, 77, 111, 112, 113, wcH 33, 50, 102
115, 134, WEA 38 59, MND 152, 154, 155-158,
83; girls, G 82-83; Guns: development of, /CH 32- 166, 167; psychotic, MND 59,
Greenland icecap, / 88 factors in: climate, G 88, 137; 33, 50-51; explosive shells 60, 141; in sensory
Greenough, Horatio, SC/ 167 diet, FV 117, G 135-136, 138, introduced, SHP 134, 144; deprivation, VND 43
Greenwich time, SHP 156, 164, 188-189, HD 75-76, 78; fighter planes, F 96, 97; Hallucinogens, D 9-10, 56, 59,
193, 7 8, map 82, 83 emotions, G 84-85, 136-137, revolving turret, SHP 134, MND 155-158, 166, 167
Gregg, Alan, HD 154 172-173; environment, 8 35, 144; warships, SHP 59, 134, Halogens, / 29, 33, 37, 142, 143;
Gregorian calendar, 7 60, 61, 62, G 14, 85-86, 131, 135-138; 138, 139-145, 147 atomic structure of, V7 142;
74-75 heredity, 8 35, G 14, 85-86, Guppy, Nicholas, SC/ 15-16 origin of term, /V 142; in
Gregory XIII, Pope, 7 60, 62, 74 131, 132, 133, 179-181, 184- “Guppy’’-type submarine, SHP periodic table, M 127
Gregory, Richard L., Vv 14 185; hormone control, 8 35, 132 Halstead, Bruce W., D 124
Gregory of Nyssa, WHL 14 170, 171, 175, G 181, 132-135, Gurney, Ronald, £ 194 Halstead, William, D 194
Greyhound (vessel), SHP 34 138, 140-149; internal clock, Gutenberg, Beno, SC/ 13 Ham (space chimpanzee), VS
Griffin, Donald R., SH 124 G79; mother love, HD 146- Gutenberg, Johann, /CH 35, 193 86, 87
Griffith, Frederick, C 59 147,G172-173; Guthrie, Robert, G 153, HD 122 Hamburg, David A., HD 149
Grignard, Victor, SC/ 191-192 of plants, G 9, 10; growth rings Gyassa (Egyptian boat), SHP 53, Hamburger, calorie content of,
Grijns, Gerrit, FV 113-114 of trees, G 11,7130, 134-135; 55 FN table 11
Se Francesco, £ 75, LV 34- studies, 78-80, 84, 89-101; of Gynecology, PH 101, table 102, Hamden, Conn., Whitney’s Arms
adolescents, G 80, 110; college 154; in medical curriculum, Manufactory, VCH 63, 79
Grimm brothers, SC/ 83 students, G 131-132; cross- PH table 56 Hammer, of ear, SH 35, 36-37,
ee of grain, primitive, VCH sectional, G 78; De Gyorgy, Paul, FV 113 40-41; in otosclerosis, SH 148
Montbeillard’s, G 77; Fels, G Gypsum, crystal type, / 101 Hammer, war, VCH 38
Grissom, Virgil, S91 88, 90-101; hormonal, G 131, Gypsy wagon, Spanish, WHL 17 Hammurabi, King of Babylon,
Gropius, Walter, EVG 103 133-135, 136, 171-172; Gyrocompass, f 127, 129 ENG 62, MATH 16, 7 59
Gross, Robert E., G 62 longitudinal, G 77-78; long- Gyropilot, £ 128. See also Hamner, Karl, 745
Gross tonnage, SHP 14 range, G 86-88; on puberty, G Autopilot Hampton Court maze, MATH 187
Ground squirrel, as host in 105-106; regeneration, C 105, Gyroplane | (helicopter), WCH Hancock, Thomas, V/CH 194
infectious diseases, HD 34, 48, 116-117, G 174-175. 108-109 Hand ax, Stone Age, M/CH 38, T
19 See also Height Gyroscope, Ff 127, 128, 129, ws 12
Groundwater, W 42, 55-62, 63- Growth hormone (somatotropin), 34, 68 Handear handle, WCH 18, 19
65; absorption by plants, W B 35, 175, G 142-143; discovery Gyroscopic stabilizer, /S 68 Handicapped, sense acuity of,
104, 112-113; accessibility of, of, G 133; effect of, G 136; MND 44-45
W 55, 61; capillary action, W preparation of extract, G 166- H Hands, 8 44; arthritis, 8 64, HD
15, 56; carbonic acidity of, W 167; research, G 168-169; 94-95; bones, B 45, 56; in
79; chemical action on rock, therapeutic use of, G 137, Haber, Fritz, £ 99, Gv 130, Sc/ growth studies, G 78; motor
wW 79, 90, 91; contamination 158, 163, 164-165 LOT control of, MND 22-23, 26, 38;
of, W 72; defined, W195; in GR-S (Government Rubber Haber process (nitrate nerve endings, 8 38, 150, 156;
deserts, W 54, 55; detection Styrene), GV 130 production), £ 99-100, Gv 130 ossification of, G 80;
and mapping, W/ 61, 62, 66- Grumman Aircraft Engineering Habituation, HD 170 sensitivity, 8 156; skin, B 37
71; distribution of, W 55, 62; Corporation, LM built by, EVG Haboob (wind), WEA 29 Hanging Gardens of Babylon,
existing amount, W 9, 37, 78-85 Hackensack River, New Jersey, ENG 65
table 38, 48, 55; flow Guadalcanal, U.S.S., SHP 115 pollution, HD 109, map 111 Hangover, D 38
simulation by computer, W Guanethidine, D 90 Hackworth, Timothy, CH 58, Hannay, J. B., 7 105
70-71; flow tests, W 66-67; in Guanine, C 60-61, 70 59, WHL 34, 36, 37 Hannibal, WEA 108
hydrologic cycle, W 39, 41, 48- Guantanamo Naval Base, see ey William S. Jr., CH Hanno the Carthaginian, SH? 54
49; movement of, W 55-56, desalination plant, W173 Hanoy, Michael Christoph, WEA
57, 58, 64-65; overdrafts of, Guatemala: antimalaria Hadley, George, WEA 63, 132- 58
W 59-60, 64; pressure of, W campaign, HD 185; diet of, FV 133 Hansell, C. W., WEA 113-114
57, 58-59, 64, 65; pressure 24-25; malnutrition, and Hadley cell, WEA 63 Harappan civilization, India, W
test, W/ 66; regional analysis, counter-measures, G 189, HD Hafnium, // 29, 131; neutron 1238; bullock eart, WHL 20-21
W 68-71; replenishment by 74, 76, 77-79, 188 absorbency of, £ 154, 157, Haravy, Isaac, 7 34
precipitation, W 39, 48, 55- Guericke, Otto von, £ 118, V/ 52, 131 Harbor facilities. See Port
56, 57, 64; seepage into 54-55, 56, MCH 193, Sc/ 44, Hagfish, semicircular canals in, facilities
ocean, W 41, 64, 65; surface 45 SH 32 Harbor fees, basis of, SHP 15
signs of, W/ 55, 61; trapped Guernsey (cattle breed), Hahn, Otto, £ 146, 167, 195, Vv Harbor Freeway, Los Angeles,
(connate, juvenile), W/48, 60; FN 37 169-170, 171, 172, 187, Sc/ WHL 8
U.S. supply, W 62; zone of Guggenheim, Daniel, V/S 68, 190 Harden, Arthur, SC/ 192
aeration, W 56; zone of 72 Hail, WEA 82, 89, 92-93, 195 Harder, Delmar S., MCH 167
saturation, W 56, 64 Guggenheim, Daniel, Fund for fee control of, WEA 124, 176
Groundwater table. See Water the Promotion of Aeronautics, ih Harding, Warren G., MATH 143
table F127 Hair, 8 36, 41, G 26, 34; armpit, Hardness of substances, causes
Group clinics, PH 123, 127-129, Guggenheim, Harry, F 127 G 80; color, 8 37-38; facial, G of, GV 102, 105, / 105. See
130-131, 171 Guggenheim Aeronautical 80, 108; growing points of, G also Rigidity
Group practitioners, PH 123, 127- Laboratory, VS 55 10; number on head, 8 193; Harelip, G 151, 154
eal, AL, BEA Guggenheim Museum, New York prediction of future loss, 8 Bebe James, VCH 57, 65,
Group theory (mathematics), City, MATH 103 41-42; pubic, G 79-80; as
MATH 170, 172, 173-174. See Guicey (squash), FV 25 racial characteristic, 8 40; Harlow, Harry F., G 172-173
also Topology Guidance systems: inertial, F roots, B 38, 41; Harmonics, SH 13, 14
Groves, Leslie R., £ 195, SC/ 30 129, MS 33-34, 193; functions of, 8 41-42; in Harness, draft animal, VCH 31,
Growing season in U.S., FV map temperature control hearing (hair cells), SH 36, WHL 14-15, 25
46-47 research, VCH 117; use of 46-47, 54, 57, 58, 60, 61; in Harper, Charles W., £ 174
Growing Up in New Guinea, laser beams, F 188-189 lateral line, SH 66, 67 Harper’s New Monthly
Mead, G 112-113 Guided missiles. See Hair hygrometer, WEA 142, 143, Magazine, WHL 58
Growth, G (entire vol.): Intercontinental ballistic 162-163 Harper’s Weekly, WHL 57;
abnormalities, 8 175, 193, G missiles; Missiles; Rockets Hairstyles, 7 136-137 cartoon, MCH 79
133, 158, 159-163 (see also Guillaume, Charles, SC/ 190 Halberd, MCH 38 Harris, Geoffrey Wingfield, G
Dwarfism; Gigantism); Guillot, Gerard, PH 177 Haldane, J.B.S. (geneticist), HD 105, 134
adolescent, G 29, 82-84, 86- Guitar fish, eye of, LV 22 129, Sc/ 58, 7 153 Harris, Henry, WEA 149
87, 107-108, 144-145 (see also Gulf flounder, eye of, LV Haldane, John Scott Harris, Moses, L129
Puberty); cellular, G 12; 22 (physiologist), 8 122-123, 124 Harris, William, CH 59
cessation of, age at, G 83; Gulf Stream, W41 Hale, Edward Everett, V/s 12, Harris-Cottrel printing press,
compensatory, G 12, 124-125; Gull (bird), £ 44, 53, 60; 103 MCH 94-95

151
 diagnosis, 8 85, PH 83, 90-91, mechanical energy, £ 15, 33,
Harrison, Benjamin, WHL 59 172; major medical, PH 170; 37, 44-45, 57-58, 59, 68, MCH
Medicare, PH 171-172, 174- 94-95, 96; overeating and, FV
Harrison, John, 7 82, 1038; 15, 127, 132, 134, 135, Ho 15, 62, W148, 150-151, WHL 55-
chronometer of, SHP 157, 7 175; prepayment plans, PH 56, 64, 81, 195; from solar
129-130, 169, 170, 171; in 25, 83-84, 88, 89; smoking
84-85 energy, WEA 12, 35, 36; from
Sweden, PH 173 and, FN 135, HD 88; see also
Harrison, William, 7 82 sound energy, SH 175;
Health Insurance Plan (HIP), Atherosclerosis;
Hartline, Haldan, /V 171 latent, £ 32, 34, 57, W 12-13;
New York, PH 129, 171 drugs, 8 82, D 77, 78-83, 88-
Hartman, Samuel, D 161 in atmospheric water vapor,
Health of Towns Association, 89, 137; digitalis, 8 82, D 78-
Hartridge, Hamilton, SH 123 W 13-14, WEA 39; of water, F
The, HD 54 80, 81, 83, 88, 89, epinephrine
Harvard University, /V 80, 125, 32, W 18, 107;
Health problems. See (adrenalin), 8 82, 173, D 88-
MND 112, SH 15, 123-124; loss of, £ 58-59, 60, 68, 7 169;
Underdeveloped countries, 89; quinidine, D 81, 83, 88,
Center for Cognitive Studies, in transmission of electric
health problems of; United 89; nitrites, D 81-82, 83;
MND 113; “humanities” current, £ 66-67; in universe,
States, health problems of muscle (cardiac muscle), 8 56,
program, SC/ 109; Medical £ 59-60, 69; in various
Hearing, 8 143, 152, LV11, MND 61, 79, C 125, 129, 194; action
School, 8 94-95, HD 65, 148, irreversible processes, F 64-
22, SH 31-88, 39-51, 53-62; in of digitalis on, D 80, 88, 89;
MND 12-13, 112; PH 53, 184, 65; see also Entropy;
air vs. water, SH 33; of action of quinidine on, D 81,
193; Psycho-Acoustic 88, 89; daily pumping load, 8 radiant (infrared), £ 37, WEA
Laboratory, SH 78, 79-80, 83- animals, SH 32-33, 62, 63-75;
77, 86; damage to, D 77; 36; effect on air, £ 50; and
84, 104; student growth binaural, SH 99-106 (see also
enlarged, 8 81, 0 78, 79, G global weather, WS map 114,
studies, G 138; synchrotron, Binaural location); of blind
persons, MND 44, 45, SH 100- 12; emergency pumping WEA 36, 38; quantum theory
M 194-195 of, £ 76; uses of, £ 72, 185;
101; brain center, 6 145, Cc capacity, 8 81, C 127;
Harvester, McCormick’s, VCH see also Infrared radiation;
149, MND 18, 19, 22, SH 48-51, nonregenerative, C 118;
71 as source of all weather, £ 69,
Harvey, William, 8 78, PH 15; 62; frequency discrimination, tissue, C 125, 129;
pacemaker (sinus node), 8 79, W 13, 30, WEA 38-39; heat
embryonic studies, C 82, G SH 44-45, 53, 55; frequency
range, SH 14, chart 194-195; 86, D 80, 81, 88, 89, 7 33-34; absorption and retention by
12; study of circulatory global water, £ 31-32, W 12-
system, B 78-79, PH 15, SC/ glossary of, SH 193; intensity artificial, 8 86, EVG 145, 150,
range, SH 14; threshold, SH 151-152, Gv 176, PH 151; 18, 30, WEA 15, 59-60, 72; heat
96; mentioned, 8 11, 85, MATH radiation by earth and
81, MND 9, 32, SC/ 81, W 38 graph 147; perception of size, 8 79; adolescent growth,
distance and direction by, G 82; at birth, 8 12; enlarged, clouds, MVS map 114, WEA 36,
Hashim, Sami, F/V 169
MND 45, SH 100-101; pitch, 881,078, G12; weight range, 38;
Hashish, D 51, 59, MND 154, T theories: caloric theory, £ 34-
15; addiction to, D 56, 57; 53, 79-80; psychophysics of, B 16, 79, 86, 195;
SH 77-84; residual, cultivation surgery, 8 85-86, 130-131, 134, 35, 42, 53, WEA 37-38; caloric
pipe, D 59, MND 155 theory disproven, £ 35-38, 42-
Hasselstein, Bernhard, EVG 146 of, SH 160-161; D717, PH 186-187; anesthesia,
defects, 8 166, SH 43, 145-154; D 54, 74-75; cost of, PH 170; 43; kinetic (mechanical)
Hassid, William, Gi 74
aid devices for, SH 152-153; transplants, 8 134; storage of theory, £ 36-38, 53, 56;
Hatch Act, FV 50 quantum theory of radiant
Hatchet, MCH 24-25 causes of, SH 147-148, 153- heart for, PH 190-191;
154; from ear wax, SH 147; valves, 8 78, 79, 80, D 77, PH heat, £ 76;
Haupt, Herman, WHL 46
incidence of, SH 145; noise- 91; artificial, 8 86, 1381, ENG transfer, £ 37, 7169; by
Haute cuisine, FV 158, 159-167
induced, SH 153-154, 172-174; 151, 152, 179, GM 177, M 116, conduction, £ 37, M 104; by
Haute Provence, France,
occupational, SH 153-154, PH 108, 178, 186-187 convection, F 35, 37, WEA 39-
observatory, PL 70-71
172-173; in old age, SH 14, Heart attack: causes of, 8 86, 40 (see also Convection, thermal);
Haiiy, René Just, V 100
Havana, Cuba, yellow fever in, 153; treatment, SH 148-152; 108, D 76, FN 127, 132, 135, global system of, PL 42, w 40-41,
PH 136, 140, 195 types of, SH 147; see also Deaf HD 15, 83-84, 86, 87; coronary WEA 18, 39-40, 41, 62-64, 68,
Hawaii: infectious diseases children; Deafness; occlusion, FV 134; death 69; by radiation, £ 37.
imported to, HD 14; 1946 theories of, SH 54-58; Békésy’s rates, D graph 173, HD 84, See also Thermodynamics
tsunami flood, W127; traveling-wave theory, SH 44- chart 88, 89; Roseto study, HD “Heat, Reflections on the Motive
precipitation on, W 40 45, 54-56; cavity theory 83-84 Power of,”’ Carnot, £ 57
Hawaiian Monarch, 8.8., SHP (Bauhin), SH 53, 54; Heart failure, 8 82, D 93; Heat engines, £ 33, 68, MCH
195 Helmholtz’s resonance congestive, D 77-78, 79-80, 54, WHL 81. See also Diesel
Hawk: eye of, C 152, LV 11, 16; theory, SH 54; implanted-air 83, 88; emergency engine; Gasoline engine;
flight of, F 41, 44-45, 60 theory, SH 34-386; Camina procedures, PH 151, 156, 157- Internal-combustion engine;
Hawkins, Gerald S., SC/ 78 theory (Du Verney), SH 53-54; 167 Steam engine
Hawkins, John, SH? 140 telephone theory, SH 57-58. Heart-lung machine, 8 85, 130- Heat resistance of substances:
Hawkmoth, flying speed of, F 42 See also Ear 131, D 74-75, ENG 150, MCH alloys, V 147; causes of, GM
Haworth, Walter, SC/ 192 Hearing aids, SH 152-153 195, PH 128, 186 69, 160, M 104; Corning glass,
Hay, FV 30; U.S. production of, Heart, 8 48, 49, 53, 87, D 77, Heart murmur, PH 91 lV 106; Kapton, Gv 160;
FN graph 45 88-89, FN 89, 98; artificial, 8 Heart stimulants, D 18, 30, 31, metals, F 149, 183; nylon
Hay fever, HD 145; cause of, D 86, 131, ENG 152-153, 178, Gu 71, 89, 178, 194 paper, GV 153; RTV 615, Gu
118; drug, D118, 195 176, 177, PH 103, 178, 188- Heartburn, 8 107 154, 155; search for
Hayashi, Teru, C 129 189; at birth, G 12, 61-62; Heat, £ 13, 14, 29-38, 51, 53, increased, GV 171; silicone
Hayden Planetarium, New York, blood supply to (coronary 55-60, SC/ 88, WEA 131; rubbers, GM 131, 154, 155;
Ms 59 circuit), B 81, 87, 90; absorption in chemical Teflon, Gv 147, 148
Haydn, Joseph, SC/ 166 functioning of, 8 80-81, D 80, reactions, £ 97-98; of atomic Heated tanker, SHP 105,
Hayes, Rutherford B., MCH 149 PH 91, T 33-34; location, 8 79; fission, £ 156, 175; of atomic 106
Haze, V 86-87, WEA 74; as cue prenatal development of, C fusion, £ 148, 186, V 178; as Heath, John E., VCH 194
in depth vision, /V 138, 145 102, G 33, 34, 44-45, 64; cause of genetic mutation, C Heating, home, VCH 139, 172-
He 178 fighter plane, F 83, 195, stethoscopic examination of, 75; and changes in state of 173, 179; with radiant heat,
MCH 109 PH 90-91; structure, B 79-80; matter, £ 32-33, 55-57, WV 75, PLSD
Head, human: at birth, G 59; on X-ray, PH 97; 78-79, 176; convertibility of, Heave (nautical term), SHP 37,
embryonic formation of, G beat of, D 80, 88, G 59, 7 50; E15, 61; defined, WEA 36, 38; 39
33, 64; measurements, G 78, arrhythmic, D 81, 88; drug expansion due to, £ 33, 55, Heavier-than-air flight,
89; mobility of, 8 58; patterns effects on, 8B 82,173, 0 81, 56; flow of (Carnot’s beginnings of, F 10-14, 15, 16,
of shape, G 78; prediction for 88-89; fetal, G 57; normal, at principle), £ 58-59, 60, 68-69; 17-29, 7-78, 79, 102-103, 104-
future size, B 42. See also rest, D 80; range per minute, genetic adaptation to, HD 105, MCH 106, 107-108
Face; Skull 8 193; regulation of, 8 79, 170, 171; history of study of, Heavy hydrogen, V 9,177. See
Headache, PH 83; drugs, D 124; 145, D 80, 88-89, G 105, 7 34; E 29-38, 42-43, 55-60, SC/ 148, also Deuterium; Tritium
noise-caused, SH 176 sound, PH 91; WEA 37-38; human efficiency Hebephrenia, V/VD 60
Headrest, automobile, WH 85 damage: from combined range, MS 186-187; Hebrews. See Jews
Healing of wounds, C 106-107, bronchitis and emphysema, mechanical equivalent of, F Hecht, Selig, /v 170
118; bone, 8 55, 60; capacity HD 97; murmur, PH 91; from 13, 36-37, 38; and molecular Hedley, William, VCH 58, WHL
reduced with age, C 107-108; rheumatic fever, D 118, PH motion, £ 53, 54, 55-57, WEA
muscle, 8 55, 60; skin, 8 36, 91; from rheumatoid 36, 38; specific, £ 31, 34, table Heeling (nautical term),
60, 174. See also Regeneration arthritis, HD 95; 36, 57; unit of (calorie), £ 42- SHP 11, 12-13, 44. See also
Health, “normal” range of, diseases of, D 76, 169, 173, HD 43,96, FN 10; Roll
8 15-16 10, 15, 24, 25, 83-84, 85-89; capacity, £ 31,57, W12; of Heels (shoe), materials for, GV
Health club, 7 182 air pollution and, HD 100, 101; water, £31, W9, 12-18, 15, 153
Health education, in angina pectoris, D 82, 83, FV 30; industrial uses, W145, Heidelberger, Michael, D 112,
underdeveloped countries, 1D 132, HD 154; cardiac 148; 113
178-181, 190; nutrition, FV arrhythmia, D 80-81, 83, 88; conversions of: from chemical Height, body, 8 35, G 77-79;
124-125, 174-175, HD 78 congestive heart failure, D 77- energy, £ 93, 94, 95-97; from abnormalities, 8 171,175,
Health foods, FV 148, 151, 152- 78, 79-80, 83, 88; death rates, electrical energy, F 37, 122; 193, G 158, 159-163;
153 D graph 173, HD chart 88; in to electrical energy, £ 15; adolescent boys and girls
Health insurance, PH 169, 170, animals, HD 147, 149-150; from mechanical energy, F compared, G 82; age
171-175; in Great Britain, PH Chagas’ disease, HD 46, 47; 13, 15, 35-38, 42, 43; to standards for, G 78; bone

8-The Body c-The Cell &-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease Lv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind MS-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships 7-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 length related to, 8 table 60: Henry Mountains, Utah, erosion, Hermes Trismegistus, Gi 30
climate and, HD 170; Highway transportation expenses
W 85 ee early history, PH
determinants of, G 131, 134- in U.S. (1965), WHL graph 94
ee the Navigator, Prince, SHP Highways, WHL 9, 100, 101-107,
137, 178, 179-181, 184, 185, 1 Hero of Alexandria, £31, VCH 156, 158-159; engineering (see
189, HD 78, 83, 170; final age Henson, William S., £10, 11-12; 10, 31, 35, 172, SC/ 80; aeolipile Road construction); planning
reached, G 83; growth rates , “Aerial Steam Carriage” of, of, MCH 30, 58, 109, Sc/ 88, and surveying of, WH 105-
by sex, G 29, 77, 81, 82-83; F 11-12, 13 147, SHP 81, W 146-147 106; in Russia, WHL 101;
long-range trends, G 77, 86, Heparin, PH 185 Herodotus, FV 11, MATH 70, SHP subbase, WHL 106;
186-187, HD 83; normal range, Hepatitis, 8 94, D 132,179, PH 151, w121 topcoating, WHL 106; U.S.
8 193; predicting, during 83; Pascagoula, Miss., Heroin, D 51, MND 153, 166; Interstate System, WH 101-
childhood, G 83-84, 90 epidemic of 1961, PH 107-109 addiction to, D 56, 58, MVD 102, 105, 107;
Heiner, Mary Hays, SH 145 Heppner, Ore., 1903 flash flood 153; tolerance, D 58; financing: annual state and
Heinkel aircraft company, at, W126 withdrawal symptoms, D 57 federal expense, WHL graph
F 83; He 178, F 83, 195, MCH Heptadecane, Gv 60 Herophilus, PH 9, Sc/ 80 93, graph 95, 101; federal aid,
109 Heptane, Gv 60 Herpes keratitis, D 132 WHL 103-104;
Heisenberg, Werner, G/V/ 101, /v Heraclitus, 1 14 Herring, A. M., VCH 107 mileage in U.S.: in 1914, WHL
157-158, 186, SC/ 61, 172-173, Herbs, as drugs, D 10, 18, 25, 27, Herring, water content of, W115 104; in 1966, WHL 9;
189 30-31, 124, 144-145 Herring gull, // 119; salt gland, safety, and safety devices, WHL
Helicable, EG 152 Hereditary diseases, G 152-155, W 119; 107; interchanges, WHL 8,
Helicopters, - 170, 173, 174, MCH HD 119-130, 131-141, 142; Herrmann, Herb, ENG 95 102, 104, 158-159; lighting at
119; comparison with insects, anemias, HD 125, 126, 129- Herschback, Dudley, V 48 night, /V 168-169; median
F 42; design research, ENG 95; 130; biochemical, HD 118, 121- Herschel, Sir William, £ 72, P/ dividers, WHL 102, 104, 106;
future passenger use of, SC/ 128, 132-141, 142; 172, 198, Sci 93 radio signals, EVG 168; road
149, WHL 175; invention of, F concordance, HD 127, 128: Hershey, Alfred, C 60 signs, ENG 154, 166-167;
98, 195, MCH 108-109, 195; control measures, HD 128- Hertwig, Oscar, G 38 traffic: analysis, WHL 105;
Leonardo’s design, F 21; 130, 142; cystic fibrosis, G Hertz, Gustav; SC/ 189 breeding, WH 107; problems,
speed, F 98; toy, F 82; 154, HD 130, 134-135; Hertz, Heinrich, £ 74, ENG 9, WHL 10, 85, 154;
turboprop, F 84 diabetes, HD 126, 127-128, MCH 149, Sc/ 57 traffic control: by computer,
Heliocentric theory of solar 138-139, PH 175-176; Hertzian waves, £ 74, VCH 149 WHL 173-174, 177; platoon
oe See Sun-centered frequency of, HD 122-123; Hess, Victor, SC/ 189-190 concept, WHL 173-174; TV
theory hemophilia, HD 130, 136-137; Hess, Walter, SC/ 193 monitoring, WHL 9,11, 168
Heliport, Pan Am Building, New latent, HD 125; mental illness ’ Heston, Charlton, WHL 112-113 Hikari (Japanese passenger
York City, EVG 101, 103 G 152-153, HD 126, 128, “ND Hevea brasiliensis, GM 124, 125 train), WHL 190-191
Helium, £75, / 59, 145, 7128; 61-62; muscular dystrophy, C Hevelius, Johannes, drawing by, Hilbert, David, MATH 174
in air, percentage, /V table 58; 131, HD 130, 131-133; and PL 85 Hildebrand, Roger, V/ 41
atomic structure of, £ 76, 94, natural selection, HD 122; Hevesy, George de, SC/ 192 Hill, Archibald, SC/ 193
95,170, M 124; as cosmic perpetuation of, PH 175-176; Hewitt, Abram S., WH 129 Hill, John, 7 36
substance, PL 153, W 34; PKU, G 152-153, HD 121-122, Hewlett, William R., SC/ 137 Hill, Julian, GV 106, 116
discovery of, / 59, 145; on 126, 130; porphyria, HD 124, Hexadecanol, evaporation control Hillary, Sir Edmund, HD 171, 172
Jupiter, P. 153, 154, 155; 126; premarital test, HD 129- by, “77, WEA 179 Hillebrand, William, (Vv 59
liquefaction of, Vv 59, 68; 130; sex-linked, HD 125, 133, Hexafluoropropylene, GV 148 Hilton, James, 7168
liquefaction temperature, / 136; sickle-cell anemia, C 75, Hexagon, MATH 38; as basic Himalayas, W/ map 131; Ganges
table 58; liquid, uses of, /v 60, G 153, HD 125, 126, 130 natural shape, MATH 90-91, River, W128, 129-133, 134:
67, 68, 69-71; on Saturn, PL Heredity, 8 35, C 53-62, G 13-14, SC/ 20-21 monsoon rains, W 120;
170; sources of, V 60, 145; in SC/ 55; ancient Hexamethylenediamine, GV 66, waterfall, w74
sun and stars, £145, lv 175, misconceptions, C 53-54; 106, 107 Himmler, Heinrich, /S 35, 7186
PL 35, 38; uses of, V 51, 145 carriers of, 8 14, C 20, 56-58, Heymans, Corneille, SC/ 193 Hindemith, Paul, SC/ 168
Helium I, Vv 68 60, 61-62, 66, 68, 70, 107, G Heyrovsky, Jaroslav, SC/ 191 Hindenburg (zeppelin), F 33-34;
Helium II, / 68, 69, 75 12, HD 119, 121, 142 (see also HGH (human growth hormone). explosion of, £ 128, £34, 195,
Helium belt, atmospheric, /S DNA; Genes); complexity, C See Growth homiane M 50,W18
104,105 57-58; controlled, c 76, 144 Hidalgo (asteroid), PL 135 Hindus: belief in reincarnation,
Helmer, Olaf, EVG 175 (see also Selective breeding); Hidden desires, Horney’s 7 190; diet, FV 22-23, 150;
Helmets, protective, SH drug manipulation of, 0 174, concept, VND 89 early astronomy, MATH 17;
172 175; and growth rates, G 14, Hide, Raymond, P/ 164 early mathematics, MATH 10,
Helmholtz, Hermann von, ///52, 131-132; Mendelian laws, Cc Hieratic numerals, MATH 16 15, 17, 66, 67
60, 82, 130, 133, 139, 177, SH 54-55, 56-57, FV 39, G 131, Hieroglyphics: Egyptian, 7 68-69; Hinkle, Lawrence, HD 153
54, 55; and color vision, LV HD 120; parents’ role, G 14-16; Maya, 7 70-71 Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril, SC/ 191
122, 130, 131 (see also Young- vs. environment, as factors in Hieron, King of Syracuse, ATH Hip: bone, 8 45; dislocation of,
Helmholtz theory); First Law life, 8 35, G 13-14, 131-132, 49 HO 10; “girdle,” 8 56; joint, 8
of Thermodynamics, WEA HD 119; in adaptation, G178, High altitude, human adaptation 55, 58, 65; joint replacement,
131-132; resonance theory of 179-183, HD 169, 170; in to, HD 169-171, 172 8 64, PH 103; of women, G
hearing, SH 54 congenital defects, G 152- High Altitude Clear Air 107
Helmont, Johann Baptista van, 8 158, HD 119; in disease, G 131, Bae (HICAT), F 155- HIP (Health Insurance Plan),
122, c 33, 44, M 55, Sc/ 90 HD 15, 88, 92, 119, 124, 126- New York, PH 127, 171
Helsinki, Declaration of (1964), 128, 141, 142; in growth, 8 35, High-altitude flight. See Hipparchus, VATH 84, SHP 154
D171 G 14, 85-86, 131-138; and Aeronautics Hippocrates (physician), 8 11,
seater; ENG 182, 134-135, intelligence, G 85-86, 131, High-altitude map, F 122 a 169, PH 11-12, 27, Sc/ 96,
MND 126, 132-135; in mental High blood pressure. See Blood SH 34; diagnosis, B 125, PH
Hematoma, 8 60 illness, HD 128, VND 61-62; pressure 11-12; diet prescriptions, F/V
Heme, C 87; defined, c 194 skull patterns, G 78; High-energy physics, SC/ 62, 72, 11; fractures, setting of, 8 57,
Hemlock poison, 0 125 role in various diseases: 141. See also Atom-smashers 60; pharmacology, D 16, 18;
Hemoglobin, 8 83, 93, 121, 124, atherosclerosis, HD 88; High-fidelity sound reproduction, somatotypes of, 8 40-41;
C65, 75, D 87, G 26; normal eancer, HD 92, 119; diabetes, SH 116-119; impedance writings of, 8 11, 60; quoted,
vs. mutated cells, C 75 HD 126, 127-128, 138; matching, SH 33-34; PH 11-12; mentioned, 8 12, PH
Hemophilia, /) 130, 136-137; epilepsy, HD 141; rheumatoid High-octane gasoline, testing, 21
false diet for, FV 155 arthritis, HD 126; ENG 21 Hippocrates of Chios
Hemp, D 51,59, MND 154, 155; schizophrenia, HD 126, 128, High pressure (weather): (mathematician), VATH 45
addiction to, D 56, 57, 58; MND 61-62; see also anticyclonic systems, WEA 65; Hippocratic Corpus, 8 11
cellulose content of, Gi 74; Hereditary diseases; belts, WEA map 69; systems, Hippocratic oath, 8 11, 181
pipe, MND 155 traits, C 53-54, G 14, 131; body indication on weather map, Hiroshima, £ 172, 173, 195
Henbane, D 30, MND 154, 155 height and shape, G 131, 133, WEA 168; weather Hirzgarter, Matthias, engravings
Hench, Philip, PH 128, SC/ 178, 179-185, HD 170; characteristics of, WEA 65, by, PL 119, 133
192 dominant vs. recessive, C 57; 154-155, 167 Histamine, D 118-119
Henlein, Peter, 7 95 overweight, FV 129: High-pressure boiler, SH? 78, Histidine, FV 15
Henle’s loop, W/ 117 segregation of, HD 120; sex- 81 Histology, 8 12-13, Sc/ 96, 97,
Henry VIII, King of England, linked, HD 125; special High school, science education 101; training in, PH 61
SHP 82 talents, C 67 in, ENG 88 Histones, C 141
Henry, Joseph, £ 48, 123, 124, Hereford (cattle breed), Highball, 0 35, 36 Historical geology, SC/ 95, 101
MCH 11, 125-126, Sc/ 151, 152; FN 37 pupt ebeed flight. See History, 7 178; classification in
daily weather maps of, at Hering, Ewald, /V 123, 124, 126, eronautics body of knowledge, Sc/ 76,
Smithsonian, WEA 146, 156; 182133 “High-technology” industries, 98; examples of effect of
electromagnet of, F 49, MCH Hering theory ofcolor vision, LV SC/ 136-137 weather on course of, WEA
126, 145 123-124, 125, 126, 132-133, High-test gasoline, development 107, 108-109; use of scientific
Henry, electrical unit, £ 48 134, 136 of, ENG 123-126 evidence in, SC/ 165, 7 130,
 Hoover Dam, ENG 14, W 151- G 108, 134, 144, 145, 171; MCH 164, 194
182, 134-139 Howe, Frederick W., VCH 81,
152, 167 thyroid, G 133-134, 143;
Hitchings, G. H., 0 111 194
Hopkins, Sir Frederick G., FV thyroxine, 8 170-171, 173,
Hitler, Adolf, Gv 123, ws 16, Howell, F. Clark, 7 11
SHP 131 14, Sc/ 192 175, 176, G 134, 137
Horn (animal), growth pattern of, Hoyle, Fred, PL 30
Hittites, contributions to science, Hopkins, Johns, PH 55 Hoyle-Alfvén hypothesis, PL 30-
SCI 78 Hopper cars, railroad freight, G10, 11, 121
Horn (mountain formation), W78 31
Hives, 8 108 WHL 61, 68-69, 171, 186
Hornbostel, E. von, SH 103-104 Huang, Cheng-seng, HD 190-191
HL-10 (airplane), model, F 168 Horizon, /V 141, 146 Hubel, David H., /V75, 81
H.L. Hunley (submarine),SHP Horizon, Sperry Artificial, F 127, Horney, Karen, MND 89
Horowitz, Dick, SH 86 Hudson Bay, astrobleme
126-127 128
Horrocks, Jeremiah, WEA 129 features, PL 88, map 89
Hoagland, Hudson, 7 15 Horizon Director Indicator, F 115 Hudson River, pollution, HD
Hobbs, Alfred, VCH 141 Hormone replacement therapy, 6 171 Horse, W 118; body structure
of, G 126-127; eye of, LV 58; 103, map 111, W175, 181
Hodgkin, Alan Lloyd, 6 145, SC/ Hormones, & 169-176, G 138, Hudson type locomotive, WHL 50-
182, 186, 194 140-149; artificial brain vocal range of, SH chart 194-
195; water needs of, W118 51
Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot, SC/ stimulation by, MND 177-178; Hue (color): causes of changes
193 birth defects from, G 158; Horse boats, SHP 76
Horse collar, emergence of, WHL in, LV 120; defined, /v 116,
Hodgson, James, SHP 78 components of, G 26;
14-15 119, 194; examples, Munsell
Hoe, Neolithic, 7 12 discovery of, 8 169, D 194-
Horse latitudes, WEA 63, map color tree, LV 116-117; human
Hoe, Richard M., VCH 194 195, G 132; hypothalamie, &
175, W107; juvenile, G 176; 69, 71 perception of, /V 122; and
Hoelker, Rudolph, F., WVATH 36 wavelength, /V 120
Hoelzer, Helmut, VATH 36 number of, G 22; origin of Horsedrawn transportation, WHL
term, 8 169, G 132; oxytocin, 14-15, 23-25, 26, 27-29, 148; Huebner, George Jr., VCH 195
sae Albert, VND 156, 157-
B 175; placental, 8 170, G 32- rail cars, WHL 31, 148 Hufnagel, Charles, 8 86
15 Huggins, Charles, SC/ 194
Hofmann, August yon, GV 36, 33, 138, 148-149; research, G Horsefly, eye of, LV 20-21
168-169, GM 177, PH 65; Horseless Age, The, MCH 104 Huggins, Charles Jr., 8 96
37 Hughes Aircraft Company, VS
Hofstadter, Robert, SC/ 190 steroid, 8 173-174, 175; Horsepower, unit, £ 44-45, CH
therapeutic use of, 8 171, G 56 118-119
Hogarth, William: A Rake’s
Progress, MND 68-69; False 137, 158, 163, 164-167; Horseshoe, emergence of, WHL Hugo, Victor, SHP 58
transportation of, 8 82, 86, 15 Huling, Richard, SC/ 28
Perspective, MATH 101
Hohmann, Walter, /S 14, 194 93; “trophic,” G 132, 140, 142, Horton, Robert E., W 81 Hull (ships): fins, stabilizing,
145; vasopressin, 8 175; Hospital infection, 19th Century, SHP 38, 46, 87, 88-89; marks
“Hohmann orbits,” Vs 14
Hohokam Indians, W 171, 174 adrenal, 0 195, HD 149, 7 50; HD 56, 57-58, 64-65, 68, PH 31, on, SHP 10-11, 14; model-
Hoist, salt mine, ENG 74-75 adrenocortico-steroids 36-37, 194 testing, SHP 10, 32-34, 39-40,
Holcroft, Jim, PH 65 (corticoids), 8 173-174, G 148, Hospital insurance. See Health 41-45, 50-51; need for
Holding patterns, Kennedy HD 150; aldosterone, D 91, 92; insurance flexibility of, SHP 13; rust-
Airport, F 140-141 androgen, G 134, 144-145, Hospitals, PH 102, 128-129, 147- proofing, SHP 20; surface
Holidays, 7 16, 24, 63, 185; 171, 172; cortisone, 8 173; 155; administration, PH 154; coating of, and frictional
movable, 7 61, 62, 74 epinephrine (adrenalin), 8 charges, PH 170, table 172; resistance, SHP 33;
Holland, John P., 7 CH 195, SHP 82,173, HD 11, 148, 149, “vD clinies, PH 147, 152; control construction: carvel vs.
128 28, 35; norepinephrine, 8 over physicians, PH 59-60, clinker-built, SHP 54, 58, 59;
Holland, U.S.S., SHP 128 1737 D 45, 89, 90) 91; 102, 126; emergency modern, SHP 138, 15, 17,19,
Hollerith, Charles, VCH 117 functions of, 8 170, 175-176, G procedures, PH 151, 152-153, 20-27; Roman merchantman,
Hollerith, Herman, VATH 24, 132, HD 11; as catalysts, G 156, 157-167; emergency SHP 54: :
MCH 170-171, 195 22-23; control of genes, G 52, ward, D 70-71, PH 74-75, 152- design, SHP 31, 37;
Holloman Air Force Base, PL 78 131, HD 130; control of 153; equipment, PH 148, 151, antipitching devices, SHP 40,
Hollywood Freeway, WHZ 107 growth, 8 35, 170, 171, 175,G 153, 169; functions of, PH 147- 46; antirolling devices, SHP
Holmes, Dyer Brainerd, EVG 131, 132-135, 188, 140-149; in 148; intensive-care unit, PH 38, 46, 87, 88-89; clipper, SHP
104, 106 sexual maturation, 8 170, G 150-151; internal 60, 61; fishlike, SHP 33; full-
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, D 14, 105-106, 1384, 144-145, 172; organization, PH 154-155; rigged ship, SHP 58, 59;
HD 64, 65, LV 139 gonadotrophic, G 106, 133, 134; laboratory services, PH 148, galleon, SHP 33; icebreakers,
Holmium, // 146 chorionic, G 147; follicle- 149; municipal, PH 174; 19th SHP 120; length, SHP 89, 46;
Holothurin, D 126 stimulating (FSH), 8 175- Century, C 185, PH 31, 37, modern ocean liner, SHP 96;
Holstein (cattle breed), FV 37 176, G 144-145, 146, 147; 146, 148-149; number in U.S., northern cog, SHP 57, 58, 59;
Holt, Benjamin, CH 195 luteinizing (LH), 8 176,G D 189; outpatient clinics, PH racing yacht, SHP 50-51;
Home: computer use in, ENG 144-145, 146; 128, 152, 153; recovery rooms, Roman merchantman and
171, 173, 176; heating, £ 185, intestinal, 8 114, 169; secretin, PH 128-129; short-term vs. southernship, SHP 54, 58;
MCH 189, 172-1738, 179; B 169, G 182; long-term, PH 147; staff-to- submarines, SHP 124, 132-
noises, SH 175-176. See also pancreatic, 8 171-172; patient ratio, PH 148; 133; Viking longship, SHP 56,
Housing glucagon, 8 172; insulin, 8 statistics (admissions, beds, 59; and wave spectrum
Home environment, study of 82, 170, 171, 172, 173, G 26, etc.), PH 147; teaching in, 8 analysis, SHP 37, 39; wooden
effect on health, PH 84-85 138; 186-191, PH 55, 56-58, 72-77, ‘ships, SHP 13;
Homen, Diogo, 7 64 pituitary, 8 35, 175, G 105-106, 147-148 (see also Internship; length-to-beam ratios, SHP
Homeostasis, HD 11-13, 16, 172; 132-133, 134, 140-141, 142- Residency); uniforms, PH 120; sailing vessels, SHP 54,
faulty responses, HD 18, 150- 145, 146, 148; 154-155. See also Mental 58; submarines, SHP 132;
152, 156 adrenocorticotrophic hospitals materials: metal vs. wood, SHP
Homer, 7 132 (ACTH), 8 175, G 133, 134, Hostility transference, VVD 86 10, 18, 31, 77-79, 134, 194, 195;
Homestead Act, FV 42 144-145; follicle-stimulating Hot-air engine, F 78 steel, SHP13, 15, 17, 20-27,
Homfray, Samuel, WHL 33 (FSH), 8175-176, G 144-145, Hot box, railroad wheel bearings, 31, 75, 79, 81; synthetic, GV
Homing pigeon, 7 49 146, 147; lactogenic (LTH), 8 WHL 69 Pear, M5), 170)
Homunculus, C 82, 87 176; luteinizing (LH), 8 176, Hot-monocoque structure Hulls, Jonathan, SHP 76
Honey, FN 153 G 144-145, 146; somatotropin (airplanes), F 149-150, 151 Human Disorientation Device,
Honey-and-vinegar remedy, FV (see Growth hormone); Hot-rod engine, M/CH 85 MS 180-181
157 thyrotrophic (TSH), 8175, Hot springs, PL 38, W 59 Human-factors engineering, EG
Honeybee, vision of, LV 20 176, G 138, 143; Hour, time unit, 7 28, 77, 78 144, 145, 147-150, 154, 155-
Honeycomb, MATH 91, SC/ 21 secretion of, 8 14, 15, 169; Housatonic, U.S.S., SHP 127 169; Lunar Module, ENG 81,
Honeycomb aluminum, NG 23, control by hypothalamus and Household robots, ENG 176 84-85
84 pituitary, 8 175-176, G 106, Housing: fire proofing, GV 154; Humanist: defined, SC/ 103; vs.
Honeywell 610 computer, VCH 132, 183, 185, 140-145; of future, GM 15, 16, 18-19, scientist, SC/ 103-104, 105,
186-187 feedback control of, 8 176, G 169, 174; 19th Century 106, 117, 165
Hood Canal Bridge, Seattle, WHL 142, 146; role of genes in, G reforms, HD 66-67. See also Humanities: defined, Sc/ 103;
140-141 131; under stress, G 158, HD Home need for cross-fertilization
Hooghly River, W map 131, 142-143 148, 149, 150, 175; Houssay, Bernardo, SC/ 192 with sciences, SC/ 109-110,
Hookah, VND 155 sex (gonadal), 8 86, 174, 175- Houston, Texas, WHL 84; 173
Hooke, Robert, £ 35, 52, 75, SC/ 176, G 133-134, 144-145; Astrodome, GV 173; Hume, David, SC/ 59
81, 125; “cell” named by, c 9, androsterone, 8 174; blocking encephalitis epidemic of Humerus (bone), 8 45; and
18,183; Micrographia, SC/ 40; by oral contraceptives, D 1964, PH 107; NASA Manned height, 8 table 60
microscope of, C 12, 13, SC/ 126, 127; estrogen, 8 174, 176, Spacecraft Center at, ENG Humidity, 7 79, WEA 75; effect
40, 97; study of sound, SH G181, 144-147, 148, 172; of 80, 82 on human behavior, WEA
77-78; weather instruments fetal testes, G 56, 148; Hovercraft, SC/ 149, SHP.176, 110, 111; measuring, WEA
of, WEA 129, 154, 155; quoted, gonadal androgen, G 144, 177, WHL 181 129A 155, 162-163; in
£35, GM 89, Sc/ 146 145, 171; progesterone, 8 174, How the Mind Works, Burt, tropics, WEA 100; upper air,
Hookworm, HD 16, 77 176, G 145-147, 148; in Miller, Moodie and Jones, MVD 133 measuring, WEA 59, 144, 149-
Stes Herbert, ENG 33, SC/ puberty, G 106, 134, 144-145, Howard, Luke, WEA 84, 194 151, 158. See also Relative
13 171-172; testosterone, 8 174, Howe, Elias, sewing machine of, humidity
—__ese_es_es_e_
ss sess

8-The Body c-The Cell &-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease Lv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Scl-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
Hummingbirds: hovering, F 53; Hydraulic engineering, FG 34- 85, MS 172, PL 39, 158, 159,
iridescent colors of, LV 102- 150, 175, 190-191; fuels, F 148-
36, MCH 30-32, W125, 127, 186; Uranus, Ms 152, 153; 149; materials, £149, 190:
103 144, 151-154, 155-169, 176- as fuel: rockets, £ 97, 159 (see pilot escape, F 152-153:
Humors, four, doctrine of, 8 27, 178, 179-189; ancient also Liquid hydrogen);
31, 77, 104, HD 15, PH 27 propulsion, F 148; structure,
civilizations, ENG 62, 68-69, W thermonuclear power, £ 23, F 149-150, 151; test program,
Humphrey, Hubert, WH 156 58, 121-125, 145-146. See also 176, 186-187, M 168, 177-178;
Humus Theory, C 33 F 150; wing design, £148
Canals; Dams; Dikes; Flood fusion, £ 148, 174-175, 186, iV Hypersonic transport, £ 169, 175;
ae Horace L., SHP 126, control; Hydroelectric power; 142, 173, 176-177; process in
27 size of craft, F148; speed, F
Irrigation; Reservoirs; Water sun, £ 16,175, v 175, 177; 148,175
Hunsaker, Jerome, VS 62 wheels; Water works oxidation of, WV 9-10, 18; Hypertension. See Blood
eae John, G 132, PH 33-34, Hydraulic press, SHP 24-25; Cavendish’s experiment, G/V/ pressure, high
invention of, WCH 194 32, M 56-57, W/ 18; energy Hyperthyroidism, 8 171
Hunting, primitive societies, F/V Hydraulic steering mechanism, release in, £ 97, W 18; “slow,’ ,
Hypnosis, 1D 154, Mb 158-
33, 34, 41 ocean liner, SHP 88, 92-93 E98. 159, 160, 161, 163, 164-165;
Hunting by echolocation, SH Hydraulics, / 76; Archimedes’ See also Liquid hydrogen anesthesia by, HD 154;
126, 127, 138, 140-141 law, MATH 49; of hearing, SH Hydrogen atomic clock, 7 107 Breuer, MND 82, 95; and
Huntington, Ellsworth, Ss 128- 42-43, 44, 45, 46 Hydrogen bomb, £ 15, 146, 148, catharsis, MND 82-83, 95;
129, WEA 110, 112 Hydrazine, D 183 149,175, 142, 174; Charcot, MND 82, 94, 95; in
Huntington’s chorea, G 152, HD Hydrocarbons, G/V/ 53, VV 111; as destructive power of, £ 170- fiction, VND 159; Freud, MND
120 air pollutants, HD 101, 102, 171; materials used, £ 148; 82-83, 95, 158; limitations of,
Huntoon, R. D., 7107 114, chart 115; basic five, in peaceful blasting by, £ 152- MND 84; mesmerism, MND
Hurel-Dubois 31 (airplane), F 61 petrochemicals production, 153; research, 177, MATH 162-163; use in hysteria, VND
Hurricane hunters, WEA 44, 46- GM 182, 134, charts 135-143; ot eee required, F 82, 158
47,49 hydrogen replacement in, GV Hypocaloric dwarfism, G 163
Hurricanes, WEA 30-31, 43,59, 36; methane series, GV 60- explosions, // 149, 189, MATH Hypocausts, CH 139
65, 66; annual number of, WEA 61; molecular structure of, 166-167; first, £173, 195, Hypochondria, VND 58-59
65; areas of origin, WEA 42, GM 58, 62, 63, 81; space fuel, 177; first Soviet, £195, ws Hypopituitary dwarfism, G 163
map 54; casualties, WEA MS 45, 46 59; largest, £195 Hypotenuse, MATH 42
42, 54; conditions for Hydrocephalics, G 151, PH Hydrogen bond, intermolecular, Hypothalamus, G 105-106;
development of, WEA 41, 42, 175 GM 90-91, M 75, 78, 80, 82, W abnormalities of, G 106;
52, 53; control of, WEA 50; Hydrochloric acid, £ 97, Gv 41, 14-15, 20-21, 22, 23, 28, 30, hormones of, 8 175, W107;
damage, WEA 42, 54-55; death 125; in digestion, 8 102, 107, 105; defined, Gv 195 interplay with pituitary, 8
of, WEA 52; early observations 112-113, FN 83, 87 Hydrogen chloride, GV 43, 182, 176, G 105-106, 140-142;
of (Franklin, Redfield), WEA Hydrodynamica, Bernoulli, £ 183, 185; heat release in interplay with sex glands, G
133-134; energy release, WEA 53,
F 53 formation of, £ 97 106, 134-135; location of, G
35; eye of, WEA 48-49; floods, Hydroelectric power, £ 16, ENG Hydrogen cyanide, GM 35 105, 140; morphine effect on,
W127, WEA 54-55; moisture 128, MCH 129, 1380, W145, 151- Hydrogen fluoride, GV 145-146; D 48; tranquilizer effect on,
content of, W 33; origin of 158, 154, 156; energy heat release in formation of, DAA, 45;
name, WEA 65; paths of, WEA conversion in, £ 123; power E97 artificial stimulation of:
map 54; structure of, WEA 52- plants, MCH 122, W 152, 166- Hydrogen fuel cell, £VG 175 chemical, VND 177-178;
53; tracking and warning, VS 169; pumped storage, ENG Hydrogen peroxide, / 34-35; electrical, VND 176;
102, 114, WEA 44-51, 172, 176, 127-128; resources, E 16, table enzymatic breakdown of, FV functions of, FV 130, G 105, W
186; weather map symbol for, 193; tidal power plants, £ 178- 83; as fuel, MS 32, SHP 130- 107; appetite control, FV 129-
WEA table 168; wind force, 179, ENG 127, 128, W154, 168- 131 130, 146; growth control, G
WEA 42, table 164; 169; use in U.S., £ 21, ENG Hydrologic cycle, W/ 33, 38-40, 132, 140, 142-145; in puberty,
specific examples: Carla 126, MCH 129, W151 41, 42, 171, WEA 82; G 105-106, 140, 144-145;
(1961), “7s 114; Cleo (1964), Hydrofatigue testing, F atmosphere, role of, W 39, 40- temperature control, 8 38-
WEA 44-45, 51; Connie (1955), 106 41, 42, 47; defined, w 195; 29, 7 50; water balance
WEA 44; Diane (1955), WEA 44; Hydrofoil: defined, SHP 193; energy used in, W 40-41, 42, control, FV 130, W107, 114
Donna (1960), WEA 107-108; principle of operation, SHP 44-45; evaporation, W 38-39, Hypothesis, forming of, as step
Dora (1964), WEA 51; Ethel 174; types of, SHP 173, 174, 41, 44-47; groundwater, role in scientific method, SC/ 52, 57
(1964), WEA 51; Florence 175 of, W 39, 41, 48-49; ice age as Hypothyroidism, 8 171
(1964), WEA 51; Great Hydrofoil craft, SH? 110, 112- aberration in, W 50-51; lakes, Hysteria, neurotic, MVD 59, 82,
Hurricane of 1780, WEA 65; 113, 173, 174-176 role of, W39, 41, 52-53; 84, 158
of Jamestown (1667), WEA Hydrogen, G/ 10, / 142, 143; oceans, role of, W/38, 39, 41, Hysteria, Studies in, Freud and
107 atomic structure, £ 76, 77, 94, 44-45; percentage of water Breuer, MND 82, 95
Hurvich, Leo, LV 136-137 170, M 123, 124, 125, 142; engaged in, W 42, WEA 82;
Hurzeler, Johannes, 8 59 atomic weight, £ 96, / 34; precipitation, W 37-40, 41, 46-
Hustler B-58 (airplane), F 186 covalent bonding, GV 103, 47; rivers, role of, W 37-38,
Hutton, James, SC/ 82, 95, 7 124- 75; “inflammable air,” GM 32; 39, 41, 43 Iapetus (Saturnian moon), PL
IY AACE, AD) al75 isotopes, M 153, 173, 176-177; Hydrologic engine of heat table 193
Huxley, Aldous, VND 155 liquefaction temperature, / transfer (atmosphere ), W 40-41 Icarus, ENG 145, MS 17
Huxley, Andrew, 8 145, SC/ 182, table 58; metallic state under Hydrology, SC/ 95, 100, 101, w IBM. See International
194 pressure, PL 154, 166; (entire vol.); defined, W195; Business Machines
Huxley, Julian, 1D 129, sc/ 106, molecular weight of, GV 103; glossary of, W 194-195 ICBM. See Intercontinental
172 in organic compounds, GM Hydrolysis, defined, W195 ballistic missiles
Huxley, Thomas, SC/ 106, 109 11, 34, 53 (see also Hydrolyzation, FV 59 Ice, W 17; artificial, Gv 60, 144;
Huygens, Christian, £ 11, WATH Hydrocarbons); production, GV Hydroplane, future use of, SC/ in atmosphere and clouds
118, PL 193, Sc/ 81, 146; 180, 185; replacement in 149 (erystals), WEA 14, 88, 92, 96,
balance spring of, 7 98; organic compounds, GM 35- Hydroplaning, F 153 104, 173, 190; crystal
gunpowder experiments, 36; substance in plants’ food Hydroskimmer (ACV), SHP176 structure, W 14, 20, 28, 30;
MCH 102; pendulum studies, manufacture, C 37, 46-47; Hydroxyl group, GV 75, 78-79, crystal type, V 101; in
MCH 33, 193, T 80, 96, 97; and unique place in periodic table 193 entropy experiment, 7 169;
refraction of light, LV 32, 33, of elements, (/ 36, 37, 38, Hygrometer, WEA 155, 170; erosive force of, W 75-78, 86,
34; wave theory of light, £ 75, 126, 127, 143; valence of, Gu early, WEA 39, 142, 143; 88-89, 90, 91; lighter than
LV 32, 34 52, 35, in water molecule, homemade, WEA 162-163 water, VV 82, W9, 11-12, 14,
Hwang Ho (Yellow River), W M75, WY, 18; Hygroscope, Hooke’s, WEA 129, 28-29; low density, MV 74, 82,
121, 123-124, map 125, 126 as cosmic component, PL 35, 155 W 11, 14-15, 28-30; melting,
Hyatt, John Wesley, Gi 77, 86 153, 7130, Ww 34; detection Hypatia, MATH 50, 87 and latent heat absorption,
Hybrids, breeding, F/V 39, 42, on planets, PL 68; early earth Hyperacidity, 8 107, HD 151, 152 W 18; presence in solar
44, 188-189 atmosphere, C 83, PL 38, 39, Hyperbola, VATH 47; equation system, W 34, 35
Hyde, Lee, PH 65 186; early Mars atmosphere, for, MATH 83 Ice ages, PL 93, W 50-51, 76-77,
Hyderabad, Pakistan, wind PL 136; earth atmosphere at Hyperbolic geometry, WATH 156 79, WEA 32
scoops of, WEA 120-121 present, V table 58, PL 43; Hypercomplex algebra, VATH Ice cream cone, calorie content
Hydra, C 112, 114-115; grafts, C Jupiter, M/S 1538, PL 153, 154, 153 of, FN table 11
105, 116-117; nervous system, 157, 160, 166; Jupiter’s Hypercomplex numbers, WA7TH Ice-crystal clouds, WEA 85, 86,
C 154; regenerative faculties, atmosphere, MS 151, 152, 153 96-97, 194; proposed man-
C105, 117, G174 153, PL 153, 155, 159, 166; Hyperion (Saturnian moon), PL made over Arctic, WEA 179;
Hydra cluster (galaxy group), 7 Neptune’s atmosphere, V/S table 193 Venus, PL 79
142 152, 153, PL 183; Saturn, PL Hyperon, /(V 156 Ice-crystal theory of
Hydra viridis, C113. 170; Saturn’s atmosphere, VS Hyperopia (farsightedness), LV precipitation, WEA 88-90
Hydration: desalination by, W 152, 153; in sun and stars, / 54, 59, 82, 91, 194; correction Ice machine, invention of, WCH
188; water of, in earth crust, 175, PL 35, 38; in synthesis by glasses, LV 91 194
W 36, 60 of organic molecules, C &3- Hypersonic flight research, F 147- Ice sheets, glacial ages, WW map
OE
a

155
 58, MATH 11, MCH 53-56; bacteria-induced diseases, C
50, 75, 76-77 125, 127; mountain
emergence of factory system 169-170, 172, D 97-98; virus-
Icebergs, WEA 32 fortresses, ENG 62, 70-71; use
and mass production, MCH induced diseases, C 171-172,
Icebox, early, FV 62 of coca leaves, D 18, 19 188-189, 190, D 96, 98-99, 106,
Icebreakers, SHP 110, 120-121, Incandescent heat appliances, 64, 68, 76-80; engineers of,
ENG 33-34, 37, 59; in England, 107;
172, 195 MCH 134 distribution of: “childhood
Icecaps, polar regions, /V 88; Incandescent light, £ 121, 122, ENG 33, MCH 56-59, 60, 62-65,
67, WHL 15, 31; on European diseases,” HD 28, map 29;
water content of, W/ 37, table ENG 40, 46-47, LV 107, MCH
current global, HD map 28;
38 126-128 Continent, VCH 60, 66-69, 76-
Incaparina, FV 172, HD 78-79, 77; farming, FV 33, 40-41, past, HD map 35;
Iceland, utilization of geysers in, drugs, D 95-101, HD 14, 61-62;
ENG 128, 129 188 McH 14, 60, 70, 71; health
Inclined plane, MCH 12, 17, 24- problems created by, HD 53- animal tests, D 149; efficacy
Iceland spar, V/ 100 of, D 83, 95, 149; limitations
Iconoscope, VCH 153 25; as element of screw, MCH 55, 60, 112, 174; second
27; mechanical advantage, (automation), ENG 107, HD of, D 99-101, 132; see also
Id, Freudian concept, MVD 86 Antibodies, Sulfa drugs;
Idemitsu Maru (tanker), SHP 84 MCH 25 174, MCH 176; in United
Incubator, D 73 States, VCH 58, 59-60, 67, 68- origins and spreading of, HO
Identical twins, C 58, G 57; and 20, 35-36, 38, 53-56; vector-
concordance of disease, G bpd equations, ATH 73, WHL 15
Industry: campus recruitment of borne diseases, HD 38, 39-51,
131, HD 127, 128; transplants 182-185; water-borne
among, C173, G31 India: agriculture, FV 177; engineers by, ENG 98; cost
Bhakra Dam, W 155; birth decrease by mechanization diseases, HD 52, 53-54, 186,
“Idiot savant,’’ MND 129, 1382, T
control, FV 190-191; Damodar and automation, MCH 77, 81- PH 108, 188.
13 See also Cholera; Diphtheria;
IDU (iododeoxyuridine), D 132 Development, W 152; diet, FV 82, 84, 167-168; grants to
22-23, 150; famines, FN 178, engineering colleges, ENG 94. Dysentery; Encephalitis;
I. G. Farben Company, D 97, GV Epidemics; German measles;
104-105, 129 HD table 77; folk medicine, D See also Research, industrial;
144-115; Food for Peace aid and individual industries, e.g. Influenza; Malaria; Measles;
Igneous rock, 7 129
to, FN 182-183; food Aircraft industry; Mumps; Plague;
Ignition circuit, automobile, EVG
production, FN table 180-181; Automobile industry; Drug Poliomyelitis; Scarlet fever;
24, 25, MCH 103, WHL 80, 194
fuel resources, £ 193; Ganga industry; Food industry; Oil Smallpox; Tuberculosis;
Iguana, eyelashes of, LV 27
Iguazu Falls, W 94-95 River system, W128, 129-143; industry; Steel industry; Typhoid fever; Typhus;
IGY. See International Himalayan rivers, W map 131; Synthetics industry; etc. Whooping cough; Yellow
Geophysical Year life expectancy, HD 14, 20; Inert (noble) gases, / 29, 37, fever
Ikeya-Seki (comet), PL 168 monsoon, WEA 24-25, 62, 72, 145; in air, M table 58, 59-60, Infectious hepatitis: drug
Ileum, 8 103 map 73; transportation, 145; atomic structure, MV 145; against, D 179; Pascagoula,
Iliac artery and vein, 8 49 backwardness of, WH 9, 11, discovery of, £ 75, MV 59; Miss., epidemic of 1961, PH
lliotibial band, 8 47 12, 23; water dispute with liquefaction temperatures, / 107-109
Illinois, 1965 floods in, W126 Pakistan, W 121; table 58; in periodic table, Inferior colliculus, SH 48-49, 61
Ills of Life, The, Hartman, D ancient: Harappan 127; production, / 58, 59-60; Inferiority complex, V/NVD 87, 88
161 civilization, W123, WHL 20- sources of, V 59-60, 145; uses Infertility, G 155; drugs, G 57
Illusions, sensory, V/VD 39-40. 21; mathematics, MATH 10, of, V 60, 145 Infinite series, MATH 150
See also Optical illusions 15, 17, 66, 67; rope bridges, Inertial guidance, F 129, M/s 33- Infinitesimal method:
ILS. See Instrument Landing WHL 127; scientific 34,193 approximation, MATH 118-
System achievements, MATH 17, SC/ Inertial navigation, £ 129, SHP 119, 122; in calculus, MATH
Image orthicon, MCH 153 78; surgical knowledge in, LV 124 105, 106, 109, 111;
Imaginary numbers, V/ATH 70, 61, PH 382; Infantile behavior, retrogressive, convergence, MATH 122-123;
152 health problems: child MND 60, 86 critics of, MATH 114; in Greek
Imagination, brain process, mortality, HD 14, 21; cholera, Infantile sexuality, VD 83, 85, 93 geometry, MATH 44-45, 48,
C156 HD 20, map 35, 186, PH 108; Infants: adaptation to 105, 111
Imbat (wind), WEA 60 Kyasanur Forest disease, HD environment, HD 12; Infinity: problems, MATH 44-45;
Imbrian Event, lunar history, PL 182; malaria, HD 184; mortality, causes of, G 58 (see set theory, MATH 170, 172-
87,88 malnutrition, FV 15, 23, 179, also Child mortality); senses 173; symbol for, MATH 10;
Imipramine, D 55 HD 14, 20, 21, 76; plague, HD of, G 81, LV8, 12-13, MND 116. transfinite numbers, MATH
Immanuel Lutheran Church, 34, 51; rural areas, HD 17, See also Babies, newborn; 173
Broken Arrow, Okla., GV 19 20-21; tetanus, D 171-172, HD Children “Inflammable air,”’ G/ 32
Immigrants, health inspection of, 20; trachoma, HD 183; various Infection, D 109; bacterial Influenza, D 95, 99, HO 13, 14,
PH 136-137 contagious diseases, HD 20, internal defenses against, C 23, 31, 61, PH 13; drug
Immigration, 1D 129, 141 21, 176; water supply, HD 20, 170, 175, D 108-109, 112-115; research, GV 120; origin of
Immortality, 7176, 190; 186-187 bronchial, D 105; ear, SH 35, term, HD 62; pandemic of
monuments to, 7 188-189 India rubber, G// 124 147-148, 149; skin, D 104; 1918-1919, C 186, HD 61, PH
Immune reaction to foreign Indiaman armed merchant ship, surgical, 19th Century, HD 109; patent medicines, D 160;
tissue, 8 126, 127, 132-133, SHP 194 56, 57-58, 64-65, 68, PH 31, during pregnancy, C 156, SH
138, C 173-175, PH 190; Indian Point, N.Y., nuclear 36-37, 194; susceptibility to, 153; vaccine research, D 133;
mechanism, 8 133; partial reactor at, EVG 127 HD 18, 153; viral, mechanism virus, C172, D 96,115, 132,
suspension during Indiana, limestone caves, V/ 80 of, C 171-172, 188, D 106, 107, HD 61
pregnancy, G 31-33; Indians, American. See HD 93 “Information Explosion,” CH
preventive injection at birth, American Indians Infectious diseases, C 177-179, 174, SC/ 102, 107-109
8 138; suppressive “Indications” of drugs, D 153 188, D 77, 95, 169, 173, HD 9, Information processing, EG 176-
treatments, 8 126, 136-137,C Indigestion, 8 143; role of 13-14, 31-38, 53-62, 84, PH 35- 177, MCH 170-172;
173-175 emotions in, 8 106-107, FV 36; bodily defense, C 169-170, educational advantages, ENG
Immunity, natural, C 171, 175, D 84, HD 151 172, 175, HD 58 (see also 177; and laser beam, £188,
114-115, HD 36-37, 38, 53, 58, Indium, / 139; uses of, 1 139 Immunity, natural); ENG 181; potential dangers to
59, 60-61, 167; to childhood Indomethocin, D 136 “childhood diseases,” HD 28, society, ENG 177; systems
diseases, HD 36-37, 60-61; Indonesia, fuel resources, £ 193 map 29, 36-37, 60-61, PH 110; analysis of problems of, EVG
during pregnancy, C175, G Induced drag (aeronautics), F death rate, viral disease, D 172,174
32 : 5D, 51, 58 chart 98; decline of death Information theory, VATH 50,
Immunity research, 8 63-64, Induction (electricity): rates, bacterial diseases, D 54, SC/ 86, 87, 100, 147
T2ONTS2 TS 718810 W-LT5 electromagnetic, £ 48, 122, 95, chart 98, 101, HD 59; Infraorbital foramen, ‘ 8 43
Immunization, artificial, C 172, D 128; electrostatic, £ 120 deficiency diseases confused Infrared brightness temperature,
115, HD 37-88, 58-59, PH 36. Induction (scientific method), V/ with, Fv 104, 108, 111; in PL 64
See also Vaccination; Vaccines 31, MATH 89, SC/ 56 medieval times, HD 31, 32, Infrared photography, £ 72;
Immunological memory, D 115 Indus River, W map 131; ancient PH 13; old misconceptions, C pollution checks by, W 190-
Immunological paralysis, C 174- civilization, W121, 123 170-171, 176, 178, 181, HD 33, 191
175 Industrial chemistry, beginnings 34, 35, 55, 62; during Infrared radiation, £ 14, 37,71,
Impedance matching, SH 33-34, of, GM 14-15, 36-37, 38, 44-45, pregnancy, C 175, D 115, 116, 72, PL 42, 61, 65, WEA 12, 177;
37-38 48. See also Synthetics G 30, 156; prevention and in electromagnetic spectrum,
Imperial Chemical Industries industry control, C 184-187, D 95, 98, E 74-75, PL 66; heating role of,
Ltd., Gv 147 Industrial noise, SH 173; HD 54-56, 186, PH 106-109, in earth atmosphere, PL 42,
Impetus School, SC/ 53 deafness from, SH 153-154; 132, 136-138 (see also 114, WEA 36, 38, 39; nature of,
Implanted-air theory of hearing, hearing losses from, SH 154, Sanitation; Vaccination); E 75; production of, £ 77;
SH 34-36 172 susceptibility to, HD 13-14, velocity, PL 61; wavelength,
Impotence, false diet for, FV 155 Industrial research. See 36-37, 53, 60-61, 156, 158; in PL 42, 66, WEA 12;
Improved Manned Interceptor, F Research, industrial underdeveloped countries, of planets, PL 64, 70, 72, 114;
176 Industrial Revolution, EVG 55, G HD 14, 20-23, 41, 59, 162, 176, analysis of, in study of
Inca: accounting method, MATH 87, MCH 18-14, 52, 60, SC/ 178-179, 182-185, 186, PH 141; planetary atmospheres, PL 67
13; drug chalice, D 19; 148, 155; beginnings and venereal, HD 14, 36, 62; 73, 78, 79; determination of
hanging bridges, EVG 59, WHL initial inventions, £ 44, ENG cause of, D 95, HD 56, 57-58; planetary temperatures by,
eee
8-The Body c-The Cell D-Drugs &£-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease Lv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 PL 64, 72-73, 110, 111, 122, Instruments, general history of, 102, 104, 158-159
134, 157, 171; earth, Pz 42, deceased persons, PH 178,
SC/ 36, 37-49. For details see Intercontinental ballistic missiles 190; X-rays of, PH 96-97. See
WEA 36; Venus, PL 110, 111, under headings like (ICBM): American, / 132- also individual organs
in woe Astronomy; Meteorology; 133, MS 57, 59-60, 195; attack International Astronautical
uses of, £ 72; photography, Navigation detection, EG 104, 105, map Congress, meetings, /S 195
W 190-191 Insulating materials, £ 121, Gv 107; Soviet, Ms 61, 195 International Astronautical
Infrared window of atmosphere, 131, 148, 151, 153, 162, 171, Interdisciplinary sciences, SC/
PL 65, 66 Federation, /S 195
HS 75, chart 100-101
Ingersoll, Simon, CH 194 International Business Machines,
Insulation (clothing), WEA 122 pees (syn. for surface), / MATH 169, MCH 171, Sc/ 129;
Ingrassia, Gian Filippo, SH 35 Insulin, 8 82, 170, 171, 172, 173, computers, ENG 176, MATH
Inherited diseases. See D194, G 26, 188, HD 127-128, Interface (transfer point), WHL 26-27, 29, MCH 175-176
Hereditary diseases 138, PH 175, 195; shock 160-161,176 International Congress on
Initiator (chemistry), GV 57; therapy, MND 62; synthesis Interference (light waves), £ 75- Aeronautics, Second, /S 58
defined, Gv 195 research, D 136,137 76, 138, LV 36, 38, 39, 47, 103; International cooperation in
In-line engines, F 78-79, 80 Insurance, based on laws of defined, / 194; fringes, £ 138; sciences, SC/ 35, 82, 108, 110,
Inner ear, 8 152, SH 40-41, 42- Peon MATH 11, 128, 130, pattern, LV 36, 37 112-113, 120; in meteorology,
43, 53-62, 193; in bats, SH 126; Interference (sound waves), SH WEA 155, 158, 160, 175, 182
dual fluids in, SH 42-43; Integer (mathematics), MATH 12; 103; in auditorium, SH 23; International Geophysical Year
evolution of, SH 33; in fishes, Pythagorean classification, complex, SH 12; defined, SH (IGY), Ms 59, 77, 193, sc/ 120,
SH 68, 128; function of, SH MATH 43; relationship with 12-13; patterns of, SH 22 WEA 175
36-38, 49; human, as musical scale, MATH 42, 43 Interferometer, £ 138, 139 International Hydrological
examples of specialization, C Integral: defined, MATH 107; Interferon, C 172, D 106-107, Decade, W177
103; location of, SH 31; symbol, MATH 107 112 International Rice Research
Meéniére’s disease, SH 154; Integral calculus. See Intermarriage, effects of, G 88 Institute, FV 188, HD 190-191
muscle, SH 126; in Integration Intermolecular bonding: of International Standards
otosclerosis, SH 148; in Integration (integral calculus): amorphous substances, GV Organization, SH 84
porpoises, SH 128; pressure applications, VATH 108-109; 127-128; hydrogen bond, Gv International Year of the Quiet
transmission in, SH 44-45; area problem, MATH 108, 90-91, 195, 75, 78, 80, 82, Sun (1964-1965), SC/ 120, WEA
sensory-neural hearing losses 109, 111, graph 124; defined, W 14-15, 20-21, 22, 23, 28, 30, 175
in, SH 147 MATH 106; essence of, 107- 105; polymer cross-linking, Interneurons, 8 142, 143, 144,
Inoculation, beginnings of, HD 108; method, MATH 106; GM 66-67, 69, 105, 128, 131, 147, 149, D 47, 48
37-38, PH 15, 36. See also result, MATH 107; symbol, 150-151, 170; of thermosetting Internist(s), PH 80-85, 101;
Vaccination MATH 107; terminology, MATH plastics, Gl 105 handicapped by not making
Inorganic chemistry, G// 11, 33, 107; uses of, VATH 108. See Intermolecular forces, £ 55. See house calls,
34, SC/ 90, 91, 100; history also Calculus; Infinitesimal also Van der Waals forces PH 84, 85; vs. intern,
of, GM 18, 32-33, 40-45, M 29- method Intern vs. internist, terminology, terminology, PH 80; modern,
38; Nobel prizewinners, SC/ Intelligence, 8 150; PH 80. See also Internship PH 82-85; 19th Century, PH
191 augmentation by drugs, D Internal clocks. See Biological 80-82; number in U.S., PH 80
Inorganic compounds, GM 11, 33, 174, 175; basis of, G 86; boys clocks Internship, hospital, 8 788-189,
34, M139 vs. girls, G 97; and civilization, Internal-combustion engines, 190, PH 53, 58-59, 76, 147;
Inquisition, the, VD 66, 168, PL 178-179, 190; conditions for MCH 102-109, 129, WHL 80-82, uniform, PH 154
169 development of, on planets, 194-195; in aircraft, F 77-82, Interplanetary distances, PL 180,
Insane asylums of past, VD 68- PL 177, 190; and creativity, MCH 107-109; beginnings of, 181
71 MND 135-136; definitions, MCH 83, 60, 67, 102-103, 194; Interplanetary dust, P/ 80, 85
Insanity. See Mental illness MNO 129; distribution curve, cooling of, ENG 21, £79, MCH Interplanetary travel, /S 48-49,
Insect control, with radioisotopes, MND graph 132; hereditary vs. 108, W 30; diesel vs. gasoline, 153-154, 155-165; minimum
£ 164-165 environmental factors in, G MCH 105, WHL 81; in early velocity, VS 36; moon as
Insecticides, FV 33, 41, 186, 187, 85-86, 131, VND 126, 132-135; automobiles, WCH 103-105; staging area in, VS 129
GM 182, 142; resistance to, D and learning ability, vb efficiency of, WHL 81; four- Interpretation of Dreams,
101; water pollution by, HD 114; nature of, VND 124, 129; stroke, MCH 66, 102, 103, WHL The, Freud, VND 13, 101
99, 103-104 physical growtn and, G 78, 80-81; fuels, VCH 102, 103, Interrogator, DME system, F 128
Insects: adaptability of, PL 137; 84-85; precocity of, G 85-86; 104; guns, M/CH 33; ignition, Interstate Highway System, WHL
biological clocks, 7 46-47; seat of, in brain, B 145, 147, ENG 24, 25, MCH 102, 108, WHL 101-102, 105, 107; bridges, ©
chromosomes in, G 52-53; MND 36; sexual maturity and, 80, 194; operating principle WHL 1381, 137
compound eyes of, C 163, LV G 107; survival value of, PL of, MCH 102, 108, WHL 81; Interstellar matter, PL 153
20, 21, 60, 61, SC/ 20-21; ears 177, 178; Otto-type, VCH 66, 72, 103, Interstellar travel, /S 165-167,
of, SH 62, 74-75; giant, of tests, G 86, 96-97, MND 124, 106, WHL 80; piston-cylinder 175-178, PL 179; minimum
carboniferous, G 176; hearing 130-133; Average Adult, WD mechanism, MCH 102, 103, velocity, MVS 175
and sound range of, SH chart 131-132; Binet-Simon, MND WHL 65, 80-81, 194-195. See Inter-tropical convergence zone,
194-195; iridescence of wings, 130-131; for the deaf, SH 157; also Diesel engine; Gasoline WEA 63, 100-101
LV 102-103; metamorphosis, G measuring creativity, MND engine Intervals, time, 79, 10, 14, 102;
175, 176, T 46; as vectors of 135-136; sample problems, Internal medicine, PH 80-85, man’s estimate of, 714-15
infectious disease, HD 38, 39, MND 124-125, SC/ 32, 34; of table 102, 154; diagnostic Intestinal bacteria, 8 117, 0 94
42,43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 183, scientists, SC/ 32; Stanford- tools, 8 103, PH 86, 87-99 Intestinal hormones, 8 114, 169
185; wings and flight of, F 38, Binet, VND 131, graph 132; Internal Medicine, American Intestinal juices, 8 102-103, 114-
42-43 WAIS, MND 132; Board of, PH 80 115, FN 84
Insightful behavior, MVD 110 variability, G 88, VND 133; Internal organs, 6 15, 52, 53,C Intestinal worms, D 95
Insolation (incoming solar effects of early education, 18-19, 108, FV 89, PH 34-35; Intestine: bacterial decay in, 8
radiation), WEA 12 MND 133-134; possibility of artificial replacements, 8 85- 117; blood cell manufacture
Insolubility of synthetics, G// 58, raising intelligence, G 86, 86, 125, 126, 128-131, HD 16, in, 8 93; blood supply to, 8
105, 147, 148 MND 173 PH 108, 169, 178, 186-189 (see 81, 90; large (colon), 8 52, 53,
Insomnia: false diet for, FV 155; Intelligence quotient (1.Q.), MVD also Artificial organs); blood 108, 117, FV 85; mucus, 8 15;
prevalence of, D 46 130-131; changes in, G 86, 88, supply to, 8 81, 90-91; muscle, 8 14, 56; prenatal
Instincts, VND 194-195, 7 40; in MND 133; vs. creativity, MND diagnosis of disease, B 103, development, C 102, G 35;
animals, MND 114, 117, 194- 135-136; cultural deprivation PH 35, 82-83, 86, 87-99; tissue, of mouse, C 18;
195; Freudian theory, VND and, MNO 183; distribution embryonic cell disorders: appendicitis, 8 103;
85-86 curve, MND graph 182; of differentiation for, C 102-103, cancer, HD 91; diagnostic
Institute for Advanced Study, scientists, SC/ 32; of various 120, G 44-45; fluid balancing, tool, 8 103; duodenal ulcer,
Princeton, / 38, MATH 52, 175, famous men, MND 126-127 D 85; hormonal control of B107;
SC/ 10, 127, WEA 138, 150 Intelsat (communications activity of, HD 11; medieval small, 8 52, 53, PH 105; alcohol
Institute for Cancer Research, satellites), WS 100 drawings of, 8 24, 25, PH 21; absorption in, D 35-86;
Newark, Del., FV 170 Intensity theory of binaural muscles of, 8 55-56, C125 digestive process in, 8 102-
Institute for Muscle Disease, location, SH 102-105 (see also Cardiac muscle; 103, 114-117, FN 84-85, 93, G
New York, HD 131, 133 Intensity-time relationship in Visceral muscles); nervous 18; length of, F/V 84; lining of
Institute of Nutrition of Central vision, LV 170-171, 173 control of, 8 149-150, D 88, (mucosa), 8B 15, 103, FV 84;
America and Panama (INCAP), Intensive-care unit, hospital, PH MND 217, 28, 34-35; primitive, nerve endings in, 8 143;
FN 172, HD 77-79 150-151 C 114; protection of, 8 55, 57; nutrient absorption by villi,
Institutes and laboratories, Interatomic bonding. See storage of, for transplants, // 8 90, 91, 103, 116, 117, FN 85;
science, SC/ 125, 127-129 Molecular bonding 62, PH 190-191; temporary peristalsis, 8 117, FN 90-92;
Instrument Landing System Intercalation, 7 66 replacement by animal sections of, 8 103; surface
(ILS), F 142-143 Interchangeable parts, organs, PH 178, 184-185; area of, 8 91, FN 93; villi of,
Instrument landings, F 128, 130, introduction of concept, ENG transplants, 8 125-126, 132, B 91,103, FN 85, 86, 92-95
142-143, 152 13, MCH 35, 60, 68, 76, 78-80 184, 135, 137, C 173-175, PH Intoxication, alcohol, D 37, 38
Instrumentation engineer, FVG 19 Interchanges, highway, WH 8, 103; transplants from “Introducer,” D 66
i
 Jamestown, 1667 hurricane, WEA metabolism, 7 41, 42
Introvert, VND 88 Tron Duke, H.M.S., SHP 147
107 Jet streams, WEA 35, 64, 76-77, 175
Intuition, in Jung’s system, MVD Iron furnace, puddling, MCH 193
Iron industry, MCH 13, 80. See Jamuna River, W map 131, 134- Jetliners, commercial, £ 171-173,
89
also Steel industry 185 175; and air-traflic control, F
Intuitionism, SC/ 75 130, 131-143; cockpit, ENG
Invariants (group theory), WATH Iron lung, C 188-189 Janney, Eli, WHL 58-59
Iron oxide, / 134; as catalyst, & Jansen, Gerd, SH 183 164-165, F108, 109-121;
174 communications, f 118-119,
Inventions, SC/ 146-148; 99-100 Jansky, Karl, PL 65
Iron treatment of water, W177 Janssen, Hans and Zacharias, 8 128-129, 130, 136; crew, F 109-
chronology of, MCH 193-195;
Tronclads, SHP 144-145, 195 137Gi2 110, 118, 120-121, 130; design,
duplications of, SC/ 152; F 105-106; fuel-flow system, F
predictions for future, SC/ Irradiation, food preservation by, Janssen, Pierre Jules César, / 59
FN 63 Janus (Roman god), 7 153 120; fuel share of take-off
148-150; predictions of past
Irrational numbers, V/ATH 43-44 Janus (Saturnian moon), PL table weight, /S 37; introduction
fulfilled, SC/ 148, 150-151;
Irreversible processes, £ 64-65 193 of, F 101, 195; maintenance
152, 153; sociological impact
of, SC/ 145, 150-151, 155 Irrigation, ENG 63, MCH 28, W Japan: agriculture, FV 187; and overhaul, Ff 107-108;
Inventors, modern, V/CH 110, 152, 158, 154, 172, 173-174; birth control, FV 190; body oxygen supply control, Ff 120,
111-121, SC/ 136; financial ancient civilizations, W 122, growth trends in, G 86; 121; preflight testing, F 106-
rewards, VCH 118-119; in 123,124, 145-146, FN 35; bullock cart, WHL 26-27; 107; pressurization control, F
government, VCH 113; ancient devices, MCH 11, 12, calculus, 17th Century, MATH 120, 121; “small,” short-to-
independent, CH 116; in 30-31, W 145-146; aqueduct, 108; congenital defects from medium-haul range, F 172-
industry, MCH 114; patent W 128, 158; canals, W 123- radiation, G 156; diet of, FV 174; supersonic (see SST);
rights, MCH 154 (see also 124, 158-159; dams, FN 184- 26-27; food production, FV thrust ratings, F 84, 116;
Patent); teamwork, VCH 110, 114 185, W 156-157; of deserts, FV table 180-181; fuel resources, weight of, F 169
Invertebrates, behavior range, 171; flow test, W 66; Ganga £193; Kublai Khan’s invasion Jews: calendar, 7 61, 62, 66, 67;
MND 194-195 River system, W135, 139 of, WEA 109; monsoon, WEA drinking habits, D 59; head
lo (Jovian moon), P/ 158, 163, Irritability (response to stimuli), 62: railroad service, WHL 9, form of, G 78; health
table 193 C26 178, 190-191; sumo wrestlers, doctrines, 8 10; Orthodox, 7
Iodine, VV 36, 142, 143; body Isaacs, Alick, D 107 G 190-191 63; puberty ceremonies of, G
need for, FV 10, 15; erystal Isaacs, Ken, VND 123 Japanese-Americans, menarche 87, 104
type, V 101; deficiency, Ischial tuberosities, 8 72, 73 age of, G 132 Jib (sail), SHP 59, 65, 70
goiter, FV 63, 107, G 134, HD Ishihara test, LV 127 Japanese goldfish, eye of, LV 24 Jibboom, SHP 59
82; hydrogen replacement by, Islam, 7 18-19, 24. See also Arab Japanese junk, SHP 195 Jivaro Indians, D 9
GM 36; radioisotope, use of, E and Moslem role in sciences Jarmo excavation, FV 34-35 Jnd, unit of sensation, V//VO 11,
174; sublimation, V 105 Islamabad, Pakistan, city Javelin (sounding rocket), M/S 42- SH 81-82
“Todine ration,” FV 153 planning, ENG 186-187 43 Jodrell Bank, radio telescope, PL
re salt, FV 63, 107, 153, G Islets of Langerhans, 8 170, 171, Jaw (human), 8 43; prediction 69
aie for future size, 8 42; prenatal Johannesburg, South Africa,
Iododeoxyuridine (IDU), 0 132 Ismail, Abdel Aziz, SC/ 118 formation of, G 64; as racial space tracking station, PL 77
Ionic bonding, £ 96, GM 102, Isobars, WEA 168 characteristic, 8 40; and John C. Lodge Expressway,
103,104, W 11; defined, Gu Isobutylene, G// 129, 140 sound articulation, 8 122; at Detroit, WHL 9
195 Isolated peoples: health of, #8 various ages, B 40 Johns Hopkins University, D
lonization, / 121; of air, WEA 16, 17-19, 156, 157-167, 172- Jay, John, VCH 78 108, 110, 116, 118, wd 108-
113, 176, 190; atmospheric 173; sudden exposures to Jealousy, Munch, MND 150 109; balloon-borne Venus
measuring, WEA 190-191; and infections, HD 18-14, 38, 156, Jeans, Sir James, MATH 9, PL 28, project, PL 78-79; medical
lightning, WEA 104; and 158, 164, 167 29, SC/ 106 curriculum, PH table 56; ~
plasma state of matter, VV Isolation, personal, experiment, Jeffers, William M., Gi 130 Medical School, c 150, 0 194,
176; in Venus atmosphere, PL HD 146-147, MND 42-43 Jefferson, Thomas, 8 9, VATH PH 55, 80; School of Hygiene
110-111 Isomers, GV 35, 55; defined, Gv 143, MCH 78, 79, SC/ 98, 126, and Publie Health, PH 54;
Ionizing chamber, // 163 195 151, WEA 155 vision studies at, LV 75, 125,
Ionosphere: earth, /S 101, PL Isoniazid, HD 59 Jeffries, John, £194, MS 26, WEA 134-135
43, graph 56, 57, WEA 175-176; Isoprene, GV 125, 128, 140, Vv 144 Johnson, C. Scott, SH 134-135
Venus, PL 110-111, 115 107; molecular structure of, Jejunum, 8 103 Johnson, Lyndon B., FV 182, WEA
Ions, £ 96, /V 142,176, WEA 118; GM 125-126; polymerization Jellyfish, SH 62; statocysts of, 160, WHL 175; on mass
effect of imbalances on of, GM 125-126 SH 64-65; water content of, transportation, WHL 10; on
human body, WEA 118-114 Isosceles triangle, Thales’ W115 space ventures, VS 103, 121
Iowa, 1965 flood, W/126 proposition, VATH 40 Jenner, Edward, C 172, 180-181, Johnson, Robert Gibbon, F/V 149
Ipecac, D 30, 31, 96 Isotopes, £ 171, 194, Vv 153, 7 HD 87, 38, PH 15, 34, 193 Johnson, Samuel, SH 84; I.Q. of,
Iproniazid, D 55, 183, MND 155 128-129; defined, 7 128; Jenney, William Le Baron, ENG MND 127
1.Q. See Intelligence quotient weight differences, VM 152- 194 Johnson bar in steam locomotive,
Iran: fuel resources, £ 193: 153,154. See also Jenny Lind (early locomotive), WHL 55
nomads of, 7 20-21 Radioisotopes WHL 44, 45 Joints (anatomy), 6 15, 44, 55,
Iraq: fuel resources, £ 193; Israel: desalination plants, // Jensen, Christian, VATH 160 65,69, 70-71; flexible vs. rigid,
Marsh Arabs of, HD 162-163 171, 172; food production in, Jensen, J. Hans D., SC/ 179, 180- 8 55, 57-58; lubrication of, 8
Iridescence, /\/ 102-103 FN table 180-181; irrigation, W 181, 190 55; mechanical replacements,
Iridium, V/ 135; uses of, F 149, 154, 172; water dispute with Jersey (cattle breed), FV 37 B 64, PH 103;
M1385 Arabs, W121; water Jerusalem, W/ 172 disabilities of, 8 59, 174;
Iris (of eye), 8 154, LV 54, 59, 83, management, W172 Jervis, John B., VCH 59, WHL 54 arthritis, 8 59, 64, HD 13, 94-
84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 194; coloring Italian- Americans: drinking Jesuit Powder, D 100 95
of, LV 54, 56, 86; function of, habits, D 59; head form of, G Jet engines: fuel, £ 115, F 148- Joliot-Curie, Frédéric, £ 170,
8 147, LV 54; origin of word, 78; Roseto study of heart 149, MCH 109; fuel consump- 194,195, w 184, 185, 186, SC/
LV 54 disease, HD 83-84 tion, F 83, 84; invention of, 191
Iris (plant): morning-iris, C 19; Italy: concrete bridges, WHL MCH 195; 17th Century road Joliot-Curie, Irene, £ 170, 194,
wild (blue-eyed grass), 7 32 136-137; fuel resources, F 193; vehicle design, F 34; M 184, 185, 186, SC/ 191
Irish potato famines, FV 127, rail passenger service, WHL aircraft, F 82-83, 84-85, 116- Jolly, Hugh, G 107
178, HD table 77 188, 189 117, 120, 195; bypass engine, Jones, Ernest, VND 95, 102, 1383
Iron, V 134, 135; in “Ivory hunters,” EVG 98 F 84; controls and Jones, H. Spencer, 7 104
bloodstream, 8 83, V 135; as instruments, ENG 164, F 110- Jones, Jack, EVG 173
component of planets, PL 34, J 111, 116-117; noise, SH chart Jordan, Fred, ENG 136
35, 36, 44, 115-116, 136; 173, 178-179; noise muffling, Jordan, Henry, HD 137
crystal type, // 101; crystals, Jablochkoff, Paul, VCH 72 SH 186; ramjet, F 84, 85, 148- Jordan: campaigns against
SC/ 24-25; in drinking water, Jackscrew, VCH 17, 27 149; ramjet nozzle, MCH 129; malnutrition, FV 116; food
W 193; introduction in Jackson, Andrew, WH 104 thrust, F 84-85, MCH 110; production in, FN table 180-
shipbuilding, SHP 10, 13, 31, Jackson, Philip W., VD 135-136 turbofan, F 84; turbojet, F 76, 181
77-79, 134, 195; in prehistoric Jackson, William H., LV 66 82-83, 84-85, 86, 148, MCH 92- Jordan curve, VATH 186
times, M 12, 30, 134, 135; Jacob, Frangois, SC/ 193 93, 109-110; turboramjet, F 85 Jordan River, W172
mining, EVG 58, 132, 133-143; Taeebh Carl Gustav Jacob, MATH Jet propulsion: automobile Joseph, David, PH 72-73
hematite, ENG 132, 134-135, speeds, WHL 169, table 170; Joseph’s interpretation of
136, 141; taconite, ENG 123, Jacobsohn, Dora, G 105 early attempts, in shipping, Pharaoh’s dream, VND 84
132, 136-143; Jacoby, Oswald, VATH 139 SHP 76; “Siamese Twin” Jost, A., G56
in nutrition, FV 13, 15, 63; Jacquard, Joseph Marie, CH aerospace craft, MS 50-51; Jouffroy d’Abbans, Marquis
deficiencies, 8 83, FN 63, HD 66, 67, 169, 170, 194 ene, ENG 173, 182-183, WHL Claude de, SHP 76
82; sources, FN 37, 152, table James, Henry Jr., VD 12 Joule, James Prescott, £ 13, 36-
194-195; supplements, D 87, James, Henry Sr., MND 12 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, /S 38, 51, 53, WEA 38, 131
FN 68, HD 82 James, William, £V 14, WD 12- 109, PL 76, SC/ 129, 139 Journal bearing, WHL 69
Iron Age weapons, M/CH 38 13, 15, 54, Sc/ 15, SH 82 Jet speeds, effect on human Journal box, WHL 69
eee SSS
8-The Body c-The Cell D-Drugs
€-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease /v-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sci-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
Journal of the American precipitation, PL 155, 164; Kendrew, John, C 64, 65, SC/ 193 Kinetic energy, £ 10, 11,14, wes
Medical Association, PH 127 vapor, PL 155; Kennedy, John F., EVG 79, LV 131; conservation, £ 11;
Journals: of abstracts, Sc/ 108, weather phenomena, (/S 151, 165, MS 86, 91, SHP178
109; agricultural, FV 50-51; equivalence with mass, £ 143:
PL 155, 160; winds, MSs 151, Kennedy Airport, New York, origin of term, £ 14. See also
medical, P+ 127; scientific, PL 154-155; precipitation, PL holding patterns, £ 140-141 Mechanical energy; Motion
SC/ 102, 107-108, graph 109 155, 164 Kennedy Space Center, GV 173 Kinetic (mechanical) theory of
Journeyman (sounding rocket), Jupiter-C (rocket), WS 57, 195 Kennedy’s Medical Discovery, D heat, £ 36-38, 53, 56
MS 42-43 Jupiter simulator, P/ 186, 187 154, 155 Kinetophone, EG 52
Jovian (giant) planets, VS 148, Jurine, Louis, SH 122 Kentucky, limestone caves, // 80 Kinetoscope, EG 52
150, 153, PL 11,173 Justinian Code, SH 146 Kenya, school of nursing, HD King, G., FV 174
Joyce, James, MND 135 Jute: cellulose content of, Gv 180-181 King, James T., VCH 194
J. P. Stevens Company, // 114- as sources and use of, WHL Kenyah tribes, Borneo, 7 56 King, Kendall, FV 174
115 Kepes, Gyorgy, SC/ 16 “King of Diseases,”’ HD 184
Judson, Whitcomb, zipper of, Jutland, Battle of, SHP 146-147 Kepler, Johannes, VATH 111, Kingsley, Charles, SH 139
ENG 13-14 Juvenile hormone, G 176 162, Ms 11; instruments of, Kinsell, L. W., FV 134
Jugular vein, 8 49 Juvenile water, PL 38, W 60, 195 SCI 38, 43; laws of planetary Kircher, Athanasius, £ 72, 101,
Julian calendar, 7 61-62, 72-74 motion, MATH 81, 111, VS 9, SH 10, WEA 13
Juliana, Queen of Netherlands, K PL 14, 24, 25, 194, SC/ 53, 81, T Kirk, A. C., SHP 81
7186 80-81, WEA 129; Somnium, MS Kisk, Albert, VS 70
Jung, Carl Gustav, MND 87, 88- Kaaba, the, 719 10, 22-23; mentioned, ND 9- Kiss, The (early movie), ENG 52-
89, 95, 7 186; his “map” of Kaario, Toivo J., SHP176 10, PL 15, 26, Sc/ 56 53
the mind, MND 89; and Kabat, Elvin, D 112 Keratin, 8 37, G 120 Kissing bug, HD 46, 47
religion, MND 88, 89 Kaisel, Stanley F., SC/ 137 Kerckring, Theodore, G 34 Kistiakowsky, George, SHP 131
Junk (ship), SHP 68-69; Chinese, Kaiser, Henry J., PH 130 Kerosene, £ 106, 115; heat Kitty Hawk, N.C., £14, 15-16,
SHP 53, 56, 62, 195; Japanese, Kaiser Foundation, PH 129 output of, £ 94; jet fuel, & 17, 21, 24-25, 26, MCH 107,
SHP 195 Le Health Plan, PH 129-130, 115, MCH 109; rocket fuel, Vv 108
pace Hugo, F 103, 104, 105, 64, MS 36, 45, 46, 137 Kiwi-A (nuclear rocket engine),
Kaiser Steel Company, plant, Kessel, Johann, SH 149 E 159,195
Junkers airplanes, £13, F 94; J. MCH 88 Ketch (vessel), SHP 195 Klaproth, Martin, V 35
1 105,194; J. 4, F104 Kalanchoe (plant), 7 44, 45 Ketone bodies, F/V 155 Klein, Felix, WATH 182
Juno II (rocket), 64-65 Kallmann, Franz, VND 62 Ketosis, FV 155 Klein bottle, VATH 182, 183
Junto (later American Kamerlingh-Onnes, Heike, SC/ Kettering, Charles F., VG 124- Kleitman, Nathaniel, 7 40, 52
Philosophical Society), SC/ 125 191 126, 195, Gi 150, MCH 105, Klingberg, E. G., WCH 195
Jupiter (planet), 7S 151-152, PL Kamikaze (typhoon), WEA 109 195 Klystron gallery, / 166
10, 13, 24-25, 94, 153-160, 161- Kandinsky, Vasili, SC/ 166 Kettle lakes, W/78 Klystron tube, SC/ 136
167,171, 172; asteroid belt Kangaroo, albino, C 76-77 Kettledrum, SH 84, 86-87, 94; K-meson, 7 120
near, PL 85, 135; in astrology, PL Kangaroo rat, W 118; adaptation sound range of, SH chart 194- Knapp, Barbara, HD 180-181
11; color, meaning of, P/ 159; to aridity, W108, 115, 118; 195 Knee: artificial joint, 8 64;
compared to stars, VS 152, water content of body, W115 Keys, Ancel, FV 134 joint, 8 15, 46, 58; ossification
PL 156-157, 160; composition Kansas, water dispute with Khartoum Nursing College, of, G 80; reflex, 8 148
of, MS 153, PL 153, 154; core Nebraska, W 68-69, 71 Sudan, HD 180 Knife, invention of, FV chart 34
of, PL 153, 154, 156, 157, 166; Kansas City, water pollution, // Khufu, Pharaoh, ENVG 55, 56 Knight, Jack, f 125
effect on comets, PL 175; 185 Khufu-onekh, EVG 33, 55-56 Knitting machine, invention of,
future of, PL 154; Kansas Hard Red Winter wheat, Kidney, 8 52, 119-120, 124-126, MCH 138, 193; circular, WCH
gravitational field, ws164, PL FN 39 173, D 85; alcohol effect on, 194
154; Great Red Spot, vs 151, Kant, Immanuel, PL 26, SC/ 59; D 36-37; artificial, 8125, 128- Knorr soup kitchen, automated,
PL 155-156, 159, 160, 161, 164- 1.Q. of, MND 127 129, ENG 150, 152, Gu 176, MCH 177
165; life on, possibility of, ws Kant-Laplace hypothesis of origin MCH 195, PH 169; drug Knot, unit of speed, SHP 157, 198
151, PL 158, 158-159, 173, 180, of solar system, PL 26-27, 28 stimulation of, D 78, 79, 80, eee a priori vs. empirical,
186; magnetic field, PL 157, Kantrowitz, Adrian, 8 86, ENG 152 93; functions of, B 124, D 92; MND 10, 105
166; orbit of, PL 194; Red Spot Kapalilua (wind), WEA 60 prenatal development of, G “Knowledge box,” MND 122-123
Hollow, PL 155; satellites of, Kapitza, Peter, SC/ 112 48-49, 56; scar tissue, HD 13; Knowles, John H., PH 152, 155
Ms 9,152, PL 61, 71, 152, 153, Kaplan, Joseph, SC/ 120 storage of, for transplants, PH Knudsen, Vern O., SH 171
158, 162-163, table 193; Kapoho rift, Hawaii, £ 24-25 190-191; transplants, 8 125- Koch, Robert, C 178, HD 58, 59,
surface of, PL 154, 156, 166; Kappa Minus (atomic particle), 26, 7o2 508), 185, 13%, CITA 62, 72, 73, PH 35, 194, SC/ 83,
surface gravity, MS 151, 152; SC/ 68 PH 103, 190; water content of, 194
symbol, PL 8; “zones” of, PL Kapton, GM 154, 162-163 B table 83, W 114; Kocher, Emil, SC/ 194
154-155; Karnak, Egypt, obelisk at, 7 86-87 ailments, 8 125-126, 129, PH Kodachrome film, LV 72
atmosphere of, F/ 153, 154- Karrer, Paul, SC/ 192 169; atherosclerotic damage, Kodak camera, first, /V 70, 71
156, 160, 161, 164-165, 166; Karst topography, W/ 80 HD 87; clue to, PH 89; deaths Kodel, GV 195
clouds, MS 151, PL 153, 154, Kashmir trucks, WH 12 from, 8 129; glomerular Koenig, Friedrich, WCH 194
155, 161, 164-165; Kaskawulsh Glacier, Yukon, WV nephritis, HD 13; nephrosis, Koffka, Kurt, VVD 14
composition, /S 151, PL 153, 88-89 8 174; overeating and, FV 127; Kohara, Jiro, EVG 148, 158,
155, 159, 186; lack of free Kastler, Alfred, SC/ 190 anatomy of, 8 124-125; blood 159
oxygen and nitrogen, PL 155, Katsoyannis, Panayotis, D 136 supply, 8 81; location, 8 124; Kohler, Wolfgang, v0 14, 110
159; pressure, M/S 152, PL 154, Katydid, ear of, SH 75 membranes, 8 14, 15, 124; Kolbe, Adolph, G/v 34
155, 160; Kaufman, Herbert, D 132 size, 8 119; Kolff, Willem, EVG 152, MCH 195
radiation: belt, PL 36, 66, Kaya, D 34 animal, W118, 119; embryo Koprowski, Hilary, C 190
75, 154-155, 157, 158, 161, Kay, John, VCH 13, 57, 65, 193 grafting experiments, G 32; Ee War, F-86 vs. MIG-15, F
166-167; heat emission, Kearsarge, U.S.S., MS 91 as food, vitamin A source, FIV
PL 73, 156-157, 160; radio Keel, of ship, SHP 13, 193 107; Kornberg, Arthur, SC/ 193
emissions, PL 75, 157-158; Kekule Friedrich August, G/ functioning of, 8 124-125, D 92- Kornblueh, Igho, WEA 113-114
statistical data, VS table 193, 51-52, sc/ 91; theory of 93, W116, 117, 118; daily Kosi River, Nepal, W 120
PL table 193; density, PL 153; molecular structure, G/V 51, filtering load, 8 119-120, 125, Kossel, Albrecht, SC/ 192
diameter, PL 171; distance 52-53, 54-55, 57, 100 D 93; inadequate salt Kozyrev, N. A., MS 127
from earth, PL 160; distance Kellaway, Roger, SH 94 removal, and dropsy, D 78, K-particles, / 154, 7 120
from sun, PL 154; duration of Keller, Helen, 8 166, 167, SH 145 93; peak, 7 50; regulation, D Krafft, Johann Daniel, VV 32
year, PL 160; mass, PL 153, Kelley, Thomas J., EVG 80 92, w 107 Kraft, Ray, WEA 50
166; rotational period (day), Kelleys Island, Lake Erie, W/78 Kidney tubules, 8 124-125, D 92, Krakatoa (volcano), £ 25
MS 152, PL 153; size Kellogg, Winthrop N., SH 127-128 93; destruction in grafted Kramer, Gustav, 7 37
comparisons, MS 152, PL 11, Kells, Frank, PH 131 tissue, 8 132; prenatal Krebs, Sir Hans, G 24, SC/ 192
153; volume, PL 153; Kelly, Oakley, F 80 development of, G 48-49 Krebs cycle, 8 104, C 39-42, 48,
study of: by space expedition, Kelly, William, VCH 194 Kier, Samuel, £ 107 G 24-25; defined, C 194; end
MS 151-152, by spectroscopic Kelp, as food source, ENG 175 Kif (drug), MVNO 155 products of, C 39, 40, 48, G
analysis, PL 70, 71, 153, 155; Kelsey, Frances, G 157 ; Killingworth Colliery, EVG 37 25; in muscle cells, C 127
by telescope, PL 61, 70, 72-73, Kelvin, Lord. See Thompson, Sir Kilmer, William, D 163 Krendel, Ezra S., EVG 148
William Kilocalorie, heat unit, £ 94 Krogh, Schack, SC/ 193
Ke loo, IS4, 161.
temperatures: above clouds, Kelvin scale of temperature, Kiloton, £ 149 Krogman, Wilton M., 8 59
PL 73, 157, 171; extremes, WS 30-31, 41, SC/ 56 Kindberg, Lee, HD Kronecker, Leopold, MATH 173
151, PL 153, 154, 155, 159, 166- Kemble, Fanny, WHL 37 ge Krueger, Albert P., WEA 113
167; Kemeny, John, WATH 56-57 Kinematics of Machinery, Krypton, £ 75, V/ 145; discovery
water on, VS 151, W 35; Kendall, Edward C., 8 173, PH Reuleaux, VCH 10, 15 of, MV59, 145; liquefaction
droplets in clouds, PL 155, 129, SC/ 192 Bin eee (TV picture tube), temperature, / table 58;
159; ice, W 35, PL 155; Kendall, F. E., 0 112 MCH 154 percentage in air, V 58; use
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159
 porpoises, MS 174, SH 137; 150
of, VM 60 39, 41, 52; saline, W table 38,
mathematics as, SC/ 104-105; Laveran, Charles, SC/ 194
Kuhn, Richard, FV 118, SC/ 192 52, 86-87, 100-101
symbolic logic, MATH 12, 13, Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, £ 42,
Kiihne, Wilhelm, LV 78 Lalande 21185 (planetary 43, GM 34, 111, 32-33, 56,
Kuiper, Gerard P., P 147, 193, system), PL table 179 173, 174-175; vocabulary and
grammar, MATH 10; 57, SCI 35, 82; definition of
w 34 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, SC/ element, V 32; and
167 scientific, SC/ 35, 104-107;
Kunz, Sdenek, PH 177 phlogiston theory, M 32-33;
Kusch, Polykarp, SC/ 189 Lamat (Maya god), 7 71 examples, SC/ 107
Langue des Calculs, Condillac, quantitative experiments on
Kuwait: desalination plant, W Lamb, Willis, SC/ 189 combustion and calcination,
171; fuel resources, £ 193 Lamb, in various national diets, SCI 105
Languedoc, Grand Canal of, EVG M 33, 57, SC/ 90, 91;
Kwao vine, D 123-124 FN 19, 23 respiration experiments of,
Kwashiorkor, G 188-189, HD 20, Lambda particle, / 154, 156 34
Lanston, Talbert, VCH 195 FN 12-13, 14; theory of mass
COM Lambert, Johann Heinrich, WEA
Lathanum, VV 147 equivalence in chemical
Kweichow province, China, 157 reactions, MV 33, 57; Traité
irrigation, W158 Lamina theory of hearing, SH 53- La Paz, Bolivia, HD 169, 170
Lapham, Increase, WEA 157 Elémentaire de Chimie, M 57;
Kyasanur Forest disease, 54
Laplace, Pierre Simon de, FV 12, quoted, FV 13, GM 99
research, HD 182 Laminar-flow control
(aerodynamics), F 56, 60; X- MATH 127, 128, 134, 149, 155, Law of Effect, Thorndike, VD
PL 26, 27, SC/172 107-108
L 21A,F 93
Lawrence, Ernest O.,£195,M _
Laminated cloud, WEA 87 Laplanders: body radioactivity
of, HD 105; and reindeer, 149, 187, SC/ 132, 133, 190
L-2000 (airplane), F 189 Lamp, ever-burning, £ 101
Lampbrush chromosomes, C T 21; sledge of, WHZ 18, 19 Lawrence, Richard S., VCH 81,
Labor (childbirth), 8 175, G 59;
anesthesia, D 68, 193; drugs, 142,144 _ Larboard (ladeborde), SH? 56 194
Lard, FV 107 Lawrence, T. E., WEA 29
D13 Lancereaux, Etienne, 8 171, 172
Labor (economy): child, G 87, Land: forms, effect of weather Lardarel, Francesco de, EVG 129 Lawrence Radiation Laboratory,
Lardarello, Italy, geothermal SC/ 129, 132-135
HD 5d, 60, MCH 68, 69; on, WEA 11, 15-16, 40, 60-61,
displacement by automation, 71, 72, 85, 87, 98; heat power plant, € 180-181, ENG Lawrencium, £ 94, VV 149
MCH 167, 172, 180-181, 188, absorption and retention of, 128, 129 Laxatives, ancient, D 13-14, 15,
190; displacement by WEA 15, 59-60, 62, 72; Lardner, Dionysius, SHP 77 16
mechanization, MCH 13, 64, evaporation from: annual rate, Large numbers, law of, MATH Lazarenko, B. R., VCH
77, 79-82; division of, MCH W 39; geographic variability, 129-130, 133 195
76, 77-78; early opposition to w 40; share of total, WEA 82; Laryngoscope, D 66 Lazarenko, N. J., WCH 195
mechanization, MCH 13-14, precipitation on: annual rate, Larynx, 8 122; male, 8 174,G L/D ratio. See Lift-to-drag ratio
15, 66; time-motion discipline W 39; distribution, W 40; 108 Leaching: in cooking, FV 60;
and studies, MCH 77, 82, 83 share of total, WEA 82 Lasagna, Louis, D 170 defined, W195
Laboratories and institutes, SC/ Land breeze, WEA 15, 40, 59-60, Lascaux, France, cave painting, Lead, V/ 30, 139; crystal type,
36, 125, 127-129; alchemists’, 72 TLS: 101; flotation of ore
GM 32, M 22-23, 25-28; 18th Land masses. See Continents Laser beam, £ 188-191, ENG 180- (galena), / 96; isotopes, in
Century, GV 40; 19th Land plants, W/ 112, 173. See also 181, SC/ 186-137, 1538; uranium decay, 7 128-129,
Century, GM 46, 72, SC/ 46- Plants compared with sunlight, & 130, 131; sound transmission
47. See also individual Land reclamation projects, VV 189; creation of, ENG 180; in, SH 21; specific heat of, £
laboratories, e.g. Brookhaven 154, 160-161 defined, ENG 181; table 36; symbols for, VM 37;
National Laboratory; Land sledge, WHL 12, 13, 18-19, uses of, £ 188, 191; uses of, 1/139
Cavendish Laboratory; 20 communications, £ 188, ENG Lead-acid battery, electric
Lawrence Radiation Land snails, desert, W108 map 180, 181, WS 174-175, SC/ powered car, WHL 179
Laboratory Land use: in relation to 149; meteorology, WEA 173, Lead-and-line depth sounding,
Labrador, climate of, W 41 transportation, WH 155, 163, 177, 180, 188-189; surgery, E SHP 57, 151, 166
Labyrinth (ear), SH 34, 72; 177; systems analysis of 191, PH 182-183 “Leader” (lightning), 7 116
distension of, SH 154; in problems of, EVG 173 Laserwart, D 19 Leaf-nosed bat, SH 125
fishes, SH 68 Landau, Ley Davidovich, C 65, Lassell, W., PL 193 Leap year, 7 61, 62, 63, 64, 73,
La Caravelle Restaurant, FV PH 176-177, SC/ 191 beersieee G 79, 84-85, 109- 74; need for, 7 59
158, 159-167 Landaulet, WHZ 15 Learning, VVD 15-16, 105-114,
Laccifer lacca, lac bug, GV 79 Landel, Robert, V 43 Lateen rig, SHP 55-56, 58, 59, 69, 194-195; in animals, C 155,
Lacquer, GM 73, 79-80, 115 Landing, aircraft. See 194 MND 15-16, 106-107, 108-110,
Lactogenic hormone (LTH), 8 176 Aeronautics Lateener, SHP 56, 57, 58, 62 111-112, 118-119, 194-195;
La Disme, Stevin, MATH 18 Landing gear, aircraft: multiple- Latent heat, £ 32, 34, 57, W12- augmentation by drugs, D
Laénnec, René, PH 193 wheel, F 154; retractable, 13; in atmospheric water 174; deafness and, SH 145,
Lafayette-class submarine, SHP early, F 12,78 vapor, W 13-14, WEA 39; of 154-169; definitions of, MND
182 Landing modules, space flight: water, £ 32, W13, 107 105-106, 107, 112-113, 114; by
La Géomeétrie, Descartes, Mars, MS 147, 148, 162-163; Lateral geniculate body, // 80- imitation, MND 119; and
MATH 82-83, 88 moon (see Lunar Excursion 81, 120, 125; defined, Vv 194 intelligence, WWD 114; latent,
Lagos, Nigeria, HD 22-23 Module) Lateral lemniscus, SH 48 MND 112; by trial and error,
Lagrange, Joseph Louis, VATH Landing ship, SHP 195 Lateral line (sensory system), SH MND 107, 108-109, 118-119;
149, 150 Landing sites, instant, £ 154-155 62, 66-67, 68, 69, 70 factors in: conditioning, VND
Lahey Clinic, Boston, PH 127 Landslides, W/ 77 Latex, GV 124, 125, 126, 129; 107, 108-109; experience,
Laika (dog), VS 75, 80, 83, 86 Landsteiner, Karl, 8 84, HD 125, production, GV 124 MND 105, 118-119;
La Jamais Contente (electric PH 195, SCI 193 Latex paint, GV 138, chart 139, motivation, MND 112, 118-
car), WHL table 170 Lang, Conrad, WH 106 140, chart 141 119; reinforcement concept,
Lakatoi, New Guinean, SHP 53, Lang, Fritz, Vs 16 Lathes, M/CH 32, 81; automatic, MND 112-118;
54 Langbein, Walter B., W/ 82 noise level of, SH 14; in humans, MND 108, 112-114,
Lake, Simon, SHP 128-129 Lange, Karl, WEA 149 inventions, WCH 193, 194 120-121; children, MND 104,
Lake Bonneville, W 52 Langen, Eugen, VCH 103, 194 Latissimus dorsi (muscle), 8 47 ee 115, 120; precocity, G 85-
Lake Erie, W78 Langerhans, Paul, 8 171 Latitude, SHP 153; defined, SHP
Lake George, motor courts, WHL Langerhans, Islets of, 8 170, 171, 193; determination by theories of, VD 106-107, 109-
114-115 172 celestial readings, SHP 153- 114; behaviorist views, VND
Lake Havasu, Colo., W/ 97 Langevin, Paul, / 187, SH 130 155, 7 81; earliest map, MATH 106-110, 112-113; cognitive
Lake Maracaibo Bridge, Langley, John, D 194 80 views, MND 106, 110, 113-114;
Venezuela, WHL 14: Langley, Samuel Pierpont, F 10, La Tour, Georges de, painting by, Gestalt theory, vo 110.
Lake Mead, W151; sandstorm 13-14, MCH 107; Aerodrome LV 183 See also Memory; Teaching
at, WEA 116 of, £14, 36, 78 L’aubina, dietary supplement, F/V methods
Lake Moeris, Egypt, W122 Langley Research Center, ENG 120-125 Least action, principle of, MATH
Lake Pontchartrain causeway, 82, F 145-146, 148, 149, 153, Laue, Max von, GM 100-101, uv 148,154
New Orleans, WHL 138, 139 MCH 112, MS 1338, 190 102-103, SC/ 190 Least-time track, SHP 37
Lake Schrader, W/ 52-53 Langly, William, G 13 Laughing gas, D 53-54, 193, wD Leather, G/V 56; artificial, Giv
Lake Tahoe, sewage treatment Langmuir, Alexander, PH 108, 166-167 22-28, 114, 115, 118, 119, 178,
plant, W176 109 ape ships, SHP 8, 15, 18- 179-191; specific heat of, &
Lakes, W 42, 48, 52-53, 130; Langmuir, Irving, GV 150, uv table 36
amount of water in, W 37, table 176, SC/ 191, WEA 89 Laurasia, PL 58 Leaves: function of, C 33-34, 44-
38; as exposures of water Langouste, FN 161 ere peroxide, as catalyst, GV 45, W 113; red, of underwater
table, W 56-57, 61; of glacial Language, 7 11; hearing and, SH plants, C 39; transpiration
origin, W map 51, 75, 78, 100; 9; instruction of deaf Lava: on earth, PL 36, 37, W 94; from, W 103-104, 105, 111, 113;
kettle, w/78; life cycle of, W children, VND 121, SH 154- flow, studies of, PL 104, 105; tree, as protein source, FIV
52; oxbow, W 87, 96-97, 100, 169; in interstellar on moon, PL 86-87, 88, 89, 90, 173-174, HD 79
101; pollution of, W/175-176; communication, MS 175; 96, 103 Lebanon, campaigns against
role in hydrologic cycle, WV learning of, MND 120-121; of Laval, Carl Gustaf Patrick de, W malnutrition, F/V 116,
—_———_—_——$——$———$——$

8-The Body c-The Cell D-Drugs €-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease iv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MNO-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets scl-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 120-125, 172 Lettvin, Jerome, C 151 civilization process, PL 178- direction of, F 64; drag caused
Le Beau, Jacques, PH 180-181 Leucippus, GV 31, 14 179; and climate and seasons,
Lebedey, S. V., Gv 126 by, F 57, 58, factors bearing
Leucocytes. See White blood PL 52-53; conditions for, PL 9- on amount of, F 54-55, 59, 66,
Le Bel, Joseph, Gv 55, 57 cells 10; conditions leading to, C
LeBlanc (French gunsmith), CH 68-69; failure of (stall), £52,
Leukemia (cancer of the blood), 83-87, 92, 94, 97, PL 39; 55, 72-73; in insect flight, F
78-79 HD 90, PH 142, 144; in dependence on sunlight, C 42-43; requirements, F 37; in
Leblanc, Nicholas, GV 44, 45 animals, HD 92; diagnosis of, 33, 44, 46, 90; dependence on swept-back wings, F 59:
LeCorbusier, WATH 94 PH 70-71, 102; drugs, D 138- water, VM 81, W9, 24, 103, vertical, F 98, 151, 152-158,
LeCount, Daniel, 7 98 139, PH 129; false diet for, FV 106, 110; earliest forms of, C 173; and wing design, F 53-
Lederberg, Joshua, SC/ 136, 193 155; and Mongolism, G 155; 88-89; early fossils, C 89, PL 54, 59-60, 61, 65, 94; Wright
Lederle Laboratories, D 126, vaccine research, D 140-141, 41; evolution of, C 12, 86, 89- brothers’ studies, F 22-23
133, 178-179 PH 144-145; virus-caused, D 90, PL 39-41, 54,177 (see also Lift-to-drag (L/D) ratio, £59
Lee, Edmund, VCH 173 140, PH 143 Evolution); intelligent, PL Lifting pulley, WCH 22, 23
Lee, Ezra, SHP 126 Levacar, WHL 176 177; origin of, C 87-89, 97, 98, Ligaments, 8 55, 56; in
Lee, Samuel, D 157 Levanter (wind), WEA 111 GM 108, PL 39-41, W 9, 103; musculoskeletal teamwork, 8
Lee, Tsung Dao, // 46, 47, SC/ 8, Levapads, WHL 176 origin of, past theories, C 81- 62,67
186, 190 Levees, W127 83, 86-87; ultraviolet Ligatures, HD 69
Lee, William, VCH 13, 193 Lever, VCH 9, 10, 16, 17-19; radiation and, Pl 39, 42; Ligda, Myron, WEA 184
Lee, Y.R., 0 68-69 basic types of, VCH 19; variety of, PL 54-55; Light, visible, £ 13, 71-72, 74-77,
Leeuwenhoek, Anton van, 8 13, circular, VCH 21; in early extraterrestrial, (/ 81, Vs 11, 78, LV (entire vol.), PL 61, SC/
C 182, HD 56, PH 15, SC/ 81; tools and weapons, MCH 11, 169-178, PL 41, 138, 176-179, 22-23; artificial vs. sunlight,
microscope of, C 182; 36, 38-39, 48; as element of 180, 188, W33, 35; LV 99, 106, 107 (see also
microscopic studies of, 8 13, screw, MCH 27; gear as, WHL atmospheric “zones” of, WS Electric light); bending of, in
C 82, 182-183, G 176, HD 56- 78; law of, MCH 16; 151, PL 159, 173, 182, 183, 190- space, MATH 166, 167, 168, SC/
57 ee advantage, CH 191; chemistries possible at 57; candle, /V 99; chromatic
Leg: atherosclerotic damage, various temperatures, M/S aberration of, £ 86, /V 169;
HD 87; bones, B 45, 56-57; Lever-tumbler lock, W/CH 141 173, 174; communications diffraction of, £ 88-89, LV 35,
fracture, 8 58; length of, 8 Leyerrier, Urbain Jean Joseph, with, MATH 9, MS 173-175; PL 37, 38, 39, 46-47, 103, 109,
44: motor control of, MND 38; PL 172-173 179; improbable on Mercury, 194; effect on animal and
muscle tissue, FV 100-101; “Leviathan of Parsontown”’ M 81, PL 170; improbable on plant eycles, 735, 36, 38-39,
muscles, 8 15, 47, 61; (telescope), SC/ 128 Pluto, Pi 174, 182, 183; 44-45; in electromagnetic
prenatal formation of, G Levy, David, D 118 Jupiter, MS 151, PL 153, 158- spectrum, £ 74-75, PL 66-67;
33, 65 Lewis, Sinclair, WH 104 159, 173, 180, 186; Mars, /v emission by planets, P/ 63,
Legends, 7 123, 132 Lewis and Clark Expedition, SC/ 81, MS 148, 149, 169, 172, PL 64; excessive exposure to, HD
Lehigh Valley Railroad, WHL 49 126 131, 132, 183, 184-139, 140, 174-175; fluorescent, £ 70, LV
Leibniz, Gottfried, Wilhelm von, Lewisite poison gas, antidote for, 142-143, 146, 148-149, 150, 99, 106, 107, 174; glossary of,
£10-11, MATH 11, 106, 113, 114; 129 188; microenvironments for, LV 194-195; histogy of
and calculus, MATH 106, 107, Lexan, GV 68, 154, 156-157 MS 128, PL 138; moon, MS 127- concepts of, £ 75-77, 89, LV
112, SC/ 86, 87; vs. Newton, Lexington School for the Deaf, 128, PL 90, 92-93; possible 31, 33-39 (see also Particle
MATH 1138 MND 44, SH 154, 155-169 forms, MS 172-174, PL 190- theory of light; Wave theory
Leishmaniasis, PH 134 Ley, Willy, WS 15-16, 58-59 191; probabilities of, outside of light); iridescence, /V 102-
Leland, Henry, VCH 105 Leyden jar, £ 46 solar system, M/S 169, 171- 103; particle (corpuscular) vs.
Leloir, Luis Federico, SC/ 113 LFC. See Laminar-flow control 173, PL 169, 176-179, 190; wave theory of, £ 75-77, 89,
Lemmings’ “march to the sea,” LF/ MF Four Course Radio probability statistics, Ws LV 31, 33-35, 36-37, 38-39, 46-
HD175 Range, F 126, 128 169,171, PL 54, SC/ 171, chart 51,79, M 125; photoelectric
Lemniscate curve, Bernoulli, Li, Ching Chin, MATH 54 172; question of “zones” on effect of, £ 76, LV 38-39, 50-
MATH graph 84 Li, Chon Hao, D 195, G 168, 169 Neptune and Uranus, P/ 173, 51,195, M 125; polarization
Lemp, Hermann, V/CH 195 Libby, Willard F., SC/ 138, 191, T 182, 183; Saturn, PL 173, 182, of, E 90-91, LV 37-38, 48-49,
Lempert, Julius, SH 149 129-130 1838; search for, MS 173-175, 195; pressure of, £ 71;
Lemur, vision of, /V 58 Liberal arts, SC/ 104 177, PL 47, 48, 51, 53, 138-139, production of, £ 71, 77;
Lena, Sister, 7 187 Liberia, campaign against yaws, 180, 181, 186; Venus, V 81, quantum emission, £ 76-77,
Lenard, Philipp, £ 76, LV 38, 39, HD 178 MS 148, 149, 150, 151, 169, PL LV 39, 50, 170, SC/ 64; rainbow
SC/ 189; concept of atom, /V Liberty engines (aircraft), F 79- 111, 116, 128; phenomenon, F 81, 86,44,
122 80 laboratory synthesis of, GV 102, 104, 128, / 86, 87;
Lenin (icebreaker ), SHP.172, 195 Liberty ships, SHP 16, 195 169, 177, PL 138; creation of vibrations of, £ 90; white, £
Lenoir, Etienne, VCH 66, 67, Libido, VND 85-86 basic components of life, C 80, 81, LV 99, 106;
102, 103, 194 Libraries: computer, GM 172, SC/ 80, 83-84, 85, 86, 97, MS 172, absorption of, £ 77; color as
Lens (of eye), 8 154, C 162, LV 108-109, 149; of future, GV PL 39-40, 186, 187; pseudo- result of partial absorption,
54, 55, 09, 61, 84, 85, 89, 194; 5, WD) I, Tire cell, C 88 LV 56, 98-99, 110-111, 128;
accommodation of, LV 56-57, “phonographic,” SC/ 156; Life expectancy, C 108; and astronomy: optical
58, 89, 194; accommodation science, SC/ 102, 108-109 extension by diet, Fv 169, astronomy, PL 61-65;
deficiencies, LV 59, 91; in Lice, as parasites, D 95-96 170; global statistics, 8 map photography, PL 62-63, 64;
animals, LV 22; effect of aging Lichen, radioactive, HD 105 194-195; in India, HD 14, 20; spectroscopy, PL 63, 64, 65,
on, LV 55, 59, 61, 91; function Lichtenstein, Lawrence, man vs. various animals, G PIES SHEN MOS Tf SLES
of, LV 54, 55-56, 89; removal D119 chart 110, HD 16; in Nigeria, conversions: into and from
of, for cataract, 4V 61; Lick Observatory, PL 94 HD 23; obesity and, FN 127- electric signals, CH 152, 153-
structure of, LV 55, 56, 88 Licklider, J. C., SH 177 128, table 129, HD 15, 83; of 154; into electrochemical
Lenses, optical, £ 85, 86, LV 32- Lie detector, MND 35 peoples in isolation, HD 18- reactions, in eye, LV 75-76, 78-
33; camera, 8 154, LV 54, 56; Liebig, Justus von, D 37, GV 35, 19, 160, 164; rise of, HD 9, 79, 80, 93, 94; into matter, F 16;
concave, LV 32, 35, 44, 91; SCI 46, 47 chart 193, PH 175; in Sweden, by photosynthesis, C 34-36, 46-
convex, LV 32-33, 35, 44, 45, Life, M/S 169-172, 178, PL 137- HD 8, 26; in U.S., HD 10, 84; 47, LV 76; problems, F 15-16;
91; polaroid, LV 38, 49; 138, 176-179, 190; carbon- in U.S., Negro vs. white, PH intensity, /V 119; and
polishing, £60; uses of, £ 85 based, V 139, Ms 172; 171 brightness, /V 120, 169; and
Lenz, Widukind, G 157 civilized, PL 178-179, 190; “Life force” (vital force), color, LV 119, 120, 167, 169-
Leonardo da Pisa. See Fibonacci conditions for, MS 171-173, PL concept of, C 82-83, Gi 14, 170; as condition of vision,
Leonardo da Vinci. See Da Vinci 9-10, 176-177, 188, 190; 34, 46, 103 /V 168-169, 170; and hue, LV
Leonoy, Alexei A., M/S 89, 92 criterion of, C 88; doctrine of Life instinct (“Eros”), MND 86 120; minimum factor, /V 170;
Lepanto, Battle of, SHP 138-139 convergence, PL 176-177; Life insurance statistics, on and saturation, /V 120; unit
Lepére, of 1918 (aircraft), F 90 doctrine of divergence, PL overweight people, FV 127, 170 of measurement, LV 169;
Leprosarium, Carville, La., PH 177; intelligent, PL 169, 177- Life (biological) sciences, SC/ 75, interference phenomenon, £ 75-
134 179, 190; organic molecules 77, 83; history of, SC/ 96-97; 76, 188, LV 36, 38, 39, 47, 103;
Leprosy, C 177, HD 21, 36, PH as precursors of, C 85-86, 87- specialties, SC/ chart 96-97, defined, /V 194; fringes, £ 138;
34; false diet for, FV 155; 88, 97, 98, PL 39-40, 158-159, chart 100-101 pattern, LV 36, 37;
problems of drug tests on 186, 187; spontaneous Life scientists, number in U.S., nature of: double, £77, /V39,
animals, D 149 generation, theory of, c 81- Sc/ 124 79; electromagnetic nature, £
Leptis Magna, Libya, W121 83, 84, 86, 182, HD 57; Lift (aerodynamics), f 10, 34-35, 74, 75-76, LV 38, 39, SC/ 83,
LeRoy, Pierre, 7 82 on earth: adaptability of, PL 53-55, MCH 106; of biplanes, 88; photon (particle) nature,
LESA. See Lunar Exploration 116-117, 136-137, 188 (see also F102, 103; in bird flight, F E 76-77, LV 39, 50, 79;
System for Apollo Adaptation); age of, C 89, ws 44-45, 48-49; compression reflection of, £ 90, /V 31, 32,
Lesser Antilles, area oforigin of 169, PL 40,177; 7 graph 124; rule, £ 183; control in flight, 42-43, 44, 45; angle of, LV 31,
hurricanes, W/EA map 54 carbon as prime matter of, F 5A, 55, 64-65, 68-69, 112; 32, 42-43, 194; by atmospheric
Lesuk, Alex, D 137 M 139, MS 172, 7130; creation of, £ 35, 53-54, 55, particles, LV 30, 100-101; color
Le Tourneau, Robert G., CH chemical make-up of, GV 34, 64, 65, 66; defined, F 34; as result of particle
195 MS 172, PL 40, 137-138; differential, in turning, F 70; reflection, LV 56, 98-100, 110,

Cee a Sw

161
 63-67, 68, 69-71 108;
128; of colored light, LV 99- MND 19,176, 185; functions cell, C 17, 195, FN 97; lifespan,
100, 106, 107; total internal, of, MND 19, 36, 176; Liquefaction of solids. See
tranquilizer effect on, D 44, 45 Melting C107;
LV8o, 405 functions of, 8 104, 169, FV 84,
refraction of, £ 84-87, 90, LV Limbo, 7 168 Liquid ammonia, possibly the
“water” of extraterrestrial life, 86, 97, PH 35; blood-making,
31, 33, 34, 35, 44-45; angle Limbs: artificial, E/vG 161; in embryo, G 33; glandular
of, LV 32, 33, 44-45; of number of bones in, 8 56-57; MS 178, 174
Liquid fluorine, in space fuel, £ role, 8 102-103, 169; storage
colored light, /V 33; double, prenatal development of, G of nutrients, 8 104, FV 86,
£ 90-91; in eye, LV 55-57, 86, 33, 65-69 97, MV 60, MS 36, 45
Lime (chemistry), GM 32, 41, V/V Liquid hydrogen: airplane fuel, CMe
89, 91; measurement of, LV tissue, FV 96-97; malaria-
119; 130; formula, GV 32 F 148-149; in bubble chamber,
M 155, 165, SC! 67, T 120; infested, HD 43; regenerative
scattering phenomenon, LV 96, Lime (fruit), FV 21
capability, 6 104, Cc 118, D
100-101, 102, 195; and eye Limestone, V 131; Black’s liquefaction temperature, V/
table 58; possibly the “water” 174
coloring, /V 56, Tyndall experiments, GM 82, 41;
effect, VM 86-87; erosion of, W79, 91, 94; of extraterrestrial life, Liver bile. See Bile
lithography, M 94-95; MS 173; rocket fuel, / 60, Liverpool and Manchester
spectrum, £ 72, 80-81, LV 33,
108-109, 128, MATH 112, PL 63; porosity of, W/ 56; as raw 64, MS 36, 45, 47, 64, Railroad, WHL 35-37, 40-41
material, GM 129, vv 112 161 Livestock feed, FV 30, 36, 39,
eye’s sensitivity to different
parts of, LV 77, graph 170; Limestone caves, W 55, 63, 64, Liquid methane, possibly the 44- U.S. exports, FN table 54
invisible ranges, £ 72-73; 75, 79-80 “water” of extraterrestrial life, Livestock production, U.S., F/V
Newton’s discovery of, £ 86, Limit (in calculus): convergence MS 173 map 47. See also Cattle
to, MATH 122; defined, MATH Liquid oxygen (lox), V/ 62; as fuel Living standards and disease,
LV 38, 97, 128; primary colors
106; “taking a,” MATH 109 oxidizer, M 59, 60, 64-65, MCH inyerse relationship, HD 55,
of, £ 81, 82, LV 98, 110;
produced by diffraction, £88- Limit load (aerodynamics), £ 105 110, MS 38, 36, 40, 41, 44-47, 59, 61 62, 82-83
89; produced by refraction, £ Limonite, P/ 136, 137 64, 137 Livingston, Robert R., SHP 77
Linac. See Linear accelerator Liquid state of matter, £ 56, V9, Livingston, Stanley, EVG 88
86-87;
transmission of: ether theory, Lincoln, Abraham, FV 51, HD PAS lea 02 (ies Lizard: desert, 7 33, W108;
£187, 138, 139, 140-141, 7 149; 124; 1.Q. of, MND 126; Marfan Liquid sulfur, possibly the eyelids and lashes of, LV 26,
partial, by certain materials, syndrome, HD 123, 129 “water” of extraterrestrial life, 27,59; eyes of, LV 23
LV 99; Lincoln Laboratory, M.I.T., VND MS173 Ljungquist, Nils, VS 70
velocity of, £ 137, 141, Lv 38, 175 Liquids, // 73-82; behavior LM. See Lunar Module
SC/ 56; in Kinstein’s formula, Lincoln Tunnel, Hudson River, under pressure, // 79-80; “LM truck,” VS 144
MATH 166, 170; Michelson- WHL 108, 109; traffic boiling (vaporization) of, — Load line mark (on ships), SHP
Morley experiment, £ 138, monitoring, WHL 168 56-57, VM 78-80; boiling point, 10,14
139, T 149; and refractive Lind, Don, VS 138 lv 79, 80; cooling and “Loading”’ (aerodynamics), F
index, LV 32, 34; relationship Lind, James, F/V 103-104, HD 80 contraction, V 81-82; droplet 102; and load factor, F 105,
to frequency and wavelength, Lindbergh, Charles A., F 80-81, phenomenon, / 76; 108
LV 36; space travel at, VS 166- 105, 125-126, 195, MCH 16, evaporation of, £ 56, M 78- Loa-loa (tropical eye disease),PH
167, 177; universal constant, 108, MS 68 79; mixtures, VM 73, 84 (see 134
£140, 141, 143, MATH 165; in Line (mathematics): geodesic, also Colloids; Solutions; Lobachevsky, Nikolai, MATH 155, 15€
various materials, /V 44; MATH 157-158; Suspensions); natural Lobotomy, frontal and prefrontal,
wavelengths, & 81,198, PL parallelism: Euclidean occurrences of, / 73; vapor MND 68,7 14
63, 66, WEA 12; absorption vs. postulates, MATH 46; non- pressure, V 79; Lobster: regeneration in, G 122-
reflection by pigment Euclidean, WATH 155-156; molecular behavior: bonding 123; water content of, W115
molecules, and resultant shortest path between two between molecules, 74, 75, Lobules, in liver, FV 96, 97
color, LV 98-100, 110; points: in curved space, MATH W 14-15, 20-21, 22, 23, 28, 30; Localization, visual, /V 168
wavelengths: relationship to 158, 163; in flat space, MATH cohesion, / 74, 75-77, 79, 80; Localizer beam, ILS, F 142-143
color, £ 81, 86, 87, 89, LV 98, 158, 160; motion, £ 56, V 74, 79; Lock design, CH 140-141; Day
107, 120, 123; relationship to straight: in Cartesian system, physical properties: capillarity, & Newell bank lock, VCH 80
frequency, LV 36, SH 13. MATH graph 83; conic section, M17, 78, W 15, 22-23, 194; Locke, John, £ 35, VND 10, 12,
See also Color; Colored light; MATH 47; Euclidean fluidity, V 72, 75; 14, 105, sc/ 99
Laser beam; Sunlight postulates, MATH 46; incompressibility, / 73, 76; Lockheed aircraft:
Light and shadow, use in Thales’ proposition, MATH 40 shapelessness, M 73, 76; Constellation, F chart 174;
painting, LV 182-183 Line drawings, LV 145, 178, 180- surface tension, £ 56, V 76- loosing SST design of, F 189;
Light bulb. See Electric light 181; reversible perspective 717, 79, 88-89; viscosity, M 75. P2V Neptune, F 92; P2V-1, F
Light meter, photographic, /V 50 in, LV 147, 163; surrealist, LV See also Water 93; U-2, F 60, 90-91, 156; Vega,
Light-sensitive cells, as 162 Liquozone, D 165 F 92,195; XV-4A Hummingbird,
forerunner of eye, /V 16, 18 Line of position (navigation), SHP Lister, Lord Joseph, C 184, HD F153; YF-12A, F 187
Light-year, 7 145 164; finding, SHP 165 57-58, 62, 68, 69, PH 34, 36- Lockheed Missiles & Space
Lighted buoys, SHP 160, 169 Linear accelerator (linac): 387,194 Company, ENG 172
Lighter fluid, GV 60 Brookhaven, V 161, 162-164, Lister sprayer, HD 68-69 Locomotion (early locomotive),
eel apa flight, £ 10, 31- SC/ 66; Stanford, MV 166-167, Listing (nautical term). See MCH 58, WHL 35
4,194, MCH 106-107, Ms 26- 194-195, SC/ 140-141 Heeling Locomotion, of single-celled
27. See also Balloons; Linear perspective, as cue in Literature, use of scientific aids organisms, C 28, 29, 123, 130,
Zeppelins depth vision, // 138, 143-144, in, SC/ 168 132; amoeboid, C 24, 28, 104;
Lighthouses, SHP 167-169 151, 195. Lithium, // 36, 128, 129; atomic by cilia, C 29; euglenoid, C
Lighting systems, early, EVG 39, Linen, GV 82, 86 structure, £ 94, VM 125; 28-29
48-49, MCH 127, 128-129; fuel Liners. See Cargo ships; Ocean properties, V 128; use for H- Locomotives, VCH 20, 21;
consumption, ENG 126; types liners; Passenger liners bomb, £ 148, / 129, 174, 177; efficiency ratios, WHL 55-56,
of circuits, ENG 38-39 Ling-Temco-Vought XC-142A uses of, M129 64; number of, in U.S. in
Lightning, C 92-93, £ 26-27, 118, (VTOL plane), F 98-99 Lithium oxide, V 129 1966, WHL 9. See also Diesel-
121, 7108, 116-117, WEA 104- pe and pin couplers, early, WHL Lithography, V 94-95 electric locomotives; Electric
105; agent in creation of Littau, Virginia, C 140-141 locomotives; Steam
organic molecules, C 83-84, Linnaeus (Carl von Linné), SC/ Little Juliana (steamboat), SHP locomotives
92, PL 159, 186, 187; 82, 97,735 80 Locust, in wind-tunnel
Aristotle’s concept, WEA 128; Linoleic acid, FV 14, 59 Liver, 8 52, 53,104, 114, 116, experiment, F 42
cause of, £ 26; electric charge Linonophobia, /ND table 60 FN 89, 94, 98, PH 105-106; Lodestone, £ 117, 127, MCH 124
of, £ 26, 121; fatal Linotype machine, invention of, albumin synthesis in, FV 87; Loewi, Otto, 0 194, SC/ 193
experiment, WEA 126; MCH 194 alcohol damage to, D 39; Log (shipping):chip, SHP 157;
Franklin’s kite experiment, F Lion: life expectancy of, G chart alcohol oxidation in, D 37-38, early, SHP 57, 157; electric,
116,119, 7116, WEA 127; on 110; voeal range of, SH chart 39; blood supply to, 8 81; SHP 93
Jupiter, PL 155, 159; 194-195 cholesterol synthesis in, 8 Logarithmic spirals, ATH 93; in
manmade, £ 125 Lip reading, SH 159 104, FV 133; estrogen effect nature, MATH 92-93
Lightning (airplane), F 187 Lipase, 8 112-113, 115 on, G 131; as food, vitamin A Logarithmic tables, WATH 85
Lightplane, future, £ 174-175 Lipids, 8 104 source, D 11, FN 107; location Logarithms, MATH 85-86
Lightship, SHP 167 Lipmann, Fritz, SC/ 192 of, 8 102-103; prenatal Logic, SC/ 86, 100, 104;
Lilienthal, Otto, EVG 147, F 10, 12- Lippershey, Hans, LV 32, PL 61 development of, G 36; scar eductive, MATH 39-40, 82,
13, 15, 18, 23, 36, MCH 106, Lippman, Gabriel, SC/ 191 tissue, HD 13; temporary SC/ 56-57, 79; mathematical,
107 Lips: motor control of, MND 38; replacement by animal liver, SC/ 75, 87, 100. See also
Lilius, Aloisius, 7 60 sense of touch in, 8 156, VND PH 178, 184-185; transplants, Symbolic logie
Limacon curve (Pascal), MATH 44; and sound articulation, 8 PH 103; water content, & table Loki rockets, Vs 60
graph 84 122 83; weight range, 8 16; on X- London: artesian wells, W59;
Limbic system, VND 18, 19, 36; Liquefaction of gases, // 58-60, ray, PH 97; Great Plague, HD 32, 33;
chemical stimulation of, VND 62, 68; critical temperatures, ailments, PH 184; cirrhosis, D water pollution, W175;
178; electrical stimulation of, M table 58; uses of, VM 60, 62, 39, HD 13; hepatitis, PH 83, waterworks, W 182-183;
a
SSE

6-Ine Boay c-'The Cell bo-Drugs E-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease Lv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets SC/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 19th Century health conditions: Low, Frank, PL 72-73 190-191 102-103, 104
cholera epidemics, HD 54; Low-calorie diet, FV 130-131 Lunardi, Vincenzo, /S 26 McBride, A.F., SH 127
influenza epidemic, HD 61; Low-carbohydrate diet, Fv 154- “Lunatron,”’ VS 130 McCance, R.A., G 135-136
lack of sanitation, HD 53-55; 155 Lundy, John, PH 128 McCann, L.P., MCH 160-161
public health service started, Low pressure (weather): belts, Lung, 8 52, 53, 119-122, D 85, McCarthy, Maclyn, C59
HD 55-56; WEA maps 69, 100-101; 86-87, FN 98, PH 21, 7 50; McClintock, J.R., SHP 126
smog, WEA 178; killer smog of cyclonic systems, WEA 64-65; artificial, 8 131, Gv 165, 176; McCoilum, Elmer Verner, £/V
1952, HD 100, 101, WEA 107; systems, indication on at birth, G 60-61; in 102, 105-107, 113
traffic: control, future, WHL weather maps, WEA 168; circulatory system, B 48, 80, McColm, David, 0 142
155; rush hour, WHL 147-148: weather characteristics, WEA 81, 88, 90; cleaning, during McCormick, Cyrus Hall, £VG
subways, WHL 147, 149, 152, 65, 154-155, 167 anesthesia, D 67; color of, 8 194, MCH 14, 70; his reaper,
154 Low-sodium diet, D 78 120; functioning of, 8 FN 40-41, MCH 60, 71, 80, 194
London clay (geological stratum), Low-speed flight. See 120-122, D 86-87, HD 96; McCormick, Robert, £/V 40
Pi126,127 Aeronautics mucus, & 15; prenatal McCulloch, Warren, C 151
London Museum, 7 178 Low-temperature materials. See development of, G 34, 35, 44- MeDivitt, James, VS 85
London time, 7 81-82 Cold resistance 45; as resonator, SH 71; McDonnell aircraft: F'4
Long, Crawford W.,D 53, 62 Lowell, Percival, /S 152, PL 132, stethoscopic examination of, Phantom, F 96-97; F-101
Long, Joseph, G 133 140, 142; color maps of Mars, PH 90-91; storage of, for Voodoo, F 186
Long Beach, U.S.S., SHP172 PL 147; Martfan canals, PL transplants, PH 190-191; McDowell, Ephraim, PH 193
Long-eared bat, SH 124 142-143; postulates planet surgery, suspension of McGaffey, Ives W., VCH 194
Long Lines, C.S., SHP 118-119 Pluto, PL 173 respiration, D 87; tissue, 8 McGill University, Montreal,
Long-range flight. See Lowell Observatory, Ariz., VS 120, C 52; transplants, 8 125, MND 43, 176
Aeronautics 153; ultraviolet photography, C174; on X-ray, PH 97; MceGuft, Paul, PH 182-183
Long-range navigation, SHP 158, PL 120 anatomy: air sacs (see Alveoli); MeGuire, Dan, WH 123
166 Lox. See Liquid oxygen blood supply to, 8 90, 121; Mach, Ernst, £ 58, 178; sketch
Long ton, SHP 14 Lozado, Geraldo, G 106 lobes, 8 124; membranes, 8 of monocular vision by, LV
Longevity: diet and, Fv 169, 170; LP-gas, GV 60 14, 15, 119, 121; weight, 6 119; 149
search for drugs, 174, 175 LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), capacity of, 8 195; for oxygen Mach numbers, F 58; aerospace
Longitude, SH? 153, 193, 7 81; D 42, 51, 56, 59, MND 155-158, supply, C 127; plane, £ 176; hypersonic
determination of, SHP 156- 166; effects of, D 9-10, 42, 59, damage and diseases, 8 123, flight, F 148
157, 7 81-82, 107; earliest map, MND 156, 157-158; mental 125; cancer, HD 90-91, 92, Machiavelli, Niccolo, SC/ 98
MATH 80 illness induced by, D 42, 59; 101, 112, PH 148-150; from Machina speculatrix (robot),
Longitudinal growth studies, G source of, 0 48, MND 156; cystic fibrosis, HD 135; MND 179
trance, D 43, MND 157, 167; diagnosis of, PH 83, 90-91, 96- Machine communication,
Longship, Viking, SHP 56-57, 59, in treatment of mental 97,149; edema, D 78; automated, VCH 167, 168-172.
715 illness, D 59, MND 158 emphysema, D 87, HD 84, 85, See also Computers,
Loom, mechanization of, VCH Lubber’s line, SH? 163 96-97, 101, 112, PH 71; miners’ electronic
13, 57, 65, 66, 67, 169, 193, Lubricants, £ 107, 115, Gv 51, sickness, 8 12; see also Machine control, automated,
194, 195 53, 119, 172, 104 Pneumonia; Tuberculosis MCH 167, 168-169, 172-173,
Loomis, Elias, WEA 156 Lucian (author), VS 18, 19 Lunin, Nikolai, £// 14 179. See also Computers,
Lopez-Ibor, Juan, SC/ 113 Lucite, GV 19, 23, 127, 136, 194 Lunn, Roy, ENG 17 electronic
LOR. See Lunar Orbit Luddites, VCH 14, 15 Lunts, A.G., SC/ 108 Machine gun, noise, decibel
Rendezvous Ludlum, David, WEA 193 Lupus erythematosus, PH 83 scale, SH chart 173
Loran (long-range navigation), Luff, of sail, SHP 67 Lurcher (lightship), SHP 167 Machine language, VCH 169-
SHP 158, 166 Luggage, synthetic, GV 20 Lusitania , S.S., SHP 75, 84 170,171
Lorentz, Hendrik A., £ 139, Lugsail, SHP 56 Luteinizing hormone (LH), & Machine tools, VCH 80-81;
MATH 174, SC/ 189 Lumbar nerves, 8 51 176, G 144-145, 146 beginnings of, SC/ 42, 43;
Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction, £ Lumbosacral plexus, 8 51 Lutetium, / 29, 147 electrical discharge, WCH 195;
139, 142 Lumiére brothers (Louis Jean Luther, Martin, SC/ 171; 1.Q. of, industry, MCH 84, 195;
Lorenz, Konrad, VND 117, SC/ 13 and Auguste M.L.N.), LV 72 MND 127 numerical automatic control
Los Alamos, atomic research Luminescence, C 50-51 Luyet, Basile J.,8 96 of operations, VCH 173
installation, £ 195, MATH 60, Luminosity curve, LV 169 Lwoff, André, SC/ 193 Machinery, Kinematics of,
SC/ 30, 127 Luna III (spacecraft), VS 77, 78, Lycra, GV 151 Reuleaux, VCH 10, 15
Los Angeles: air pollution and 125, PL 102 Lydia Pinkham’s Vegetable Machinery of the Brain, The,
smog, ENG 174, HD 102, PH Luna IX (spacecraft), VS 78, PL Compound, D 154, 166-167 Wooldridge, VND 179
138, WEA 178, 179; City 68, 93, 36 Lye, 129; in viscose process, Machines, MCH (entire vol.);
College students, G 131-132; Luna XIII (spacecraft), WS 78- GM 78, 88, 90, 91, 94, 95, 96 comparisons with nature, C
industrial growth, suburban, 79, 126 Lymph cells, C 194; antibody- 36, 38, 40, 131-132, 153, 164,
WHL 84; Music Center Lunacy, VND 58. See also Mental producing, B 132, 133,137, C 166, ENG 145-146, MD 36,
Pavilion, SH 188; plague illness 169-170, D 115; 178-180, 188-189, SH 33-34,
deaths of 1924, HD 34; as Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, injections for graft tolerance, 54, 57-59; definitions, VCH
science center, SC/ 130, map University of Arizona, SC/ 129 8138 10, 145; food processing, FIV
131, 138-139; water supply, W Lunar bases, VS, 144-145 Lymph fluid, 8 80, 83-84, 86, 116 68-79, MCH 177, 184-187;
ORLA, LTS: Lunar cycle, 7 23, 50; phase Lymph glands, 8 93 history of, MCH 10-15, 193-
transportation: automobile relationship with solar cycle, Lymph nodes, & 82, 133, 138, D 195; household, WCH 132, 133-
accidents, WHL 10; daily 7 59; physiological effect on 108, 114 143 (see also Appliances);
number of cars, WHL 120, 147; marine animals, 7 38-39 Lymph tissue, 8 93 human-factors engineering
freeways, WHL 8, 10; mass, Lunar eclipses, P/ 11 Lymphatic system, 8 82, 83-84, of, ENG 154, 155-169;
planning, WHL 154 Lunar Module (LM), ENG 78, 79- D 108,109; cancer of, HD 91; intensive-care, hospital, PH
Los Angeles County, flood. 85, MS 123, 138-139, 144; nutrient transport, 8 84, 103, 151; man’s relationship with,
control, W127 advance testing, ENG 81, 82; 116, 117, FV 85, 94, 95, 98-99, MCH 15-16, 167, 176; mining,
Los Angeles River, plastic dam, MS 138-1389; cost of, ENG 80; 169, G 19; in pregnancy, G ENG 134-148, MCH 90-91, 190-
GM 20 development management 32-33 191; origin of word, WCH 10;
Lost Horizon, Hilton, 7 168 and manpower, ENG 80; Lynen, Feodor, SC/ 193 simple, MCH 10, 11, 16, 17-
Lotus Land (Tennyson), 7 167 electric insulator, GV 162; Lysergic acid diethylamide. See 27; synthetics production, GV
Loudness: ear injury from, SH flight plan, ENG 80-81, MS 123, LSD 89-96, 116-118, 151, 179-191.
172; measuring, SH 80; of 133-135; simulated control Lysine, FV 172, 173, Gv 175 See also Automation;
noise, SH 172; and pitch, SH panel, ENG 76; Lysosome, C 195, FN 95, G176; Mechanization
77, 78, 80; power law for, SH engines: ascent, ENG 78, 80, defined, c 194 Machmeter, f 114
83; scales for, SH 14-15, 82- 81, 82; descent, ENG 80, 81, 82; Lysozyme, D 105 Machu Picchu, Incan city, £VG
83. See also Sound, intensity systems, ENG 81; 70-71
of communications, ENG 81, 82- M Macintosh, Charles, GV 124
Loudspeaker, SH 119; 83; human-factors, ENG 81, McKay, Donald, Boston shipyard
impedance matching, SH 34 84-85; landing-gear M-2 (airplane), model, F 168 of, SHP 30, 60
Louis VII, King of France, WHL subsystem, ENG 83-84, MS M 31 (galaxy), PL 185 Mackenzie Valley, Canada, “78
102 139; reliability, EVG 81-82 M 33 (galaxy), 7 142-143 Mackerel sky, WEA 194
Louis de Bourbon, VCH 49, 50 Lunar Orbit Rendezvous (LOR), M. speculatrix (robot), MND McKesson & Robbins, Inc., drug
Love, George H., VCH 190 MS 122, 133,135 179 display, 0 190-191
Love, maternal, G 170; growth Lunar Orbiters (spacecraft), VS Mabaan tribe, HD 157, 160-161, McKhann, Charles Jr., 8 190-191
rates and, G 136, 172-173, HD 120, 126, PL 89, 102; pictures SH 31-32 Mackie, Janet, ENG 21
146-147 taken by, PL 102-103 MAC Project, ENG 92-93 Mackinaw Bridge, WH 122, 131
Lovelace, Countess Ada Augusta, Lunar vehicles, VS 142-145, PL Macallam, A.B., C 89 McKinley, William, WEA 44
MCH 170 106-107 Macaulay, Thomas, C 181 MacLaine, Shirley, and daughter
Lovell, James, VND 47, MS 83 Lunar Walking Simulator, /S McAdam, John Loudon, WHL Stephanie, C 66

aas

163
 ENG 137-138, 141; pellets, EVG Mandible, 8 43 118,119
McLaren, Anne, G 173 Marine engineering, EVG 91
McLaughlin, Sylvia, G 138 142-143 Mandrake, D 13, 20, 51, 52
Manganese, / 133; body need Marine life. See Aquatic life;
McLean, Wilbert, PH 109 Magnetohydrodynamics, (/ 179
Magnetopause, PL 43 for, FV 15; in drinking water, Fish
McLean, William B., VCH 112, Marine Hospital Service, PH
Magnetosphere, PL 36 W193; ocean-bottom deposits
113 of, ENG 175; sources of, WHL 132, 134-135
MacLeish, Archibald, /s 169 Magnitude of estimation
89; use of, M 133, WHL 89 Marine weather stations, W/FA
McLellan, William H., £130, SC/ procedure, SH 83
Maguey (pulque), D 33 Mango fruit, FV 22, 23 157, 172, 178, 183
12 Mariner II (Venus probe), VS
MacLeod, Colin, C 59 Mail facer and canceler, Mangold, Otto, G 39-40
Manhattan (tanker), SHP 198 79, 108-109, 147, 150, PL 76-
Macleod, John J. R., 8 172, SC/ automatic, VCH 117
Maimonides Hospital, Brooklyn, Manhattan: early electric 77, 111, 115, 122-123; and
192 solar wind, MS 112, 113
MeLuhan, Marshall, WH 83 N.Y., ENG 152, 153 system in, ENG 48, 126, MCH
Mainsail, SHP 63, 65, 71, 72-73 127, 128-129; 19th Century Mariner IV (Mars probe), VS 80,
MacMillan, Brockway, MATH 56 PL 80-81, 133, 136, 144; closest
MeMillan, Edwin M., £ 172-173, Mainsprings of Civilization, traffic problems and
Huntington, WEA 110 solutions, WHL 146, 148, 149, approach to Mars, PL 134, 144;
195, SC/ 191 photographs of Mars, PL 47,
MacMillan, Kirkpatrick,
VCH 194 Maize, FV 38. See also Corn 150, 151; Pan Am Building,
Majaj, Amin, SC/ 118 ENG 101-103; rush hour traffic, 80, 131, 132, 134, 139, 144-145
MaeNichol, Edward F. Jr., LV
Majestic, S.S., SHP 81 WHL 147; skyscrapers, ENG Mariner V (Venus probe), VS 79,
125, 134, 135
Major medical insurance, PH 170 100; subways, WHL 147, 152. 150; PL 1
Macready, John, F 80
Majoun, D 56 See also New York City Mariotte, Edmé, LV 80, W38
MacSwiney, Terence James, F/V
Manhattan Project, € 168, 194, Maritime air masses, W/EA 41,
87 Malabar XIII (yacht), SHP 71,
GM 148, uv 40, 174,175, ws map 75; tropical, WEA 74
Macula of eye, LV 84, 92, 93, 195, 72-73
Malaria, D 100-101, HD 16, 22, 31, SC/ 135; procurement of Marius Crater (lunar feature),
PH 89
36, 38, 42-43, 44, 125, 158; fissionable materials for, & PE 102
Maddox, Richard L., /V 69
cause of, HD 38, 43; death 168-169, 171-173 Mark, Herman, G/V 104, 126,
Madison, James, SC/ 126, WEA
rates, D 101, HD 184; drugs, Manhattan State Hospital, WD 150, v 107
155 Marker, Russell, D 127-128
Madrid, Spain, space tracking D 30, 51, 96, 100-101, 777, 121, 72-79
station, PL 77 183; eradication efforts, D Mania, MND 61, 144 Marker beams, ILS, F 142-143
Maerz, John, 8 180 100,101, HD 36, 39, 184-185, MANIAC computer, WEA 127, Marks, William B., LV 125
Magdeburg hemispheres, // 52, PH 141; hosts, HD 38, 43; 137-138, 150 Marlowe, Christopher, SC/ 166
54-55, SC/ 45 incidence of, D graph 101, 110; Manic-depression, MVD 60, 61, Marmot plague, HD 33-34
Magellan, Ferdinand, SHP 57, origin of term, HD 36, 62; and 144-145 Marriage, G 111; in primitive
152, 155 sickle-cell anemia genes, HD Manila, battle of, SHP 128 societies, G 112
Magendie, Francois, D 15, 193, 125; symptoms, HD 438; vector Manly, Charles M., F 14, 77-78, Marrison, W. A., 7 104
MND 33 of, HD 38, 39, 42, 43 79, MCH 107 Mars (planet), /S 148-149, PL
Magenta (color): creation of, LV Malayan race, 6 40 Manned flight, beginnings of: 10, 113, 24, 33, 94, 130, 131-
110, 112; primary pigment Malaysia, natural rubber heavier-than-air, F 10, 11, 72, 140, 142-151, 172; asteroid
color, £ 81, 82, LV98 production, GM 124 13-14, 15, 16, 17-29, 77-78, 79, belt near, PL 85, 135; in
Magic squares, V/ATH 68-69 Malformations, congenital. See 102-103, 104-105, MCH 106, astrology, PL 11, 141; core of,
Magma, £ 25 Congenital defects 107-108; lighter-than-air, F PL 136, 157; early history of,
Magnesium, / 130, 131; body Mallet, Anatole, WHL 48 10, 32-34, 83, 194, MCH 106- MS 149, PL 135-186; life on,
need for, FN 15; cell’s need Mallet (steam locomotive),WHL 107, MS 26-27 speculations, 81, MS 148,
for, C 21; crystal type, /V 101; 48 Manned Spacecraft Center, TAS 169 i2e Palo lela
in drinking water, W193; Malnutrition, HD 20-22, 74, 75- NASA, Houston, Texas, EVG 133, 134-139, 140, 142-143,
ocean mining of, EVG 130-131, 82, 84, FV 15, 60; and 80, 82 146, 148-149, 150, 188;
175, W 164-165; uses of, M abortion, G 31; campaigns Mannes, Leopold, LV 72 magnetic field, absence of, PL
130, 131 against, FV 103-115, 116, 120- Mannitol, D 93 136, 157; meaning of name, PL
Magnet, £ 117, 126-127, 125, 172-173, 174-175, HD 77- Manometer, PH 65 140; oppositions of, PL 139;
T 168; cryogenic, VV 45, 79, 188-191; congenital Mansur, Charles, VS 70 orbit of, PL 14, 25, 131, 194;
69-71. See also defects from, G 151; effect on Mantegna, Andrea, painting by, radar studies of, PL 66, 139;
Electromagnet mental growth, VND 133; LV 190 satellites of, PL 139, table 193;
Magnetic bottle, for control of growth and, G 135-136; Mantle of earth. See Earth symbol, PL 8, 133; Syrtis
nuclear fusion, £ 176, 186, 187 impairment of resistance to mantle Major, and rock-shape
Magnetic compass, £ 117, 127, F disease by, HD 14, 20, 75-76, Manufacturing engineer, EVG theory, PL 133; telescopic
114, 124, 127, SHP.57, 155-156, 77, 78, 188; mineral 28,29 observation of, PL 62, 70, 71,
158, 159, 160; deviation of, deficiencies, FV 63, HD 82; Manus tribe, adolescence, G 112- U9 MSN, 18S 16%
SHP 155-156; steering, SHP protein-calorie starvation, FV 113 temperatures, PL 134; tilt of
162; taking bearings, SHP 162; 116, 117-119, 121, 171, 175; Map making, MATH 80, 82, 83, axis of, PL 133; winds on, PL
variation of, SHP 155, 160, 162 protein starvation, FV 118, SHP 153: color-theorems, 134, 150;
Magnetic field, £ 48, 120, 123, 171, 172, G 188-189, HD 20, 75- MATH 184-185. See also atmosphere of, VS 148, PL 80,
126; of earth, £ 127, PL 36, 43, 76, 77-80. See also Vitamin Nautical charts 131, 182, 138-134, 185, w 34;
57, 85; lack of, on moon, PL deficiency diseases Mapping satellites, 7s 104 clouds, PL 181, 182, 134, 144;
157; in space capsules, VS 189; Malpighi, Marcello, 8 79, 82 Marais, Marin, SC/ 166 composition, PL 134, 136;in
of planets: cause of, PL 36, 157; Malpractice suits and insurance, Marasmus, HD 74 early stages, PL 136; lack of
detection of, PL 65-66, 74, 157; PH 126 Marble, // 130: Black’s free oxygen, MS 148, PL 133,
Jupiter, PL 157, 166; lack of, Malthus, Thomas, FV 175 experiments with, GV 40-41 134, 136; pressure, M/S 80, PL 133;
on Mars and Venus, PL 157; Mammals: age of, dating, 7 Marcellus, VATH 49 color of, VS 148, PL 131, 186,
undetected on Saturn, Pl 172 graph 124; auditory evolution Marchantia, liverwort, W 112 maps 147; changes in color,
Magnetic ink, VCH 171 of, SH 33; eyes and vision, C Marco Polo, D 15 MS 149, PL 58, 132-133, 134,
Magnetic lines of force, £ 126- 162, LV 16, 22; water needs Marconi, Guglielmo, £ 74, EVG 146, 148-151;
L27 of, W115 9, 195, MCH 148, 149, 195, Sc/ space exploration of, VS 79-
Magnetic north, SHP 155, 162 Mammary glands, 8 169, 176 Deed 80, 149, 158-163; earth orbital
Magnetic separation, in iron Mammoth Cave, Ky., 7 40, 52-53 Mare Crisium (Sea ofCrises, escape to, MS 164-165; “flyby”
mining, ENG 128, 136, 137- Man: adaptability of, HD 16, lunar feature), PL 88, 96 reconnaissance trip, VS 158;
138,141 168, 171-172, 174-176 (see also Mare formation, PL 86-87, landing proposals, WS 148, 159,
Magnetic spots, in space Adaptation, human); age of 88-89 162-163; Voyager project, PL
capsules, VS 189 (anthropological), 8 59, 7124; Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains, 80, 150; see also Mariner IV;
Magnetic tape, MCH 151, SH 116; age of, in North America, 7 lunar feature), PL 84, 86-87, statistical data, /S table 193,
machine communication 138; future evolution, 88, 95-97 — PL table 193; diameter, VS
method, MCH 171-172, 175; predictions for, 8 41-42; life Mas Nectaris (lunar feature), PL 148, PL 131; distance from
recording and recorder, CH expectancy, 8 map 194-195, Cc 8 earth, PL 44, 139; distance
JAS AG Ol LOD) Shit Gn 7 108, G chart 110, HD 193; Mare Tranquillitatis (lunar from sun, PL 131; duration of
videotape, VCH 153 prenatal development (see feature), PL 104-105 year, PL 133; mass, PL 131;
Magnetism, £ 117-118, 127, Embryo; Fetus); races, 8 37- Marey, Etienne J., £ 149, MCH size comparison, PL 11;
134, MATH 106, MCH 124, PL 38, 40; somatotypes, B 40-41; 195 surface of, WS 148-149, PL 80,
36, SC/ 89, 100; early concepts toolmaking ability, 710. See Marfan syndrome, HD 123, 129 132-133, 184-135, 139, 144-
of, £ 117; and electricity, £ also Body, human; Margarine, FN 44, 59, 63, 107, 151; canal controversy, PL
47,48, 49, 120, 122-124, MCH Civilization 131-132, 140, 142-143, 145;
125, 146-147 (see also Man Amplifier project, £VG 162, Marianas Trench, PL 57 craters, MS 80, PL 80, 134-
Electromagnetism, origin of 163 Marie, Pierre, G 133 135, 144, 145; deserts, MS 148,
word, F 117; poles, £ 117, 127; Man-powered flight, £ 9, 41, 77 Marijuana, D 51, 59, WWD 155; 149, PL 132, 138, 135, 136, 137,
in space capsules, VS 189 Manchuria, plague epidemic addiction to, D 56; pipe, MND 138; dust covering, PL 134,
Magnetite, £ 117, EVG 138, 142, (1910-1911), HO 33-34 LOO 150-151; erosion, PL 135, 144,
MCH 124; extraction from ore, Mandelslo, J. A. von, G 106 Marine birds, salt glands of, W 150; highlands, P/ 139; polar
a a aa a I I

8-The Body C-The Cell D-Drugs €-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease (v-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH- Machines MND-The Mind MS-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 ice caps, PL 50, 181, 132, 133, courses, ENG 96; sophomore photons, £ 145; into energy, Mean Solar Time, 7 107
146, 149, W 34; rust, Ms 149, year, FNG 90, 91, 94; E 145-146, 167, 171, 172-
PL 136; seasonal changes of, Measles, C 174, HD 22, 24, 78:
synchrotron, VV 194-195; 173, 177 (see also Fission, Fusion); defects from, 8 166, HD 141:
MS 149, PL 38, 131, 132-133, transportation research, WHL from gamma-ray photon, / 155;
146-151; temperature, Pl 134; epidemics among previously
11, 78,176 from light energy, £ 16; unexposed peoples, 0 14,
water on, WV 35; groundwater, Bas sechuceus Route 128, WHL states of, / 9, 10, 29, 51;
PL 138; ice, PL 50, 131, 132, 37, 156, 158; gamma globulin
changes in, and heat, £ 32- immunity, 8 94; Japanese
133, 146, 149, W 34; scarcity, Mastiff bat, SH 125 33, 55-57, MV 75, 78-79, 176; woodcut, HD 13; vaccine, D
PL 1338, 134, 136; vapor, PL Mastoiditis, SH 148 gaseous, £ 56, V9, 29, 51-60;
134, 136, Ww34 98, C172, PH 106
Maternal love. See Love liquid, £ 56, u 9, 29, 51, 72, Measurement, £ 38, SC/ 81;
Mars excursion module, VS 148, Mather, Cotton, HD 37-38 73-82; plasma, £ 187, 10, geometric, Egyptian
162-163 Matsui, Yoshiichi, C 78-79 45, 176, 178-179; solid, £55, techniques, MATH 10, 41, 70,
Mars jars (simulators), PL 137, Mathematical Association of M 9, 29, 51, 99-108 74-75; geometric, of irrational
188 America, MATH 56 Matterhorn, W75 numbers, MATH 43-44; of
Mars Soft-Lander, VS 147 Mathematical logic, SC/ 75, 87, Mattress construction, study for, mental processes, MVD 11 (see
Marsden, Ernest, // 122-123, 100 ENG 155 also Intelligence tests); as
124 pee ne Reviews, MATH Maturano, Humberto, C 151 step in scientific method, Sc/
Marsh Arabs, HD 162-163 Maturation: boys and girls 52, 54-56, 58; trigonometric,
Marsh gas, GV 52. See also Mathematicians, WATH 51-61, compared, G 80, 81, 82, 144- MATH 84, 86. See also Units of
Methane 169, 172; dating of term, Sc/ 145; changing trends in, G 77; measurement
Marsh plants, W 112 29; formalist, MATH 175; early, G 77, 79, 85; hormonal Meat: and cholesterol, Fv 134,
Marshall Space Flight Center, general characteristics of, factors in, 8170, G 171-172; HD 83; cooking, effects of, FV
Huntsville, Ala., MATH 36 MATH 50, 56; number in U.S., late, G 79, 84-85, 109-110; 59, 61; industrial processing,
Martian “‘cities,” PL 140, 142-143 MATH 58, SC/ 124; “pure” vs. preparations for, G 108, 110- FN 65, 68, 74-75, MCH 184-185;
Martians of H. G. Wells, /s 13, “applied,” MATH 53, 54; 113; in primitive societies, G 19th Century industry, VCH
PEDS student enrollment, MATH 53 110; prolonged, G 110, 113- 78, 79, 82; preservation,
Martin, Archer, SC/ 192 Mathematics, VATH (entire vol.), 114. See also Puberty Middle Ages, FN 57; in
Marx, Karl, VCH 58, SC/ 98, 99 SC/ 77, 147; applied, MATH 10, Mauchly, John W., VCH 120, primitive diet, FV 35; as
Masai tribe, diet of, FV 9, 11, 54, 170; aptitude test, SC/ 32, 174,195 protein source, FN 13, 44, 59,
18-19 34; basic thought processes, Nerney Henry, GV 193, MCH 120, 150, 171, HD 76, 77, table
Maser, VCH 195, MS 173-174 MATH 89-41; Bertrand ’ 79; source of niacin, FV 113;
Mason, James, PH 108-109 Russell’s definition, MATH 9; Maugham, William Somerset, PH U.S. exports of, FN table 55;
Mason, Monek, airship of, F 82 branches of, MATH 11-12, sc/ 57 in various national diets, F/V
Mass: conservation of, £ 142, chart 86-87, 100; a form of Mauretania, S.S., SHP 75, | A 19, 23, 25, 29, 30; water
WEA 131; constancy in language, MATH 10, 12, 13, 79, 82-84, 195 content of, W106
chemical reactions, M 33, 55, 173, 174-175, Sc/ 104-105; Mauritania, water shortage, WV Meat eaters, G 24
57; conversions into energy, impact on civilization, WATH 171-172 Meat grinder, VCH 27
E 16, 145-146, 167, 1 155, 171, 10-11; nature of, VATH 9-10; Mauritius malaria, HD 36 Mecanique céleste, Laplace,
172-173, 177 (see also Fission, “new,” MATH 18, 198-195; Mauve, synthetic dye, GV 37, MATH 127
Fusion); defined, £ 142; pure, MATH 10, 39, 53, 54, 66, 389, 48-49 Mecca, 7 18-19
energy potential, £ 144, table 169-170, 176; modern, scope Mavrovic, Dusan, MND 75 Mechanical advantage, WCH 9,
145; equivalence with energy, of, MATH 12-13, 169-170, 172, Maxfield, J. P., MCH 195 11, 16; of inelined plane, WCH
E 148-145, M155, MATH 170; 175-176; universality of, Maxilla, 8 43 25; of lever, VCH 19; of pulley,
increase of, with velocity, £ MATH 9, 10; vocabulary of, Maxim, Sir Hiram S., £ 10, 13, MCH 23; of screw, MCH 27; of
143, 144-145; of planets, MATH 10; Bray, Ye) ss wheel and axle, WCH 21, WHL
determination of, P/ 109 early history of, MATH 13-18, Maxima and minima: principle 12
Mass production, EVG 28-29, SC/ 86-87; ancient records, of nature, MATH 148,154; Mechanical clocks. See
MCH 75-84, 168, 184; basic MATH 16, 39, 63, 64, 71-79; problems of, MATH 113, Chronometer; Clocks,
elements of, MCH 76; counting systems developed, 154 mechanical
beginnings of, ENG 13, MCH MATH 14, 15-18; numerals Maxwell, James Clerk, £ 53-54, Mechanical computer, MATH 18,
35, 60, 64, 68, 76-77; conveyor (written numbers) LV 123; color perception 20-23, 24, MCH 170, 195. See
belt, VCH 75, 76; division of developed, MATH 14-15; studies, /V 103, 122; and color also Abacus
labor, MCH 76, 77-78; relationship to other sciences, photography, LV 72; Mechanical energy, £ 13-14;
precision tooling, MCH 76, arts, technology, etc., VATH electricity studies, £ 124; convertibility of, & 61; kinetic
80, 81; standardized parts, 10, 12, 149, sc/ 75, 100-101, electromagnetic spectrum vs. potential, £ 14;
ENG 13, MCH 35, 60, 68, 76, 104-105; drug testing, D 147, discovered by, £ 73-74, LV 38, conversions: from chemical
78-80. See also Assembly line 152-153; meteorology, WEA MCH 149, SC/ 53, 57, 83, 88; energy, £ 93; in hearing, SH
Mass transportation: air, low- 127, 135, 187-138, 150, 174- molecular motion of gases 46-47, 57; from heat, £ 15, 33,
cost, F 172; of future, ENG 175; recent examples, SC/ study, £ 54; postulate of ether 37, 44-45, 57-58, 59, 68, W
173, 178, 182-183, WHL 176- 147, SHP 36-37; in space, £ 137; wave theory 148, 150-151, WHL 55-56, 64,
177; inadequacy of, WHL 10- symbols, MATH 10; ancient of light, £ 75, 76, 137 81; to heat, £ 13, 15, 35-38,
11, 155; railroads, present, examples, MATH 11, 12, 16- Maya: astronomy and calendar, 42, 43; from electricity, £ 123-
WHL 10, 61, 175, 188-191; 17, 64; for basic arithmetical T 70-71; hashish-smoking 124, 130; to electricity, £15,
rapid transit lines, WHL 154, operations, MATH 11; priest, 0 59; numerals, MATH 123; from nuclear energy, F
156, 164, 172-173; statistics, ealculus, MATH 107, 113; 17 15), Wy
WHL 152, graph 155, 175; letters as, MATH 10, 65; Pi, Mayer, J. Robert, £ 36-38 See also Kinetic energy
urban, beginnings of, WHL MATH 10, 49; for roots, MATH Mayer, Jean, FN 140, 141, 146- Mechanical engineering:
148-152; urban problems and 10, 49; in symbolic logie, 147 schooling, FVG 91, 94-95; use
solutions, ENG 172-173, WHL MATH 1738, 174. Mayer, Maria Goeppert, SC/ of calculus, MATH 149
152, 154-155, 156, 160-161, 172- See also Algebra; Analysis, 140,179, 180-181, 190 Mechanical equivalent of heat, &
173, 175. See also Air mathematical; Analytic Mayo, Charles H., PH 124, 128, 13, 36-37, 38
transportation; Buses; geometry; Arithmetic; 195 ese. power, unit of, £ 44-
Commuter service; Calculus; Geometry; Mayo, William J., PH 124, 128,
Railroads, passenger service; Logarithms; Probability; PS). IG) Mechanical stoker, steam
Streetcars; Subways Symbolic logic; Topology; Mayo, William Worrall, PH 127- locomotives, WHL 56
Massachusetts General Hospital, Trigonometry 128, 129 Mechanical substitutes for body
Boston, D 53-54, ENG 93, MND Matisse, Henri, painting by, LV Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., parts. See Artificial organs and
181, PH 37, 152, 193 186 PH 124, 127-129 body parts
Massachusetts Institute of Matter, £9, / (entire vol.); basic Mayo Clinic diet (misnomer), F/V Mechanics, SC/ 80, 88, 100, 148;
Technology, ENG 86, 87-99, GM unit of, V/ 9; cause of space 154 Archimedes, MATH 46, 49;
18, SC/ 109, 127, SHP 36, 64; curvature, MATH 165, 166; Maze, The (painting), MND 142-. calculus and, MATH 149;
brain and vision research, C classification of, GM 11; 143 celestial, WATH 149, sc/ 92,
151, MND 175; breakdown of constancy of, £ 142; defined, Mazes, MATH 186, 187. 101; statistical, sc/ 89, 100
fields of engineering, ENG 91; M 9,12; energy potential, & MCT. See Medium-chain Mechanistic determinism, WA7H
Center for Advanced 144, table 145; equivalence triglyceride 127
Engineering Study, ENG 96; with energy, £ 143-145, 1 125- M.D. diploma, & 186, 189, PH 58 Mechanization: of agriculture,
computer use at, ENG 92-93, 126, 155, 169, MATH 166, 170; Mead, Margaret, G 110, 111-113, FN 83, 40-41, 42, 48-49, 187,
MATH 61, WHL 1381; gravity manifestation, MATH Sc/ 31 MCH 14, 60, 70, 71, 82, 105,
enrollment, ENVG 86; 171; history of theories on, Mead, D 33 194, WHL 84, 90, graph 91;
examinations, ENG 98-99; 13-16; origin of word, // 9; Meadow lark, song repertoire, SH early labor opposition, WCH
freshman year, ENG 88-89, 91; particle vs. wave theories of, 72 13-14, 15, 66; food industry,
graduate study, ENG 94-95, M 12, 125-126, 158; Meadow saffron, D 30, 31 FN 68-79, MCH 78, 82;
97, 98; Kresge Auditorium, primordial, 7 131; Meal worm, SH 126 industrial, general, CH 13-
MATH 124-125; refresher conversions: from cosmic-ray Mean free path, F 54 14, 56-58, 62-73, 77, 79-82,
 Mendelevium, V 149 ships; Ocean liners;
190; mining, EVG 138-141, Medicine, HD (entire vol.), PH
Mendeleyey, Dmitri, / 35-37, Passenger liners; Tankers
MCH 90-91 (see also Steam (entire vol.), SC/ 100, 101; basic
124, 149, Sc/ 83, 91; Merchant sailers: clipper, SHP
pump); textiles, VCH 18-14, branches of, PH 55;
commemorative stamp, / 35 60-61, 195; down easter, SHP
56-58, 60, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, cryogenics, use of, // 60, 62,
Mendelian laws, C 54-55, 56-57, 61; Egyptian, SHP 194; full
116, 169. See also Automation; 68, 70, PH 179-181; empirical
FN 89, HD 120 rigged, SHP 58-59, 60-61, 70,
Industrial Revolution; Mass vs. scientific approach to, PH
Menes, Pharaoh, W122 194; largest built, SHP 70;
production 37, 79; history of, 8 10-18, 16,
Méniére’s disease, SH 154 northern cog, SHP 57, 59;
Meckel, Philipp Friedrich, SH 36 17-33, 57, T7-79, 85-86, 99-
Meningitis, HD 23, PH 12; Roman, SHP 54-55, 58, 75;
Metnikoy, II’ja, SC/ 194 100, 105-107, 126, 171-172, c
deafness from, SH 153; false schooner, SHP 62; southern
Medaris, John B., VS 56 178-191, D 11-16, 17-31, PH 10-
15, 16, 17-29, 31-37, 101-102, diet for, FV 155; spinal, HD (Mediterranean), SHP 54-56,
Medawar, Peter, C171, SC/ 186, 58, 194; top speeds of, SHP
194 193-195, SC/ 96 (see also 141
individual branches of Menkin, Miriam F., G 16 61, 70, graph 105
Medial geniculate, SH 48-49 Merck Sharp & Dohme, D 134-
Median dividers, highway, WHL medicine); nature of, 8B 10, PH Menlo Park, N.J., Edison’s
laboratory at, £ 121, ENG 40, 135, 136,179
102, 104, 106 57; 19th Century, PH 30, 31,
Median nerve, 8 51, VND 26 34-37, 79-82, 101; Nobel 44-45, 47, 48 Mercurial drugs, D 93
prizewinners, SC/ 194; in Menopause: age, individual, G Mercuric chloride, as catalyst,
Medical care: cost of, PH 169,
rural areas, PH 38, 39-51, 171; 107; age trends, G 87; average GM 182-183
170, table 175; distribution of,
secularization of, 8 27; age, G 107 Mercuric oxide, Priestley’s
PH 169, 170-171
superstitions of past, 6 11, Menstruation, 8 174, G 29, 79; experiments, GV 32, 42, 43
Medical centers, PH 130
Medical chemistry, SC/ 90, 91 16, 18, 21, HD 13, PH 9, 10-11, age trends, G 87; cycle, G 146- Mercury (element), / 77, 136,
13; use of synthetics in, GV 147,750; experiments with 137; in doctrine of two
Medical conventions, PH 127
15, 165, 169, 176-177, Vv 116, rhesus monkeys, G 171-172; contraries, / 15; natural
Medical Economics, magazine,
PH 1038, 178 precocity, G 106-107; Samoan state of, VV 29, 73, 136;
PH 127
Medical education, 8 178, 180- Medicine men, D 10, PH 9, 10-11 attitudes toward, G 111. See sources of, WHL 89; surface
191, PH 53-61, 62, 101, 147- Mediterranean Sea: also Menarche tension, / 90, 91; symbols
148; internship, 8 188-189, evaporation, £ 21, W 39; Mental age, MND 130 for, MV 37; uses of, M 137, WHL
190, PH 58, 58-59, 76, 147; evolution of southern sailship Mental foramen, B 43 89
medical school, 8 184-187, PH in, SHP 54-56, 58, 194 Mental hospitals, D 44-45, 55, Mercury (planet), VS 148, 149,
52, 53-58, 60-61, 63-77; Medium-chain triglyceride MND 56, 59-60, 62-64, 72-79; PL 10, 18, 24, 94, 169-170, 172,
medieval and postmedieval (MCT), FN 169-170 annual admission statistics, W 35; in astrology, PL 11;
(Bologna), PH 16, 18, 20-25, abe of brain, 8 174, MND MND 57 atmosphere of, P/ 170; life
27, 28-29; pre-medical Mental illness, C 156, vp 14, improbable on, / 81, PL 170;
courses, 8 182-183; recent Megalithic cult, 757 56, 57-64, 7 18-14; art orbit of, PL 194; phases of, PL
reforms, PH 61, 62, 64-69; Megalopolis. See Urban belts expression of, VND 72, 136, 119; rotation of, MS 149, PL
residency, 8 190-191, PH 53, Megaton, £ 152 137-151; and LSD, D 42, 59, 170; surface features, PL
60, 76, 148; in U.S., history, Meikle, Andrew, VCH 193 MND 158; reform movement, 96, 170; symbol, PL 8;
PH 53-55 Meinesz, Vening, PL 58 MND 71, 73; superstitions, temperatures, M/S 149, PL 73,
Medical Education in the Meiosis, C 56-57,G 15 MND 57, 58, 62, 64, 66; 170;
United States and Canada, Meister, Joseph, HD 70-71 causes of, HD 128, MND 57, statistical data, /S table 193,
Flexner, PH 54 Meitner, Lise, £ 146, 195, 7 170- 61-62; emotional, VND 58; PL table 193; diameter, WS
Medical engineering, EG 145, IPA, MP, EH environment, HD 128, VND 149, PL 163, 169; distance
150-153. See also Artificial Mekong River basin 57-58, 61-62; Freudian from earth, PL 169; size
organs and body parts development, W/152-153 theory, VND 85, 86; genetic, comparisons, V/S 148, PL 11,
Medical examination, office, PH Mel scale, SH 78-79 HD 128, MND 61, 62; organic, 163;
59, 101; internist, PH 82-83; Melamine, GV 19, chart 137, Vv MND 57; study of: difficulties, PL 169;
pediatrician, PH 114-115 112 forms of, VND 57, 61; by radar, //S 149, PL 66, 74,
Medical Improvement, Society Melanin, 8 37, 38 character disorders, MND 61; 170;
for, HD 65 Melanocytes, 8 37, 38 neurosis, VND 57-59, 82-85, sun-facing, hot-and-cold
Medical journals, PH 127 Melbourne Beach, Fla., VS 75 86, 88; psychopathy, VD 61; theory, M/S 149, PL 169-170;
Medical licensing boards, PH 54 Melbourne, tracking telescopes, psychosis, VND 57, 59-61, 62, disproven, VS 149, PL 66, 74, 170
Medical physics, SC/ 182 MS 75 74-79, 86, 89-90, 1386, 137-151; Mercury-Atlas booster, /S 30,
Medical practice, forms of, PH Mellanby, Sir Edward, HD 81 treatment, VND 62-64, 72-79, 44-h5
123-131; group practitioners, Melmac, GV 105 154-155; art therapy, MND 72, Mercury barometer, VV 53, 54
PH 128, 127-181, 171, 173-174; Melotte, P., 2. 193 144-145; behavior therapy, Mercury ointment, D 23
solo practitioners, PH 123, Melting, £ 32-33, 55-56; as MND 63-64; catharsis, VND Mercury Program, /S 77, 80;
124-127 analytical method, GM 56 82, 83, 95; drugs, D 44-45, 50, capsule, MS 79, 80, 81, 123;
Medical profession. See Melting point, amorphous vs. 52, 54-55, 125, 169, MND 62- chimpanzee flight, /S 86, 87;
Physicians BAL: substances, GV 63, 73, 76-77, 78, 154-155, manned flight, VS 86, 90-91;
Medical research: cancer, C 8, 158, 180; hospital vs. space suit, MS 141
42,106,171, D 140-141, PH Membranes of living organisms, outpatient, VND 59, 63, 78; Mercury-vapor tube light, SC/ 136
142-145; computer use in, and osmosis, W 104-105 hypnosis, MND 82, 94, 95, 158- Mergenthaler, Ottmar, VCH 194
ENG 93; hereditary diseases, Memory, VND 15-16, 129, 7 12, 159, 161, 163, 164-165; 19th Meridians oflongitude, SHP 153
C 62, 75, HD 128, 142-143; 13; of animals, C 155, MND Century devices, ND 68; Mering, Joseph von, D 194
immunity research, 8 63-64, 16; artificial stimulation of, occupational therapy, VND Merlon, GV 68, 154, 156
WAS 1G G4, GRY, CA Alea Wise MND 177, 185; forming of, 72; past, D 44, MND 57, 62, 64, Merrill, William, VCH 195
infectious diseases, HD 39, process, C 154-155; recall, C 65-71, 95; psychoanalysis, Merrimack, the (renamed
182-183, PH 140; muscular 155-156; RNA and, Cc 154-155, MND 68, 80, 81, 83, 86, 88, Virginia), SHP 144-145
diseases, C 130-131; Public GM 177; storage, area of, MND 90; psychotherapy, D 44, MND Mersenne, Father Marin, MATH
Health Service, PH 132, 142- 19; tests, C155, VND 181; and 62, 63, 64, 154; shock, D 55, 87, SH 11
145; scientists, SC/ 114, 118- vision, LV 81 MND 62; surgery, MND 63. Mertz, E. T., FV 173
119; vaccines, C172, 188, 190, Memory color, LV 121 See also Schizophrenia Meryman, Harold, 8 97
D 138, 140-141, PH 142, 144- Memory drug, D 174; Mental processes, 8 145, 150, C Mesa, W 100-101
145; virus research, C 168, experiment, D 175 147, 154-156, MND 19, 36. See Mesabi Range iron mining:
171, 172, 188, 190, HD 182- Memphis, Egypt, ancient also Intelligence; Learning; hematite, ENG 134-135, 136;
183, PH 142-145. See also hydraulic works, W/ 122 Memory; Thinking taconite, ENG 136-143
Drugs, research; Drugs, Memphis, Tenn., noise control in, Mental quotient, MVD 130 Mescaline, MVD 155, 157
testing SH 175 Mental retardation: from brain Mesmer, Franz Anton, VND 163
Medical school(s), 8 184-187, PH Men: functional injury at birth, VD 57; due Mesmerism, MND 162-163
52, 53-58, 60-61, 62, 63-77; characteristics, G 107-108; to German measles during Mesoderm (middle tissue layer),
annual number of graduates releasers of, G 108; vs. women, pregnancy, G 156, HD 60; 841,175,177, G 43, 44;
from, PH 60, graph 61; behavior, MND 177-178; vs. hereditary, G 152-153; in formation of, C 102-103, G 34,
eurriculum, PH table 56; women, physical statistics, B hydrocephalies, PH 175; 43; primitive streak, G 39
entrance requirements, 8 charts 194-195 mental age ratings, MND 130; Mesoglea, C 115
183; federal aid, PH 174; Menarche, G 108; age trends, G in Mongolism (Down’s Mesometeorology, SC/ 75
hospital affiliations, PH 55, 87; developmental age and, disease), G 154; HD 122; in Mesomorph, 8 41
56-58, 72-77, 147; number G 79; determinants of, G 131- PKU, G 152-158, HD 121-122; Meson (mesotron), V 156, SC/
accredited in U.S., PH 55; of 132, 171; menopause and, G due to sensory deprivation, 64, 65, 7 120; decay of, £ 142,
past (U.S.), PH 53-54; recent 107; national difference in, G HD 147 MS 166
reforms, PH 61, 62, 64-69 132. See also Menstruation Mentality of Apes, The, Mesopotamia, ancient, W 121;
Medical societies, membership Ménard, Louis, GV 76-77 Kohler, “vd 110 astronomy, PL 10, 11, SC/ 78;
in, PH 126 Mendel, Gregor Johann, C 54, Meprobamate, D 44. 54 engineering, ENG 33, 57, 64-65,
Medicare Act, PH 171-172, 174- ay FN 39, G 181, HD 120, Sc/ Mer des Hystoires, V 14 W 122-123, 145; mathematics,
175; benefits, PH 174-175 Merchant marine. See Cargo MATH 10, 39, 42, SC/ 78;
— a

8-The Body c-The Cell &-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease (V-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematies MCH-Machines MND-The Mind MS-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets SC/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 sexagesimal system, ATH 135 Mica, sources and use of, WHL 32, M 14, SC/ 90; astronomy,
15-17, 18. See also Assyria; Meteorograph, WEA 149 89 MATH 71-78, PL 12,13, SC/ 92:
Babylonia; Persia; Sumeria Meteorologica, Aristotle, WEA Mice. See Mouse Black Death in Europe, 4D
Mesosphere, PL 42, graph 56, 57, 128-129, 142, 154 Michelangelo, detail of Sistine 31, 32, PH 13, 16; body height
WEA graph 15; exploration of, Meteorology, M/S 102-103, 114- Chapel ceiling, / 182 in, G 186; books of hours,
WEA 175-176 115, SC/ 76, 94, 100, 101, WEA Michelin brothers (André and MATH 77,7 72-78; calendar,
Mesquite, W/ 61 (entire vol.); annual federal Edouard), GV 125 MATH 77, 7 73; cathedrals,
Messenger RNA, C 72, 73, G 26 spending on, WEA 10, 157; Michelmore, Peter, £ 144 ENG 57, 58, 72-73; concept of
Messerschmitt aircraft: ME 262, F defined, WEA 127; emergence Michelson, Albert A., £ 138, LV origin of life, C 81-82, 87;
83, 195; 163 Komet, £ 34, 195 as science, WEA 135, 138; 102-103, Sc/ 190, 7149 demonology, MND 64, 66-67;
Mestranol, D 128-129 future of, WEA 180; history Michelson- Morley experiment on education, SC/ 104; food
Ba usbolic acidosis, D of, WEA 127-138, 139-151, 153- ether theory, £ 138, 139, 7 149 preservation, FN 57, 61;
160; international Microbes, C 9, 183, D 96-97, 102, geographical knowledge of,
Metabolism, 8 104-105, FN 86; cooperation in, WEA 10-11, HD 13, 53, 56-62, 186; drug MATH map 80, SC/ map 94, SHP
defined, C 194; embryonic, G 155, 158, 160, 175, 182; origin resistance of, D 99-100, 101, map 153; mathematics, MATH
30; of fats, FV 155; hormone of term, WEA 10, 142: 132, HD 61; as cause of 67, 78; sailing ships of, SHP
control of, 8170, G 134; rate problems of, WEA 127; disease, D 109, HD 13-14, 38, 55-57, 194; science of, SC/ 81;
of, change with age, HD 12; symbols, WEA 41, 157, table 43,45, 47, 48, 50, 52, 58, 56, soul concept, MND 9;
role of water in, W 106-107. 168, 169; 57-62, 72; and fermentation, transportation, WH 15, 26,
See also Krebs cycle instruments, /V/EA 10, 128; HD 57; isolation and 102; urban growth, WHL 15;
Metacarpus (bone), 8 45 amateur weather station, identification of, C 183, HD engineering and technology,
Metacenter, SHP 12-13 WEA 161-167; ancient, WEA 56, 57, 58, 62, 72 (see also ENG 55, 57-58, 72, MCH 31-382,
Metal(s), / 29; atomic 58, 142, 148, 154; basic, WEA Bacteriology); 33-35, SC/ 80-81; clocks, MATH
structure of, 37, 89, 58, 129, 130, 142-143, Leeuwenhoek’s discovery of, 76, MCH 34-35, T 78-80, 92-
M 128, 131, 136, 140; chemical 154, 155; hurricane-hunter C 182, HO 56-57; mutations, 93; mining, ENG 74-75, MCH
inertia vs. reactivity in, Vv plane, WEA 46-47; recent HD 58, 61; strains, HD 61; 31-32; papermaking, G/V/ 86;
128, 131, 136; conductivity, developments, WEA 173-178; tenacity and adaptability of, war machines, MCH 30, 32-
M 104; heat-resistant, F149, for upper-air observation, HD 61-62; theory of 33, 42-45, 50-51; weapons and
183; “noble,” V 36; ocean WEA 10, 59, 149-151, 173, 175- spontaneous generation, C armor, MCH 38-39, 44-45;
mining of, EVG 130-131, 175, 178, 190-191; weather-balloon 182, HD 57. See also Bacilli; medical knowledge and
W 164-165; photoelectric instrument panel, WEA 135. Bacteria; Germs; Protozoa; practices, 8 11-12, 17, 24-31,
effect of, LV 38, 50-51; See also Weather; Weather Rickettsiae; Trypanozomes; 125, HD 15, PH 13, 20-29, 32-
prehistoric discoveries and control; Weather surveillance Viruses 33, SC/ 96; body-mind
uses, VM 10,12, MCH 11; Meteors, cometary, PL 175 Microbiological planetary interaction, understanding
synthetic substitutes for, Gv Methadone, VND 153 engineering, /S 154, PL 116- of, HD 155; drugs, D 12, 14,
145, 151-153, 156, 170, 171, Methane, G// 36, 52, 53, 60, 61, 117 15, 16, 21, 22-23, 24-27, 34;
iioeloos 132, 146; formula, Gv 52, 136; Microbiology, HD 58, SC/ 96, 97, illness regarded as
families of: actinide, VV 148- liquid, possibly the “water” 101; early history of, C 182- punishment, HD 33; medical
149; alkali, MV 29, 36, 37, 128, of extraterrestrial life, ws 183, HD 56-58, 63, 70-73; in education, PH 16, 18, 20-25,
129, 131, 136; alkaline earths, 173; molecule, GM 52, 193; in medical curriculum, PH table 27, 28-29; neurology, MND 32;
M 130, 131; first transition petrochemicals production, 56, (1 pharmacies, 8 28, D 21, 24,
metals, / 131-133; in periodic GM 182, 134, 135-137; Microbodies, in cell, C 194, 195 PH 20; surgery divorced from
table, / 127; rare earths, // as atmospheric component, P/ Microcrystalline waxes, GV 61 medicine, PH 31-32
146-147; third transition 190; detection on planets, P/ Microelectronics, V/ 10, 106, Middle C, frequency of, SH 12
metals, // 136, 137; triads, V 68; early earth, C 83, PL 38, MATH 82-33 Middle ear, SH 33-38, 40-41, 53,
134, 135 39, 41, 186; early Mars, PL Microflares, solar, VS 110 60, 193; air in, SH 45;
Metal construction, beginnings: 136; Jupiter, WS 151, PL 155, Micrographia, Hooke, SC/ 40 evolution of, SH 33; functions
of airplanes, F 104-105; of 158; 159; Neptune, P/ 173; Micrometeorites, PL 85, 91 of, SH 338, 36-38, 41, 49;
ships, SHP 10, 13, 31, 77-79, Saturn, P/ 171; in synthesis Micron, unit of measurement, C impedance matching in, SH
194,195 of organic molecules, C 83- 10,13, 194 33-34; muscles of, SH 37, 40-
Metal-drilling machine, WCH 85, PL 39, 158-159, 186, 187; Micronesian navigators, SHP 152 41; safety functions, SH 41;
178,179 Uranus,PL 173 Microorganisms, PL 40; ailments: conduction hearing
Metal fatigue, F 101-102, 106, Methane Pioneer,S.S., SHP 106 adaptability of, HD 61-62, PL losses, SH 147; infections, SH
107 Methane series, GV 60-61 116-117, 137, 188; food 147-149; otosclerosis, SH 148;
Metal industry, 19th Century Methane unit, G// 53, 54, 61 spoilage by, FN 60-61, 63; surgery (fenestration), SH
progress in techniques, VCH “Method of Reaching Extreme fossilized, £ 102, PL 41; 149-150;
65, 80, 82. See also Steel Altitudes, A,”’ Goddard, VS 13- molecule breakdown by, & anatomy, 8 152, MND 22, SH
industry 14, 194 101. See also Microbes; Single- 40; location, SH 31;
Metal machinery, beginnings of, Methyl cellulose, in reducing celled organisms Renaissance drawings, SH
MCH 80-81 pills, FV 154 Microphone, MWCH 151, 152, SC/ 30, 32;
Metal milling machine, /CH 188- Methyl acetylene: molecule, GV chart 147, SH 8; in stereo in animals: amphibians, SH
189,194 63; use of, Gi 63 recording, SH 118 70-71; bats, SH 126; birds, SH
Metallic bond, V 103, Methyldopa, D 90 Microscope, C 12, 13, 133, PH 63, 72; fishes, SH 68; porpoises,
104 Metonic cycle, 7 59 70-71, SC/ 36, 41, 153; SH 128
Metalloids, / 29, 139 Métraux, Rhoda, SC/ 31 development of, 8 12-13, C Middleton, Dwight, 7 111
Metallurgical engineering, EVG Metric system, / 1938, SC/ 56; 12-13, 183, PH 33, SC/ 40, 96; Midges, chromosomes of, G 52-
16,91 conversion, / tables 193 field ion, SC/ 16; Hooke’s, C 53
Metallurgy, / 12, Sc/ 146, 149; Mey, energy unit, / 155 LENSE 4O, Os Midgley, Thomas Jr., EVG 123-
contributions of alchemy Mexican-Americans, menarche Leeuwenhoek’s, C 182; 124, 126
to, M 24, 25; early, GM 32, SC/ age in, G 132 magnification, C 13; phase- Midship bend, SHP 33
78 Mexican Indians, drugs of, MVD contrast, G 177. See also Midsummer’s Day, 7 57
Metalworking industry, SY, M55) Electron microscope Midvale Steel Company, E/VG 38
automation in, VCH 173, 178, Mexico: automobile ownership Microsecond, 7 30, 101, 118-119 Midway, Battle of, £195, SHP
179, 188-189 ratio, WH 11; food Microspikes, C 105 148
Metamorphosis, G 50, 51, 175- production in, FN table 180- Microsurgery, C 101, 117, 194, Midwest, U.S.: floods, WEA 26;
176; amphibian, G 50,175, SH 181; health programs, HD 179; SH 150-151 rain, WEA 80; tornadoes, WEA 78
70-71; of insects, G 175, 176, outmoded transporation, Microvilli, C 194, 195, FN 94, 95 Midwinter’s Day, 7 57
T 46 WHL 11, 12 Microvision, in landing, F 152 Miescher-Rusch, Johann
Metatarsus (bone), 8 45 Mexico, Gulf of, W/51, 92, 100; Microwave Electronics Friedrich, 8 122, C 64
Meteor Crater in Arizona, /S area of origin of hurricanes, Corporation, SC/ 137 MIG-15 (aircraft), F 38
150, PL 87, 88, map 89 WEA map 54; evaporation Microwaves, PL 61, 65; in Migraine, HD 156, MND 35;
Meteoric dust, WEA 175, rate, WEA 35; Mississippi communication, ENG 181; symptoms, PH 83
190 River, sediment deposits in, Jupiter’s emission of, PL 157; Migration: birds, F 50-51, 7 37-
Meteorites, / 12, 134; in wW 97, 100; source of saturated Saturn’s emission of, PL 172; 38; turtles, 7 48-49
asteroid belt, M/S 151, PL 135; air, WEA 80 Venus’ emission of, PL 110- Mikado (steam locomotive ), WHL
and crater formation, PL 85, Meyer, Harry, D 115 islal, ABZ 49, 52, 55
86, 87, 88, 97, 98-100; danger Meyer, Kurt, GV 126, Vv 107 Microweather, WEA 114, 115- Milford Haven, port facilities,
in space flight, VS 82-83, 140, Meyerhof, Otto, SC/ 193 123; in cities, WEA 118-119; SHP 109
Mezzrow, Mezz, D 59 control, WEA 119, 121, 124-125 Military airplanes. See
141; on earth, MS 82, PL 35,
85, 87-88, map 89, 99, 104, MHD. See Midas (reconnaissance satellites), Airplanes; Bombers; Fighters
135; impact speed and force, Magnetohydrodynamics MS 81, 84 “Military Roll, The,” MCH 39
PL 86; on Mars, PL 134-135; Miami, Fla., groundwater, Midas missile detectors, VS 82 Milk (and milk products): calorie
W 55 Mid-channel buoy, SH? 160 content, FN table 194;
on moon, MS 127, 140, 141,
PL 85-87, 89, 91, 97-99, 106, Miasma, HD 55, 56 Middle Ages: alchemy, GM 31- digestion of, FV 83; food value
 48-49, 132 99-108; Dalton, GM 33, M 32,
of, FN 37 table 194; innovations, ENG 58, 59, 74, 35; Kekulé, Gv 51, 52-53, 54-
misconceptions about, FV GM 32. See also Iron ore Model T Ford, ENG 123, MCH
74, 83, 84, 89, 104-105, WHL 55, 57, 100
151-152; in primitive diet, FV mining Molecular weight, £ 96, GM 11;
35; production in mammary Minimum Orbital Unmanned 92; transmission, WHL 84
Modulation of radio waves, CH defined, GV 195; differences
gland, 8 169, 176; as protein Satellite of Earth (MOUSE),
149, 150 of, in synthetics, GM 170;
source, FN 37, 171, 172, HD MS 58, 59 measuring, GM 102-103
76, 77 table 79; source of Minkowsky, Hermann, £ 140 Modules. See Space capsules
Mofidi, Chamseddine, SC/ 119 Molecules, V 34, SC/ 83;
niacin, FV 113; source of Minnelli, Liza, C 67 chemical energy potential of,
vitamin D, HD 81; sources of, Minnesota, 1965 floods, W/ 126 Mogul (steam locomotive),WHL
48,49 £15, 93, 95; compound vs.
in various countries, F/V 11; Minot, George, SC/ 194
Minutes, importance of, 7 Mohammed, HD 141 element, £ 52; defined, C 194,
U.N. aid, FN 8, HD 189; in £ 51-52; diatomic, /V 58, 142;
various national diets, FV 19, 30-31 Mohawk and Hudson Railroad,
WHL 37 forces between, £ 55 (see also
Pay, Dady, PA, GAD) Mirage, LV 34, 44
Mohenjo-Daro, ancient hydraulic Intermolecular bonding); in
Milk teeth, in growth studies, G Mirage III (airplane), F 186
works at, W123 gases, Avogadro’s number, &
80 Mirage III - V (airplane), 151,
Moho (Mohorovici¢ 53; giant, GM (entire vol.), M
Milky Way, PL 75, 184; age of, 7 152
Miranda (Uranian moon), PL discontinuity),PL 57 107 (see also Polymers); mean
124; detectable planetary free path of, £ 54; saturated,
systems in, P/ 176, table 179; table 193 Mohole, Project, SC/ 12-13
Miro, Joan, SC/ 167 Mohorovicié, Andrija, PL 57 defined, G/iV 195; size of, E
number of planets in, PL 176; 52; stability, & 97-98;
number of planets capable of Mirror galvanometer, ENG 60-61 Moir, Thomas W., PH 73
Mirror reflection oflight, LV 42- Moissan, Henri, GV 146, SC/ 191 understanding of, and
supporting life, PL 54; technological applications,
number of stars in, PL 175, 43, 45 Molasses, blackstrap, F/V 152
Mirsky, Alfred E., C 134, 141, Molds, D 98; food spoilage by, SC/ 145, 148, 149. See also
184; size of, PL 184
142, 144, 145, HD 130 FN 60; Penicillium, D 96, 98 Molecular bonding;
Mill, John Stuart, G 85, MATH 83
Miscarriage, G 29, 30, 31 Mole (animal), eyes of, LV 28 Molecular motion; Molecular
Miller, Charles, WHL 176
Misch metal, / 146, 147 Mole (molecular unit), V/ 58 structure
Miller, Emanuel, VND 133
Mishawaka, Ind., U.S. Rubber Mole rat, eyes of, LV 28 Mollusk fossils, 7 127
Miller, George A., VND 12
plant, GV 188-191 Molecular biology, C 62, 65, GV Molniya (communications
Miller, Jacques, D 108
Missiles, guided, VCH 179; air- 177, Sc/ 96, 97, 100, 101 satellites), 1S 100
Miller, Stanley L., C 83-84, 85
Miller experiment on amino acid to-air, VCH 112, 113; Molecular (interatomic) bonding, Molybdenum, M 132, 133; body
detection satellites, Ws 81, E52, 93, 95, GM 11, 53, 55-57, need for, FV 15; source of,
synthesis, C 80, 83-84, 85
Millibar, unit of pressure, WEA 82; development of, WS 54- 101-102, 103, VM 102-104; WHL 89; uses of, F 149, wv 133,
168 61; Polaris, VCH 117, SHP 46, covalent, £ 97, GM 102, 103, WHL 89
Millikan, Clark, VS 56 123, 124, 132, 133; SUBROC, 105, 194, v 75, 102, 104, w 10, Monarch butterfly,
Millikan, Robert A., VV 121, SC/ SHP 133; warning system 18; ionic, £ 96, GM 102, 195, metamorphosis of, 7 46
189 (BMEWS), ENG 77, 101, 103- M 103,104, W11; metallic, Vv Monaural records, grooves, SH
Millimicron, unit of length, LV 106, map 107. See also 103, 104; in polymers, GV 57, 104
195 Intercontinental ballistic 102; single vs. multiple, GV Mondeville, Henri de, PH 21
Milling machine, metal, VCH missiles; Rockets 53, 54, 55-56, 62, 63, 102, 147 Mondino de Luzzi, PH 22, 24, 28
188-189, 194 Mission Bay, U.S.S., SHP 115 Molecular Medicine, Lieutenant Mondrian, Piet, SC/ 167;
Mills, Clarence A., W/EA 110, 111- Mississippi River, W/81, 92, 100, Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. painting, MATH 97
112 128; contamination, HD 103- Laboratory for, SC/ 136 Monge, Carlos, SC/ 114, 115
Mills. See Water mill; Windmill 104; floods, W126; sediment Molecular motion and behavior, Mongolian race, 8 40
Milner, Pete, VVD 176 deposited into Gulf of Mexico E52, SC/ 56, 88; dependent Mongoloid idiocy (Down’s
Milton, John, /S 9, SC/ 166 by, W 97, 100; trade route, W on molecular structure and disease), G 154, 155, HD 122
Mimas (Saturnian moon), PL 125 shape, £ 57; and entropy, & Monitor, U.S.S., SHP 80, 144-
table 193 Mississippi Valley, WEA 15 59-60, 68-69; in gases, £ 52- 145, 195
Mimosa, 7 34-35 Missouri, U.S.S., SHP 195 55, M 51, 52, 74; and heat, F Moniz, Antonio, SC/ 193
Minakami, Takeshi, SC/ 115 Missouri, 1965 floods, W126 53,54, 55-57, WEA 36, 38; in Monk-pharmacists, D 26-27
Mind drugs, 40, 42-49, 50, 54- “Mistaken interpretation” in liquids, £ 56, V 74, 75-79, 88- Monkey: behavioral
59. See also Antidepressant vision, a misnomer, LV 147 89; in solids, £55, M74; and derailment, G 13; brain of,
drugs; Hallucinogens; Mistral (French passenger sound, SH 10-11; in water, // MND 86, 185-187; in carbon
Tranquilizers train), WHL 188-189 74, W 14-15, 20, 28, 29, 30, 148 cycle experiment, C 43; ESB
Mineral springs, W/55 Mistral (wind), WEA 61 Molecular physics, SC/ 88, 89, 100 experiments, MND 176, 185;
Mineralogy, SC/ 82, 88, 94, 95, M.I.T. See Massachusetts Molecular structure, G// 51-57, eye placement in, LV 58;
101 Institute of Technology 59-71, 99-103, M 34-35; growth studies on, G 171-173;
Minerals: as catalysts in cell Mitchell, H., FV 113 amorphous, G/M 127-128; learning ability, vd 118,
metabolism, G 22, 23; Mithridates VI, King of Pontus, erystalline, GV 50, 100-101, 195; life expectancy of, G chart
geometric shapes of, MATH DITO 127, 128, iv 99-101, 102-103; 110; lobotomized, time sense,
88, 90, 91, SC/ 24-25; ocean Mitochondria, C 14, 15, 195; functional groups, GM 193; 714; malaria in, HD 43;
deposits and mining, ENG abundance in muscle cell, C and isomerism, GM 35, 55; planning ability, 710; space
130-131, 175, 178, 188, w 164- 127; in aging cells, C 108; linkages, GV 193; monomers, flight, WS 80, 87; stress experi-
165; defined, C 194; efficiency of, various, GM 62, 66, 157, 158, ments with, HD 149-150, 152
in bone, 8 58; radioactive, 8 C 40; electron-transport 160, 162, 165, 166; radicals in, Monkey wrench, VCH 27
system of, C 39-40, 41, 48; GM 35; ring (cyclic), GM 54, Monochen,, its part in
as essential nutrients, F/V 13, function of, C 13, 21, 39-40, 74, 80, 100, 102, 129, 142, 149, Naugahyde production, GV
15, G 18-19; absorption in 48, G 21, 22, 25; membranes 157, 162, 194; of solids, 179-184, 185
body, FN 84-85, 93; of, C 21, 38, 40; role in use of determination of properties Monocoque structure, aircraft, F
deficiencies, FN 63, HD 82; fat reserves, C 41; structure by, GM 102, uv 99, 104, 105- 104, 105
effects of cooking on, FN 59- of, C 14, 21, 38, 39 106, 107; three-dimensional Monocular cues, in depth vision,
60; sources, FN tables 19-30, Mitosis, C 54-55, 56, 66-67, G 11, view, GM 55-56; T-shape, Gi LV 138, 142, 143-146, 150-157
36, 37, table 194-195; 14-15 81; X-ray diffraction studies Monocular vision, LV 149
supplements, F/V 63, 121, 155, Mitsubishi Zero, F 96, 97 of, Gl 100-101, iV 100-101, Monod, Jaques, SC/ 193
156, HD 75, 76, 82 Mixtures, chemical, G/V 11, 13, 102-103, 107; Monolayer, / 90, 91
“Miner’s Friend, The,” VCH 53- 31; absence of chemical of carbon (organic) compounds, Monolithic block crystals, V 106,
54, 62 change, GV 11, / 85; gaseous, GM 11, 51, 52-57, 74, 81, uv MATH 32-33
Miners’ Sickness, Paracelsus, 8 M 51; homogeneous vs. 107; cellulose, GM 74-75, M 107; Monomers, GM 56-57, 58, 81; of
Paley heterogeneous, GM 11; liquid, chain, G// 10, 11, 51, 52-53, Eastman 910 adhesive, GV
Minerva (weather balloon), WEA M 73, 84 (see also Colloids; 59-61, 66-67, 74, 100, 102, 106- 158; ethylene, GM 62, 65, 146;
134 Solutions; Suspensions); 107, 146-147; branched vs. of Kapton, GV 162; of Mylar,
Minibuses, WHL 166 solid (see Alloys) unbranched, Gv 64, 65, 69, GM 166; polycarbonate, GV
“Minimaxes,”’ in game theory, Mizar, PL 61 194, 195; crosslinking, Gv 66- 156, 157; of rubbers, GV 126,
MATH 176 Mizzen sail, SHP 71, 72-73 67,69, 105, 128, 131, 150-151, 129, 160, 165; vinyl] chloride,
Mining: low-grade ores, Mobius, Augustus Ferdinand, 170; side chains, GM 157, 160; GM 180, 182-184, 185, 187
extraction techniques, ENG MATH 182 of polymers, G/V 10, 11, 50, 54, Mononucleosis, diagnosis of, PH
128, 136, 137-138, 141; Mobius strip, VATH 182-183; six- 56-58, 59-61, 64, 65-69, 74-75, 83, 102
medieval, ENG 74-75, MCH 381- color map theorem, WATH 108, 104, 125-126, 127, 193, uv Monoplanes, fF 102; ascendancy
32; modern machinery, ENG 184, 185 107; block, Gv 151, 194; chain of, £ 89, 105; basic structure,
137-143, MCH 90-91, 190-191; Mockingbird, song spectrograph, (see chain directly above); F103, 105; early, F 14, 15, 89,
19th Century, ENG 133-135; SH 73 nonstereo, GV 131; ring 103, 104-105, 125, MCH 107, 108
ocean, ENG 130-131, 175, 178, Model-testing of ships, SHP 10, (eyclic), GM 74, 80, 100, 102, Monorail, WHL 176
188, W 164-165; open-pit, ENG 31, 32-338, 34, 39-40, 41-45, 46, 129, 142, 149, 157, 162, 194; Monotype machine, invention of,
123, 134-135; ore flotation, MV 47-51; history of, SHP 32-34, stereo, Gl 131; MCH 195
96; 16th to 18th Century 77; nuclear submarine, SHP study of, history, GV 51-57, uv Monroe, James, / 143
SE
ee ee

8-The Body c-The Cell £-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease /v-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
Monsanto Chemical Company, 104-105; Zond III probe, ws Moscow, subways of, WHL 154
GM 18 Electric motor; Gasoline
125, PL 102; Moscow Sea (lunar feature), /S engine; Internal-combustion
Monsoon, WEA 61-62, 72, 73, history of, PL 85-89; formative 125-126
132; effect on human engine
period, PL 86-87; Imbrian Mosely, Henry, (/ 125 Motor boats, VCH 106
behavior, WEA 110; origin of Event, PL 87, 88; and Moses and Monotheism, Motor courts, WHL 114-115
term, WEA 61; rains, W 120, question of life, Ws 127-128: Freud, MND 102 Motor end plates, 8 144, Cc 166
138,139, WEA 24-25, 73 statistical data: diameter, P/ Moslems, FV 23, 7 18-19, 24. “Motor homunculus,” MVD 38
Mont Blane, glacial erosion of, 84, 169; distance from earth, See also Arab and Moslem
W88 Motor nerves, 8 50, 142, 143,¢
MS 130; mass, related to role in sciences 158-159, G 47, MND 25, 26-27,
Mont Louis, Pyrenees, solar earth’s mass, PL 84; Mosquito: eye of, SC/ 120-121; 33; autonomic, MND 27-28, 35:
furnace at, £ 71, 183, ENG 190- study of: by radar, PZ 66, 91; hearing organ of, SH 74;
191
development in childhood, G
by spectroscopic analysis, PL sound energy of, SH 14 81; initiation of impulses,
Montagu, George, SH 123 63; by telescope, M/S 10, Mossbauer, Rudolf L., SC/ 190, MND 34, 39; muscle activation
Montagu, Lady Mary, HD 37 126, PL 84, 95-101; 7152 by, 8 62, 63, 143, 144-145, c
Monte, Guidobaldo del, WHZ 15 surface of, VS 10, 125-127, Moth: black peppered, 124, 126-127, 150-151, 165,
Monte Carlo method, 7 172 139, 142-143, PL 66, 67, 80, mutation, C 76, 77; ear of, 166; paths of impulses, MVD
Montessori teaching method, 83-92, 94, 95-103, 135; SH 74; hearing range, SH 126, 22-23, 26-27, 33
MND 115 absence of water, PL 85, 92, chart 194-195; hunted by bats, Motor vehicles: as measure of
Montgolfier brothers (Etienne 96; caves, PL 92; craterlets, SH 140-141; ultrasonic national economies, WHL 86,
and Joseph), F 31-33, 194, WCH PL 97; craters, MS 120, 126, jamming by, SH 126 graph 90-91; number in U.S.
193, MS 27, WEA 144 127-128, PL 84, 85-87, 88, 89, Mother-in-law silk, Gl 78 in 1900, WHL 77; number in
Months: incompatibility with 91, 92, 95, 98-100, 101, 102- Mother love. See Love U.S. in 1966, WHL 9, 77, 114;
days, 7 64; names of, 755, 103; dustcovering, M/S 126, Mother-of-pearl, color of, LV 99, world projected number by
72; number of days in, 7 63, PL 83, 91, 96; geologic map, 103 1985, WHL 86; world
64; use by man, 7 22-23; in PL 82, highlands, // 126, PL Mothers: coexistence with statistics, 1900-1965, WHL
World Calendar, 7 63 86, 99; lack of wind and water embryo, G 31-32; genetic role graph 87
Monticelli, Italy, WHO station, erosion, // 126, PL 84, 85, of, G 15; simulated, in Moulthrop, Homer, £ 161
HD 39 86, 135; lava theory, PL 86- monkey studies, G 170, 172. Mount Everest expeditions, HD
Montreal Neurological Institute, 87, 88, 89; maria (seas), M/S See also Pregnancy 170-171, 172
MND 38 125-126, PL 84, 85, 86-87, 88- Motion: apparent, of heavenly Mount of Mercy, Mecca, 7 18-19
Monuments, 7 188-189 89, 92, 95-97, 99; materials, bodies, PL 176; Brownian, 7 Mount Palomar Observatory, SC/
“Mood changers,” MND 153- MS 126, PL 89-91, 96; 172; field equations, WATH 127, 129, map 131; 200-inch
154, 158 mountains, MS 10, 120, 126- 171; heat generation by, £ 35- telescope, VS 168, PL 62, 71,
Moodie, William, MND 133 127, PL 83-84, 85, 87, 96, 103; 36, 37-38, 42, 43, 51, 53; 185, SC/ 128, 133
Moon, MS 124-128, PL 9, 83-94, ray craters, PL 85, 86-87, 100, history of concepts of, £ 9-12, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York,
95-103; albedo, PL 89; ancient 101; rills (clefts), PL 101; 17th T 145-148; living organisms PH 98
means oftimekeeping, 7 22- Century drawings, /S 10, PL (see Movement); proper, of Mount Wilson Observatory, SC/
23, 56, 58; atmosphere, lack 84, 85; slump pits, PL 91-92; heavenly bodies, P/ 176; and 127, 129; 100-inch telescope,
of, MS 124, 126, PL 83, 84-85, temperatures, P/ 83, 90; relativistic contraction, F SC/ 128
96; brightness, PL 89-90, 94, changes in, M/S 125, PL 90-91; 139, 141, 142, 144-145, T 158- Mountain (thermal slope) wind,
172; core of, PL 157; escape measurement of, PL 73; 160; beyond scope of naked WEA 40, 59, 60
velocity from, PL 84; far side water on: absent on surface, eye, photography of, 7 108, Mountains: building of, Pl 58,
of, MS 77, 78, 125, PL 102; MS 125, PL 85, 92, 96; 109-117; velocity, 7 146-148; 85, W 86; glacial erosion of,
gravitational pull, PZ 11, 94; UE ae MS 128, PL 92- conversions of: reciprocating W 78, 86-89, 100-101;
gravity, surface, VS 122, 190, to rotary, MCH 36, 55, 56, 102; landslides, W 77;
PL 84; halo of, LV102, WEA Moon-madness, VND 58 rotary to reciprocating, VCH meteorological effects of, WEA
194; keeps same face toward “Moon-Rocket Man,” VS 67 30, 31-32, 33; rotary to 15-16, 60-61, 85, 87, 98;
earth, / 125, PL 84, 102; life Moons of other planets. See straight line, MCH 27; crographic effect of, w 40,
on, speculations, Satellites, planetary illusory perception of, 146, WEA 16, 85, 87, 98; water
MS 127-128, PL 90, 92-93; Moonscape, at Houston, Texas, 156-157, 175, MND 14, 41; erosion of, W 84, 85-87, 93-95,
magnetic field, lack of, PL 157; ENG 82, MS 8 in fantascope, LV 166; in 100-101
magnetic wake of, PL 158; Moore, J. Ross, VCH 195 motion pictures, // 147, 174, Mouse (animal): grafting
meteorite impacts, /S 127, Mooring fees, basis of, SHP 15 175; in op art painting, LV 146, experiments, G 32; as host of
PL 85-87, 89, 91, 97, 98-99, Moraines, W 78, 86-89, 100 MND 52, 53; in tachyscope, plague, HD 34; intestinal
106, 135; orbit and orbital More, Thomas, SCI 98 LViT3; tissue, C 18; ossicles in, SH
speed, MS 125, PL 14, 15, 163, MORE (Medicine’s Organized Newton’s Laws of, VATH 105, 32; test-tube fetus, G 174;
T 23; origin of, PL 84, W 37; Recruitment Endeavour), AO; 17 PE Lb 5SC/ 52,895 waltzing, SH 58
phases of, MS 125, PL 17,7 38, Project, 6 181 145, 7 147-148; First, F 35; MOUSE (satellite), /S 58, 59
66; radio emissions by, PL 91; Morgan, J. P., 7186 modified by Special Mouth: cancer of, HD 91;
radio telescopes on, M/S 125; Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 40 121, Relativity, MATH 165, 171, 7 digestive secretions in, 8 99,
radioactivity on, PL 88, 93; Sey iil, oe 147, 148; Second, F 84, 7 147, 103, 169, FV 81-83; embryonic
rotation of, VS 125, PL 102; Morison, Samuel Eliot, SHP 59, WEA 129-130; Third, £ 34, F formation of, G 33; lining of,
in science fiction, WS 10-12, 156 82, 84; 813, 15; sense of taste, 8 150,
18,19, 22-25, 28-29, 124, PL Morland, Sir Samuel, VCH 53 planetary: early concepts of 160
90, 92; solar radiation on, PL Morley, Edward W., £ 138, 7149 circular, PL 12, 13-14, 15, 22- Movable pulley, MCH 23
85, 106; as staging area in Morning glory: blooming, 25; elliptical (Kepler’s Laws), Movement, living organisms, C
interplanetary flight, 7s 129; timing of, 79, 36; buds, MATH MATH 81, 111, MS 9, PL 14, 24, 123, 132; cellular, C 104-105,
symbol, PL 8; and tides of 89 25,194; irregularities G 40, 41, 46; fetal, G 56-57,
earth, M/S 125, PL 11; Morphine, D 13, 52, 121, 123, explained by Relativity, 71-73; human mobility, 8 55-
voleanism on, MS 127, PL 85, 125, 129, 134, 135, 148, 1198, MATH 166; momentum, PL 30- 56, 58, 61-62; single-celled
86, 96, 102; MND 153; addiction to, D 56, 31; retrograde, PL 118, 117; (see Locomotion). See also
exploration, manned: M/S 121- 58, MND 153; in anesthesia, speeds, Pl 24, 25. Motion studies
124, 128-130, 131-145, 164- D 62; effect on brain, D 48; See also Acceleration; Movement, mathematics of,
165, PL 83, 84, 92; bases on effect on respiration, D 86; Molecular motion MATH 86-87, 107-114. See also
moon, MS 128, 129, 144-145; fatal dose, D 58; first isolation Motion picture camera, invention Calculus
computer use, ENG 83, MATH of, D 15, 193; injection, D 48- of, VCH 194 Movement parallax, /V 143, 146,
36-37; landing simulation, ENG 49; tolerance, D 58 Motion picture projector, 195
82; reasons for, MS 128-129; Morrill Land Grant Act, FV 50- invention of, VCH 195 Movement vision, // 175-177
round trip problems, MS 121- 51 Motion pictures: illusion of Moving objects, force of, £ 10-11
124, 130, 132-139; space suits, Morse, Samuel F.B., VATH 150, motion in, LV 147, 174, 175; Mowing machine, invention of,
MS 8, 140-141; transportation MCH 60, 70, 71; telegraph of, invention of, EVG 40, 52, SC/ MCH 194
on moon, MS 142-145, PL 106- ENG 60, MCH 71, 126, 146- 146; manipulation of visual Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, G
107; walking, MS 190-191, PL 147, 194, Sc/ 146, WEA cues in, /V 144-145, 155; pre- 85, SH 79; 1.Q. of, MND 126,
106; see also Apollo Program; 156 cursors of, LV 166, 173; sound, 127
exploration, unmanned: Luna III Morse code, M/CH 146 MCH 145, 150, 152, SH 116 Mu neutrino, V 154
probe, MS 77, 78, 125, PL 102; Mortality rates. See Child Motion studies, human body, Mu particles, V 154
Luna IX landing, //S 78, PL 68, mortality; Death rates ENG 160-161, LV 68-69 Mucosa, FV 84
93,96; Luna XIII landing, vs Mortellito, Domenico, GV 26, 27 Motivation: and learning, VND Mucous glands, 8 169
78-79, 126; Lunar Orbiters, WS “Mortise and tenon”’ joint, in 112, 118-119; by social urges Mucus, 8 15, 169, 0 105
120, 126, PL 89, 102-103; cytology, C 195; defined, c 194 (Adler), MO 87; unconscious Mucus cells, bronchial, D 105
Pioneer probes, VS 78; Ranger Morton, William T.G.,0 54, (Freud), MND 83-84 Mudskipper, eye of, LV 10
probes, MS 78, 107, 124, 128, 193, PH 37 “NMlotive Power of Heat, Muffler, automobile, SH 174
PL 91-92; Surveyor probes, MS Mosaic, Plexiglas, GV 27 Reflections on the,”’ Carnot, £ 57 Mullaney, Robert S., £/VG 80, 81,
78, 124, 126, 127, 128, PL 67, 90, Moscona, Aron A., G 49 Motor. See Diesel engine; 83

169
 Mussel seeding on Spanish coast, of, MS 77; and Mars flight,
Miiller, Erwin, SC/ 16 activity, 8 15, 62, C 126-128; MS 158; and Apollo Program,
Muller, Herman J., 10 129, PH energy requirements of, C FN 173
Mustang (car), ENG 30-31; ENG 79, 80, 82, 85, MS 133,
176, SC/ 198 127; fibrils, C 125, 126, 127, 137, 144, 190. See also Langley
193; filaments, C 125, 126, development and
Miiller, Johannes, G 55 Research Center
127, 128-129, 193, FV 100-101; manufacture, ENG 16, 17, 28-
Miiller, Paul, SC/ 194 National Archives, 7 178
Miillerian ducts, G 55-56 formation of, C 124; 29
Mutation, genetic, C 58, 75-79, G National Association of Science
Mulliken, Robert, SC/ 189 myofibrils, C 100-101; nerve Writers, SC/ 106
Multicelled organisms, C 9-10 junctions, 8 62, 63, 144, c 126- 183, HD 122-123, 129, 142; in
evolution, C 76, 77, 89, PL 40, National Aviation Facilities
19; cell differentiation, 6 175, 127, 158, 165, 166; Experimental Center, F 146
relationship of size to level 177; explanation of, c 61, 74,
177, C 101-106, G 33-34, 41, National Better Business Bureau,
42-43; communication in, C of activity, C 124-125; resting 75: LSD as cause of, MVD
157, 158; by man-made FN 156
147 (see also Nervous system); potential, C 126; shape and National Bureau of Standards,
external protection, C 30, 169; size, C 124; smooth, C 125, radiation, C 58, 75, £161, //
175, 188; of microbes, D 115, 193, 7106, 107, WEA 189
immobility of most cells in, 129, 130, 194; striated, c 125, National Cancer Institute, D 126-
C 28, 105, 106; locomotion of, 129, 1380, 166, FN 100-101; HD 53, 61; natural causes of,
C58, 75, M 129; other causes, 127, PH 143, 144
C123, 132 (see also Muscles, structure, 8 62, C 125, 129;
C75, HD 142 National Center for Air Pollution
functioning of). See also functioning of, C 123-130, 150-
151; activation by motor Muybridge, Eadweard, LV 68, Control, PH 139
Animals; Body, human; National Committee on the IGY,
Plants nerves, 8 62, 63, 143, 144-145, 69, MATH 114
MX-774 (sounding rocket), VS U.S., MS 59
Multidimensional systems, ATH C124, 126-127, 150-151, 165,
57 National Farmers Organization,
11, 149, 156-158, 163 166, MND 25-28, 33-35;
Multiplication (arithmetic), artificial stimulation Myalgia, 8 61 FN 51
Myasthenia gravis, C 127 National health programs:
MATH 106; of hypercomplex experiments, MND 176;
Mycenae, Lion Gate, 7 132-133 British, PH 172; Swedish, PH
numbers, MATH 153; law of average daily work, 8 64;
Mycoplasma microbe, D 96 173; U.S. Medicare, PH 171-
signs, MATH 67; symbols, brain area concerned with, 8
145, C130, MND 19, 38; Myelin, 8 142, 144, Cc 159 172, 174-175
MATH table 11; use of National Hurricane Center, WEA
logarithms, MATH 85 contraction and relaxation, Mylar, GV 119, 154, 166-167
mechanism, 8 61-62, C 123- Myofibrils, FV 100-101 AL-47 :
Multistage flash-distillation National Institutes of Health, D
process, W172, 173, 186, 187; 124, 125-126, 127, 129-130, Myoglobin, C 65
Myopia (nearsightedness),C 106, 115, PH 132, 142, sc/127
plant, W 186-187 165-166; control and
equilibrium, C 129-130; 162, G 82, LV59, 91, 195; National Inventors Council, VCH
Multistage rockets, EVG 79, VS 116
33,38, 44-47, 193 efficiency, C 131; emergency correction by glasses, LV 91
procedure, C 127-128; Myosin, 8 62, C 128-129, 130, ‘ae Library of Medicine, SC/
Multiple Access Computer
(MAC), ENG 92-93 feedback control of energy 194, FN 100-101 )
expenditure, C 124; heat Myriabit computer, memory unit, National Meteorological Center
Multivator, SC/ 136
production, C 131; psychology MCH 166 (NMC), WEA 158, 158, 186
Mumford, Lewis, W148, WHL
107, 147 of, C 130; reserve energy, C Myringotomy, SH 148 National Radio Astronomy
Mumps, 4D 20, 60; during 123, 130; speed of, C 126, 129; Mystics, 7176, 186 Observatory, Green Bank,
pregnancy, G 156, SH 153 voluntary, MND 22-23, 26; W. Va., MATH 9, MS 174, SC/
Munch, Edvard, paintings by, voluntary vs. involuntary, C N 128-129
MND 150-151 125, MND 27, 34-36; National Reclamation Act, W/174
Municipal building codes, noise growth of, C 124, FV 100; in NACA. See National Advisory penone Research Council, SC/
control in, SH 176 adolescence, G 82, 83, 107; Committee for Aeronautics
Municipal hospitals, PH 174 stimulation by use, C 124-125; Nacreous clouds, WEA 86 National Science Foundation, /S
Munk, Walter, Sc/ 12 G12, 124; Nagaoka, Hantaro, V/ 122 5S), SOSA, Usy, Ske), NAT, ZY).
Munroe, Bill, SH 90 tissue, 8 14, C 126; aging, C Nagasaki, £ 172, 195 WEA 177
Munsell, Albert, /V 116 124; composition of, C 123, G Nagel, Ernest, VATH 173 National System ofInterstate
Munsell color tree, /V 116-117, 26; leg, FV 100-101; need for Nahrwan Canal, W123 and Defense Highways, WHL
195 exercise, 8 62-63; Nails: finger, prenatal 101-102
Muon (mu-meson), V/ 41, 156, 7 regeneration, B 55, 60, C 118, development, G 34, 73; See Weather Service, WEA
152 124, G 174; structure of, C 128- function of, 8 36; long, 47
Murex brandaris, snail, LV 98 124, 129 accretion of, G 121; substance Natta, Giulio, SC/ 192
Murphy, William, SC/ 194 Muscle contractor drug, D 143 of, 8 37, G120 Natural gas, G/V 56; as fuel, &
Murray, G.R., 8171 Muscle machine, synthetic, C Nal-Tel (corn), FV 38 15, 93, 97, 100, 115, Gv 62, uw
Murrell, William, D 82 131-132 Nanoseconds, 7 101 52; principal components of,
Muscarine, D 194 Muscle relaxants, D 9, 30, 31, Nantucket Island, surf erosion, GM 36, 52, 60, 61; as raw
Muscle, 8 61-63, C 122, 123-132; 54, 64, 72, 74; research, w79 material, GV 62, 132, 178,
exertion of, HD 12-13, 148-149; D143 Naphtha, £ 106, 114 180-181, 185, M 108, 111, 112;
kinds of, 8 55-56, C 125, 129, Muscle sense, 8 162-163 Nope: John, MATH 18, 22, 85- resources, F table 193; source
194 (see also Cardiac muscle; Muscle Shoals, Ala., W/ 152 of helium, /V 145; tanker
Skeletal muscle; Visceral Muscular convergence of eyes, LV Naples, 1630 plague epidemic transportation of, SHP 106.
muscle); in males, G 83, 107- 158 in, HD 30 See also Butane; Ethane;
108; number in body, 8 46, Muscular dystrophy, C 131, HO Napoleon Bonaparte, G/V 44, Methane; Propane
56; percentage of body 130, 131-133; drug research, MATH 128, MND 87, SHP 126, Natural history, 7 124, 126-127
weight, 8 195; transplants, 8 D143 7186, WEA 108; I.Q. of, MVD Natural resources: conservation
63, C 131; voluntary (skeletal) Muscular system, 8 15, 42, 46- 126 of, ENG 123, 126, 128; fuels, F
vs. involuntary (internal), 8 47; future development, Napoleonic complex, MVD 87 176, table 193; in ocean, ENG
55-56, C 125, 129; water prediction for, 8 42; medieval Narcotics, D 51, VND 158, 166; 130-131, 175-176, 178, 188, w
content of, 8 table 83, C 123, drawing, 8 24; Renaissance in patent medicines, D 161, 164-165; use of common (as
W114; woodcuts, B 33, C 125, PH 23 165; plants as sources of, air, seawater), EVG 130-131
anatomy, 8 46-47, 61-62; blood Musculoskeletal system, & 54, MND 154-155; smoking, D 59, Natural selection, SH 126; and
supply, 8 48, 61, 81, 82; early 55-64; teamwork, 8 46, 62, MND 155. See also Addiction genetic diseases, HD 122;
studies, B 24, 33,C 124, 125, 67,71 Nasal bone, 8 43 interference of medical
PH 23; opposing muscles, C 130; Mushroom cap, SC/ 18 NASA. See National progress with, PH 175-176;
cells, 8 14-15, C 50, 101, 106, Music, SH 10; acoustics for, SH Aeronautics and Space role in physiological
FN 100-101; contraction, 8 61- 181, 188; electronic, SH 94- Administration adaptation, HD 169-170
62; embryonic development, 95, 96; enriched, SH 16; Nasmyth, James, VCH 80, 194; Nature: geometric shapes in,
C 102, 104, G 33-34, 44; fusion frequency of, SH 12; steam hammer of, VCH 80, MATH 88, 89-94, SC/ 20-21, 24-
into fiber, c 124; harmonies in, SH 14; impact &1 25; laws of, determinist view,
nonreproductive, C 124, FIV of science on, SC/ 166, 167- Nastapoka Island chain, PL 88 7173; order in, SC/ 16, 17-21,
100; 168, 169; numerical relations Natchez (steamboat), SHP 195 24-25; order disrupted, SC/
coordination, MND 18, 23; of scale, MATH 42, 43, SH 13; National Academy ofSciences, 26-27; principle of least
childhood development, G 81; orchestral, SH 85, 105-106, FN 136, SC/ 120, 126; radiation action in, MATH 148, 154;
in deaf children, SH 166-167; 118; piped, SH 177; sine-save study, HD 105-106 traditional view of, 7123
impaired by alcohol, D 37; analysis, SH 13; sound National Advisory Committee for Naugahyde, production of, G/
disabilities of, 8 61, 63, C 127, diffraction of, SH 25; Aeronautics (NACA), WS 77 178, 179-191
130-131; loss of function upsetting forms of, SH 171 National Aeronautics and Space Nausea: nervous, MND 35;
through brain injury, MVD 57; Music box, 19th Century, CH Act of 1958, Vs 101 noise-induced, SH 172, 176
muscular dystrophy, C131, 0 92-93 National Aeronautics and Space Nautical Almanac, SHP 159
143, HD 180, 131-133; Music of chance, SH 94-95 Administration (NASA), F 37, Nautical charts, SHP 153, 157,
fiber, 8 62, C 128, 126; pete of the spheres,” MATH MS 80, SC/ 109, 129, WEA 59, 158, 159, 161, 168; of Kast
contraction, 8 62, C 123-124, 177; aviation research, F 145, Indies (1652), SHP 150
125-126, 127, 129-130, 165- Musical instruments SH 86-97 146, 147-148, 149, 152, 153, Nautical mile, SHP 165, 193
166, FN 100; electrochemical Musk, synthetic, GV 106 155, MCH 112, 113; founding Nautilus (early English

8-The Body c-The Cell bD-Drugs &-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GmM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease LV-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind MS-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 submarine), SHP 127 167; in fog, SH 101, SHP 166- Nereid (Neptunian moon), P/ retinal, C 160-161, /V80, 93,
Nautilus (Fulton’s submarine), 167; inertial, SHP 124; table 193
SHP 126 94, 171-172, 175-176; signal
pilotage, in coastal waters, Nernst, Walther, SC/ 191 transmission along, 8 143-
Nautilus, U.S.S., £175, 195, SHP 151, 160-163, 168-169; Nerve action potential, SH 144, 145-146, MND 34, 186;
ue 130, SHP 128, 131, 132, submarine, SHP 124; see also 58-59 tubules, c 148;
Bearings, taking Nerve stimuli, sensory, 8 143- functioning of, 8 142-146, 147-
Nautilus shell, MATH 88, 92, 93, Navigation network, VORTAC, F 144, C 26, MND 33-34; 150, C 148-151, 158, 165, 166,
102; accretion, G 120 128, 138-139 conversion into MND 33-86; reflexes, 8 147,
Navajo Indians, HD 10; Navigation satellites, VS 80, electrochemical impulses, 8 148; voluntary vs.
astronomy, PL 13 103, SHP 158 148; skin, B 38, 156 involuntary, 8 50, 148, 149,
Naval aircraft, £61 Navigational tables, SHP 164 Nervous system, 8 15, 42, 50, MND 27, 31, 34-35;
Naval Medical Research Navy Air-Sea Rescue Service, 51, 140, 141-150, c 147-156, functions of, 8 141; initiation
Institute, Bethesda, Md., 8 97, MS 96-97 MND 16, 17-29, 31-39, 182, 188; of puberty, G 105-106; muscle
MS 186-187 Nazi race doctrines, HD 129 basic parts of, C 158; activation, 8 62, 63,148, 144-
Naval Research, U.S. Office of, N-butylene, G/v 140 childhood development of, G 145, c 129-180, 150-151, 165-
MS 58, 59, SC/ 127 NC-4 (Curtiss seaplane), F 80, 82; and digestion, 8B 105-108; 167, MND 33-35; regenerative,
Naval Research Laboratory, 194 energy consumption of, 8 146; G 175; sensory (see
peas ton,D.C., PL 66, SHP Neanderthal man, 7 11, 12; brain evolution of, C 147, 148; Perception, sensory);
131 of, MND 36,711 interaction with endocrine history of study of, VND 32-34,
Naval School of Aviation Nearsightedness (myopia), C system, 8 169, 176; junctions 35; first complete
Medicine, Pensacola, Fla., VS 162, G 82, LV 59, 91, 195; with muscle, 8 62, 63,144,C description, PH 15; medieval
180-181 correction by glasses, LV 91 126-127, 158, 165, 166; drawing, 8 25; 16th Century
Naval warfare, SHP 134, 135-149; Nebraska water dispute with limitations, 8 149; view, C 148;
age of battleship, sHP 134, Kansas, W/ 68-69, 71 microelectrode studies of, C impulses: crossing of paths to
146-147; American Nebular hypothesis of origin of 150-152; protection of, 8 146- opposite side, VND 22-23;
Revolution, SHP 126; ancient, solar system, PL 26, 30, 35; 147; size related to size of drug interference with, D 40,
MCH 48, SHP 136-137; Hoyle Alfvén, P/ 30-31; Kant- organism, C 147; structure of, 42, 45, 46, 48; excitatory vs.
ascendancy of aircraft carrier Laplace, PL 26-27, 28 6 141-142; trunks, 8 142, MND inhibitory, C 149, D 40; in
over battleship, SHP 123, 148; Neck: artery, D 88, 89; muscles, 26-27; hearing, SH 59-61; initiation
ascendancy of nuclear 8 47, 61; vertebrae, 8 58 autonomic, 8 149-150, D 84, of, 8143, C149, MND 34;
submarine over surface craft, Necromancy, Chaldean, SC/ 79 85, 88, 91, HD 11, MND 27-28, motor, MND 22-23, 26-27, 33,
SHP 123, 148; boarding, MWCH Needham, John Turberville, C 35; parasympathetic, D 88, 34, 39; nature of, 8 142, 143,
48, SHP 59, 134, 138; bombing, 82,779 89, MND 27-28, 35; D 40, SH 59; number per
SHP 148-149; cannon, use of, Ne’eman, Yuval, SC/ 64, 65 sympathetic, D 88, 89, MND second per cell, D 40; sensory,
SHP 59, 134, 138, 139-145, 147; Negative curvature, VATH 157 27-28, 35, PH 21; MND 18, 22, 26, 38, 34, 37;
Civil War, SHP 126-127, 144- Negative exponent, MATH 15,18 cells (neurons), 8 15, 141, Cc sleep vs. wakefulness, D 46;
145; Crimean War, SHP 80; Negative numbers, MATH 67, 69; 106, 147-156, 158-159, G12, speed of, 8 143-144, c 148,
“Greek fire,” £ 100, MCH 48- square root of, MATH 69-70, 46-47, MND 16, 25-28, 31; 150, 158, MND 16, 7112; time
49; medieval, VCH 49; 152 auditory, SH 60-61; basic measurement of, 7 112-113;
ramming, VCH 48, SHP 54, Ne congenital defects, G kinds, B 142, 148, C158, VND transmission of, 8 142-143,
134, 186, 137, 138, 144; 152; menarche age among, G 25-28, 33, 35; drug action on, 144-145, 146, C 148-149, 158,
Renaissance, SHP 138-141; 132; sickle-cell anemia DAO, 41, 42, 47,52, MND 186; D 40, MND 26-27, 31, 33-34,
significance of nuclear among, HD 125 electrochemical activity, 8 186;
propulsion, SHP 172; Negroid race, 8 40 15, 141, 142, 148, 145-146, c peripheral, MND 25-28, 31;
submarine, SHP 126-127, 129, Nelson, Lord Horatio, SHP 134, 148, 149, 158, D 40, uno 16, regenerative power, C 118; see
130-131, 134, 147, 148; 142 31, 33-34, 39, 173, 186; also Motor nerves, Sensory
torpedoes, use of, SHP 127, Nelson, James H. Jr., G 32 embryonic development, C nerves;
134, 146, 148. See also Nelson, Robert, WH 175, 176, 102-108, G 33-34, 46; tissue, 8 14, 16, 141; brain, C
Warships; World War I; ile functioning of, 8 142-143, 144- 164-165; color of, B 142;
World War II Nematocysts, C 115 145, MND 34; functions of, 8 retina, C 161; spinal cord, C
Navigation: animal, F 50, 7 37, Nemon, Olem, MND 101 142, C149; growth of, G12, 158-159; water content, 8
49; celestial, F 124, MATH 84- Neodymium, / 146 46; junctions of, C 148-149, table 83.
85, SHP 92, 151, 153-155, 156, Neolithic Age, ”/ 121; cave 158,164, D 41, 52; length of, See also Auditory nerve;
164-165, T 81-83; dead painting, 7 122; hoe, 712 C101, 159; life-span of, Cc107; Optic nerve
reckoning, F 124, 125-126, SHP Neon, £ 75, V/ 29, 145; discovery nonreproductive, 8 146, C Nested-channel construction,
151, 156, 7 81, 82; electronic of, MV59, 145; isotopes, 153; 107, 148; number of aircraft wings, - 103-104
aids (see Radar, navigation liquefaction temperature, / (humans), 8 143, c 150, 164, Net tonnage, SHP 14, 15
by; Radio, navigation table 58; percentage in air, V/ D 40, G 46; number in brain, Netherlands, flood disaster of
systems); inertial, £129, SHP table 58, 60; uses of, 7 145 MND 16, 19, 31; retinal, C 160- 1953, W160; new dike, W 160-
124; pilotage, F123, 125, SHP Neon light, £ 77, LV 99, 106, 107, 161,LV 76, 94, 125, 175-176; 161
151, 160-163, 168-169; river, 174, VM 144,145 sensory detection and Network theory, MATH 186, 188
W152, 156; space, MS 156- Neon signs, illusion of movement reaction, C 151-153, 156, 157, Neumann, Gerhard, SHP 36
157; trigonometry used in, of, LV 147 160-166; specialization for Neural crest, G 46
MATH 84-85; Neoprene, GM 20, 24-25, 106, various tasks, C 152-153, 157, Neural groove, G 46
aircraft, — 123-129; blind 108, 709, 128-129, 130, 131 158, 160; “state of poised Neural plate, G 46
flying, F 126-128; celestial, F Neostigmine, D 71 instability,” C 149; structure, Neural systems of brain, VND
124; contact flying, F 123; Nepal, W128; monsoon rains, 8142, C9, 148, 158, MND 31; 177-178
dead reckoning, F 124, 125- W 120 vacuum-tube analogy, MND Neural tube, G 46
126; inertial guidance, F 129; Nephoscope, WEA 169 179; see also Motor nerves; Neuralgia: trigeminal, D 72;
nocturnal, early, F 124; Nephron, 8 119-120, 124, 125, D Sensory nerves; drugs, D 30, 72
pilotage, £ 123, 125; radar, F 92,93, W117 central, VND 31, 33; drug Neurohormones, 8 176
129 (see also Air-Traffic Nephrosis, 8 174 effects on, D 9-10, 40, 41-49, Neurohumors, C 126-127, 149,
control); radio, F 126-128, Neptune (planet), P/ 10, 172- 51-52, MND 153-154, 166, 186- 194
138-140, 142-143; research, F 173, 182, 183; composition of, 187; need of higher organisms Neurology, VND 31-39, PH table
146; supersonic flight, F 129; MS 158; discovery of, PL 71, for, C 154; nonregenerative, 102, SC/ 83; history of, MND
transponder, F 118, 119, 128, 172-173; ice on, W 35; orbit C 118; see also Brain; Spinal 32-34, 95, PH 15; in medical
135, 136; of, MS 158, PL 178, 194; cord; curriculum, PH table 56
instruments: aircraft, F 114- question of life zone on, PL disorders of: and mental Neurons. See Nervous system,
115, 118-119, 123, 124, 126, 173, 182, 183; satellites of, PL illness, MND 57; neuralgia, D cells
127-128, 129; automation, F 183, table 193; spectroscopic 30, 72; ophthalmoscopic Neurophysiology, SC/ 147; Nobel
112, 114, 128-129, sHP 172; studies of, PL 183; detection, PH 89; test, 7 112- prizewinners, SC/ 193-194
shipping, SHP 92, 93, 157-158, atmosphere of, PL 173, 182; Diss Neurosis, MND 57-59, 158;
159, 164, 166; shipping, past, composition, M/S 152, PL 173, fibers, 8 142, C 148-149, G 46- Adlerian theory of, VND 88;
SHP 57, 151, 154-157; 183; lack of oxygen, PL 182; 47; MND 16, 25-28; auditory, causes of, VND 58, 85, 86,
ships, SH 128, 129, SHP 57, 151- temperatures, PL 173, 182; SH 48-49, 60-61, 74; axons, C 89; Freudian theories of, MVD
158, 159-169, T 81-83; statistical data, VS table 193, 148, 158-160, 165, 166, D 40, 82-85, 86; Horney’s theory of,
bathymetric, SHP 158; PL table 193; diameter, PL 173; 41,42, 47,G12, MND 31; MND 89; symptoms, MND 58-
beginnings of, SHP 151-153; distance from sun, PL 173; dendrites, C 148, 158-159, 59
branches of, SHP 151; rotational period (day), WS 165, G12, MND 31; endings, 8 Neurosurgery, PH table 102, 103,
celestial, VATH 84-85, SHP 152, PL 173; size comparison, 144, C 166 (see also Receptor 104, 179-181, 195. See also
92, 151, 153-155, 156, 164-165, Pew cells); filaments, C 148, 158; Brain surgery
T 81-83; dead reckoning, SHP Neptunium, V 148, 174; growth of, Cc 154, G 12; Neurotic depression, //VD 59
151, 156, 7 81, 82; electronic, radioactive decay, £ 172-173 insulation of, 6 104; Neutrino, V 9, 154, 156;
SHP 92, 93, 151, 157-158, 166- Neptunium oxide, VV 148 regeneration of, 8 146; discovery of, V 156-157
ee
ee aE

yA
 £193; physician-to- drug, D 82
Neutron(s), V 10, 12, 154, SC/ water: cost of, W173; Nitroglycerin-nitrocellulose, /S
64, 7120; account for weight pollution, HD 103, 106, 108- population ratio, HD 176;
slum life, and health 45
differences of isotopes, £ 171, 110, map 111, 116; sewage
problems, HO 17, 22-23, 178 Nitrous oxide: as anesthetic, D
M 152-153, 154; bombardment treatment plant, HD 116-117;
Night, 7 27; driving at, /v 147, 53-54, 62, 64-65, MND 153,
of atomic nuclei with, £ 146, shortage, W181.
168-169, 172; importance of 167; discovery of, D 193;
148, 149, 154, 167-168, 174, vv See also Manhattan
length to plants, 7 39-40, 44- laughing gas, D 53, 193, MND
169-170, 171, 172; discovery New York State, origin of Finger
45 166-167
of, £ 170-171, v 154; in fission Lakes, W78
Night blindness, D 11 No-echo chamber, SH 184, 185
and fusion, VM 172-173, 174; New York State Barge Canal, W
Night-prowling animals, eyes of, No-knock gasoline, development
held by nuclear force, / 155- 125
LV 22-28, 28, 29, 77 of, ENG 123-126
156; as “Philosopher’sStone,” New York State Thruway, WHL
Nightingale, Florence, C 185 No-man’s land, space, WS 150
M 26; product of fusion, MV 106, 107; bridges, WHL
Nightingale (clipper),SHP 61 Nobel, Alfred, Gi 77, 149, Sc/
Tey, MET 131 174, 176, 177, 180, 186; his
Neutron-absorbing elements, F New York State University, VND Nike (antiaircraft missile), /S 57
Nike-Cajun (sounding rocket), will, SC/177, 178
154, 167-168, / 131, 137, 146, 190-191
Nobel, Immanuel, SC/ 177
147 New York University, SHP 36 MS 42-43
New Yorker, The, cartoon, Nike-Smoke (sounding rocket ), Nobel Foundation, SC/ 179, 180,
Neutron-impervious elements, &
MS 42-43 183
167-168, VV 131 MATH 62
Nobel Prize, SC/ 174, 177; award
New Atlantis, Bacon, SC/ 153 New Zealand: geothermal Nikolayevy, Andrian, V/S 88
power plant, EVG 128, 129 Nile River: ancient canal to Red ceremony, banquet and ball,
New Delhi, W/map 131; bicycles
Sea, W124-125; ancient MCH 185, SC/ 180-183, 186-187;
in, WHL 147 Newbold, Charles, M/CH 194
civilization, W 121-122, 128; diplomas, SC/ 184, 185;
New England: flood of 1955, WEA Newcomen, Thomas, ENG 33;
steam engine of, £54, MCH annual flooding, 7 60, W121- medal, SC/ 185; money, SC/
26; glacial boulders, W177, 78;
glacial origin of hills, w/51; 54, 55, 62, 193, sc/ 146, w 122, WEA 26; Aswan High 174, 186;
Dam, FN 184-185, W154, 171; winners, in science, CH 184-
groundwater, W 55; shoreline 149
Newell, Homer E., VS 56 riverboats, SHP 53, 55, 58, 69, 187, SCI 48, 183, 138, 140,174;
erosion, W79
Newport News, Va., SHP 122, 145 75, 194 175, 180-183, 186-187, table
New Guinea: adolescence in, G
Newspapers: orbital, Vs 101; Nilotics, physique of, G 179-181 189-195; California’s share,
112-113; lakatoi, SHP 53,
science reporting in, SC/ 106- Nilsson, Lennart, G 62 Sc/ 130; selection of, Sc/174,
54 178, 179
New Jersey, water pollution in, 107 Nilsson, Martin P., 7 56-57
HD 109, map 111, W174-175, Newt: embryo studies on, G 38- Nimbostratus clouds, WEA 85, Nobelium, (/ 149
176 40; monstrosities, G 13 86, 97,195 “Noble” gases. See Inert gases
New Jersey Turnpike, WHL 107 Newton, Sir Isaac, £ 10, LV 35, ‘Nimbus (weather satellites), /S “Noble” metals, V/ 36
New London, Conn., SH? 123, 128-129, MATH 88, 106, 108- 81, 102, 114, WEA 50, 51, 175, Noctilio leporinus, hunting
133 114, Sc/ 34, 87, 89, 125, 7 82, 177, 182, 183, 184-185; orbit techniques of, SH 138
“New mathematics,” VATH 13, 145, W 38; calculus, WATH of, WEA 176; photographs Noctilucent clouds, WEA 86
193-195 105, 106, 108-111, Sé/ 86, 87; taken by, WEA 51,177, 186 Noetiphobia, WD table 60
New Mexico: arroyo drainage, on color vision (Opticks), LV Nimbus clouds. See Nimbostratus Noctuid moth, ear of, SH 74
w 92; Carlsbad caves, W 121-122, 129, 130, 169; clouds Nocturnal vision, £11, 16, 22-
80; changes in hydrologic concept of spontaneous Nimes, France, aqueduct at, EVG 23, 28-29, 77; limited in man,
eycle of, W 52; groundwater, generation of life, C 82, 86; 69 LV 76, 77-78, 82, 94, 95; retinal
W55 discovery of light spectrum Nina, the, SHP. 58, 59 delay, £V 172-173
New Orleans, La.: Lake Pont- by, £86, LV 38, 97, 128; I. Q. Nineveh, ancient hydraulic works Noise, SH 10, 171-180;
chartrain causeway, WHL 138, of, MND 127; vs. Leibniz, at, W123 automobile muffler, SH 174;
139; Pontchartrain MATH 1138-114; on matter, GV Niobium, (/ 132; uses of, 4 70, background, SH 174, 177;
Expressway, WHL 158-159 33, M119: Principia, M 30, 75, 132 control of, SH 174-177, 184,
New Year’s Day, 7 63, 68, 69, MATH 111, 112, SCI 89, WEA Nissho Maru (tanker), SHP 194, 186-187; decibel scale for, SH
73; celebration, 7 16-17; 129-130, 132; on shape of 195 chart 173; energy of, SH 14;
restored to January | by earth, WEA 13; his telescope, Nitrate: blast, 141; in frequency and, SH 172; heat
Pope Gregory XIII, 774 MATH 112, SC/ 40; his theory drinking water, W193; from, SH 175; irritating, SH
New York, New Haven and of light, £ 75, LV 34, 121; sources of, EVG 130; 172; loudness, SH 172;
Hartford Railroad, WHL 60, 175 theory of orbital flight, ws synthesis, £ 99-100; ENG 130; measuring, SH 184-185;
New York Air Route Traffic 11; mentioned, £ 48, 118, LV water pollution by, W176 protective devices, SH 172-
Control Center, £ 140, 141 103, 126, 184, 1 125, MATH Nitrated cellulose. See Cellulose 173; rhythm and, SH 172;
New York Central Railroad, WHL 11, 47, 127, 149, 1538, wo 9- nitrate subjective interpretation, SH
50-51, 58. See also Penn 10, sc/ 51, 56, 82, 95, 7166, Nitric acid, GV 73, 75, 76, 86, 112 171-172; white, SH177;
Central Railroad WEA 138; Nitric oxide, / 55, 58 analysis, SH 182-183; in
New York City: air pollution, HD Laws of Motion and Nitrile rubber, G// 140 anechoic chamber, SH 184,
106, 107, 112-113, 115-116, PH Gravitation, VATH 105, 110, Nitrites (drugs), D 81-82, 83 185; in boiler plant, SH 187;
138, WEA 74; noise problem, 111, MS 9-10, PL 15, 24, 109, Nitro group, GM 75 of computer hum, SH 185;
SH 174; and Northeast SC/ 52, 58, 81, 145, 7147-148, Nitrobenzene, G/V 37; dye power saw, SH 184;
Corridor rail project, WHL WEA 132; First, £ 35; modified solvent, GM chart 143 damaging effects, SH 15, 153-
175; Pan-Am Building, EVG by Special Relativity, MATH Nitrocellulose. See Guncotton 154, 172-174; deafness, SH
101- 103; skyscrapers, ENG 165, 171, 7147, 148; Second, Nitrocellulose film, GV 77, 79, 153-154, 186; on embryo, G
100, WEA 74; tuberculosis, HD F 84, T 147, WEA 129-130; Lv71 58; nausea, SH 172, 176;
59, 60; urban and suburban Third, £ 34, F 82, 84 Nitrocellulose rayon, GV 89 psychological, SH 174; vision
growth, WHL 153; Newton’s rings, LV 35, 36 Nitrogen, VV 140; discovery in impairment, SH 183;
harbor: cargo handling, SHP Newtown Creek Sewage air, GM 32; inertness of, GV sources of: in home, SH 175-
107-108; finger piers, SHP 74, Treatment project, HD 116-117 75; liquefaction of, VV 62; 176; industrial, SH 154, 173;
104; ocean liners in, SHP 74, Niacin, FV 63, 103, table 113, HD liquefaction temperature, // jet engine, SH 178-179, 186;
100-101; “Operation Sail” in, 82; sources of, FV 27, 113, table 58; liquid, uses of, Vv 60, in office, SH 25, 176-177;
SHP 53; pollution study, HD table 194-195 62, 63; in organic compounds, supersonic planes, f 155,
108, 110, map 111; Webb’s Niagara, the, ENG 61 GM 11, 34, 53, v 140; proteins 189, SH 178, 179-180; urban,
shipyard, SHP 60; Niagara Falls, £ 20, W 8, 94, 156; as source of, FV 15; in SH 173-174
metropolitan area highway and hydroelectric plant, WCH radicals, GM 35; Nolde, Emil, Christ Among the
bridge system, ENG map 111; 129, W151; suspension transmutation by Children, LV 184
Brooklyn Bridge, WHL 126- bridges at, EVG 10, 14, WHL 128 bombardment with alpha Nollet, Jean Antoine, VCH 145
127, 128-130; George Nicholson, Seth B., PZ 125, 193 particles, V 151; uses of, VV NOMAD weather station, WEA
Washington Bridge, WHL Nickel, V 134, 135; in earth 140; LF 25183:
130, 133; Verrazano-Narrows core, PL 44; ocean-bottom as atmospheric component: Nomadic tribes, 7 20-21
Bridge, ENG 15, 108, 109-119, deposits of, £VG 175; source earth, / table 58, 60, PL 38, Noncrystals, // 99, 106
WHL 180, 132, 135, 193; of, WHL 89; uses of, M 133, 39, WEA 14, 38; Mars, PL 134; Non-Euclidean geometry, MATH
19th Century health problems: 134, 135, WHL 89 Venus, PL 116 155-158, 160, 163, Sc/ 57, 86,
death rate, HD 59; Nicolle, Charles, SC/ 194 Nitrogen compounds, waste 87, 100
tuberculosis, HD 59; Nicotine, 0 51, 58, 194 products of body, 8 124 Nonmetals, // 29, 139, 140, 142;
unsanitary conditions, HD Nicotinic acid, HD 82. See also Nitrogen family, / 140; atomic atomic structure of, V 128,
DS1055 Niacin structure, // 140; in periodic 140; in periodic table, 127
traffic: congestion, WHL 169; Nictitating membrane, /V 26, 27, table, Vv 127 Noodles, FV 11. See also
lights, computer control of, 195 Nitrogen mustard, cancer drug, Spaghetti
WHL 173; 19th Century Niepce, Joseph Nicéphore, LV D138, 195 Noordung, Hermann, V/s 194
problems and solutions, WHL 64, 65, 72, MCH 194 Nitrogen oxide, as air pollutant, NORAD. See North Atlantic Air
146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152; Nieuwland, Julius A., GV 128 HD 101, 113, chart 115 Defense Command
rush hour, WH 147; subways, Nigeria: food production in, FV Nitrogen tetroxide, VS 36 Noradrenaline (norepinephrine),
WHL 147, 152, 154; table 180-181; fuel resources, Nitroglycerin, GV 77, 112; as 81738, D 45, 88, 89, 90, 91, 195,
rr
nw—n— kK SSS

8-The Body c-The Cell D-Drugs &£-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease Lv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets SCi-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 MND 178 175; convertibility, £ 16; fundamentals, SC/ 56; 59, 66-67, 106-107;
Nordhausen, Germany, VS 54 development of, chronology, hypercomplex, MATH 153; production, GM 66, 106, 116,
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline), £ 194-195; peaceful uses, £ imaginary, MATH 70, 152; M 110; raw materials, Gv 66,
8173, D 45, 83, 89, 90, 91, 195, 146; 150-153; 175-176, 195, invention of, MATH 13-14;
MND 178 106, 116, VV 112; uses of, Gv
ENG 174, M 175, 190, MCH irrational, MATH 43-44; 20, 22-25, 98, 107, 116, 117, uv
Norethunodrel, D 127, 128-129 130, W173 (see also Nuclear negative, MATH 67, 69; 109, 112-113, 116
Noria (waterwheel), EVG 63 engines; Nuclear reactors); “perfect,” MATH 43; prime, Nylon paper, Gl 153
Norman River, Australia, // 43 safeguards, F 160-161, HD 105- MATH 46; Pythagorean Nylon salt, GV 66
Normandie, S.S., SHP 87, 94 106. See also Atom bomb; animism, MATH 43;
Normandy, 1944 invasion of, Fission, atomic; transfinite, MATH 173; whole O
WEA 109 Thermonuclear energy (see Integers); written,
Norris, William, WHL 44 Nuclear engines: for aircraft, £ development of, MATH 14-15 Oak Ridge, Tenn., SC/ 127;
Norris & Co. locomotive of 1836, 158, 159; for aircraft carrier, (see also Numerals) gaseous diffusion plant, £
WHL 45 SHP 172, 195; ascendancy of, Numerals: ancient, examples (172; nuclear reactor, £ 147
Norse mill, VCH 12, 30, W147 SHP 171-172, 195; for cars, E of, MATH 16-17; Arabic, MATH Oakland, plague cases of 1919,
Norsemen: myth of origin of 175, ENG 174; on nonmilitary 17; Chinese, MATH 17; HD 34
earth, C 82; weather gods of, ships, £ 195, SHP 172-173, SC/ development of, MATH 14-15; Oakland International Airport,
WEA 141. See also Vikings 144; rocket, £ 159, 195, Ms 37, Ghobar, MATH 17; Hindu, ACV traffic at, WHL 180-181
North, A. X., D105 154, 160-161, 177; submarine, MATH 15, 17; as mathematical Oars, MCH 17,18, 19, 48-49
North, true vs. magnetic, SHP E175; ENG 127, SHP 131-132; symbols, MATH 10; in Oasis, W 54
155, 162 for trucks, ENG 174, WHL 183 Mesopotamian 60-system, O’Bannon, U.S.S., SHP 195
North America: age of man in, Nuclear fallout. See Fallout MATH 16; modern invention Obelia, statocysts of, SH 64-65
T 138; astroblemes in, PL map Nuclear force, £ 174, 7 155-156, and development of, MATH Obelisk: Karnak, Egypt, 7 86-
89; glacial shaping of 170-171, MATH 106, Sc/ 64-65, 15, 17; Roman, MATH 15, 87; moving of, ENG 57
landscape of, W/maps 50-51, 72; pion, M 156, 157 17 Oberon (Uranian moon), P/ table
75, 77, 78 Nuclear fuel, £ 154, 156, 159, Numerical analysis, SC/ 193
North American Aviation, EVG 171-173, ENG 126-127, 174, Oberth, Hermann, VS 14-15, 16,
1a MS 37, 160-161, SHP 131-132, Numerical vs. verbal definition, 62,122, 194
North Atlantic Air Defense 172; resources, £ 176, table 193 SC/ 55 Obesity, G 190-191, HD 15, 83,
Command (NORAD), ENG 104, Nuclear physics, SC/ 64, 88, 89, Numerical weather forecasting, PH 85; and atherosclerosis
map 107 100; history of achievements, WEA 136, 137-188, 150, 152, and heart disease, FN 127,
Northeast Corridor, megalopolis, £ 194-195; Nobel 1538, 174-175, 186, 187 132-135, HD 15, 25, 83-84, 88;
ENG map 176, WHL 153; prizewinners, SC/ 189-190; Nun buoy, SHP 160-161 defined, vs. overweight, FV
transportation projects, ENG tools of, / 195 (see also Atom- Nuremberg eggs, 7 95 128; dieting, FV 1380-182, 153-
183, WHL 175,176,177 smashers; Bubble chamber) Nurse shark, eye of, LV 22 155; heredity factor, FN 129;
North Platte River, flooding, /// Nuclear reactors, £ 147, 154-157, Nurses: training of, HD 180- hospital treatment, FN 142-
127 176, ENG 126-127, 174, 175, 181, PH 147; uniform of, PH 145; psychological factors, FV
North Sea and Baltic Sea, 190, MATH 166, PL 189; 155 128, 143; of teenagers, FV 140-
evolution of sailship in, SHP “breeder reactors,” £ 176; Nut (Egyptian goddess), PL 10, 7 141. See also Overweight
54, 56-57, 59 control rod materials, // 131, 68, 69 Oboe, SH 94
North Star (Polaris), SHP 153- 187, 147, Ws 161; control rods, Nut and bolt, WCH 26, 27 Observation, as step in scientific
154,789 E154, 157, 168, MS 161; Nutrients: cellular conversion method, SC/ 52, 54
Northern lights, VS 110, PL 158 cooling system research, ENG to energy, 8 14, 104-105, 108, Observational scientists, SC/ 30,
Northern sailship development, 94-95; core, E 156-157; FN 86, G 24-25; essential, FV 51, 82
SHP 54, 56-57, 59 disposal of radioactive waste, 10-11, 13-15, HD 75, 82; groups Obsidian, VV 12, WS 127
Northrop, James H., VCH 195 E 162-163, HD 106; energy of, 8 109, FN 18-15, G 18-19 Obstetrics, PH 101, table 102, 154;
Northrop, John H., SC/ 192 conversions in, £ 156; first, £ (see also Carbohydrates; Fats; training in, PH table 56, 58,
Northrop, John K., F 103-104 195, MCH 195; gaseous core, Minerals; Proteins; 66,74
Northrop aircraft: Alpha, £ 104; Ms 160; number in existence, Vitamins); number needed O’Casey, Sean, SHP 9
CE 10 and M-2 models, F 168; £154, MCH 130; power output, by man, FN 10-11, 14, HD 76; Occhialini, G. P.S., Vv 156
X-21A, F 92, 93 £156, ENG 127; radiation storage in cells, 8 105, C 14, Occipital bone, 8 45
Northwestern University, PH 62 safeguards, £ 160-161, HD 105- 23, 38, 41, 48, FV 86, 97; Occluded front, WEA table 168
Northwind (icebreaker),SHP 106; shell, £ 157; shielding, storage in liver, 8 104, FV 86, Occupational hearing losses, SH
120 experiment for development 97; transfer from blood to 153-154, 172
Norway: body growth trends in, of, MATH 131; survival of cells, 8 80, 83, 88, FV 86, 99; Occupational therapy, VND 72
G 86; effects of Gulf Stream bacteria in, PL 117, 188; in transfer from intestine to Ochoa, Severo, SC/ 193
on, W 41; fuel resources, & transportation (see Nuclear blood, 8 90, 91, 103, 116, 117, Ocean, PL 34, 41-42, W 44-45;
193; puberty age in, G chart engines) FN 85, 94; transportation in average depth, PL 34; deepest
87 Nuclear submarines, £ 159, 175, bloodstream, 8 82, 86, 88, 93, point, PL 57; energy potential
Nose: and breathing, 8 120; 195, M 191, MCH 130, SHP 103-105, D 88, FV 85-86, 87, of, £ 23, 176, 178-179, ENG
grafts, early, 8 174, PH 28, 122, 123-124, 131-134; hull 97, 98-99, G 18-19 127, 128; food chain in, HD
32; mucus, B 15, 120, 123, 158; design, SHP 132-133; - Nutrition, F/V (entire vol.), HD 75- 80-81; as food source, ENG
nerve endings, B 143; maximum depth and speed, 84; education in 175-176, FN 173, HD 79, 80-
prenatal development, G 33; SHP 125; model-testing, SHP underprivileged areas, F/V 81; as future human habitat,
sense of smell, 8 150, 151, 48-49, 132; oxygen supply, 124-125, 174-175, HD 78, 188- ENG 178, 188-189; in
158-159; sense of touch in, B SHP 123; Polaris-armed, SHP 189; of embryo, G 29-31, 63; hydrologic cycle, W 38, 39,
156, MND 44; shape, as racial 49, 122, 123-124, 133-134; internal clocks and, G 84; 41; mapping of floor, SHP
characteristic, B 40 power plant, ENG 127, SHP science of, FN 11-12, HD 75. 158, 171; mass of, related to
Nossal, Gustav, D 114 131-132; safety features, SHP See also Diet; Food total earth mass, PL 38;
Notation (mathematics): 132; as tanker, SHP171-172 Nutritional diseases, F/V 15, 60, salinity of, C 89, W 36, 110,
expanded, MATH 194; Nucleic acids, C 59-60, 132, Gv 63, 103-115, HD 74, 75-76, 77, 118; seasonal changes, 7 105;
positional, MATH 15 177, PL 40, 42, 116, 137. See 80-84, 188; anemia, FV 63, HD seepage of groundwater into,
Notation systems. See Counting also DNA; RNA 82; beriberi, FN 14, 63, 118- W 41, 64, 65; significance of,
systems Nucleotides, C 58, 60-61; 115, HD 81-82, 83, 188; goiter, PL 41-42; space views of, M/S
Notochord: function of, G 34; defined, C 194; in replication FN 63, HD 82; kwashiorkor, G 115, W 32, WEA 34; water
organizer effect of, G 39 of DNA, C 70; in RNA 188-189, HD 20, 75, 76, 77; content of, W/ 37, table 38, 42,
Notos (wind), WEA 58 production, C 72; synthesis pellagra, FV 63, 103, 107-113, 44; wave patterns, SHP 35-
Notre Dame, Paris, EVG 101 of, PL 40 HD 82; rickets, FN 14, 63, 103, 36; and weather, W 40-41,
~ Nouakchott, Mauritania, W/ 172 Nucleolus, cell, C 20, 194, HD 81, 82; scurvy, FN 14, 103- WEA 15, 38; weather
Nova (rocket), VS 48-49 195 104, 105, 155, HD 80-81. See surveillance, WEA 157, 158,
Novelty (early locomotive), WHL Nucleus, atomic. See Atom, also Malnutrition; 172, 176, 178;
36 nucleus Overeating; Overweight change of level: during ice
Novikoff, Alex B., G 176 Nucleus, cellular. See Cell, Nutritional quackery, F/V ages, W 51; possible rise, WEA
Nuclear aircraft carrier, SH? nucleus 155-157 178;
172, 195 Nude Descending a Staircase, Nutritionist, (V 10-11 evaporation from: annual rate
Nuclear chemistry, SC/ 91, 100 Duchamp, 7 100 Nuts, FV 152; domestication of, of, W 39, 44; geographic
Nuclear desalination plant, Vi.3 Number line (new math), VATH FN 35; as protein source, HD variability, W 39-40; share of
Nuclear energy, £ 13, 15, 147- 194 79, 188; thiamine content, HD earth’s total, WEA 82;
163, 167-176, 169-175; Number systems. See Counting 82 evolution oflife in, C 88, PL
amount produced in fission systems Nux vomica, D 30 39-41, W9, 103; pre-life
of one atom, VV 171; Number theory, MATH 12, Nylon, GM 9, 37, 107, 108, 116, organic compounds, C 85-87,
conversion to electricity, £ 46, 66, 151, 160, SC/ 86, 100 142, 145, 171, v 107, 108, 109; 94, PL 39;
146, 154, 156, 175; conversion Numbers: “amicable,” MATH 43; annual U.S. production of, origin, C 85, 94, 95; basin
to mechanical energy, £ 15, complex, MATH 70, 152-153; GM 107; molecule (part), GV formation, PL 37, 58, W 36-
a

173
 Oil industry, £ 102, 112-115, MCH Ophthalmophobia, VD table 60 73-79, 99-100,
37; possibly voleanic, £ 25; of sci 46; Nobel prizewinners,
water in, W 36; 102; automation, ENG 107, Ophthalmoscope, 8 88, LV 60, PH
MCH 174, 180-181; beginnings 83, 86, 88-89, 111 SCI 192
precipitation over: annual rate,
of, £ 102, 103-107; by- Opiates, D 18, MND 153; Organic (carbon) compounds, /
W 39; distribution of, W 40; 139; analysis of, beginnings,
share of earth’s total, WEA 82; products, £ 106, 114-115 ENG addiction to, D 56, 57, 58, 59,
123, 130; drilling, £ 108-109; MND 158; ancient use of, D GM 84, 35, 99; basic elements
as source of raw materials, [VG in GM 11, 34, 53; basic
122, 125, 130-131, 175-176; fire, £ 111; gusher, F 110; 13, 18; as cough medicine, D
number of producing wells, 105; effects on nervous families, GM 53-54; covalent
mining, ENG 175, 178, 188, SC/ bonding, G/ 102, 105; first
150, 160, SHP 180, W 164-165; £ 110; pipelines, £ 102, 105; system, D 9; tolerance, D 58
processes,£ 114-115; Opium, 0 18, 18, 52, 134, 1938, syntheses of, GV 34, 36-37,
oil drilling, £ 109 38, 39, 46, 47-48; hydrogen
Ocean currents, // 40, 41, WEA products, £ 114-115; refining, MND 158, 166; addiction to, D
56, 57; effects on time sense, replacement in, GM 35-36;
57; and rotation of earth, 7 £98, 106-107, 112, 114-115,
7 15; as pain reliever, D 51, isomers, GV 35, 55;
105, WEA 12 ENG 98, 106-107, 112, 114-115;
ENG 125, GM 182, chart 134- 52-58, MND 153, PH 10, 37; in laboratory synthesis of
Ocean liners, // 130, SHP 74, 75-
135; search for new wells, £ patent medicine, D 161, 165; complex prelife compounds,
84, 85-101; development of,
SHP 75, 77-82; sail with 109 plant, MND 154 C 80, 83-84, 85, 86, 97, PL 39,
auxiliary steam, SHP 61, 77; Oil lamp, ever-burning, £ 101 Opium wars, D 14 186, 187; law of substitution,
schedule requirements, SHP Oil rig, water, SHP 171 Opossum, and Chagas’ disease, GM 36; molecular structure,
34, 75, 103, 104; statistics, Oil of wintergreen, G/V 35, 54 HD 47 GM 11, 51, 52-57, 74, 81, 194,
SHP 103; steam with auxiliary Oil slicks, color effect of, LV 102, Opponent-process theory of color M 107; molecular weight, Gv
sail, SHP 61, 77, 81, 195. See 109 vision, LV 124, 125, 132-133 103; number of, V 139; as
also Cargo ships; Passenger Oil-yielding plants, Oppenheimer, J. Robert, £ 195, precursors of life, C 84-86, 87-
liners domestication of, FV 35 M 38, 39, MATH 174 88, 92, 97, 98, M139, PL 39-
Ocean of Storms (Oceanus Oilbird, echolocation by, SH 142- Oppenheimer, Mel, WEA 169 40, 158-159; reactivity of
Procellarum, lunar feature),P/ 143 Opsin, LV 79 some, reasons for, GV 53, 54;
88, 96 O'Keefe, John, M/s 116, 117 Optic chiasma, V 80, 81, 195 self-replication of, as
Ocean ridge, PL 58 Oklahoma City: First Christian Optic nerve, 8 88, 154, LV 80-81, beginning of life, C 88; single
Ocean trenches, PL 57, 58 Church of Tomorrow, SH 189; 84, 93, 120, 125, 168, 195, MND vs. multiple bonding, GV 53,
Ocean waves: analysis of, SHP noise tests in, SH 179-180 38-39, PH 89; cells, C 160-161 56, 62, 63, 102; stability of
35-37; erosive force of, W75, Oksala, Arvo, SH 131 Optic nerve head, LV 84, 92, 93 some, reasons for, Gi 53,
78-79, 86-87, 98-101 Olander, Arne, SC/ 179 Optical astronomy, PL 61-65, 68, 147; variety of, explained, GV
Oceanic, S.S8., SHP 114-115 Old age. See Aging 70-73; bad seeing, PL 64, 67; 54, 102, 139. See also
Oceanography, SC/ 76, 94, 95, Old folks’ rheumatism, 8 59 and space observatories, PL Hydrocarbons; Polymers
100, 101, 128, 141, sHP 171, Old 97 (early locomotive), WHL 43 66-67 Organic fluids, V 73
178, 179-191; study of waves, Olds, James, VND 176 Optical illusions, LV 142-147, “Organic” growing of food, FV
SHP 35-37 Olds, Ransom E., WHL 77 148, 162-164, 195, MND 50-53; 152, 153
Ocotillo, W108 Oldsmobile, My Merry, WHL 77 of motion, LV 146-147, 156- Organic matter, annual
Octane, GV 60 Oléron bridge, France, WHL 139 157, 166, 173, 174, 175, MND production of, Cc 44
Octave: defined, SH 81; Olfactory bulb and membrane, 8 14, 41, 52, 58 Organizer effect, in embryonic
frequency of, SH chart 81 158 Optical window of atmosphere, PL development, G 37-40
October Revolution, anniversary Olfactory nerve, sensitivity of, 64-65, 66 Organs, body. See Internal
of, 7 62 MND 34 Opticks, Newton, LV 121-122 organs
Octopus: blue-ringed, D 142; eye Olive oil, FV 107, 134 Optics, SC/ 76, 80, 88, 100; Nobel Organs, body, artificial. See
of, LV 22 Oliver, James, VCH 14 prizewinners, SC/ 190 Artificial body parts
Oculist, PH 101 Olmsted, Denison, WEA 134 Oral contraceptives, D 124, 126, Origin of Chemical Elements,
Odlum, Doris, G 108 Olmsted, Frederick Law, VCH 78 127-129, 180, 195 The, Alpher, Bethe and
Oedipus and the sphinx, VD 130 Omar, Caliph, 7 62 Orange (color), /V 123; creation Gamow, SC/ 14
Oedipus complex, VD 81, 86 Omega Minus particle: of, V 110; in nature, LV 99 Origin of Species, The, Darwin,
Oersted, Hans Christian, £ 122- prediction of existence of, SC/ Orange juice, caloric content of, 7126
123, 124, MCH 125, 145, 146, 62, 64-65; search and FN table 11 Orley, Bernard van, portrait by,
Sc/ 148 discovery, SC/ 66-73; track, Orangeine, D 165 LV184
Oersted Medal, £ 120 SC/ 68, 70-71 Orbit(s): defined, WS 193; of Orlon, GV 9, 104, 119, 194
Office noise: control of, SH 176- Ommatidium, LV 194 heavenly bodies, MATH 47, Ormandy, Eugene, SH 85
177; diffraction, SH 25 Omniscope, submarine, SHP 129 110, 111, 112, 160, 162, 166, Orographic effect: clouds, WEA
Office of Scientific Research and Onager, VCH 43 PL 14, 24, 25, 194; of man- 16, 85, 87, 98; precipitation,
Development, SC/ 126 One-celled organisms. See made satellites, VS 81-82, 102, W 40, WEA 98; wind, WEA 16,
Office phonograph, SH 110-111 Single-celled organisms 116; pereng, MS 162, 164-165; 61, 85, 98
Ohain, Hans von, Ff 83 One-eyed animals, 58 synchronous, MS 102 Orthicon, image, VCH 153
O’Hare Field, Chicago, Ff 131-135 One-eyed vision, human, // 141- Orbital flight: Newton’s theory Orthodox Church, holiday dates,
Ohm, Georg Simon, £ 46, 47, 142 of, MS 11; Soviet, MS 74, 80, T 62
WAR Onion-tip cell, reproduction of, C 86, 88-89, 92; U.S., MS 80, 91, Orthopedic surgery, PH table
Ohm, electrical unit, £ 46, 47 66-67 92, 93-97 102
Ohm’s Law, £ 46, 47, 122 Onnes, H. Kamerlingh, V/ 59 Orbital rendezvous. See Orthopedics, PH 154
Oil, V 73; air pollution from, Oocytes, C 142; genetic research Rendezvous Orthotropic bridges, WHZ 131,
HD 99,1038, 113; automobile with, C 142-144 Orbital time of earth, changes in, 144-145
research, GM 119; chemical Op art paintings, optical illusions, T 104-105, 107 Orukter Amphibolos (dredge),
energy source, £ 15, 93; coal LV 146, MND 52-53 Orbiter, Project, /S 59-60, 76. ENG 12
as source of, £ 99; heat yield, Opal, Vv 99 See also Lunar Orbiter Osaka, Japan, Tokaido Express,
£97; major U.S. power Open-heart surgery, D 74-75, PH Orbiting Astronomical WHL 9, 190-191
source, £ 102; in 19th Century 186-187; cost of, PH 170 Observatory (OAQO), ENG 80 Osborn, James B., SHP 134
organic chemistry research, Open-hearth steel process, EVG Orbiting Solar Observatory Oscar Mayer plant, MCH 184-185
GM 338, 35, 56; origin of, £ 100, 37, MCH 98-99, 194 (OSO), MS 110 Oscillation, 7 80
102; as raw material for Open-loop control, WCH 172 Orchestral music, SH 85, 105- Oscillator, VCH 149
synthetics, GV 132, Vv 108, Open plenum chamber, ACV, SH 106, 118 Oscilloscope, ENG 90, MND 190,
111, 112 (see also Petroleum); 177 Ore: beneficiation of, EVG 141, SH 58, 7 112-113
repulsion by water, 78, 95, Operation Conshelf, SHP 184 142; flotation, iV 96. See also Oscilloscope tracings, SH 132; for
96; resources, £ 176, table 193; Operation Overlord, WEA 109 Tron ore; Mining clarinet, SH 90; for
spontaneous combustion, & Operation Paperclip, /S 53-54 Oreopithecus, 8 59 kettledrum, SH 86; for
98; surface coating, V 77; ‘Operation Sail,’ SHP 53 Oresme, Nicole, SC/ 88 trumpet, SH 88; for violin, SH
viscosity, V 75; Operation Sea Orbit, SHP 172 Organ (musical), SH 15; Hero’s 92
cooking, F/V 13, 44, 59; olive, Operation Skyhook 60, WEA 177 wind-powered, SC/ 80; sound O’Shaughnessy, Patrick, W/HL
FN 107, 134; peanut, FV 59; Operational flight research, F range of, SH chart 194-195 152
vegetable, FV 135; 146, 152-153 Organ banks (medicine), PH 190- Osler, Sir William, 8 99, 0 11,
uses of, £ 115; cylinder oil, £ Operationally defined concept, 191 14, PH 55, 60, 62, 78, 80-82,
107; engine oil, £ 107; furnace SC/ 55 cree of Corti. See Corti, Organ 194
oil, £ 115; lubricants, £ 107, Operations. See Surgery 0 Osmium, V 135; uses of, Vv 135
115; steamship fuel, SHP 82, Ophelia, VND 61 Organ systems (body), & 10; Osmosis, FV 85, W104, 105, 106;
95, 172. Ophthalmology, PH table 102; in anatomy, 8 43-53; reverse, in body (active
See also Oil industry pedis curriculum, PH table classification of, B 15, 42; absorption), FN 85, 94;
Oil-and-water repellence, of interdependence of, 8 15 reverse desalination by, GV
fluorocarbon polymers, GV Ophthalmology, American Board Organelles, cellular, 8 14,C 16 175, W188
145, 149 of (formerly The American Organic chemistry, GV 11, 194, Osmotic pressure, W 105
Oil burner. See Furnace, oil Board for Ophthalmic SC/ 91, 100; early history of, OSO. See Orbiting Solar
Oil carrier. See Tanker Examinations), P+ 60, 102 GM 14, 33-87, 46-49, 51-57, Observatory

8-The Body c-The Cell bD-Drugs &£-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease Lv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematies MCH-Machines MND-The Mind MsS-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets SC/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
Ossicles, SH 150, 193; teenagers, FN 140-141. See "59, 60, 64-65, MS 32-33, 40,
comparative drawings of, SH water dispute with India,
also Obesity 64 121
32; discovery of, SH 34-35; Ovid, MATH 121, 7185 See also Liquid oxygen
function of, SH 40-41, 49; Palate, 8 160; and sound
Ovulation G 57, 145, 146-147; Oxygen family, V 140-141; articulation, 8 122
Renaissance drawings, SH suspension by oral atomic structure, /V 140; in
30, 32; Weberian, SH 68. See Paleolithic Age: skull surgery, 8
contraceptives, D 126, 128- periodic table, / 127 18-19; tools, MCH 11,7 12-
also Anvil; Hammer; Stirrup 129; suspension during Oxygen poisoning, 8 122, Ws 189 Paleontology, SC/ 76, 82, 95, 101
Osteoarthritis, HD 95 pregnancy, D 127 Oxygen starvation of body, 0 78 Palintonon (Greek war
Osteoblast, G 11; cell, 8 60 Ovules, G 12 Oxygen tent, GV 165 machine), MWCH 29
Osteomalacia, HD 81 Ovum (egg cell), 8 174,177, c Oxygen therapy, D 86
Ostracoderm, C 147; Palladium, (/ 134, 135; uses of,
101, G 11, 28, 32; defective, G Oxytocin, 8 175 M 135
semicircular canals in, SH 32 30-31; fertilization, C 56-57, G Oysters, FV 161; shells, as Pallet, in clock mechanism, 7 80,
Ostrich egg, C 9-10, 19 14-15, 29, 147; fertilized source of calcium carbonate, 92, 97, 98, 195, MCH 34
Ostwald, Wilhelm, SC/ 191 (zygote), G 42; number in ENG 122 Pallid bat, SH 125
Otis, Elisha G., VCH 194 human ovaries, G 14; and oral Ozark National Forest, limestone Palm-reading, 7 186-187
Otis, William S., VCH 194 contraceptives, D 126, 127; of cave, V63 Palm tree, WV 61
Otis brothers (Charles and ostrich, size, C 9-10, 19; sex Ozma, Project, V/s 174 Palmieri, Luigi, / 59
Norton), SC/ 151 chromosomes in, G 15; Ozone, // 140; in air, V table 58, Palo Alto, Calif., Gv 177, Sc/
Otolaryngology, PH table 102 structure of, G 14; PL 38,42, 79, WEA graph 15, 136-137
Otolaryngology, American Board transplanted, G 173-174; and 36; liquefaction temperature, Palomar Observatory. See Mount
of, PH 102 twia formation, G 57, 131; M table 58 Palomar
Otology, PH 101, SH 198 uterine environment for, D Ozone layer, PL 42, graph 56, 57, Palpating, 8 26, 27
Otosclerosis: cause of, SH 148; 127,G173 WEA 175 PALS. See Precision Approach
surgery for, SH 148, 150, 152 Owens, Michael, V/CH 195 and Landing System
Otoscope, PH 87 Owens River, Calif., W170 P Pa Mong, proposed dam at,
Otto, Nikolaus August, EVG 194, Owens Valley Observatory, 152-153
eee 66, 67, 72, 108, 194, WHL Caltech, PL 75 P2V-Neptune (airplane), F 92 Pan Am Building, New York
Owl: nocturnal vision of, LV 11, P2V-1 (airplane), F 93 City, EVG 101-103
Otto Hahn, N.S., SHP172-173 16, 28, 77, SH 121, P-1127 (British VTOL plane), £ 153 Pan American Airways, Ff 108, 195
Otto-type engine, VCH 66, 72, stereoscopic vision of, LV 58 Pacemaker, brain, 7 15 P’an Ku, 7 125
194, WHL 80; Otto Silent, WCH Ox, harnessing of, FV 35, WHL Pacemaker, heart, 8 79, 86, D Panama Canal, £ 152, W154,
103, 106 14h PAL 80, 81, 88, 89, 7 33-34; 163; new project, £ 152, ENG
Ouabain, D178 Ox-driven paddle-wheel boat, artificial, 8 86, EVG 145, 150, 95
Ounianga Kebir (oasis), W 54 SHP 76 151-152, Gv 176, PH 151 Pancreas, & 14, 102, 114, 172,
Outer ear, 8 152, SH 30, 60, 193; Oxbow lakes, W 87, 96-97, 100, Pacific (steam locomotive), WHL FN 81, 84, G 188, PH 34;
of bats, SH 124, 125, 126; of 101,195 49,55 embryonic development of, G
foxes, SH 63; function of, SH Ox-carts, WHL 138, 20-21, 23 Pacific Coast, rainfall, W/40, WEA 35; Islets of Langerhans, 8
39, 49; location, SH 31; Oxidation: energy release, F 94, 83, 98 170, 171, 172; malfunction, FV
mismatched, SH 79; of 96-97; induction by heat, £ Pacific Ocean, W 36-37; 170; stimulation of, G 132
vultures, SH 72 98-99; instantaneous, F 93; typhoons, WEA 65, 133; space Pancreatic juice, 8 102, 114-115
Outgassing: earth, P/ 38; moon, slow, E 98, 98. See also photographs of, WS 115, WEA Pandemics: influenza, HD 61, PH
PL 84-85 Combustion 34; warfare in, SHP 129, 148 109; plague, HD 31-83, PH 18,
Outpatient clinics, PH 128, 152, Oxidizers, VS 32-33, 36, 193. See Pacioli, Luca, VATH 68 16
153 also Liquid oxygen Packard, David, SC/ 137 Panting, as homeostatic
Output shaft, automobile, WHL Oxygen, GV 10, M 34, 140, 142; Paddle-wheel boats, SH? 31, 76, mechanism, HD 13
82-85 allotropy, V7 140; atomic 77, 78; replaced by screw Pantothenic acid, FN table 113
Outrigger: canoe, WEA 72; weight, £ 96; chemical propulsion, SHP 78, 79-80, 81 Paolo, Giovanni di, painting by,
Ceylonese, SHP 53, 54 affinity for hydrogen, W 9-10, Padua, Italy, 16th Century LV 188-189
Outside the Earth, 18; discovery of, GM 82, 42, Medical School at, PH 28 Papaya, FN 24, 25
Tsiolkovsky, VS 13 43, M 33, 140; in earth Pain, D 48, 7112; brain center Paper, GM 44, 56, 74, 76, 78, 82,
Outside loop (gliding maneuver), atmosphere, C 90, / table 58, for, 8 145, D 48, MND 175, 84; medieval paper-making,
F387 60, PL 39, 41, 42, WEA 14, 38; 176-177, 184; emotional factor GM 86; nylon, GM 15; raw
Oval window, 8 152, SH 41, 71- on jetliners, supply control, in, D 48, HD 153, 154; physical materials, GV 86, 153;
72,151; in hearing process, F120, 121; liquefaction of, VV aspects, D 48; referred, D 82; yellowing of, £ 93, 98
SH 43, 44; impedance 59, 62; liquefaction signals, D 48 Paper chromatography, VV 92-93
matching at, SH 37-38 temperature, /V table 58, 59; Pain-relievers, D 51, 52, 68, 72, Paper-making machine, CH 194
Ovaries, 8 170,174, D 126, 127, molecule, £ 51, 52; and MND 158; effect on brain, D Paper press, old, WCH 26, 27
G 29; fetal development of, G negative ions, WEA 113; in 48; ESB as, MND 177; Paper winder, MATH 94
55; in flowers, G 12-13; oceans, PL 41; in organic hypnosis as, MND 164; Paperclip, Operation, /S 53-54
hormone control of, 8 175, G compounds, GM 11, 34, 53; nonaddictive, D 130, 135; Papi, Floriano, 7 46
133, 145, 146; hormone origin of term, V 33; opiates, D 13, 52, 1384, wD Papin, Denis, / 80, MCH 54, 57,
secretions of, 8B175-176, G prevalence on earth, /V 140; 153 SC/ 146, SHP 76, W 148-149;
134, 145, 146, 172; specific heat of, £ table 36; Painesville, Ohio, U.S. Rubber pressure cooker of, // 80, 81,
hypothalamic control of, G transformation into ozone, MV plant, G// 185-188, 189 MCH 54
135, 145; number of eggs in 38,42; valence of, GV 52; in Paint, synthetic, GV 19, 27, 105, Papin engine, £ 44, W 148-149
human, G 14; puberty and, G water molecule, V 75, W9, 18; 115, 119; latex, Gv 138, 140; Parabola, MATH 47; area, MATH
108; sex functions, G 145-147 in carbon cycle, C 36, 42, 43- silicone, GV 154 48; in Cartesian system,
Overeating, FV 126, 127-131, HD 49,90, PL 41; in plant Paint pigments: mixing of, /V MATH 88; equation, MATH 83
15, 24, 25, 83; and respiration, C 42, 49; use by 111; primary colors, LV 97-98 Paracelsus, 8 12, 13, C 82,0 193,
atherosclerosis and heart animal cells, c 39, 40, 42, 44, Painted Desert, W/92-93 MATH 73, SC/ 90
disease, FN 15, 127, 132-135, 48,49, 90; waste product of Painting, 178, 179, 182-191; Parachute: design, /S 21; nylon,
HD 15, 25, 83-84, 88, 89; plant cells, C 37, 38, 40, 42, fauvism, LV 186-187; Golden GM 116, 117; release gear, MS
causes of, FV 128, 129, 130; 44, 45-47, 90; Rectangle in, MATH 96-97; 70-71
and diabetes, FN 127, HD 83, human body and: for embryo, impact of science on, SC/ 166- Parachute spinnaker, SH? 63
127; and kidney disease, FV G 30; emergency 167, 168, 169; op art, LV 146; Paradise Lost, Milton, VS 9
127; and overweight, FV 127- administering of oxygen, PH perspective in, LV 147, 190- Paradox of Zeno, VATH 45
132, 159; essential nutrient, F/V 191, MATH 98-99, 101; Paraffin, £ 106, Gi 175;
Overlord, Operation, W/EA 109 13, 14; function, 8 14; intake, perspective distortions, molecule, GM 60-61, 195;
Overshot waterwheel, VCH 31, 8 120-121, C 127, HD 13, 7 50; MATH 100-101; vs. specific heat of, £ table 36;
32,W 147,151 needs of brain and nervous photography, LV 179; wax, GV 61
Overtones, defined, SH 13; system, 8 146, MND 20; pointillism, /V 119, 184-185; Parallel circuit, electrical, VG 38
string’s, SH 14 pickup by bloodstream in signs of mental illness in, Parallel rules, SHP 159, 163
Overweight, FV 127-129, 136, lungs, 8 90, 121, D 86-87, FN MND 186, 137-151; Parallelism: Euclidean
187-147, 153, HD 25, 83-84; 98, HD 96; shortage, 8 16, 123- techniques: color use, /V 119, postulates, MATH 46; non-
defined, vs. obesity, FV 128; 124, D 78; shortage, prenatal, 184-187; to indicate depth Euclidean, MATH 155-156
dieting, FV 130-132, 138, 139, and congenital defects, G 31, and distance, LV 145-146, 182- Parallels of latitude, SH? 153
142, 148, 153-155; heredity 156; shortage symptoms at 183, 186-191; to indicate Paramecium, C 9, 27, 29, 123, G
factor, FV 129; hospital high altitude, HD 169; shape, LV 145, 182, 186; light TLS ies:
treatment, FV 142-145; men transfer from blood to cells, and shadow, use of, LV 182- Paranoia, VND 60-61; false diet
vs. women, FIV 127-128, table B 80, 83, 88, FV 99; 183; line, use of, LV 186-187 for, FN 155
129; need for exercise, FV transportation in Pakistan: road production in, Parasang, 7 145
130, 131, 132, 138, 140-141, bloodstream, 8 80, 81, 82-83, FN table 180-181; fuel Parasites, D 95-96, HD 9; and
143, 153, 154; psychological 86, 88, 93, 121, D 87, FN 98, 99; resources, £ 193; outmoded cancer, HD 92; infestations,
factors, FN 128, 143; of uses of: V/ 51; as oxidizer, V transportation in, WHL 11, 12; HD 14, 38, 40-51, 77, 162. See

EEE

175
 Patent attorneys and agents, VCH computerized traffic control, Perkal, Stuart, 8 189
also Protozoa; Rickettsiae; Perkin, Sir William Henry, GV
Trypanosomes; Worms 156, 159-160, 162 WHL 171; containerization of
freight, WHL 184-185; 36-37, 38, 48, 49, 54, 57
Parasympathetic nervous system, Patent Commissioner, /CH 160
Patent examiners, VCH 158-159, Conway Yard, WHL 74-75, 171 Perkins, G. Holmes, WHL 155
D 88,89, MND 27-28, 85 Perkins, Jacob, WCH 198, 194
Parathyroid glands, 8 170 160 Pennsylvania Railroad, WHL 58, 175
Patent judges, MCH 160-161 Pennsylvania Turnpike, WHL Permeability, defined, W/195
Paré, Ambroise, 8 12, D 83, PH Permutation, in laws of chance,
13, 32-33, 34 Patent medicines, D 154, 157, 101, 105
Paregoric, D 13, 18, 52 158, 160-161, 163, 166, 7 188; Pennsylvania University, MATH 132
advertising, D 155-161, 165, Medical School, PH 53 Pernicious anemia, D 195
Parents. See Fathers; Mothers Peroxyacylnitrate (Pan), damage
Parietal bone, 8 43, 45 166-167; exposure and Penstocks, W 151
regulation of, D 165, 166 Pentagram, MATH 91 to plants, HD 114
Paris: artesian wells, W/59; Perpetual motion machine;
Notre Dame, ENG 101; Patent models, MCH 164-165 Pentane, GV 60
“Patent pending” label, VCH 158 Pentazocine production, D 135 impossibility of, £ 60; search
rainstorm, WEA 118; water
Patent search, VCH 156, 162-163 Pentolinium, D 89 for, £ 62; various designs, F
pollution, W175
Patents, VCH 161; annual Pentolite, 7 118-119 62-63
Parity, law of, disproven, / 47,
number of applications in Pentothal, D 71, HD 124 Perraudin, J. P., W/76
SCI 8,186
U.S., MCH 156; annual “Pep pills,” D 38, 56. See also Perrault, Pierre, // 38
Park, Mungo, D 34 Perrin, Jean Baptiste, SC/ 191
Parke, Davis & Company, D 181 number granted in U.S., WCH Amphetamines
156; application, MCH 155, Pepper, FV 57 Perrine, C., PL 193
Parker, C. W., VCH 194
156; automobile engineering, Pepsin, 8 102, 103, 112-113, c Perronet, Jean-Rodolphe, CH
Parking garage: Chicago, WHL
120-121; in Philadelphia WHL 78; of corporations, MCH 15, FN 83 77-78
114; cost of, MCH 156, 160; Peptic ulcer , HD 25, 150-151, Perry, James, sewing machine of,
interface, WHL 160-161
criteria for, WVCH 154; 152, 156. See also Ulcers, MCH 164
Parkinson’s disease, WND 180;
treatment of, PH 178 duration of, VCH 154; foreign, stomach Perry, Commodore Matthew, /CH 5!
Parkman, Paul, D 115 MCH 163; of individuals, WCH Pepys, Samuel, SC/ 125 Perry Cubmarine, SHP 172, 181
116; total number in U.S., Perception, sensory, 8 143-144, Persecution, delusions of, MWD
Parkways, WHL 100, 104
MCH 154. See also U.S. Patent 147-150, 151-161, C 151-154, 60, 75, 138
Parodi, Lorenzo, 7 36
Office 156, MND 39-40, 41-55; of Persian Gulf: evaporation from,
Parsons, Sir Charles A., CH
Pathology, PH 55, table 102, 149, blind persons, 8 166-167, W 39; shifting of shoreline, W/75
129, 195, SHP 81-82
154, SC/ 76, 96, 101; 19th MND 44-45, SH 100-101; Bru- Persians, MATH 16, 42;
Parthenon, Athens, VATH 94-95
Century progress in, PH 31, ner’s view of, MND 114; of the astronomy, MATH 71; at
Partial Pressures, Dalton’s Law
35, 79, 194; training in, 8 185, deaf, MND 44, SH 154-155, 159, Salamis, SHP 136, 137
of, WEA 130-131
Particle accelerators. See Atom- PH 55, table 56, 61 166; defined, MND 39; Personality: Adlerian theory,
smashers Patricia Moran (tugboat), SHP development in infancy, G 81, MND 87; chromosomal
Particle physics, SC/ 88, 89, 100 114-115 LV 12-13, MND 116; during abnormalities and, G 155;
Particle (corpuscular) theory of Paul, Frank, SC/ 162 driving, tests, ENG 168-169; Freudian components of,
light, £ 75-77, 89, LV 31, 33-34, Paul, Lewis, VCH 57 Gestalt psychology, MND 14- MND 86; Freudian theories
38, 39, 79, 4 125; Newton Paul of Aegina, 8 107 15; hallucinogens, effect of, D of, MND 81, 83-84, 85-86;
and, £ 75, Lv 34, 121; and Pauli, Wolfgang, / 125, SC/ 189 42, 59, MND 155, 156, 157, 166; Jung’s concepts, MND 88;
photoelectric effect, £ 76, LV Pauling, Linus, HD 118, SC/ 191 limitations of, 8 149, 150, C phrenology and, MND 37
38-39, 50-51,/M 125; Pavloy, Ivan P., FV 81-82, HD 153-154; integration of Persoz, Jean, 8 102
Pythagorean, LV 31 156, MND 106-107, SC/ 184, 193 senses, LV 11-12, 13; range of, Perspective: in art, LV 147, 190-
Particle theory of matter, V 12, Payen, Anselme, 8 102 MND 44-45; after sensory 191, MATH 98-99, 101; in depth
125-126 Payne, John, SHP 127 deprivation 8 149, Hb 146, vision, LV 143-144;
Particles, atomic. See Atomic Pea: Mendel’s experiments with, MND 42-43; skin stimuli, 8 38, distortions, MATH 100-101;
particles C 54-55, 56-57; as protein 156; vocational reversible LV 147, 163, 195,
Parts interchangeability, source, FN 59,172 supersensitivity, 8 162-165; MND 53
emergence of concept of, EVG Pea weevil, water content of, William James on, VND 54; Perspiration, 8 39, MND 35, SH
13, MCH 35, 60, 68, 76, 78-80 TLS factors in: emotion, /V 164, 173, W107, 108, 116
Pasadena, Jet Propulsion Peabody, Francis Weld, SC/ 15 MND 40; experience, MND 39- Peruna, D 161, 165
Laboratory Command Center Peanut oil, FV 59 40, 50-51; sensation, MND 14, Perutz, Max, C 64, SC/ 193
at, WS 109 Peanuts: as protein source, FV 15, 40, 41, 43; Peruvian Bark, D 100
Pascagoula, Miss., hepatitis 120, 172; U.S. production of, illusions, VND 39-40; optical, Peruvian Indians, HD 169-170,
epidemic of 1961, PH 107-109 FN graph 45 LV 142-144, 146-147, 148, 162- 177; drugs of, 0 18, 19, 100,
Pascal, Blaise, G 84, VU 76, MATH Pearson, Gerald L., VCH 195 164,195, MND 50-53; optical, MND 154, PH 10
23, 128, 137; adding machine Pectoralis major muscles, 8 47, of motion, LV 146-147, 156- Pesticides, F/V 33, 41, 48, 186,
of, MATH 22-23, MCH 193; air 61 157, 166, 173, 174, 175, MND 187; as pollutants, HD 99, 103-104
pressure study of, (7 54, 56, Pedal planes, SC/ 149, 150 VAT EL Of. OS. Peter Bent Brigham Hospital,
WEA 144; Limacon curve and Pediatric allergy, PH 101 See also Brain, and sensory Boston, C 174
equation, MATH 84; Pediatrics, PH 101, table 102, perception; Color vision and PETN explosives, GM chart 137,
probability theory, MATH 128- 110, 111-121, 154; in medical perception; Depth chart 139
129, 137, 189, 144, sc/ 86 curriculum, PH table 56 perception; Distance Petrochemicals, GV 182, charts
Pascal’s triangle, VATH 144 Peenemiinde, Germany, /S 16, peri uog: Hearing, 134-143
Passamaquoddy Bay Tidal Power 34, 38, 53 sychophysics of; Vision, Petroleum, / 73, WHL 89; by-
Project, £ 178, 179 Pegasus (satellites), VS 81 perception products of, as air pollutants,
Passenger liners, SHP 74, 84, 85- Peirce, Benjamin, VATH 49 Perceptual style, 161 HD 99, 100-101, 102; protein
101, 108, 114-115, 195; air- Peking man, FN 58, / 12 Percussion instruments, types of, manufacture from, FV 169,
travel competition, SHP 100; Pellagra, FV 63, 103, 105, 107- SH 87. See also Drum; 174; as raw material, G/V 58,
antirolling devices, SHP 37, 113, HD 82; symptoms, FV 108 Kettledrum 62, 86, 104, 126, 129, 132,
87, 88-89; cruise trade, SHP Pelorus, SHP 162, 163 Perey, Marguerite, / 129 charts 134-148. See also Oil
100; design, SHP 84, 85-101; Pelouze, Théophile, G// 76 Perforated-tape method of Petroleum fuel, G// 60.
first modern, SHP 75; Pelvis, 8 72, 73; in childbirth, 8 machine communication, CH Petroleum jelly, £ 106, Gi 61
schedule requirements, SHP 57; joints, B 55, 57 NGS), UT ES GS Petroleum waxes, GV 61
34, 75; tonnage value, SHP 14. Pan T’sao (Chinese herb Perfume, GV 57; synthetic, Gv Petrology, SC/ 95, 101
See also Ocean liners manual), D 18 51, 106 Peyote cactus, MND 155
Passenger travel, intercity, Pénaud, Alphonse, F 10, 12, 14 Perfusion, PH 184-185 Phage, genetic research with, C 60
percentages for air, highway, Pendulum, 7 80, 81; effect of Périer, Florin, £ 31, 54, WEA 144 Phagocytes, C 170, 175, 194, D
railroads, WHL 175 temperature change on, 7 97; Perihelion, PL 25 108-109, 110, 112-113
Passow, Karl, SH 149 momentum of, £ 10 Perilymph, SH 43 Phalanges (bone), 8 45
Pasteur, Louis, HD 62, 63, 68, Pendulum clock, VCH 193, SC/ Periodic table of elemnts, VV 36- Pharaoh’s dream, MND 84
70-71, PH 34; disproves theory 54, T 80-81, 84, 96-97, 193; 38, 124, 127, SC/ 83, 91 Pharmaceutical chemistry, D 15,
of spontaneous generation, C invention of, 7 80, 97 Periodicals. See Journals 28, 127-129
82-83, HD 57; and Penfield, Wilder, VND 38, 177, Periophthalmus, eyes of, LV 10-11 Pharmaceuticals, GM 120, 132.
fermentation, C 82, 128, HD PH 177 Peripheral néryous system, MVD See also Drugs
57, PH 35; and infectious Penguin, king, eye of, 23 25-28, 31; regenerative power, Pharmacies: number in U.S., D
diseases, C 176, HD 56, 57, 58, Penicillin, 0 95, 111, 148, 195, C118. See also Motor nerves; 189; of past, B 28, D 17, 21, 24,
70, PH 35-36; mentioned, C HD 62, SH 147; allergic Sensory nerves 28-29, PH 20
184, GM 77, PH 37, SC/ 83, reaction to, D 99, HD 105; Peripheral vision, LV 76, 77, 81, 171 Pharmacist, emergence of, 0 24-
109 discovery of, D 96, 97, 193, Periscope, development of, SHP 25, 28
Pasteur Institute, Paris, HD 71 194, PH 195; overuse of, D 99; 128-129 Pharmacological revolution, D 169
Pasteurella pestis, HD 33, 50 production, D 97-98; Peristalsis, 8 101, 103, 110, 117, Pharmacology, 8 185, D (entire
Pasteurization, FV 78, 152, HD proliferation of, D 169 FN 83, 84, 90-91, G 56 vol.), SC/ 91, 100, 101; Arab
62, PH 35 Penicillium (mold), D 96, 98 Peritoneoscope, 8 103 role in, D 16, 21, 22-23, 24;
Patella, 6 44 Penn Central Railroad, WHZ 161; Periwinkle, cancer drug source, D 138 basic questions of, D 34; early
ees

8-The Body c-The Cell o0-Drugs €-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease LV-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sci-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 history of, 8 21, 28-29, D 10, Phonograph cylinders, EG 50- PL 40-41; with colored light, 33; impending shortage of,
11-15, 16, 17-31, 34, 193, Gu 51, MCH 149, 150, SH 107, 108, C 89, 44-45; dark reactions, C SC/ 130; 1.Q.-test results, SC/ 34
32, PH 11,18, 20, 21; 109 34, 37-38; defined, Cc 194;
empirical, D 122-129; Physics, SC/ 77, 82; defined, Sc/
Phonograph records, VCH 151, efficiency of process, C 38; 88; education and careers, V/
important discoveries, D 193- SH 109, 113; color effects of, end product, C 37, 42, 44, 45, 41, 48; historic roots of, SC/
195; origin of term, D 9; LV 109; electroplating, SH 113; 47; essential requirements 78; history of, SC/ 88-89; laws
rational, D 122, 129; role of grooves, monaural vs. for, PL 116; fraction of of, 7 168, 169; Nobel
church in, D 26-27; scientific stereophonic, SH 104; long- sunlight used in, C 33; prizewinners, SC/ 189-191;
progress in, D 15, 28-29, 169, playing, SH 118; stereo, SH reversal by Krebs cycle, C recent growth, SC/ 123-124:
PH 34,79; symbols of, D 29; 104, 118 39, 49, G 25; sparking specialties, V 10, 41, SC/ chart
training in, 8 185, PH 55, table “Phonographic library,” SC/ 156 sequence, C 34-37; waste 88-89, chart 100-101. See also
56. See also Drugs, research; Phosphates, (7 140; in ATP, c product, C 38, 40, 42, 44, 45, Applied physics; Atomic
Drugs, testing 37, 46, 47; body waste 46, 47; physics; Cryogenics;
Pharyngitis microbe, D 96 material, 6 124; in bone, HD conversions in: from electrical Electricity; Mechanics;
Phase: measure of time, 7 102; 81; in DNA, c 60-61, 68, 70; to chemical energy, C 36-38, Nuclear physics; Optics;
of moon, MS 125, PL 17, T 38, laboratory linking of amino 47; from sunlight to electrical Quantum mechanics; Solid-
66; of planets, PL 119; sun- acids with, C 86; water energy, C 34-35, 36, 47 state physics; Thermodynamics
moon relationship, 7 59 pollution by, w 176 Photosynthetic cells, W/ 112, 113 Physiograph, PH 98-99
Phase-contrast microscope, G 177 Phosphorus, // 26, 30, 140; body Phototimer, Bulova, 7 111 Physiological adaptation, HD
Phase theory of binaural location, need for, F/V 15; in bone, 8 Phototypesetting machine, CH 195 169, 170-172
SH 103-105 58; discovery of, D 28: food Phreatophytes, W 61 Physiological response to stress,
Ph.D. degrees, statistics, VV 48, sources of, FV 37, table 194- Phrenology, VND 37 HD 147-156
SC/ 30 195; white, discovery of, /V Phthisic type, 8 40 Physiology, 8 9, 184, D 12, 15,
Phelan & Collender, Gi 77 28,32 Physical. See Medical HD 11, 174-175, PH 15, 55, Sc/
Phenol, GV 80, 81; molecule, Gv Photo-finish camera, 7 111 examination 96, 100, 101, 150; in drug
80 Photochemical smog, HD 101, 102 Physical anthropology, SC/ 98, evaluation, D 147; history of,
Phenol-formaldehyde resin, GV Photochromism, GV 171-172 99,101 PH 12-18, 31, 34-35; Nobel
80-81 Photocopy machine, invention, Physical astronomy, SC/ 92, 93, prizewinners, SC/ 193; role in
Phenolics, // 112 MCH 195 100, 101 study of the mind, MND 10-
Phenylalanine, G 152, HD 121- Photodissociation, PL 39, 43 Physical chemistry, £ 98, GV 11, 16, 32-34; training in, B
122 Photoelectric effect, £ 76, LV 38- 194, sc/ 91, 100; Nobel 184, PH 55, 56, 61, 64
Phenylketonuria (PKU), G 152- 39, 50-51, M 125, MCH 152; prizewinners, SC/ 191 Physostigma venenosum
153, HD 121-122, 126, 130 defined, /V195 Physical geography, SC/ 95, 101 Balfour, D 124
Philadeiphia: Centennial Photoelectric tube, VCH 152; Physical medicine and Physostigmine, D 124
Exhibition, EVG 34, MCH 72, uses of, MCH 152-154 rehabilitation, PH table 102, 103 Pi: symbol, MATH 10, 44, 49;
73, 81; commuter lines, WHL Photographic astronomy, PL 62- Physical properties: causes of, in value, MATH 44, 122-123
154; industrial growth, 63, 64; ultraviolet, PL 120 polymer synthetics, GV 58, Pi-meson (pion), / 154, 156 157,
suburban, WHL 84; Market Photographic film, GV 73, 78, 64, 65, 68-71, 105, 147, 156, 7120
East interface, WHL 160-161; 82,171; celluloid, Gv 77,“ 157, 158, 160, 162, 165, 166; Pia mater, VND 21
Market East mall, WH 157, 108; cellulose acetate, Gu 79, combinations of seemingly Piaget, Jean, MND 133-134
160; Mid-19th Century death LV 71, M 113; cellulose nitrate, incompatible properties, in Piano: electronic, SH 78, 94-95;
rate, HD 59; yellow fever GM 77, 79, LV 71; color, LV 72; synthetics, GM 148-152; sound range of, SH chart 194-
epidemic (1793), HD 35 roll, invention of, LV 70-71 molecular basis of, G// 102, 195; tones and frequencies
Philadelphia Inquirer, MCH 75 Photographic paper, Velox, GM 79 M 99,104, 105, 107; of rubber, compared, SH chart 81
Philadelphia Orchestra, SH 85 Photographic Zenith Tube (PZT), GM 70, 127-128, 131, 149, 154, Piazzi, Joseph, WATH 155
Philip II, King of Spain, SHP 140 7101, 107 155, 160-161. See also Cold Picard, Jean, SC/ 95
Philippines: food production in, Photography, £ 73, 99, LV 62, 63- resistance; Conductivity; Picasso, Pablo, SC/ 167
FN table 180-181; rice farming 73, MCH 194, SC/ 148, graph Corrosion resistance; Picatinny Arsenal, N.J., hearing
and research, FN 186, 188- 149; aerial, EVG 146, F 156, Durability; Elasticity; protection at, SH 172-173
189, HD 190-191; yaws, HD 178 157-167, LV142, W 61, 190- Flexibility; Heat resistance; Piccard, Auguste, SHP 178, 190
Phillips, D.C., 0 105 191; amateur, beginnings of, Insolubility; Resilience; Pickering, William H., Vs 56,
Phillips, Horatio, wind tunnel LV 70-71; color, E 79, 82-83, LV Rigidity; Strength; Toughness PL 173; 193
of, F148 72-73, 106; daguerreotypes, & Physical Review, The, SC/ 14, 129 Pickford, Mary, ENG 52
Phillips Petroleum Company, G/V 160 73, LV 63, 65, 66; depth Physical sciences, SC/ 75, 77, 83; Picoseconds, 7 101
Philolaos, universe of, PL 20, 21 illusion cues in, LV 138; dry- U.S. spending or basic Picrotoxin, experiment with, D
Philosopher’s Stone, // 15, 19, plate process, LV 68-69; high- research in, VV 10 175
21,26 speed, £ 50, 7 110-111,
114- Physical scientists, number in Pictet, Raoul, VV 59
Philosophy, SC/ 98; clarification 119; infrared, £ 72, W 190- U.S., Sc/ 124 Picture tube, television, CH
by symbolic logic, MATH 170, 191; moving-lens, 7 116-117: Physicians, 8 178, PH (entire vol.); 158, 154; color, SC/ 23
173; role in study of the mind, multiple-exposure, 7 100, 108- accreditation, PH 102; basic Pierce, Arthur H., SH 102
MND 9-11, 105 109; vs. painting, LV 179; characteristics of, PH 14, 53; Pierce, G. W., SH 123-124
Phlegm, 8 31, PH 27 Schlieren, £ 50, F 178-179; and drug proliferation, D 170; Pierson, Willard, SH? 36, 39
Phloem, W113 spectral, £ 73; stereoscopic, education of (see Medical Piezometric surface, defined, WV 195
Phlogiston theory, GV 41, /V 31, LV 142, 158, 159; stroboscopic, education); ethics, 8 11, 181; Pig: domestication of, FN chart
32-33 7100,
109, 114-115; expenses of private. PH 124- 34; liver of, in perfusion, PH
Phobias, neurotic, VND 59, table 60 ultraviolet, £ 70, PL 120; wet- 126; group vs. solo 184-185
Phobophobia, MVD 60 plate process, LV 66-67, 68, practitioners, PH 123-131; Pigeon: learning experiments
Phobos (Martian moon), PL 139, 69. See also Camera; Light hospital privileges of, PH 59- with, MND 112; homing, 7 49;
table 193 meter; Photographic film 60, 102, 126; importation of racing, F 44; sense of balance,
Phocomelia, Thalidomide- Photomicrograph studies, foreign, PH 60-61; income of, MND 46; skeleton, F 47
induced, G 150, 157 medical, FV 88, 92-97, 100-101 PH 128, 127, table 128, 131; Pigford, Charles, PH 106-107
Phoebe (Saturnian moon), PL Photon, £ 76, 77-78, LV 39, 50- keeping abreast of medical Piggyback rail transportation of
table 193 51,M 154, SC/ 64, 65; progress, PH 126-127, 130, trailer trucks, WH 171-172
Phoenicians: contributions to conversions from and into 131; licensing of, PH 59, 76; Pigment, £ 82; skin, 8 37, 38, 40;
science, SC/ 78; galleys of, matter, £ 145, /v 155; defined, M.D. diploma, 8 186, 189, PH artists’, £ 82, LV 97, 98, 103;
SHP 136; navigation of, SH C 34, LV195; minimum 58; 19th Century, PH 31, 79- creation of colors, LV 98-99,
129, sHP 154 required for visibility, /v 170; 82; number graduated 110-111; primary colors, £ 81,
_Phoenix, Ariz., irrigation, W/174 transformation to electric annually, PH 60, graph 61; 82, LV 97-98;
Phonemes, SH 163 energy, in photosynthesis, C patients’ confidence in, visual, in retinal
Phonograph, M/CH 145, 150-151, 34, 35; in visual process, LV 79- placebo effect, HD 154, PH 9- photoreceptors, C 161, /V 76,
SH 106, 107-119; early 80 10, 79; and pharmacist, 77, 78, 94; bleaching and
recording sessions, MCH 151, Photoperiodism, 7 39 evolution of relationship, 24- regeneration of, 78-79; role
SH 108, 112; Edison’s, ENG Photopigment. See Pigment 25; ratios of, to population, in visual process, LV 78-79,
40; 44, 50-51, MCH 144, 149, molecule HD 176, PH 60, graph 61, 171; 80, 94, 122, 125; see also Color
150, 151, 194, SH 106, 107- Photoreveptors: in animals, C recruitment, 8 180-181; receptors
109; impedance matching in, 162; in human retina, C 161, salaried employment, PH Pigment epithelium, LV 94
SH 33-34; invention of all- 162, LV 76-77, 78, 79-80, 84, 123, 130-131, 132; shortage of, Pigment molecule
electric, VCH 151, 195, SH 115; 94, 120, 122 (see also Color PH 60, graph 61; (photopigment): defined, LV
origin of term, SH 106; receptors; Cones; Rods); specialization, 8 190-191, PH 195; in man-made materials,
photography, /V 62 53, 58, 59-60, 101-103, table LV 99, 110-111; in nature, LV
recording techniques:
electrical, WCH 151, SH 114- Photosynthesis, C 33-38, 42, 46- 102; status of, PH 9, 79; 98-99, 110
115; magnetic, SH 116-117; 47,£100-101, G 24,LV76, MS women, 8 181 Pile, nuclear, £ 167-168, 169, Vv
mechanical, VCH 149, 150, SH 129, 7 34, W108, 112; Physicists; dating and origin of
beginnings of, on earth, C 89, term, SC/ 29; divorce rate, SC/ Pilkington, Alastair, SC/ 11
107, 112, 114-115
a —

LG
 106, 140, 141, 144-145; size of, solar system (see Planetary W 112; of arid regions, W 61,
Pill, The. See Oral 72-73, 108-109; in carbon
contraceptives 8175; structure of, G 140-141; systems); phases of, PL 119;
retrograde rotation of, PL cycle, C 33, 42, 43,49, PL 41;
Pills: kinds of, D 8; tumors of, G 133;
functions of, 8 175-176, D 92, 113, 117; satellites of (see classification of, SC/ 82, 97;
manufacture, D 186-189 experiments with light and
Pilot balloons, WEA 59 G 140, 145; growth- Satellites, planetary); size
comparison, PL 11; symbols, PL dark, 7 42, 44-45; evolution
Pilot escape, aircraft, £ 152-153 determining role, 8 175, G
132-133, 140, 142-143; during 8; water on, W 33, 34-35; of, PL 40-41; fossilized, energy
Pilotage, £123, 125, SHP 151,
pregnancy, G 148; in puberty, components of, VS 153; storage in, £ 13, 100, 102;
160-163, 168-169
G 105-106, 134; atmospheric, PL table 193; geometric shapes of, MATH
Pin-making machine, invention, 89, 90, 94; and hydrologic
MCH 194 secretions of, 8 175, G 105-106, iron, PL 34, 35, 36, 44, 115-
132-138, 134, 140-141, 142- 116, 136; radioactive, PL 35, cycle, W39, 41; internal
Pin-tumbler cylinder lock, VCH timekeeping, 7 9, 32, 34-37,
140, 141, 194 145, 146, 148; 36; silicates, PL 35, 36;
adrenocorticotrophic interior characteristics of, map 39, 40, 44-45; land, W
Pinchot, Gifford B., FV 173
hormone (ACTH), 8 175, G currents, PL 36, 37; and 112, 113; protective cell
Pincus, Gregory, D 128, 195
133, 134, 144-145; follicle- magnetic fields, PL 36, 115, layers, C 30; reproduction by,
Pineal gland, 7 38, 39
stimulating hormone (FSH), & 136, 157; method of study, PL G 12-13; respiration, C 42, 49;
Pineapple: as food, FV 25; water
175-176, G 144-145, 146, 147; 35; and seasons, PL 52-53;
content of, W115
lactogenic hormone (LTH), 8 orbits of, PL 194; circular, semiaquatic, W 102, 112; 30-
Pinel, Philippe, VD 70-71, 73
176; luteinizing hormone early concepts of, PL 12, 13- year cycle, 7 36; transpiration
Pinewood cells, C 19
Pink (color): creation of, LV 112; (LH), 8176, G 144-145, 146; 14, 15, 22-25; elliptical, of, W 103-104, 105, 110, 113;
low saturation of, LV 120 somatotropin (growth discovery, MATH 111, PL 14, variety of, PL 54-55;
Pinkham, Lydia, D 166 hormone), 8 35, 175, G 133, 24, 25; cells, C 19, 44; endoplasmic
Pinna, defined, SH 193. See also 136, 142-143, 166-167; radiation of: infrared, PL 42, flow, C 104; food manufacture
Outer ear thyrotrophic (TSH), 8175, 64, 70, 72, 114; light, PL 68, in, C 37-38, 42, 44, 45-47, E
Pinta, the, SHP 58-59 176, G 138, 143 64; microwaves, PZ 110-111, 100, FV 86, G 24, W 108, 112,
Pion (pi-meson), / 154, 156, Pituri plant, D 11 122, 157,172; radio waves, PL 113; food storage in, C 38, 48;
157,7 £20 Pixii, Hippolyte, WCH 125 67, 74-75, 115, 157-158; rigidity of shape, C 19;
Pioneer space probes, 7 65, MS Placebos, HD 153-154; ultraviolet, PL 67; growth of: in artificial
78, PL 36 confidence in physician, HD spacecraft exploration of, VS environment, FN 168; basis
Pipe: bursting of, after freeze, 154, PH 10; drugs, 0 12-14, 99, 147-148, 149-154; of, C 33, 44; growing points,
W 11, 30; plastic, Giv 19, 152, HD 1538-154, PH 10; error interplanetary travel, VS 48- G 10; rates, G 9;
170, 189 source in drug testing, D 147, 49, 153-154, 155-165; Mariner photosynthetic process, C 33-
Pipeline transportation of future, 150, 151; origin of term, D Venus probes, MS 79, 108- 38, 42, 46-47, 49, £ 100-101, G
ENG 173 12-13, HD 153; surgery, HD 154 109, 147, 150, PL 76-77, 111, 24, PL 40-41, W 103, 112;
Piperazine, D 110 Placenta, 8 175, G 63, 148-149; 115, 122-123; Mariner IV capture of sunlight, C 34, 47;
Pirie, N.W., FV 173-174, HD 79 defense mechanism, D 116- Mars probe, MS 80, PL 47, 80- capture of sunlight under
Pirquet, Baron Guido von, VS 194 117; delivery of, G 59; 81,131, 182, 1383, 134, 136, water, C 39; energy
Pisces (constellation), PL 23 functions of, G 29-30, 33; 139, 144-145; Russian Venera transformations, C 34-38, 42,
Pisiform, 8 57 gamma globulin production probes, M/S 79, 150, 151, PL 67, 46-47;
Piston engines: from, D 178-179; glandular 79, 112; search for life, water movement in, W 104-
in aircraft, £ 77-82, 116; role of, 8 170, G 138, 148; laboratory for, PL 138-139, 106, 113; capillary action, W
cooling, F 79; early, hot-air, F oxygen in, G 60; thymus- 186; Sputnik VIII Venus 15, 22, 105; osmosis, W 104-
78; first gasoline, F 77-78, 79; lymphatic system and, G 32-33 probe, V/s 79; Voyager, Mars 105;
power potential, F 82; Plague, C 178, 183, HD 31-34, project, PL 80, 150; water needs of, £ 100, W108,
propeller limitation, F 82; 50-51; bubonic, C 178, HD 31- statistical data, VS table 193, 110, 111-113; functions of
radial vs. in-line designs, F 33, 34, 50-51, 72; cause and PL table 193; densities, WS water, C 33, 37, 44, W108,
78, 79, 80-81; reliability of, F spreading of, C178, HD 33- 148, PL 11; number, PL 9, 10, 44; 106, 113; water absorption, W
80-81; rotary, F 78-79; 34, 50; cure of, HD 34; current study of, techniques, P/ 61-68, 55, 56, 112-113; water content
supercharged, F 80, 90, 91; threats, HD 34, 50; epidemics 69-81, 193; of atmospheres, PL of fruit and seeds, W 115
piston-and-cylinder and pandemics, C 178-179, HD 63-64, 65, 68, 78-79, 80; Plaques, arterial deposit, F/V 132,
mechanism: in ancient force 14, 30, 31-34, PH 13, 16; atmospheric temperature 133, HD 149
pump, MCH 30; in internal- mortality rate, HD 31, 50, PH measurements, PL 64, 73, 74; Plasma (blood). See Blood
combustion engines, MCH 13, 16; 17th Century bolometry, PL 72-73; Plasma (state of matter), £ 187,
102, 103, WHL 65, 80-81, 194- protection against, C 171; distances from earth, M 10, 45, 176, 178-179, Ms 161;
195; in steam engine, £ 33, pneumonic, C 178, HD 33, 34; determination of, PL 68; dust fusion of particles, VM 174,
MCH 54-55, W 148-150, WHL protection from, HD 34; detection, P/ 73; infrared 176-177; in nature, / 45, 176;
31-32, 33-34, 43, 55, 56, 57 symptoms, HD 31, 50 studies, PL 64, 67, 72-73, 78, possible confinement of
Pitch (motion): defined, SHP 37; Plainview, H.S., SHP. 175 79, 122; interior of planets, plasma, £ 187, 11, 45, 178-
synchronous, SHP 46; Planck, Max, SC/ 88, 189; PL 35; mass, determination of, 179; potential power source,
aircraft, 36, 63; controlling, quantum theory of, £ 76, 77, PL 109, optical astronomy, PL M 10-11, 177-178, 179, MS 161;
F 25, 36; 194, 1V 39, uv 124 61-65, 68, 70-73; photography, record temperatures
ships, SHP 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, Planesman, submarine, SHP 125 PL 62-63, 64; radar, PL 66, 68, achieved, V 11
46-47; controlling, SHP 39-40, Planet (early locomotive), WHL 69, 74, 75, 121; radio Plasma physics, SC/ 88, 89, 100
46; pitching period, SHP 39 37, 40 astronomy, PL 65-66, 68, 74- Plasma pinch engine, /S 161
Pitch (sound): absolute, SH 79- Planetariums, 7 79 77,110, 114, 170; Plasmacytes, HD 58-59
80; basilar membrane and, Planetary gear, M/CH 55, 56, WHL spectroscopic analysis, PL 63, Plasmin, D 137
SH 78; in binaural location, 84-85 64,65, 71; of surface Plasmodium, HD 43
SH 104; cochlea and, SH 79; Planetary motion. See Motion, characteristics, PL 63-64, 66, Plastic surgery, GV 176, PH table
defined, SH 79, 193; planetary 68, 69, 71-73, 80, 96; surface 102, 103; early, PH 28, 32;
determining, SH 14, 77; in Planetary systems other than temperature measurements, early knife, PH 26
Doppler effect, SH 29; solar system, /S 169, 170-171, PL 64, 68, 71, 72-78, 115; Plastics, GV 9, 195, Vv 108, 175,
frequency and, SH 12, 77-78; PL 31, 169, 175-176, 184; telemetry, WS 108-109; WHL 89; artificial leather, GV
irregularities of, SH 79; detection techniques, VS ultraviolet photography, PL 120; 22-23, 114, 115, 118, 119, 178,
loudness and, SH 77, 78, 80; 171, PL 176, 179; in Milky theories of formation of: 179-191; basic kinds, Gu 105;
mel scale, SH 78-79; Way, PL 176, table 179; catastrophic theory, PL 34-35; beginnings of, Gv 14, 73, 80-
recognition of, SH 53; probabilities of life in, Ws dust-and-gas cloud theory, 81, 104-105, 112, 114-115;
variations, musical 169, 171-173, PL 54, 169, 176- MS 171, PL 35, 44, 175, W 34; industry, £ 115, Gu 16, 81,
instruments, SH 87, 89, 91; 179, 190; question of Hoyle-Alfvén hypothesis, PL 105, 112, 174-115, 118, 119,
wavelength and, SH 89 advanced civilizations in, WS 30-31; Jean’s tidal theory, M/S 132, 145-149, 151-153, 178,
Pitchblende, / 8, 120, 141 176, 177, PL 178-179, 190 170, PL 28-29; Kant-Laplace 179-191, M 110-111, 114, 115;
Pith tissue, W 113 Planets, VS 148-153, PL (entire nebular hypothesis, PL 26-27, 28 monomers of various, GV 157,
Pitt, William, 7178 vol.); arrangement in solar Plankton, C 19, W176; food 162, 166; photochromic, GV
Pitts, Walter, C 151 system, P/ 10, 13, 24; in value of, HD 79, 80-81 171-172; quality range, Gv 15;
Pittsburgh, Pa., WHL 53, 83; astrology, PL 11; atmospheres Planophore, Pénaud’s, F 12, 14 raw materials, Gv 81, 104,
Roebling’s aqueduct at, WHL 127 of (see Atmosphere, of other Plant chemicals, as source of 132, iV 112; reinforcement of,
Pittson Company mine, /CH 190- planets); early history of, PL drugs, D 123, 124-125, 131, GM 19) 225) OV 3. 175.
191 35; Jovian vs. terrestrial, WS 138, 144-145, 178, MND 154- sheet, processing, VCH 94-95.
Pituitary gland, 8 35, 107, 170, 148, 150, 153, PL 11; life on 155. See also Herbs; Trees, structural defects, Gv 170;
175, D 85, 126, 195, G 132-133, (see Life, extraterrestrial); drugs from thermoplastic, Gv 105;
PH 65; complexity of, G 133; mapping techniques, PL 82, Plant genetics, FV 39 thermosetting, GV 105;
extracts from, G 166-167; 120, 121; momentum of, PL Plant nutrients, FV 41 chemical types: ABS, Giv 145,
feedback control, G 142; 30-31; and “music of the Plant protein, FV 172-173, HD 76-80 151-153; acrylic, Gv 19, 27,
location of, B 170, G 139, 140; spheres,” MATH 42-43; orbital Plants: vs. animals, C 19, 30, 49, 71,173, 194, 112; celluloid,
regulation of, 8 176, G 105- speeds, Pl 24, 25; outside 112-113, FN 86; aquatic, C 39, GM 73, T7, 82, 86-87, 112, 115;
eee
8-The Body c-The Cell bD-Drugs £-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease LV-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 epoxy, GM 22, 105; of, FN 40-41, MCH 14, 194 of, MATH 11, 130
fluorocarbon, Gv 145-149, iv Polymorphism, balanced, #0 125
Plunkett, Roy J., Gv 146, 147 Pollution problems, EG 174-175; Polynesia: ancient navigation,
116, melamine, GV 19, chart Plutarch, MATH 49, WEA 81 systems analysis of, EVG 172, SHP 152; diet, FV 16, 20-21:
137, M 112; polyacrylic, Giv Pluto (planet), WS 153, PL 10, 173-174. See also Air importation of infectious
104; polyester, Gi 18-19, 71, 178-174, 182, 183, W35; pollution; Sewage; Water diseases, HD 14
118, 151, 166-167, 173, 195, discovery of, MS 152-153, PL pollution Polyolefins, \/ 112
112; polyethylene, G/v 16, 22- 29, 71, 173, 183; lack of Polonium, /V 140, 141; discovery Polypeptides, 8 115
23, 28-29, 61, 64-65, 68-69, oxygen, P/ 182; life of, M 120, 141; radioactivity, Polypropylene, GV 20, 21, 140,
119, 138, chart 139, 146, 147, improbable on, PL 174, 182, E75, M 120, 141 chart 141
171, 175, Mw118,115; 183; orbit of, Ws 153, PL 194; Polonium 212, half-life of, 17 170 Polysaccharides, FV 58
polypropylene, Gv 20, 21, space travel to, 7S 164, 170; Polyacrylics, Gi 104 Polystyrene, GV 9, 23, 68, 69,
140, chart 141; polystyrene, statistical data, /S table 193, Polyak, Stephen, £193 104, 129, chart 139, chart 143,
GM 23, 68, 69, 104, 129, chart PL table 193; distance from Polyamide, G/V/ 67, 195 152, M 110-111, 112
139, chart 143, 152, /v 110- earth, P/ 77; distance from Polyamino acid, GV 176 Polystyrene-polyethylene
111, 112; polyvinyl, Gv 28, sun, PL 174; duration of day, Polycarbonates, GV 156-157, 195 mixture, GV 68, 69
104, 173, 178, 186-189, 190, w MS 153; duration of year, PL Polyester, GV 18-19, 71, 118, Polyterpene, Gi 57
110-111, 113; RTV 615, Gu 173; size comparison, PL 11; 151, 166-167, 173, 195, v 112 Polyunsaturated fats, FV 134, 135
154, 155; saran, GV 62, chart temperature, PL 73, 183 Polyether rubber, G/V 150, 151 Polyurethane, GV 24, 131, 142,
139, VM 113; urethane, GM 26, Plutonium, £174, // 126, 148; in Polyethylene, Gv 9, 61, 119, chart 143, V 112, 113
27, 118, 174, 175; vinyl, Giv atomic bomb, £ 148, 172, 173, 138, chart 139, 147, 115; Polyvinyl, GV 104
16, 19, chart 137, chart 139, M 174; discovery of, £173, polymerization of, Gi 146, Polyvinyl chloride, GV 28, 178,
187-189, 195, M 109, 113: 195, fissionability of, 14 172- 171; uses of, Gv 16, 22-23, 190, M 113; production, GV
physical properties: buoyancy, 173, 174-175; in nuclear 28-29, 64, 68, 138, 147, 175, uv 186-189, M 110-111
GM 24; cold resistance, GV reactors, £ 156, WS 161; 113; various properties and Polyvinyl fluoride, Gv 173
147, 148; corrosion product of uranium fission, £ their causes, GM 64-65, 68-69 Pomegranate root, D 11
resistance, Gi 147, 148, 171; 172, 176, 174; as rocket Polyfluorocarbons, VV 112 Pompadour, Madame de, GV 28
durability, Gv 19, 58, 70; fuel, MS 160-161 Polygraph, G 92-93, 98. See also Poncelet, Jean Victor, WATH 154
flexibility, Gi 64, 65, 68-69, Pneumatic brakes. See Air Electrocardiograph Ponente (wind), WEA 60
71,105, 157, MV 113; heat brakes Polyhedron, Euler’s formula, Pons, VND 37
resistance, GV 69, 147, 148, Pneumatic drill, CH 194 MATH 188, 189 Pontchartrain Expressway, New
160; insolubility, Gv 105, Pneumatic hammer, (/ 54, MCH Polyhexamethyleneadipamide, G/V 116 Orleans, WHL 158-159
147, 148; molecular tailoring Tif 2D AS, Polyimide film, GV 162-163 Pontoon bridges, WH 140-141
for, GM 64-65, 68-71, 148-149, Pneumococcus bacteria, HD 61 Polyisobutylene oil additives, GV Poop, ship’s deck, SH? 193
151-153, 169-175; resilience, Pneumonia, 8 123, 0 110, HD 22, chart 141 Pope, Franklin, EVG 42
GM 170; rigidity, Gv 64, 65, 112, PH 41; bacterium, D 97; Polyisoprene, GV 131 Popov, Aleksandr, VS 77
68-69, 105, 151-152, 157, decline of death rates, D 95, Polymer chemistry, GV (entire Popovich, Pavel, VS 88
113; strength, GM 68, 69, 156- 98; diagnosis of, PH 83; drugs, vol.), M 107-108, 109-115, SC/ Poppy, white, D 31
157, 166-167, 169-170, 115; D110, HD 61, 135; patent 91, 100; glossary, GV 194-195. Poppy seed, opium source, D 13,
toughness, GM 64, 105, 152- medicines, D 160-161; and See also Synthetics 18
158, 156-157; pregnancy, G 31 Polymer chemists, number of, Population: control, FV 190-191,
trade brands: Bakelite, G/v Pneumonic plague, C 178, HD 33, 34 GM 169 G 16, PH 175 (see also Birth
14, 80-81, 99, 104, chart 137, Pocket radio, transistors in, EVG Polymerization, GV 57, 63, 74, control); growth, D 127, 128,
chart 141, chart 143, Vv 108; 106 charts 136-143, 187, 189, 175, FN 171, 176, 190, PH 170,
Corfam, GM 22-23, 118, 119, Poetry: computer, SC/ 173; 108, 110-111, 112, Sc/ 90, 91; 175; scientific community vs.
120; Cycolac, Gu 22; Kapton, impact of science on, SC/ 166 addition, GV 57, 64, 65, 67, general growth, SC/ 124, 129-
GM 154, 162-163; Lexan, GY Soe Arguello, Calif., SC/ map 126, 129, 138, 140, 146-147, 130; statistics, FV table 180,
68, 154, 156-157; Lucite, GV 13 194; jv 110; condensation, Gv graph 190; urban migration of,
19, 23, 127, 136, 194; Melmac, Pointillism, /V 119, 184-185 57, 66, 67, 74, 106-107, 194, ENG chart 175, maps 176; world
GM 105; Merlon, Gu 68, 154, Poison, action on body, PH 34; M110; early industrial projected, in 2000, EVG 171
156; Mylar, Gi 119, 154, 166- environmental, D 10-11; research, GM 104-107, 126, Porosity, defined, W195
167; Plexiglas, Gv 27,104, relationship to drugs, D 9-10, 128-129; first laboratory, GV Porphyria, HD 124, 126
136, chart 137, chart 141, 194; 15; suicides, HD 155 80-81; graft, Gv 153; speed Porpoise, SH 121, 132; brain of,
Surlyn, GV 119; Teflon, Gv Poison ivy, allergic reaction to, C of processes, GM 171; SH 127; communication of,
chart 187, 144, 147-148, 149; wal spontaneous, GM 57, 146; MS 174, SH 187; ears of, SH
uses of, GV 15, 16, 17-29, 64, Poker: number of possible technological problems, G/V/ 128; echolocating system of,
71, 80-81, 86-87, 105, 114-115, hands, MATH 132-183, 139; 170-171 ENG 145-146, SH 127, 128, 134-
118,119, 144, 148, 151- odds for certain hands, MATH 138 Polymerizer, GV 186-187 137; sound and hearing range
153, 154, 156, 162, 166, 172, Polar air masses, WEA 41, map Polymers, GM (entire vol.), M 107- of, SH chart 194-195; sound-
173, 175, 177, M 112-1138, 116, 75, 86; continental, WEA 74 108, 111, 112; aligned vs. making organs of, SH 128;
WHL 89; future, GV 15, 16, 18- Polar easterlies, WEA 64, 70, 136 unaligned, GM 69, 70-71; ultrasonic vibrations of, SH
19, 22, 169-176, 177 Polar-front theory, WEA 136, 148 branched vs. unbranched, G/V 127-128
Plate shop, shipyard, SHP 20, 21-23 Polar regions, WEA 18, 19; and 64, 65, 69, 194, 195; cellulose, Port (side of ships): defined, SHP
Plateaus: erosion of, W/ 86, 87, atmospheric heat exchange, GM 73-75, 81, 82, 7 107; cross- 193; origin of term, SHP 56
92-93, 95, 101; winds from, WEA 38-39, 40, 41, 62-63, 64, linked, GM 66-67, 69, 105, Port facilities, SHP 102, 104-105,
WEA 61 68, 69; lack of weather 128, 131, 150-151, 170, 194; 107-108, 109-110; costs, SHP
Platelets, 8 82, 83,93, FV 99 stations, WEA 183; wind cells, crystalline, Gv 50, 127, 128; 15, 107-108
Platinum, // 134, 135, 143; as WEA 64, 68, 69-71 defined, Gv 195; density Portal circulation, 6 81
catalyst, £ 99; source of, WHL Polaris (North Star), SHP 153- variations, GM 69; Portal vein, 8 104, FV 86, 96, 97
89; specific heat of, £ table 154,789 fluorocarbons, GV 145-149; Porter, William Townsend, G 78
36; uses of, 7 135, WHL 89 Polaris-armed submarines, SH? great variety of, explained, Portland, Ore., reservoir system,
Plato, £ 37, 75, MATH 9, 46-47, 122, 123-124, 133-134; model- GM 54, 102; hybrid W 180-181
MND 9, 10, SC/ 52, 59, 79, 98, testing, SHP 48-49 combinations, GV 68, 69, 148- Portuguese shipbuilding,
104, SHP 152; Dialogues, PH Polaris missile, GV 131, MCH 149, 151-152; medical uses of, Renaissance, SHP 57-58
11 117, SHP 123, 132, 133; ENG 153, G™ 15, 165, 169, 176- Position, line of, SHP 164;
Pleasure centers of brain, 8 145, computer control of, SHP 46, 124 177, M 116; molecular finding, SHP 165
MND 175, 176-177, 184 Polarization: atomic, // 74; of bonding in, GM 57, 102; Positional astronomy, SC/ 92, 101
Pleiades, 7 56 light, £ 90-97, LV 37-38, 48-49, molecular structure (see Positional notation, MATH 15
_- Pleistocene ice epoch, W 50, 52, 195 Molecular structure, of Positron, (/ 154-155; creation of,
76-77 Polaroid filter, £ 90, 91 polymers); molecular weight M155; discovery of, £145
Pleumeur-Bodou, France, VS 100 Polaroid glasses, LV 38, 49 of, GV 102-103, 170; natural Post, C. W., WEA 81
Pleuropneumonia microbe, C 9 Polaroid process, GV 171 vs. man-made, GM 11-12, 14, Post, Wiley, £ 92,195, Ms 141
Plexiglas, GV 27, 104, 127, 136, Poleax, VCH 38 56, 57, 73, 74-75, 81, 82; origin Postulate(s): defined, MATH 39;
chart 137, chart 141, 194 Polhem, Christopher, VCH 76-77 of term, GV 56; pre-life, Euclidean, WVATH 46
Plexuses, 8 51, 149-150 Poliomyelitis, 8 94, 146, HD 60- laboratory synthesis of, C 84, Potash, V/ 129. See also
Pliers, VCH 19 61; research, PH 142; 86; size of molecules, GM 58, Potassium
Plimsoll, Samuel, SHP 14 vaccination, C189, 190-191, 170; vs. small molecules, GV Potassium, (/ 36, 128, 129; in
Plimsoll (load line) marks, SHP HD 61; vaccines, C 172, 188- 9-10, 11, 56, 102-103; stability blood plasma, 8 82; body
10,14 190, D 98, HD 61, PH 36, 106; of, GV 57; stereo vs. need for, FV 15; in drinking
Pliny, F/V 149 victims, C 188-189; viruses, C nonstereo, GM 131; tailor- water, /W/ 193; on earth, PL 35,
Ploughshare, Project, £ 151, 152, 171, 188,190, HO 61 made for certain properties, 36; effect on water, W/ 18; food
198 Political science, SC/ 98, 101 GM 15, 58, 64, 65, 68-71, 131, sources of, FN table 194-195;
Plover, Pacific golden, 7 37 Polk, James K., MATH 143 145, 148-153, 158-167, 169- in nerve impulse
Plow, VCH 24, 25; beginnings Polls: opinion, SC/ 150, 170; pre- 175. See also Fibers; Plastics; transmission, 8 145, 146;
of, FN 35, 40; development election, mathematical basis Rubber radioactivity, V 129, PL 35, 36

ges)
 Precision Approach and Landing pontoon, WHL 140-141 number of possibilities,
Potassium 40, half-life of, 7129 examples, MATH 131-132,
Potassium aluminum sulfate. See System (PALS), F130 Pretiosa Margarita Novella, M 12
Precision-tooling, VCH 76, 80-81 Preussen (square-rigger),SHP 70 133, 139, 141, 142, 148; odds
Alum
Potassium cyanide poisoning, 8 123 Precocity, G 85-86; sexual, G 107 Prevailing westerlies, P/ 155, of combinations, examples,
Potassium dichromate, GV 37, 48 Predatory animals, eyes and WEA 63-64, 70-71, 98; and MATH 132-133, 138-139, 142,
Atlantic trade, WEA map 63 table 144, 145; ‘permutation in,
Potato, FV 44, 58; U.S. vision of, V 11, 16, 22-23, 27,
Preventive medicine, C 186-187, defined, MATH 132; random
production of, FV graph 45 58, 77
walk principle, MATH 130;
Potential energy, £ 10, 12, 14, Predictive sciences, SC/ 76-77 HD 182-185, PH 40, 43, table
Prefabrication, in shipbuilding, 102, 103, 106-109, 110, 112, laws of: both-and law
95, WEA 131
SHP 16, 17,19, 26-27 132, 136-138, 140-141; 19th (independent events), MATH
Potsdam agreement (1945), M/s 54
Preformationism, theory of, G Century progress in, HD 54- 130-131; of chance, MATH 114,
Pott, Percival, HD 92
Potter’s wheel, M/CH 11, 17, 20, 21 35, 40; concept of embryo, G 34 56, 59, PH 36, 79, 82 127, 129, sc/ 61, 7171-172,
Prefrontal lobe, morphine effect Price, Charles C., GV 177 173; either-or law (mutually
Poughkeepsie, N.Y., sewage
on, D 48 Price, Leontyne, SH 118 exclusive events), MATH 130-
treatment plant, W/ 174
Poulsen, Valdemar, VCH 195 Prefrontal lobotomy, VND 63 Priest-astronomers, PL 10-11, 7 131; law of conditional
Poultry, domestication of, F/V Pregl, Fritz, SC/ 192 57, 58, 59, 60, 69, 70 probability, MATH 131; law of
Pregnancy, G 146, 148-149; Priestley, J.G., 6 122, 123 large numbers, MATH 129-
chart 34
Powell, Cecil F., 7 156, SC/ 190 bodily defenses during, G31; Priestley, Joseph, GM 43, 124, M 130, 133.
“Power” (arithmetic). See chemical balance during,& 31; carbon cycle experiment, See also Gambling and
Exponent 170; corpus lutewm in, G 147; C 36; discovery of oxygen games; Statistics
Power (physics): defined, £ 13, hormonal changes during, D (“dephlogisticated air”), GV Probability chart, SC/ 61
MCH 56; mechanical, unit of, 127, G 148; labor, 8 175, G 32, 42, 43, M 33, 56 Probability theory, SC/ 57, 61,
£ 44-45, MCH 56 59; loosening of pelvic joints, Primaquine, HD 125 86, 172-173
Power blackout, 7 102 8 57; lymphatic system in, G Primary colors: defined, /V 195; “Probability”? waves, V/ 158
Power Jets, Ltd., £ 83 32-33; miscarriage, G 29, 30, pigment (artists’), £ 81, 82, Procaine, D 51, 67, 68-69
Power law (psychophysics), SH 83 31; physiological preparation LV 97-98; spectral, FE 81, 82, Procaine amide, D 60
Power loom, invention of, CH for, G 29, 147; partial LV 98, 110, 123 Prochorovy, Aleksandr, SC/ 190
65, 193 suspension of foreign body Primary organizers, G 39 Production line, VCH 168, 184.
Power-mower noise, SH 175, 186 rejection mechanism during, Primary waves, earthquake, PL See also Assembly line
Power output: annual U.S., WCH G 31-33; resistance to illness, 34, 35 Productivity, industrial, increase
14; defined, £13 G 32; in rhesus monkeys, G 171; Primates, behavior range, VND by mechanization and
Power shovel, M/CH 18, 19 dangers in, G 30-31; from 194-195; brain of, MND 36 automation, VCH 81-82, 167-
Power sources: conventional, F drugs, D 116, 148, G 30, 150, Prime movers, VCH 10 168, 188
176, table 193; geothermal 156-157, HD 105; German Prime numbers, MATH 46 Proenza, Xavier, WEA 50
energy, £ 180-181, ENG 128- measles, D 115, 116, G 30, 156, Primitive art, use of geometrical Professional Amateur, Boyd,
130; quest for efficient use HD 60, PH 142; illness, C 58, G shapes in, MATH 14-15 ENG 124
of, ENG 124-130; tidal power, 30-31, 156. Primitive societies, ancient. See Profiling, ACV, SHP 177
E 178-179, ENG 127, 128, W See also Embryo; Fetus Prehistoric man Progesterone, 8 174, 176, D 127,
168-169; Pregnant Guppy (cargo plane), Primitive societies of today: 128, G 145-147, 148
potential future, £ 176, EVG F 94-95 adolescence, G 111-113; and Progestin, D 195
174-175, 178, v 9; laser beam, Prehistoric man, / 12, VCH 11, arithmetic, VATH 13- 14, 19; Programmers, computer, VCH
E 188-191; plasma particle 710-11; Agricultural beliefs, 7 56; childhood, G 110; 168, 171
fusion, / 10-11, 177-178, 179; Revolution, FN 33-35; health of, HD 16, 17-19, 156, Projection (defense mechanism),
solar energy, £ 182, 183-185, surgery, 8 18-19, PH 11; use 157-167, 173; length of week, MND 84
ENG 128, 190-191, GM 15, 169, of drugs, D 11; use of fire, FV 7 24; marriage, G 112; use of Projective geometry, MATH 12,
174; thermonuclear, F 23, 58, MCH 11, 7 11; use of drugs, D 11-12 128, 154
176, 186, ENG 174, uw 168, 177- metals, / 10,12, MCH 11 Prince, The, Machiavelli, SC/ 98 Projector, movie, invention of,
178, 179. Premarital tests, HD 129-130 Prince of Wales, H.M.S., SHP 148 MCH 195
See also Fuels; Premature birth: causes of, G 58; Princeton University, / 195, Projects, e.g., Apollo, Gemini,
Hydroelectricity; Nuclear criterion of, G 57 MATH 57; C-Stellarator, £ etc., See Apollo, Project;
energy Prenatal development. See 186-187; sensory deprivation Gemini, Project, etc.
Poweredflight, beginnings of: Embryo; Fetus study, VND 42-43 Promethium, (/ 37, 146
heavier-than-air, Ff 10, 11-12, “Pre-operational child,” WD 134 Principia Mathematica, Promethium oxide, V 146
13, 14-16, 17-29, 77-78, 79, 102- Prepayment plans, medical, PH Newton, V 30, 75, MATH 112, Prontosil, D 97, 195
103, 104-105, MCH 106, 107- 129-130, 169, 170, 171 SCI 89, WEA 129- 130, 132; page Proof: by deduction, MATH 39;
108; lighter-than-air, F 32, 33- Presbycusis, SH 153-154 from, MATH 111; Whitehead defined, MATH 39; Greek
34, 83 Presbyopia, /V/ 59, 91; defined, and Russell, MATH 174 repertory of, MATH 41; level
Prager, William, MATH 54-55 LV195 Principles of Chemistry, of rigor, MATH 41; by reductio
Pragmatic science, SC/ 77; Exescuiption books, emergence Mendeleyev, V 36 ad absurdum, MATH 40; of
history, SC/ 77-78, 79; present of, 0 25 Principles of Physiological scientific theory, SC/ 57-58
role of, SC/ 30 Prescription symbol, origin of, 8 10 Psychology, Wundt, VND 13 Propaganda, mass, VND 160,
Prairie (steam locomotive), WHL Prescriptions, ancient, D 10, 11- Principles of Psychology, The, 170-171
48,49 14, 16,18 James, MND 13 Propane, GV 53, 60; formula,
Prairie schooner, WHL 16, 25 Preservatives: chemical, F/V 63, Printing: color, GV 171, LV 114- GM 58; molecule, GM 52
Praseodymium, (/ 147 GM 119, 175, 185; spices as, 115; early illustration, SC/ 81; Propeller, aircraft, F 66-67, 81-
Pratt and Whitney Aircraft, F 80 FN 56,57. See also Food, mechanization and 82, MCH 107, 108; early uses,
Pratt truss, use in biplane, Ff 13 preservation of automation of, SC/ 151 F12, 78,81, 82-83; limitations,
Pratt’s Healing Ointment, D 156 Presidents, U.S., coincidental Printing press: Harris-Cottrel, F 82; materials, F 81; noise,
Preceptor, in medical education, birth and death dates, MATH 143 MCH 94-95; invention of, MCH decibel scale, SH chart 173;
PH 66 President’s Panel on 33, 34-35, 193, SC/ 81; rotary, tip speed, F 82; in turboprop
Precipitation, £ 15, 21, WEA 14, International Science, SC/ 120 MCH 194; steam-powered, engine, F 83-84; vibration, F
81-83, 87-90, 91-105; “Pressor’’ drugs, D 90 MCH 194 81-82; Wright brothers’, F 15,
Aristotle’s concept of, WEA Pressure, air. See Atmospheric Prism, MATH 38; glass, spectral 16, 26, 27, 29, 78, MCH 108
128; defined, W195, WEA 82; pressure separation by, £ 86-87, LV 33, Propeller, ship. See Screw
energy release, WEA 39; and Pressure cabins, aircraft, F 90, 108,109, 128 Propeller shafts (ship), SH? 83,
evaporation, in hydrologic 101-102, 106; strap device, F 197 Prismatic color wheel, LV 129 87-89, 94
cycle, W 37-40, 41, 46-47, WEA Pressure cooker, Papin’s, 80, 81, Private A (rocket), VS 195 Propulsion: in bird flight, F 44-
16, 90; in frontal activity, WEA MCH 54 Probability, defined, WATH 127 45,48, 49;
86, 87, 94, 95, 96, 97; Pressure suit, £90, VS 140-141 Probability, mathematics of, aeronautics, F 31, 33, 77-86;
indication on weather maps, Pressure systems, WEA 64-65; MATH 127-134, 137, 160, Sc/ early problems and solutions,
WEA 168; kinds of, WEA 89, movement of, WEA 168. See 87, 100, 7170; “abnormal” F 11-12, 13-14, 77-78, 79, MCH
92-93; replenishment of also High pressure; Low situations, MATH 134; 106-109; human muscle, F 9,
groundwater by, W 39, 48, 55- pressure applications of, D 152-153, 41, 77; see also Airplanes,
56, 57, 64; research, laser and Pressure transmission of sound, MATH 11, 180, 131, 133, 134, engines;
radar, WEA 188, 189; SH 45 146-147; chance of error, shipping: as design element,
annual rate of, W/39, WEA 82; Pressure waves, F 58, 178-179 MATH 128, 134; Citation SHP 31, 32; mechanical vs.
U.S. average, W/40; Pressurization control, on Index, MATH 57; coincidence wind, SHP 34, 61, 75-76;
causes of, WEA 87-89, 189; jetliner, £ 120, 121 of anniversaries, MATH 142, paddle wheel vs. screw, SHP
graphic, W40, WEA 98; Pressurization fatigue, F 101- graph 143; combination in, 77-78, 79-80, 81; problems of,
distribution of, W/40; on land 102, 107; testing for, F 106 defined, MATH 132; factorial SHP 34; in submarines, SHP
vs. ocean, W 39; in U.S., FV Pressurized storage tanker, SHP number series, MATH 132-133; 127-132
map 46, 47 105, 106 Monte Carlo method, MATH Propylene: formula, G/v 140; in
See also Hail; Rain; Sleet; Prestressed concrete bridges, 131; normal distribution
Snow
petrochemicals production,
WHL 131, 138-139, 142; curve, MATH graph 133, 134; GM 132, 184, chart 135, chart
a EE eee
8-The Body c-The Cell O-Drugs &-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease Lv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 140-141 Pseudopods, C 24, 31 107; early evidence of, G 107; of, LV 54-55
Prostate gland, G 108 Pseudosphere, MATH 163 growth rates, G 77; hormonal Pupin, Michael, (/ 180
Protactinium, V 148 Psilocybin, VND 155, 157 factors in, 8 170, G 105-106, Purcell, Edward, SC/ 190
Protactinium oxide, V 148 Psittacosis, HD 163 184, 144-145, 172; late, G 109- Pure Food and Drug Act (1906),
Protanopia, /V 124 Psychiatry, D 54, MND 57, 84, 110; in New Guinea, G 112; D 165, 166
Protector (Russian submarine), 90, 95, 164, PH table 102: in Norway, G chart 87; Pure mathematics, VATH 10, 53,
SHP 128 beginnings iin U.S., MND 68; physical changes, G 77, 79, 54, 66, 169-170, 176;
Protein(s), C 13-14, £100, HD courses for practicing 107-108; physiological factors beginnings of, VATH 39
76, PL 137; composition of, C physicians, PH 84; problems in, G 105-106, 134, 172; Purges, medicinal, D 13-14
14, FN 138, 15, HD 76; defined, of, MND 61-62; training iin, PH premature, G 106-107; in Purifier, D 182
C 194; diversity of, C 72, G 26, table 56, 61 Samoa, G 111. See also Purkinje, Johannes, (175
27; molecule, G 26, Gi 12, 102, Psychoanalysis, V/VD 16, 63, 80, Adolescence; Maturation Purposive behaviorism, VD 111
HD 118; pre-life, G 87, PL 39; 1, 83, 90, 95, PH 195; Pubic hair, G 79-80 Putnam, Tracy, 0 195
in body, G 26, 27; Adlerian technique, MND 88: Public health, HD 14, PH 132, P waves, earthquake, PL 34, 35
abnormalities, HD 142; cost of, PH 170; free- 134-145; early movement, HD Pygmies, physique of, G 182-183
antivirus, C172, D 106-107; association technique, MND 54-56, 66-67, PH 82; Pyle, Wendell, EVG 152
blood plasma, 8 82, 83, 84, 84-85, 95; Freudian immigrant inspections, PH Pyloric valve, 0 35
104, HD 142-143; energy technique, MND 86, 90; 136-137; in medical Pyloric sphincter, FV 84
production from, C 128-129; modifications, MND 89-90; curriculum, PH table 56; Pylorus, 8 102
functions of, C 169- 170, 172, opinions on its scientific nutrition programs, FN 120- Pyralin, GM 114
£101, FN 18, 86-87, 100; validity, MND 81, 90, 101 125, 172-178, 174-175, HD 77- Pyramid (geometric form), MATH 39
genetic uniqueness, & 126, Psychological adaptation, HD 170 79, 188-191; preventive Pyramids, EG 33-34, 55-56
134; muscle tissue, FV 100- Psychological development, of medicine, C 186-187, HD 182- Pyridoxine, FN table 113
101; nuclear, C 20; research, monkeys, G 172-173 185, PH 106-109, 132, 136-138, Pyrimethamine, D 111
C 64, 65; storage of, C 23, FV sera Let dating of term, 140-141; research, PH 132, Pyroceram, SC/ 147
97; see also Protein synthesis, SC/ 29; 1.Q.-test results, SC/ 142-145; seamen’s hospitals, Pyroscaphe (steamboat), SHP 76
cellular; PH 132, 134-135; services for Pyroxylin, GV 114, 115
as food, FV 15, HD 76; animal Peo MND 11-16, 39-40, Indians and Eskimos, PH 134; Pyruvate, C 39, 48
vs. plant proteins, FV 172- 82-89, SC/ 76, 98, 99, 101; tuberculosis, HD 59-60; Pyruvic acid, C 48
173, HD 76-77; children’s need Adlerian, MND 87-88; venereal disease programs, Pythagoras, MATH 20, 42-43, SC/
for, FV 119,HD 76, 78; behaviorist, MND 13-14, 15, HD 62. See also Air pollution; 79, 104, SH 18, 34, SHP 152
consumption in temperate vs. 63, 106-110, 112-113; child, Sanitation; Sewage disposal; aon theorem, MATH 42;
tropical zones, HD table 79; MND 88, 89, 109; cognitive, Vaccination; Water pollution id’s proof, MATH 78
consumption in various MND 15, 106, 110, 111, 118- Public health physicians, PH 103, Pythagoreans, MATH 42, 43, 45;
countries, F/V table 180; 114; in drug evaluation, D 106-109, 132, 133 concept of light, Lv 31
dietary supplements, FV 120- 147, 150, 151; experimental, Public transportation. See Mass Pytheas of Massilia, SH? 154
125,172, GM175, HD 75, 76, MND 11-15, 90, SH 82; and transportation
77-80, 188; digestion of, 8 Freudian system, VND 13, 82- Puchet, C 82 Q
102, 108, 108, 112, 113-115, 86; Gestalt, MND 14-15, 110; Puddling, clay, ENG 35
FN 18, 59, 83, 84, 98, G 18-19; history of, MNO 11-16; Jung, Puddling iron furnace, /CH 193 Q fever, microbe, D 97
effects of cooking on, FV 59; MND 88-89; purposive Pueblo Bonito, 7 134-135 Quack diets, FV 155-157
in Eskimo diet, HD 172; behaviorism, MWD 111; Pueblo Indians, HD 173; Quack medicines. See Patent
excess consumption, HD 83; studies of learning process, counting method, MATH 14 medicines
sources of, 8 109, D 35, FN 13, MND 105-114, 116-119 Puerperal fever, HD 56, 64, 65 Quadrant, SC/ 38, 39
tables 19-30, 36, 37, 59, 120, Psychology trom the Puffin (pedal-powered plane),£ 77 Quadratics (second degree
124, 150, 171-174, table 194- Standpoint of a Behaviorist, Puffing Billy (early locomotive), equations),MATH 64, 65, 67,
195, HD 76-77, table 79, 80-81, Watson, VND 108 MCH 58, 59 68, 83
189. Psychomotor-seizure electro- Pulfrich, Carl, /V 172 Quadriceps, 8 61
See also Enzymes encephalogram, HD 141 Pulley, VCH 10, 16, 193; basic Qualitative chemical analysis,
Protein synthesis: primordial, C Psychopathy, MND 61 types of, VCH 23; familiar SC/ 46
1, PL 39; Psychophysics, SH 77, 80-81; examples, MCH 17, 22-23; Qualitative fact, SC/ 55
artificial, GV 103, 175-176, 177; efined, £V195, SH 193; of mechanical advantage, VCH 23 Quality control, automatic, VCH
for food, FV 174, Gv 175, 177, hearing, SH 77-84; “jnd” as Pulmonary artery, 8 81, 88, 121, 173
HD 79-80; unit of measurement, VND G 61, HD 86 Quantasomes, C 34
cellular, 8 14, 105, C 22, 72, 73, 11, SH 81-82; power law, SH Pulmonary capillaries, 8 90, 121 Quantitative chemical analysis,
FN 84, 87, G 20-21, 22, 26; 83-84; Pulmonary circulation, 8 48, 81 SC/ 46; Lavoisier’s work, /
current research, C 136-137. of vision, LV 147, 167-177, SH Pulp, Gu 74, 84; in paper- BONO
138-141; hormone control of, 81; color vision, LV 136, 169- making, G/M 86, 153; in rayon Quantitative fact, SC/ 55
8B 174; human life-time 170; intermittent stimuli, LV production, GM 89-91, 92 Quantum, C 34, /V 39, 50;
amount, C 26; in liver, 8 104; 173-175; movement vision, Pulping, GV 82, 84 minimum required for
location of, C 13-14, 22; and LV 175-177; sensitivity studies, Pulque, D 33 visibility, /V 170
memory-forming process, 1V 170-173; units of Pulsars, VS 174 Quantum chemistry, SC/ 91, 100
possible connection, C 154- measurement, // 167, 168 Pulse, 8 27, 80, 750; Galen’s Quantum electrodynamics, £78
155; reduced in aging cells, C 108 Psychophysics, Elements of, varieties of, 8 11; noise and, Quantum mechanics, GV 51, 99,
Protein-calorie starvation, //V Fechner, MND 11, SH 81-82 SH 173. See also Heart, beat of 102, 105, 7 126, 157-158, sc/
IINGs 10077, 1 Pale Ale alps Psychosis, MND 57, 59-61; Pulse code of ear. See Electric- 88, 89, 100
Protein chemistry, GV 175-177 artistic expression of, MND pulse code Quantum number rating of
Protein separator, C 168 136, 137-151; causes of, MND Pump: diesel-powered, CH atomic particles, SC/ 64, 65
Protein starvation, FV 118,171, 61-62, 86; Freudian, theory, 106; invention of, MCH 193; Quantum physics, SC/ 61, 172
172, G 188-189, HD 20, 75-76, MND 86; main types of, MND reversible waterwheel, FVG Quantum statistics, theory of, SC/
77-80, table 79 60-61; Sullivan, MND 89-90; 59; water-raising force pump, 110
Protestantism, 7 62, 74, 190-191 symptoms, MND 59; MCH 380. See also Steam pump Quantum theory, £ 76, 77, LV 39,
Protium, / 153 treatment of, D 44-45, 55, Pumped storage, in electric M124
Protocol facts, SC/ 54-55, 58 MND 62-64, 74-79, 158 power systems, ENVG 127-128 Quarantine stations, PH 132
Protocol plane, SC/ 54 Psychosomatic illnesses, HD Pumpkin seed, FV 152, 153, 157 Quartics (second degree
Proton(s), £170, V 10, 12, 16, 156, MND 35-36, PH 10 Pumpkins, processing of, FV 68-69 equations),MATH 64, 65, 69,
15d, 154, SC) 64,65, 7 120, Ps chothera y, 0 44, MND 62, Punched-card loom, MATH 24,
131; bombardment of atoms 3, 64, 15 MCH 169 Quartz, V 100; crystal type, V/V
with, V 161-162, 163-164; Psychotic depression, MVD 61, Punched-card system, use of, 101; Peking man tools, / 12;
charge of, £170, M 152; 144-145 MCH 168, 169-171; in touchstone, VM 25
element types determined by Psychotropic drugs, D 52, 54-55. electronic computer, MATH Quartz crystal oscillator, 7 104,
number of, £ 171, 38, 126; See also Antidepressant 24, 28, MCH 171, 175; in 106, 107, chart 193
held by nuclear oe M 155- drugs; Tranquilizers mechanical computer, MATH Quasi-stellar radio source, 7 142
156, 157, 170; mass of, £ 170; Psychrometer, WEA 162-163 24, MCH 170-171 Queen conch, eyes of, LV 24, 25
solar, PL 80, 91, 101 Ptolemaeus crater (lunar Punched-card tabulator, Queen Mary,8.S., SHP 74
Proton-synchrotron. See feature), PL 98 invention, VCH 170-171, 195 Quinacrine, D 100-101
Cosmotron; Synchrotron Ptolemaic system, PL 12, 13; Punched-tape method of machine Quinidine, D 81, 83, 88, 89
Protoplasm, C 16, 194, D 84,G planetary motion in, PL 23 communication, V/CH 168, 159, Quinine, D 81, 95, 123, 125, 194,
11; human, salt content of, W110 Ptolemy, Claudius, ATH 80, PL TAL, Wes, ha GM 36, 48, 125: fever- reducing
Protozoa, C 19, 183; parasitic, D 12, 23, SC/ 79, 92, 104, SHP Pupil of eye, LV 54, 59, 83, 84, drug, 0 121, PH 10; isolation
96, 97, HD 38, 42, 43,44, 45 152-153 85, 88, 195, PH 88; adjustment of, 0 15, 30; malaria drug, D
Protractor,SHP 159 —_ Ptolemy Eugertes, 7 60 of, LV 54, 58, 78, 87; animal, 30, 96, 100-101, 121; source
Proximity fuze, VCH 173 Ptyalin, C 15, FV 83 special adaptations, LV 22-23; of, D 30, GM 125
Pseudonomas bacteria, PL 188 Puberty: ceremonies, G 104, emotionally based widening Quipu, Inean, MATH 13

en nn).

181
R 66-67; of planets, PL 42, 64, 174, PL 74-75, 170 beginnings of, ENG 33, 37, 58,
67, 74; quantum theory of, £ Radio tracking stations, for space MCH 58-60, 62-63, WHL 33-37,
R-1 Gee Bee (airplane), F 88 76, 77, M 124; safeguards probes, PL 77 38, 39-45; Big Business
Rabbit: Canadian snowshoe, 7 against, in reactors, F 160- Radio waves, £ 14, 73-74, LV 38, practices, WHL 48, 56-59;
39; eye placement in, /V/ 16, 163; terrestrial, WEA 12, 36; 39, MCH 149-150, Ms 105, PL Civil War, WHL 46-47;
58; prenatal studies on, G 35, health hazards: cancer, £ 161, 61, 65, SH 11, 13; discovery couplers, WHL 57, 58-59, 68,
56; sperm of, G 176; test-tube, HD 99, M 130; cobalt, PH 150; of, £ 74; in electromagnetic 69; dangers and casualties of
G174 congenital defects, G 156; spectrum, F 74-75, PL 66-67; early, WHL 43, 57-59; decline
Raben, M.S., G 163, 167 genetic mutation, C 58, 75, modulation of, VCH 149, 150; of, WHL 50, 61, 153; diesel-
Rabi, Isidor, SC/ 190 161, HD 122-123, 129, 142, uv nature of, £ 75; transmission electric, WHL 56, 60-61, 62;
Rabies, HD 163; cause of, HD 58, 103, 129, 175, 188; studies, HD around earth, Pl 43, 65; electric, MCH 131, SC/ 156,
63; vaccination, HD 38, 58, 99, 105-106; X-rays, C 58, 59, velocity, PL 61; wave theory, WHL 60, 61, 150, 152, 171, 172-
62, 70-71 75, G 156, HD 106, / 183, 188, £76; wavelength, £ 74-75, 173, 175, 188-191; first
Rabinow, Jacob, ENG 10, WCH PH 36. 188, PL 61, 65, 66-67; transcontinental, WCH 60,
117 See also Cosmic radiation; space sources of: Jupiter, PL WHL 10, 53, 56; flanged wheel,
Raborn, William F., SHP 133-134 Fallout; Gamma rays; 75, 157-158; moon, PL 91; WHL 62, 63; inadequacy of
Raccoon, eye placement in, LV 58 Infrared radiation; Light; planets, general, P/ 67, 74; U.S. system, WHL 10; initial
Races, 8B 40; color, 8 37-38, 40; Radiant energy; Saturn, PL 172; Venus, PL 110- public resistance to, SC/ 150,
superiority, misconcepts of, Radioactivity; Radio waves; 111, 114, 115 155, WHL 34-35; limitations
HD 129 Solar radiation; Ultraviolet Radio window of atmosphere, PL of, WHL 61; monorail, WHL
Rachitis, HD 82. See also Rickets radiation; X-rays 65, 66-67 176; 19th Century federal aid,
Racing car: Doppler effect from, Radiation belts: earth, Van Radioactive dating, SC/ 165, 7 WHL 10, 56; in Russia, WHL
SH 28-29; engine, ENG 20-21 Allen, MS 77, 78, 83, 99, 112- 123, 127-130, 131, 132, 138- 101; safety standards, WHL
Radar, VCH 149, 150, sc/ 147, 113, PL 36, 43, 56,57, 66, 157, 139,140 57-59; socioeconomic impact
152, SH 105; frequencies, 7 158; Jupiter, PL 36, 66, 75, Radioactive decay, £ 25, V 126, of, 7 30-31, WHL 53-54; and
102; invention of, MCH 195; 157, 158, 166-167; undetected 148, 151, 170-171, 7 127, 128- standard time, 7 83;
moon research by, PL 66, 91; on Saturn, PL 172 130, 131, 138-139 transportation, expenses in
navigation by, F 129, SHP 151, Radiation research satellites, VS Radioactive elements, V 129- U.S. (1965), WHL graph 94;
166 (see also Air-traffic 112-113 181, 135, 141, 143, 145-149, 7 underdeveloped nations, WHL
control); in North American Radiation therapy, G 161, V 190; 127-131; half-life of, 17 170, 7
defense system, ENVG 104-106, cancer, £ 164, 174, 17 135, 128, 129-130, 131, 138, 151- brakes: early, WH 41, 57;
map 107; in proximity fuze, 145, 147, 150, 175, 190, PH 152; medical uses, // 129, electric trains, WHL 191;
MCH 173; on ships, SHP 89, 101, 149-150; against immune 131, 150, 175, 190, PH 101, 149- pneumatic, ENG 11-12, 73,
93, 151, 166; reaction to transplants, 8 150; as planet components, MCH 194, WHL 57-59, 62, 64-
aeronautical use of, F 129; 136-137, C 173-174; machine, PL 35, 36. See also Radioactive 65, 66-67;
airport, F 133, 134-135, 136, invention of, MVCH 195 decay; Radioisotopes cars: early, WHL 40-42, 45;
142; air-traffic control Radicals, GV 35 Radioactive fallout. See Fallout freight, WHZL 61, 66-69, 171-
centers, F 136, 137, 141; Radio, £ 74, VCH 145, 146, 149, Radioactive tracing: of cell 172, 184-187; luxury, WHL 50,
cockpit equipment, F 110- 151, SH 116; aircraft cockpit activities, C 13; cellular 53; number of, in U.S.
111, 118-119, 123; hand-off, F instruments, F 110-111, 118- nucleus research, C 134, 137, (1966), WHL 9;
136; 119, 123; FM, invention of, 139, 141, 142; of chemical freight, WHL 38, 49, 53, 61, 62,
planet research by, PL 66, 68, MCH 195; frequency control, body reactions, 8 10, Vv 190; 64-75, 170-172; annual ton-
69, 74, 75; Mars, PL 66, 139; T 103-104; frequency range, DNA identification by, Cc 60 miles, U.S., WHL 10; cars,
Mercury, PL 66, 74, 170; SH 14, T 102; highway signals, Radioactive waste disposal, £ WHL 61, 66-69, 171-172, 184-
Venus, MS 150, PL 66, 113, ENG 168; inventions leading 162-163, HD 106 187; containerization, SHP
114-115, 120, 121; wavelength to, SC/ chart 146-147; laser- Radioactivity, € 14, 7 129, 169, 107, WHL 172, 184-185; food
used, PL 65; beam transmission, FVG 181; 180, 7 127-128; of body, transportation, FV 65, 67; fuel
weather surveillance by, WEA on ocean liner, SHP 96, 97; measuring, FN 144-145; cost per mile, WHL 61, 64;
59, 82, 107, 177, 180, 182-183, period of development, SC/ dangers of, £ 161, 175, 184, locomotives, WHL 44-45, 48-
188, 189-191; stations, WEA 148, graph 149; set ownership 188-189; discovery of, F 74- 49, 55, 60, 61, 64-65;
157, 190-191 statistics, MCH 14; solar- 75, 194, w 120, 184, 7 127; piggyback transportation of
Radar altimeter, £ 129, 130 powered, £ 185; and space types of radiation, £ 75, VM trailer trucks, WHL 171-172;
Radarscope, SHP 157; Doppler exploration, VS 108-109, 173-174 120, 122; uses of, E 164-165, rates, WHL 62, 85; rebates,
scopes, WEA 189; hurricane (see also Radio astronomy); 174, M175, 190-191; uses in WHL 48, 56; switchyards, WHL
tracking, WEA 45, 46-47 transistorized, EVG 106, MCH medicine, / 129, 131, 135, 59, 69, 74-75, 170-171; unit
Radial engine, f 78, 79, 80, 81 174; tube, MCH 152; 145, 147, 150, 175, 190, PH trains, WHL 171, 186-187;
Radial nerve, 8 51, MND 26 navigation systems: LF/ MF 101, 149-150 passenger service, WH 45, 50-
Radial symmetry, G 119 Four Course, F 126, 128; radio Radiobiology, SC/ 97, 100, 101 51, 58, 61, 70, 152, 153, 175;
Radiant energy, £ 14, 71-78; beacons, F 127, 128, 130, 140, Radioisotopes, / 175, 7128-130; commuter lines, WHZ 53, 60,
convertibility of, £ 61; ether 142-143; RDF, SHP 157-158, artificial, / 190; source, & 148-149, 150, 154, 161; in
theory of transmission, £ 137- 166, 167; shipping, SHP 93, 146; uses of, £ 164-165, 174 Burope, WHL 188-189;
139, 140-141, 7 149; forms of, 151, 157-158, 166-167; Radiology, PH 101, table 102, 149- intercity subways, ENG 182-
£14, 71-74; nature of, £ 75- TACAN, F128; VOR, F128; 150, 154; in medical 183, WHL 176; in Japan, WHL
76; particle vs. wave theory, VOR/DME, F128; VORTAC, curriculum, PH table 56 9,178, 190-191; percentage of
E 75-78, 89, LV 33-39; F128, 138-139 Radiometer, £ 73 intercity travel by, WHL 175;
production of, £ 77-78; Radio (Soviet magazine), VS 62 Radiosonde, WEA 59, 150-151, 158 rapid transit, WHL 154, 156,
quantum emission of, £ 76- Radio astronomy, //S 105, 174, Radiotelegraph, VCH 148-149, 195 164, 172-173; remote-
77, LV 39, 50; sensory PL 65-66, 68, 74-77, 110, 114, Radiotelephone, MCH 137, 149- controlled, WHL 172-1738, 188;
detection by man, F 71-72; 170, SC/ 93, 100, 101; space 150,195 research and demonstration
spectrum, F 74-75, PL 66-67; observatories, MS 125, PL 67. Radiotherapy. See Radiation projects, WHL 175;
conversions: to chemical See also Radio telescopes therapy speed of, WH 9, 10; diesel-
energy, in photosynthesis, £ Radio call system, physicians’, Radithor, patent medicine, / 188 electric locomotives, WHL 56,
100-101; to electricity, £ 71; PH 131 Radium, // 59, 130; discovery 61, 64; early, WHL 40; electric
problems of, £ 15-16, 182. Radio Corporation of America, of, £ 75, 194, w 120, 130, 184; locomotives, WHL 169, 188,
See also Gamma rays; WHL 174, 175; and development poisoning, HD 99; 189, 190; future, EVG 183, WHL
Infrared radiation; Light; of television, ENG 11; work on radioactivity, iV 120, 169; 176; steam locomotives, WHL 50;
Radiation; Radio waves; BMEWS, ENG 104-106 uses of, MV 130 stations: electric railroads,
Solar energy; Ultraviolet Radio Direction Finder (RDF), Radium bromide, / 130 WHL 60; as part of “interface,”
radiation; X-rays SHP 157-158, 166, 167 Radius (bone), 8 45; and height, WHL 161; rapid transit, WHL 164;
Radiant heat, WEA 36, 38; effect Radio interference, 7 103-104; B table 60. track mileage: Africa, WH 11;
on air, £ 50; quantum theory ionospheric research, /S 101 Radome, ENG 105, 184-185, MS 118 Great Britain in 1836, WHL
of, £ 76; transfer, £ 37; uses Radio sources in space, SC/ 93, T Radon, /V 145; discovery of, 37; Thailand, WH 11; U.S.
of, £ 72, 185. See also Infrared 142; detection of 59, 145; liquefaction in Civil War, MCH 60, WHL
radiation temperatures of, PL 65-66, temperature, /V/ table 58; 46; U.S. in 1836, WHz 37; U.S.
Radiation: atmospheric 68, 74, 91; messages from percentage in air, / table 58; in 1966, WHL 9; U.S., post-
absorption of, PL 38, 42-43, alien civilizations, M/S 175, PL radioactivity, V/ 145; use of, Civil War growth, WHL 48;
57, 65, 67, 79, 85, WEA 12, 179. See also Radio waves, M145 traffic control, WHL 59, 62; by
35-36, 38; dangers in high- space sources of Ragweed, 7 39-40 computer, WHL 62, 74-75, 170-
altitude and space flight, F Radio telescopes, P/ 65-66, 68, Railroad bridges: disasters, WHL 171, 172-178, 178, 188;
170, MS 82-83, 140; 74-77, SCI 92, 93, 116, 128; 123, 124; Eads’ at St. Louis, signaling, WHL 59, 62, 70-73,
electromagnetic nature of, £ dish, MS 107, PL 69, 74-75, WHL 124-126, 127, 128, 129; 190-191; switching, WHL 59,
75-76, PL 61, WEA 12 (see also 77; on moon, MS 125; on early, WHL 123; Roebling’s, at 62, 70-71, 74-75; TV
Electromagnetic radiation); space satellites, PL 67; Niagara Falls, WHL 128 monitoring, WHL 170.
kinds of, £ 71-73, 74-75, PL 61, world’s largest (Aracibo), MS Railroads, WHL 53-61, 104-105; See also Diesel-electric
eeeEE Eee ee
8-The Body c-The Cell &-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HOD-Health and Disease Lv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 locomotives; Electric Ranger space probes, V/S 78, 107, lung, D 86; sensory, 8 143- defined, MATH 40; examples,
locomotives; Locomotives; 124, 128; Ranger VII, vs 78; 144, 147, 149. See also Color MATH 40, 45, 48
Steam locomotives Ranger IX photographs, P/ receptors; Photoreceptors Reduction gearing, marine
Rails, WHL 63; early uses of, 91-92 Recessive genes, C 57 engines, SHP 78, 88, 94
WHL 31, 33, 148; electrical Ranvier, nodes of, C 159 Reciprocating motion. See Redundancies, in interpretation
circuits for signaling on, WHL Rapid transit lines, WH 154, Motion, conversions of of visual stimuli, /V 15
72; weigh, in freight yards, 156, 164, 172-173 Recoilless rifle, WS 65 Redwood tree, movement of
WHL 74-75 Rare earth metals, // 146-147; Reconnaissance planes, F 60, 90- water in, W105
Railton (speed car), WHL table 170 in periodic table, Vv 127 91,148 Re-entry spacecraft, /S 88, 91,
Rain, WEA 80, 91; Bergeron- Rare gases. See Inert gases Reconnaissance satellites, VS 96, 123, 124
Findeisen theory of, WEA 88- Rarefaction of sound waves, SH 78, 80-81, 84, 103, 116 Reed, Ezekiel, VCH 193
90; carbon dioxide content of, Tk, WOR Record changer, automatic, VCH Reed, Walter, C 186, PH 194
W 79, 175; causes of, WEA 87- Rat: adaptation studies, HD 172. See also Phonograph Reed pipe, SH 91
89, 92-93, 189; chemical 173-174; appetite Recorded sound, VCH 150-151, Referred pain, D 82
action on rock, W79, 90; experiments with, FV 129- SH 106, 107-119; Reflection of light, £ 90, Lv 31,
clouds, WEA 17, 86, 87, 195; 130, 144; castration studies, amplification, VCH 150, 151, 32, 42-43, 44, 45; angle of, LV
energy release, WEA 39; G 134; chemical stimulation 152, 174, SH 119; frequency 31, 32, 42-43, 194; by
erosive force of, W 75-76, 80, of brain, experiments, MVD range of, SH 14; impedance atmospheric particles, /V 30,
85, 90, 92-93; in frontal 177-178; crowding matching in, SH 33-34; 100-101; colored light, LV 99-
activity, WEA 23, 86, 87, 94, experiments, HD 146, 175; stereophonic, SH 98, 105-106, 100, 106, 107; partial and
95, 96, 97; global distribution dwarfism in, G 130; electrical 118-119. See also resultant color, LV 56, 98-100,
of, WEA map 82; in hydrologic stimulation of brain, Gramophone; Phonograph; 110, 128; scattering
cycle, W 37-40, 41, 46-47, 48; experiments, VND 176, 184, Tape recording phenomenon, LV 56, 96, 100-
in maritime regions, WEA 88; 185; fetuses, in drug tests, D Records, phonograph. See 101, 102, M 86-87; total
monsoon, W 120, 138, 139, 146; growth studies, G 105- Phonograph records internal, LV 33, 41
WEA 24-25, 73; orographic, W 106, 133-134; host of plague, Records centralization: Reflection of sound, SH 15, 16,
40, WEA 16, 98; primeval, C HD 33, 34, 50, 51, 72; learning educational advantages, ENG 121; acoustics, SH 18-19, 190-
85, 94-95, W 36; radar experiments, VND 108-110, 177; potential dangers to 191; diffraction and, SH 25;
research, WEA 188, 189; signs 111-112, 118-119, 7 10; liver society, ENG 177; systems total, SH 20-21; types of, SH
of coming, WEA 65, 86-87, 154, cell of, C 17, 195; longevity analysis of problems of, ENG 18-19. See also Echoes
162, table 167, 194, 195; in experiments with, FV 169, 172,174 Reflectors, // 99; surface
temperate zones, WEA 88-89; 170; puberty studies, G 105- Records ofhistory, 7 178-179 structure of, and color
in tropics, WEA 87-88, 100- 106; reasoning ability of, WD Recovery room, in hospitals, PH ereation, LV 99, 104, 108-109
101; warfare effects on, 195; sensory deprivation 128-129 Reflex: as behavior pattern,
conjectures, WEA 81; experiments, HD 147 Rectum, 8 103; diagnostic tool, MND 117, 194-195;
weather-map symbols for, Rat flea, /D 33, 50 B 103 conditioned, F 82, MND 106-
WEA table 168; Rat poison, D 148 Rectus abdominis (muscle), 8 47 107; early concept, MND 33;
amounts of: annual averages, Rathke, William, EG 80, 83 Rectus femoris (muscle), 8 47 measuring, 7 112-113; nerve,
WEA 82-83; daily, WEA 90; Rational intercepts, law of, VV 101 Red (color): creation of, LV 110; B 147, 148, MND 33-34, T 112-113
increased over cities, WEA Rationalism vs. empiricism, SC/ a fundamental color in Reflex hammer, PH 86, 87
118,178; total annual, WEA 59; in drug research, D 122, 129 perception, /V 128, 133; a hot Refraction oflight, £ 84-87, LV
82; in U.S., FV map 46, 47 Rattler, H. M.S., SHP80, 81 color, /V 184; human 31, 33, 34, 35, 44-45; angle
Rain forest, WEA 100-101; Brazil, Rattlesnake, sense of heat, C 152 perception of, /V 122, 132, of, LV 32, 33, 44-45; colored
PL 52-538; evaporation rate of, Rauffauf, Robert F., 0 125 133; of man-made materials, light, LV 33; defined, LV 195;
w 40 Rauwolfia, D 44, 123, 125, VND LV 99; in nature, LV 99; double, £ 90; in eye, LV 55-57,
Rain gauges, WEA 129, 142, 154 154-155 primary spectral color, £ 80- 86, 89, 91; measurement of,
Rainbands, hurricane, WEA 52-53 Rayna-Floki, SHP 152 82, LV 98, 110, SC/ 23; relative Lv119
Rainbow, £ 81, 86, -V 44, 102, Rawinsonde, WEA 59 brightness of, LV 169; Refraction of sound, SH 20-21, 25
104, Vv 86, 87; experiment, LV Ray, electric, eye of, LV 22 sensitivity of rods vs. cones Refractive index, 32, 33; of
128 Ray craters, PL 85, 86-87, 100, 101 to, LV 77, graph 170 cornea, LV 55; and velocity of
Rainbow Bridge National Rayleigh, John, Lord (John Red blood cells, 8 82, 92, 93, D light, LV 32, 34
Monument, 153 William Strutt), V 102, /v 59, 87, FN 98-99, G 33, PH 15; and Refrigerants, GV 36, 60, 146,
coats GM 18, 105, 124, 145, SC/ 186, 191, SH 102-104 blood type, 8 84; Chagas’- MCH 142; liquid gases as, MV
Rayon, GM 73, 78-79, 82, 84, 86, disease infested, HD 47; 60, 62, 63,68
Raindrop: forming of, WEA 87- 106, 107, / 107; acetate, Gv elimination of old, 8 104; Refrigeration, SC/ 146;
89, 92-93, 103; radar 14, 78-79, 88-89, 91, 98, 95, 96, function of, B 82-83, C 9; life mechanical, FV 62; principle
measurements of, WEA 189; chart 139; dyeing, GV 96, 97; span of, 8 82-83, 93, FN 86; of, VM 51-52
shape of, WEA 102 filaments, GV 96; production malaria-infested, HD 43; Refrigerator: early, FV 62; food
Rainmaking, WEA 89, 90, 103, 124 processes, GM 88-97; thread, number in body, 8 93, 195; preservation in, FN 62-63;
Rainstorm, WEA 17, 65, 87; GM 96-97; uses of, GM 96; of Peruvian Indians, HD 169; invention of, VCH 195; motor,
compared to thunderstorm, viscose, GM 14, 78, 86, 88-89, place of manufacture of, B MCH 131; noise, SH 175;
WEA 104; and flooding, WEA 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96 62, 82, 83; preservation for operating principle of, VCH
26-27 RDF. See Radio Direction Finder transfusions, B 96-97; shape 142-143; synthetics used in,
Raisins, FV 61 Re (sun god), 7 69, 77 of, 813, C 9; size of, B 93 GM 9, 153; temperature, FN 62
Rajchman, Jan, VCH 166 Reaching, in sailing, SHP 66 Red dwarfs, PL 157 Refrigerator freight cars, F/V 67
Rake’s Progress, A, Hogarth, Reaction engines, F 82, CH 109- Red light: plant experiments, 7 Refrigerator tankers, SHP 105, 106
MND 68-69 110. See also Jet engines; 35; refraction of, LV 33; Regeneration, D 174, G 174-175;
Ram, horn of: bidirectional Rocket engines wavelength of, LV 98, 120 eterminants of, G 175; of
growth, G 121; growthrings, G11 Reaction formation, MVD 84 Red Poll (cattle breed), FV 36 hydra, C 105, 117, G 174;
Ram pressure, F 85 Reactions, chemical. See Red Sea: ancient canal from limited in higher organisms,
Raman, Sir Chandrasekhara, SC/ Chemical reactions Nile to, W 124-125; and C105, 118, 124, 148, 0 174; of
190 Reactivity, chemical. See continental drift, PL 37; lobster’s claw, G 122-123; of
Ramjet engine, F 84, 85; fuel, F Chemical properties evaporation from, W 39; salamanders, D 174, G 174-
148-149; nozzle, VCH 129 Reactors. See Nuclear reactors Operation Conshelf in, SHP 175; search for drugs for, D
Ramming, in naval warfare, VCH Read, Albert C., £194 184; salinity of, W 39-40; 174. See also Healing
29, 40-41, SHP 54, 134, 136, Reading, 7 176; by the deaf, source of color of, PL 159 Regulators, clock, 7 81. See also
137, 138, 144 instruction techniques, SH “Red shift” of galaxies, 7131, Pendulum; Verge and crown wheels
Ramon y Cajal, Santiago, SC/ 193 164-165; mechanics of, LV 145 142,175 Rehabilitation, physical and
Reading Railroad, WH 161 Red-yellow light, reflection of, LV medical, PH table 102, 103
Ramp, MCH 24-25
Ramsay, Sir William, £75, V 59, Real-time computer, SHP 124 106, 107 Reichardt, Werner, EVG 146
Reality: elusiveness, in Redfield, William C., WEA 134 Reichenbach, Henry M., /V 71
SC/ 191
advanced science, SC/ 58-62; Redi, Francesco, C 82, 86 Reichstein, Tadeusz, D 195, SC/ 192
Ramsden, Jesse, SC/ 43
nature of, philosophic Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Reiffel, Leonard, / 40
Rance River, France, tidal power
debate, SC/ 59 Ala., MS 57, 59, 76 Reines, Frederick, / 156
lant, £ 178, ENG 127,128, W
Reaper, McCormick’s, F/V 40-41, Redstone rocket, VS 57, 59, 60, Reinforced concrete bridges,
68-169
RAND, Project, VS 55, 56 MCH 14, 60, 71, 80, 194 76, 90 WHL 136-137, 1389, 193
Reasoning ability, VD 129, 194- Reducing atmosphere, PL 38-39 Reinforcement concept, in
RAND Corporation, ENG 175,
177, MATH 59, 129 195; abstract tests, VND 131- Reducing diets, FV 130-132, 138, learning, VND 112-113
132; in apes, MND 110, 195 139, 153-155; balanced, FV Reisch, Georg, C 149
Randhurst, Ill., shopping center,
WHL 162-163 Réaumur, René de, 8 100, £ 30, table 131; feeding device, FV Reissner’s membrane, SH 43-44
40 142-143 Rejection mechanism, body. See
Random numbers, book of, MATH 129
Réaumur scale, £ 30, 40, 41 Reducing gases, PL 38, 41, 43, 136 Immune reaction; Immunity
Random-sample testing, VA7TH Relative humidity, WEA chart
146-147 Receptor cells: aorta, D 86, 89; Reducing pills, FV 153, 154
artery, D 88; brainstem, D 86; Reductio ad absurdum: 163; and condensation, WEA
Random walk principle, VATH 130

183
 85; defined, WEA 162; and division of; 38; in lungs, SH 71; in nerve cells and fibers, 8 143,
man, & 176-178, G 14-16, 7 50; trumpet, SH 89 144, 147, C 160-161, LV 76, 80,
discomfort index, WEA graph
84; measuring, WEA 162-163 ancient misconceptions, C Resonance theory of hearing, SH 93, 94, 120, 125, 175-176;
53, G 15-16, 32; hormone 53-54. background noise of, /V 172;
Relative wind, F 37, 62, 66
Relativity, lithograph, SC/ 164 control of, 8 170, 174, 175- Resonances (sub-particles),/ response of, experiment, LV
Relativity, Theory of, EVG 88, Vv 176, G 144-149. oaealiot lA
125, MATH 11, 158, 165-167, See also Conception; Resonant frequency, SH 16 tissue, C 161; tests, LV 134-
170-171, Ms 166, 177, SC/ 88, Embryo; Fertilization; Fetus; Respiration, 8 120-123, C 49, D 185)
145, 7 145-153, 154; Sex 86-87, HD 96; of amphibians, Retinal delay, in dim light, LV
dimensions, relativistic Reproductive system: : 8 121; defined, c 194; drug 172-173
changes in, F 141-142, 144- maturation of, G 108, 144-145 aid to, D 86-87; exhalation, 8 Retinene, LV 79; effect of light
145, M 165, 7 150-154, 158- (see also Puberty); prenatal 118, 122, D 86-87; inhalation, on molecules of, LV 78-79
161; General, MATH 168, 170- development of, G 55-56; B 120-121, 195, D 86-87; Retinol, FV table 113. See also
171; mass increase with Reptiles: auditory evolution of, involuntary, 8 123, 145, 149; Vitamin A
velocity, £ 143, 144-145; SH 33; brain of, MND 36; Lavoisier-Laplace “Retirement disease,” HD 153
matter-energy equivalence hearing range of, SH chart 194- experiments, F/V 12-13, 14; Retro-rockets, VS 96
(E=mce?), £ 143-145, 1 125- 195; salt glands of, moisture exhalation, W108, Retrograde motion, PZ 113, 117
126, 155, 169, MATH 166,170, w118 116; of newborn baby, G 60- Retrogressive behavior, VD
SC/ 58, 83, 89; space Repulse, H.M.S., SHP148 61; number of breaths per 60, 86
curvature, VATH 158, 165, Research: applied, financing of, minute, 8 195; prenatal, G Reuleaux, Franz, VCH 10, 15, 102
166-168, 171, SC/ 57; Special, SCI graph 124; cost of 30, 31, 60; sounds, decibel Reverberation, nature of, SH 15-16
£ 140-145, MATH 170, 171, 174; equipment, SC/ 128, 141; seale, SH chart 173; Reverse osmosis: in body
time dilation, £ 141-142, ws basic: federal programs and suspension during lung (active absorption), FN 85, 94;
166-167, 177, PL 179, 7 145, agencies, SC/ 127; financing, surgery, D 87; voluntary, 8 desalination by, GV 175, W188
147, 150-151, 152-154, 155-165 M 10, SC/ graph 124, 127-129; 123; Reversed perspective: defined,
Relativity physics, SC/ 89, 100 institutes, SC/ 128-129, 139; cellular, C 42, 48, 49, W106; 1V 195; line drawings, LV 147, 163
Relaxant drugs, D 9, 30, 31 and technology, SC/ 145-147; waste products, C 42, 48, 49; Revival of the clinically dead, PH
Releaser: genetic, C 104; sexual, U.S. expenditure for, /v 10, see also Krebs cycle; HY
G 108 SC/ 124, 130, 141; U.S.a control of: brain areas, 8 121, Revolutional momentum, P/ 30-31
Religion, 7 63, 123, 126, 176, 190; latecomer in, SC/ 146-147; 123, 145, 147, D 86, 87, G 105, “On the Revolutions of the
and ancient astronomy and industrial, WCH 114, Sc/ 123- MND 37; by carbon dioxide, 8 Heavenly Bodies,” Copernicus,
calendar-making, P/ 10-11, 124, 127, 129, 136, 137; 122-123, 144; by hormones, PL13
18-19, T 55, 57, 70, 77; and aircraft, F 16, 146, 152; under stress, 8 173; by Revolver, invention of, WCH 80, 194
ancient medicine, 8 16, 20, 21, financing, MCH 114, SC/ graph nerves, D 87, MND 28, 82, 35, Rey, Jean, £ 29
22-23, Buddhism, 7 22-23; 125; pharmaceutical, D 132- 37; and speech, SH 162, 163 Rh factor, 8 84-85, HD 126, 130;
Christianity, 7 61, 62, 190-191; 145, 170, 176, 182-185; Respiratory assembly, in and deafness, SH 153;
effects of science on, SC/ 94, 165, polymers, G/M 14, 104-107, mitochondrion, C 38, 48 incompatibility, HD 126, 129
170-173; Hinduism, 7 190; Islam, 115, 120-121, 126-129. Respiratory diseases, 8 123-124, Rhea (Saturnian moon), PL table 193
T 18-19; nature of, SC/ 171; of See also Medical research D 72, HD 16, 153, 158, 164, Rhenium, VV 133; uses of, / 133
scientists, SC/ 31, 33-34 Research and demonstration 167, PH 41; air pollution and, Rheostat, WHL 150
Remote control oftraffic, WH 11; projects, WHL 11,175, 176 HD 100, 101, 112; asthma, 8 Rhesus monkey, G 170, 171-173,
of electric locomotives, WHL Research scientists, SC/ 30, 31; 123, D 18, 72, 87, HD 60, 112, MS 86
171, 172-173, 188; highway, number of, in U.S., SC/ graph 164, PH 91; bronchitis, B 123, Rheumatic fever, 8 174, PH 91;
WHL 9, 11, 168, 173-174, 177; 31; personality pattern, SC/ HD 100, PH 91; combined cause of, D 118; death rate, D
railroad, WHL 59, 62, 70-71, 32-33 bronchitis and emphysema, graph 173; drug, PH 129
172-173, 188; railroad freight Research submarines, SHP 182- HD 84, 85, 96-97, 101, 112; Rheumatism: drugs, D 30, 51; old
yard, WHL 74-75, 170-171; of 191 common cold, 8 123, D 95, folks’, B 59
robot cars, WHL 177 Reserpine, D 44, 54, 89, 123, 99, 115, 132-133, HD 153, 164, Rheumatoid arthritis, 0 173, HD
Renaissance, MND 9-10, SC/ 108, 124, 125, MND 154-155 167; cystic fibrosis, G 154, HD 18, 94-95, 126; drugs for, D
104; alchemy, V 17-28; bridge Reserve Mining Company, 130, 134-135; drugs, D 72, 86- 128,195, PH 129
construction, WHL 123, 124; taconite mining, EVG 139-143 87; emphysema, D 87, HD 25, Rhind, Henry, MATH 63
clocks, SC/ 42, T 80, 94-97; Reservoirs, W127, 152-153, 154, 96,101, PH 71; lung cancer, Rhind Papyrus, MATH 39, 63, 64
concepts of mind, wD 10, 156, 180-181; of ancient HD 90-91, 92, 101, 112, PH 148- Rhine-Rhone Canal, W125
11; contributions to science, civilizations, W/ 122; uses of, 150; patent medicines, D 160- Rhinoplasty (plastic surgery on
Sc/ 77, 81; instrument W153 161; study of, PH 71; nose), PH 28, 32
making, SC/ 36, 42-43; Residency, hospitals, PH 53, 60, worldwide distribution of, HD Rhizoids, W 112
painting, LV 182, 184, 188- 76, 148; uniform, PH 154 28, map 29. See also Rhizopod, chromosomes of, C 57
191, MATH 96, 98-99, SC/ 166; Resilience of substances, causes Pneumonia; Tuberculosis Rhodium, / 135; uses of, 7 135
science vs. superstition, MATH of, GM 70, 127-128, 149, 160, Respiratory system, 8 15, 52, Rhodnius (insect), G 176
73; shipbuilding, SHP 57-58; 170. See also Elasticity 119-123, D 86, 87; drug effects Rhodopsin, /V 78, 79, 173;
mathematics, MATH 67-68; Resins, GM 79-80; defined, Gv on, D 37, 86-87, 134; critical duration of
algebra, MATH 68-70; and art, 195; epoxy, GM 105; glass embryonic development of, C backreaction, /V 173; defined,
MATH 94, 96, 98-101; teaching, fiber, GV 22; Melamine, Gv 102, G 34, 35, 44-45, 74; lining, LV195
MATH 78-79; 19; phenol-formaldehyde, Gv D 105. See also Bronchi; Lung; Rib cage, 8 57-58, 101, D 86, 87.
medical knowledge, 8 12, 16, 80-81, 115; polycarbonate, Gu Respiration; Windpipe See also Ribs
32, PH 14; anatomical 156-157; polyester, GM 18-19, Retardation. See Mental Riboflavin (vitamin B2), F/V 63,
drawings, 8 32-33, C 125,G 173; Teflon, Gv 147 retardation table 113; sources of, FN table
382, MND 82, 35, PH 23, SH 80, Resistance: electrical, £ 46, 47, Retarders, freight yard, WHL 74- 194-195
32, 148; concepts and 122; in flight, £10, 11, 24, 31, V5 Ribonucleic acid. See RNA
treatment of mental illness, 57 (see also Drag); Rethorst, Scott, VCH 110, 111 Ribosomes, 8 132, C 13-14, 15,
MND 64, 68-69; neurology, mechanical, VCH 16; Reticular system. D 36, VND 176; 22, 72, 195; defined, c 194;
MND 32-33, 35; pharmacy, B in shipping, SHP 32-34; barbiturate effect on, D 46, function of, C 13, 22, G 21, 26
28, D193 frictional, to water, SHP 33- 47; LSD effect on, D 42; pain- Ribs: 8 45; attachment to
Renal circulation, 8 49, 81 34, 43, 173; wavemaking, SHP killer effect on, D 48; breastbone, 8 58; attachment
Rendezvous, space, /S 84, 94- 32-33, 34, 42-43, 173; wind, tranquilizer effect on, D 45 to vertebrae, 8 57, 58; design
95,122, 132-133, 135, 162-163 SHP 34 Retina, 8 37, 154, C 160-161, LV of, 8 57; number of, 8 56
Rennin, FV 83 Resistance distance, VCH 16 53, 54, 57, 59, 80, 81, 84-85, Rice, HD 190; domestication of,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Resistance to disease: “golden 86, 92-94, 168, 169, 195, Mo FN chart 34; farming,
ENG 86,182 age of,” HD 12, 60; heredity 38; blood supply to, 8 88-89; modernization of, FV 186-
Renzetti, Italo, MND 44 factor, HD 15, 119; infectious cells of (see Cones, retinal; 187, HD 190; polished, FV 113-
Repression, MND 81, 84; of diseases, HD 13-14, 20, 36-37, Rods, retinal); dark-and-light 114, HD 81-82, 83; selective
libido, MND 18, 85, 89, 95; of 53, 59, PH 36 (see also adaptation in, LV 78, 172-173; breeding, FN 188-189; HD 190-
other hidden desires, VND 89 Immunity); isolated peoples, description of, /V 76, 77, 93; 191; U.S. exports of, FN table
Reproduction, G 12-16, 40; HD 156; oversheltered detached, false diet for, FV 55; U.S. production of, FV
criterion of life, C 88; DNA individuals, HD 173-174, 176; 155; embryonic formation of, graph 45; in various national
replication, C 62, 64, 66, 70- during pregnancy, G 32; G 38; function of, LV 75, 84; diets, FV 11, 23, 25, 27;
71; hydra, C 114; by plants, G impairment, factors in, HD 13, image inversion on, LV 54, 89, washing, FV 153-154
12-13; sexual, C 56; slime 53; malnutrition, HD 14, 20, 140; origin of word, LV 76; Rice polish, F/V 152, 153
mold, C 109, 111; of viruses, 75-76, 77, 78, 188; stress, HD two-dimensionality of, LV Rice University, Texas ENG 152, 179
C172, 188, D 106, 107, HD 93; 146-147, 153, chart 155, 156 139; Richards, Dickinson W., 8 85, HD
cellular, 8 14, C 55-57, 66-67, Resolution, visual, /V 168, PL 61 light-sensitivity of, /V 170-171, 13, SC/ 194
G 11-12, 14-15; paramecium, Resonance, SH 15, 16; in MNO 34; area of greatest
T 43; reduced in old age, C
Richards, Theodore, SC/ 191
clarinet, SH 91; defined, SH acuity, LV 76; effect of Richardson, Bruce, 7 40, 52
107-108; see also Cells, 16, 193; in ear canal, SH 36, strychnine on, /V 171; Richardson, Lewis Fry, SH 130,
—
———————ss—ssmsm—s—sSssss———ssssssss———C
llr
8-The Body c-The Cell O-Drugs &€-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease LV-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH Machines MNOD-The Mind MsS-Man and Space
PH-The Physician P.-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 WEA 136, 137, 138, 153 Road radio signals, EVG 168 70-71; sounding, MS 14, 42- 36;.87:
Richardson, Owen, SC/ 190 Road signs, ENG 154, 166-167 43, 53, 57, 60; submarine (see ships, SHP 11-12, 34, 35, 37,
Richet, Charles, SC/ 194 Road vehicles, steam-powered, Polaris missile; SUBROC); 38; controlling, SHP 37-38,
Richmann, Georg Wilhelm, WEA 126 MCH 101-102, 108, WHL 31-33, velocities, VS 36-38, 166; 46, 87; synchronous, SHP 37-
Richmond, Va., early electric 30; public resistance to, WHL weather surveillance by, WEA 38, 46
trolley system in, £VG 13, WHL 30, 32 10, 59, 175-176; Rolling friction, WH 12,13
150-151 Roads, WHL 21, 100, 101-107; engines of, VG 78, MCH 110, Rolls Royce turbojet engine, - 76
Rickerman, Hylan, D 105 ancient Rome, ENG 66-67, MS 31-38, 36-37, 40-41, 44-47, Roman Catholic Church,
Rickes, E., FV 113 WHL 25, 102, 103; U.S. 19th 77-78; boosters, ENG 78, MS restrictions on medicine by, PH
Rickets, FV 14, 63, 103, HD 81, Century, WHL 103-104; 30, 44-49, 50, 60, 79, 136-137, 28, 32 ;
82, PH 110 construction, W/HL 102-103, 161; electric, \/ 179; exhaust Roman numerals, VATH 15, 17
Rickettsiae, D 97, HD 48, 49; 104-106; ancient Rome, WHL velocities, M/S 35, 36-37, 193; Rome, ancient, WH 14;
Rickettsia rickettsit, HD 18 102, 103; annual U.S. cost of, noise test, SH 182, 183; calendar, 7 24, 60-62, 72-74;
Rickover, Hyman G., £ 156,175, WHL graph 93, graph 95, 101; nozzles, MCH 129; nuclear, £ deaf in, as outcasts, SH 146;
ENG 127, SHP131 equipment, WHL 106; grade 159,195, MS 37,154, 160-161, demonology, MND 66;
Riemann, Bernhard, VATH 150, and curve specifications, WHL 177; thrust, F 31, MS 44-45; geographical knowledge, SHP
156, 163, 165, 171, SC/ 86, 87; 104-105; McAdam, WHL 102- escape velocities of: from map 153; medical knowledge,
non-Euclidian geometry, 103; planning and surveying, earth, MS 36, 65, 175, PL 84; 8 11, 22-28, 28, 016,18, PH
MATH 156-158, 163 WHL 105-106; subbase, WHL from earth orbit, Ss 164; 12-13, 32, 101 (see also Galen);
Rig, types of, SHP 55, 58, 59, 62, 102, 103, 106; topcoating, WHL from moon, PL 84; from solar neglect of Greek heritage of
63-65, 67, 68-73 102, 103, 106; system, M/S 175; geometry, MATH 50; noise
Right angle, Euclidean postulate, mileage: ancient Rome, ENG fuels, £ 97, VS 134, 137; control in city, SH 174; traffic
MATH 46 66, WHL 102; as measure of alcohol, VV 64, MS 32-33, 36, control in city, WHL 148;
Right triangles: imperfect, national economies, WHL 41; gasoline, MS 32, 41; engineering, ENG 33, 57, / 30,
MATH 43-44; Pythagorean graph 91; rural, in U.S., 1920 hydrocarbon, MS 45, 46; MCH 22, 31; aqueducts, ENG
theorem, MATH 42; vs. 1965, WHL graph 93; U.S. hydrogen peroxide, MS 32; 34, 57, 68-69, W124; bridges,
trigonometric ratios, MATH in 1904 and 1914, WHz 104; kerosene, / 64, MS 36, 45, 46, ENG 57, WHL 123-124; flour
84-85, 86 U.S. in 1966, WHL 9. 137; liquid vs. solid, 59, MS mill, MCH 30, 31; heating
Rigidity of substances: causes of, See also Expressways, 15, 37, 45, 47, 64; liquid system, MCH 139; hydraulics,
GM 127, 157; of various Highways flourine, £ 97, V/V 60, MS 36, 45; ENG 68-69, MCH 32, W121,
plastics, Gi 64, 65, 68-69, Roads to Space Travel, Oberth, liquid hydrogen, /V 60, 64, 124, 145-146, 147; roads, EVG
105, 151-152 MS 194 MS 36, 45, 47, 64, 161; liquid 66-67, WHL 25, 102, 103; tools,
Rigolly, Louis Emile, automobile Roasting, FV 58 oxygen (lox) as oxidizer, V/ ENG 8; wagon design, WHL 24-25;
speed record of, WHL table 170 Robbins, Frederick, SC/ 194 59, 60, 62, 64-65, MS 33, 40, 41, shipping: merchantmen, SHP
Riley, Bridget, painting by, LV Robert, Nicolas-Louis, WCH 194 44-47, 47, 64, 137; 54-55, 58, 75; warships, MCH
146 Robertson, Etienne, WEA 134 nitroglycerin-nitrocellulose, 48, SHP 54, 76, 194
Ring gear, WHL 84-85 Robida, Albert, SC/ 156-157 MS 45; nuclear, £ 159, 195, Roosevelt, Franklin D., £178,
Ring laser, £ 188-189 Robin: song spectrograph, SH MS 87, 160-161; rubidium, 195, £ 129-130, “178, sc/9
Ring structure, molecular. See 73; vision of, LV 10 129; share of take-off weight, Root systems, W103, 110, 112, 113
olecular structure Robins, Benjamin, experiment of, MS 87; testing, E 177; Ropars, Joseph SHP 92
Ripley, George, V 21 F147 history of, VS 194-195; before Rope bridges, ENG 59, WHL 125,
“Ripley Scrowle,” / 20-21 Robinson, Sir Robert, SC/ 192 20th Century, MS 15, 38, 39; 127
Risley, E. A., D 136 Robot cars, WHL 174, 175, 176-177 early Soviet interest in, WS Rose curve, Grandi, MATH graph 84
Ritchell, C. F., WCH 70 Robot ships, of future, SP 172 13, 15; German initiative, VS Rosen, Mark, ENG 96
Ritter, Johann Wilhelm, £ 72-73 Robots, VND 179, 188-189; 1884 14-15, 16, 31-35, 38, 40-41, 68, Rosen, Paul, EVG 96
Ritty, James, VCH 194 cartoon, SC/ 151; household, 72; Goddard’s contribution, Rosen, Samuel, SH 31-32, 149-150
River-based ancient civilizations, ENG 176; predictions for, SC/ MS 18-14, 15, 31, 40-41, 62, Rosenhof, A. J. Rdsel von, C 105
w 121-124 148 63-73; liquid fuel, Rosing, Boris, EVG 11
River systems, WV 81-82, 92 Rock: dehydration of, W 36; introduction of, VCH 195, MS Ross, Morris H., FV 169, 170
Rivers, W 37, 48, 80-83; earliest dated, 7129; erosion 15, 63, 64; Ross, Sir Ronald, HD 36, SC/ 194
biological balance of, W175- of, W74, 75, 77-78, 79-80, 86, materials: nose cone, GV 171, Rossby, Carl-Gustay, WEA 148-149
176; channel-shifting of, W 88, 90-95, 99; formation of, 7 M 106, 116, 130; skin, VV 132- Rossi-Fanelli, Alessandro, SC/ 112
81, 83, 96, 100-101; 125; igneous, 7 129; porous 133; synthetic, GV 148, 162, Rosslin, Eucharius, G 34
classification of, W 81; erosive vs. impermeable, W 56; V7, 3M LG: Rotary engine, F 78-79
force of, W 74, 75, 80-81, 82- radioactive dating, 7128-129, steering, VS 33-34, 156-157; Rotary motion, M/CH 15-16. See
83, 86-87, 94-97, 100-101; as 131, 140; sedimentary, 7 129, inertial guidance also Motion, conversion of
exposures of water table, W w 90; strata contents, 7 123, (gyroscope), MS 33-34, 40, 41; Rotational momentum, PL 30-31
56-57, 61; flooding, W 58, 97, 126, 129, 140-141; volcanic, W ring laser, £ 188 Rotational time, 7105, 107
121-122, 123, 126, 127, 139, 94, 95, 99; water of hydration “Rockoons,” /S 57, 60 Roth, Richard, EVG 102-103
WEA 10, 26-27; gaining, W 64; in, W 36, 60 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Rotor, £ 130-131; automobile
Ganga, W128, 129-141, 142; Rockefeller, John D. Sr., (VV 151, HD 48-49, PH 142 distributor, WHL 80
in hydrologic cycle, W 37-38, WHL 56 Rocky Mountains, 7 140, WEA Rotterdam, Netherlands: below
39, 41, 43; life cycle of, Ww78- Rockefeller Foundation, 0 190, 15, 85; age of, W100 sea level, W/ 161; port
79, 81; losing, W 65; Se@pZ9 Rodents, and disease: malaria, facilities, SHP 109; subways,
meandering of, W 78-79, 83, Rockefeller University, The HD 43; plague, HD 33-34 WHL 154
86-87, 96-97, 100-101; (formerly Rockefeller Rodgers, Calbraith Perry, F 93, Rouault, Georges, // 186
repienishment by Institute), C 59, 132, 134-145, 123-124, 194 Roughage, FN 155
groundwater, W/ 55, 57, 64; 171, HD 180, PH 54, Sc/ 120 Rodia, Simon, 7 189 Round window (ear), SH 43-45,
seepage into water table, W Rocket (early locomotive),W/CH Rods, retinal (photoreceptors), 8 71-72
64, 65; sources of, W130; 59, WHL 36-87, 40; boiler 148, 154, C 161, LV 76-77, 94, Rous, Francis, SC/ 194
theory of energy loss of, W design, WHL 36, 37 168, 169, 171, 195; function Roux, Wilhelm, G 36
82-83; tributaries, W/ 81-82; Rocket engines, WCH 110; in of, LV 76, 94, 171; number of, Rowlandson, Thomas, cartoon
pollution of, HD 103-104, 109, aircraft, F 85-86, 149. See also in human eye, LV 76; pooling by,D79
map 111, W165, 174-176, 190- Rockets, engines of action of, £V 171-172; Royal Academy of Science,
191; in 19th Century Rocket into Interplanetary proportion to cones, in man Sweden SC/ 178-179
England, HD 52, 53-54, 67; Space, The, Goddard, V/s 14, vs. owl, LV 77; sensitivity of, Royal Caroline Institute of
self-purification, W table 175; 122, 194 in different parts of Medicine, Sweden, SC/ 178, 179
power potential of, £ 16, 20, Rocket planes: Bel! X-1, F 88, spectrum, LV 77, graph 170; Royal Society of London, £ 52,
21; position energy, W 82; 89,186; drawbacks, F 34, 86; visual pigment of, LV 78-79 HD 56, MATH 112, 113, Sc/
statistics: amount of water first, F 195; speed, F 34; X-15, Roe, Anne, SC/ 32-33 122,125, 126, 146, WEA 155
held in, W 37, table 38, 42; F 84, 35, 148, 150, 190 Roebling, John Augustus, EG R6ze, Marie Hippolyte, SH 108
largest, W/81; mileage in U.S., Rockets: basic principle of, M/s 10, 194, WHL 126-129, 130 Rozier, Jean-Francois Pilatre de,
w 42; number of, Ww42 15, 32; design of, F 34, MS Roebling, Washington, WH 128-130 E34, £32,194, Ms 27
Riveting, SHP 26 32-33, 37, 40-41, 44-51; fueling Roentgen, Wilhelm Conrad, / RTV 615 (plastic), GV 154, 155
RNA (ribonucleic acid), C 52, GM of, M 64-65; gravity 107, 180, 182, PH 96, SC/ 189; Rubber: industry, GV 108, 109,
177; adapter-RNA, G 26; propulsion of, MS 164-165; discovery of X-rays, £ 74, M 123-124, 128-131, 149-151;
cellular production of, C 72; gyroscopic stabilizer, M/S 68; 101-102, 120; Nobel Prize specific heat of, £ table 36;
defined, C 194; function of, C interplanetary flight, /s 36, certificate, VM 100, SC/ 184 natural, GV 56, 102, 104, 122,
48-19, 160-164; interstellar Rogallo, Francis M., MCH 112- 123, 124-126, 150, / 111;
72, 73, G 26; laboratory
113 foam, GM 142; hard, GM 128;
synthesis of, C 75, 76; and flight, MS 165-167, 175;
launch pad, M/S 90; launching, Roget, Peter Mark, LV 175 matched by polyisoprene, GV
memory, C 154-155, Gu 177;
M 65, MS 79; multistage, ENG Rohrbach, Adolf, £ 103, 104 131; molecular structure of,
messenger-RNA, C 72, 73, G
79, MS 33, 38, 44-47, 193; Roll (motion): defined, SHP 37; GM 125-126, 127, 160, VM 107;
26; research, C 134, 142-144;
recovery parachutes, M/S 48, aircraft, £ 36; controlling, F monomer, GM 126, 160;
transfer-RNA, C 72, 73
eeee arrNien EERE ene
 Rust, John, VCH 195 SHP 59, 61, 184, 138, 139-143, 116, 117-118; balance,
polymerization of, GM 126;
sources of, GM 124, 125, WHL Rust, V 134 194-195; northern, SHP 54, 56- maintaining of, D 92-93; and
89; vulcanization of, Gv 124, Rust-proofing, SHP 20 57, 59; and rolling, SHP 34; nerve impulse transmission,
127, 128, 131; vulcanized vs. Rutgers University, HD 114 Roman merchantman, SHP 8 145, 146; in plasma, ;
unvuleanized, GM 130-131; Ruthenium, (/ 135; use of, V 54-55, 58, 75; schooner, SHP Macallam’s theory, C 89; in
physical properties: cold- 135 53, 60, 62, 195; southern, SHP urine, D 92-93, W 117-118;
resistance, GV 131; elasticity, Rutherford, Ernest, Lord, £ 77, 54-56, 58, 194; square-rigger, various animals, W 118;
GM 70, 130-131, 149-151, 194, Gu 101, M 121-128, 152, SHP 52, 53, 54-55, 56, 58, 59, mining: by evaporation, F 182-
113; flexibility, Gv 70,131,“ 153-154, 169, 180, 186, Sc/ 48, 61, 62, 67, 70-71; steering, SHP 183, M 128-129; hoist, ENG 74-
113; heat resistance, GV 131, 191, T 128; his concept of 55, 56, 57, 58, 59; various 155
154, 155; resilience, GM 70, atom, M 123,124, 125; nuclear types, SHP 53, 194-195; Viking water: in brakish zones, /W/64,
127-128, 149, 160; experiments, £ 169-170, longship, SHP 56-57, 59, 75; 65; oceans, C 89, M129, W 36,
synthetic, GV 16, 22-23, 70, Teal yachts, SHP 50-51, 62, 63, 64, 110, 118; percentage of total
74, 128-131, 138, 140, 150, 160- Ruthner, Othmar, F/V 168 65, 67, 69, 72-73 global water, W 37, table 38;
161; Adiprene, GM 150, 151; Rutile, crystal type, V 101 Sailplanes. See Gliders Red Sea, W/ 39-40; some
Buna, GV 129,131; Buna S, Ruzicka, Leopold, SC/ 192 St. Augustine, 79 lakes, W 52
GM 129, 130; butyl, Gv 129, Ryan XV-5A (VTOL plane), F 98, St. Christopher, Diirer, LV 180- Salt bed, W100, 101
130, 131, 140, chart 141, 160- 151 181 Salt cedar tree, W 72-73
161; cis-polybutadiene, GV Rye: domestication of, FN 35; St. Cosmas, PH 16, 17, 19 Salt formers. See Halogens
160-161; consumption of, / LSD made from mold of, D St. Damian, PH 16, 17, 19 Salt-free diet, D 78
114; copolymer, GV 57, 129; 43; root system of, W112 St. Denis, Manley, SHP 39 Salt gland, W/ 118; of herring
fluorocarbon, GV 149; Rye whiskey, composition of, D St. Dympna, ND 67 gull, W119
invention of, GV 125-126, 128- table 38 St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, W Salt grass, W/ 61
129, Vv 107-108; monomers, 88-89 Salt Lake City, Oak Hills theater,
GM 129, 160; neoprene, GM S St. Elmo’s fire, £ 128-129 WHL 112-113
20, 24-25, 106, 108, 109, 128- St. Etienne, Cathedral of, Salt lakes, W table 38, 52, 86-87,
129, 180, 131, chart 137; S-64 Sikorsky helicopter, f 170 Bourges, ENG 72-73 100-101
nitrile, GV 140; polyisoprene, Sabatier, Paul, SC/ 191-192 Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de, F Salt River, W/171, 174
GM 181; polymerization of, Sabin, Albert, C 190, PH 36 156, MCH 101 Salts, defined, W/ 195
GM 129; polyurethane, GV Sabine, Wallace C., SH 15-16 St. John, Charles, PL 125 Saltern, V 128-129
24,181, 142, chart 148, 7 112; Sabrejet F-86, F 38 St. John the Divine, Cathedral Saltpeter, D 11, 28
raw materials, G/V 62, 104, Sacavem, Portugal, nuclear of, New York, 7 190-191 Salvarsan 606, discovery of, D
129, 130, 132, v7 112; Silastic, reactor, £ 154 St. Lawrence, Gulf of, astrobleme 96, 193, PH 195
ENG 1538, GM 176, 177; Sachs, Howard, PH 64-65 features, PL 88 Samarium, V/ 146
silicone, EVG 151, Gv 131, Sacral nerves, 8 51 St. Lawrence hydraulic power Samarsky,V. E., v 146
164-165, 176, PH 178, 189; Sacramento, Calif., SC/ map 131 development, ENG 77 Samios, Nicholas, SC/ 65, 66, 70-
silicone RTV 615, Gu 154, Sacramento River, Shasta Dam, St. Lawrence Seaway, W 125- 71
155; in spandex, GV 149-151; W 156-157, 159 126, 163; Development Samoa: adolescence in, G 112;
styrene-butadiene, GV 129, Sacramento Valley, WEA 15 Corporation, SHP 110; cultural values, G 111
130, 140; Thiokol, Gv 130; Sacred Fungus (“divine Welland Canal locks, Ww 162 Samos (reconnaissance satellite),
transparent, GV 154, 155; mushrooms’’), VND 152, 155 St. Louis, Mo.: Eads’ bridge at, Ms 81
transpolybutadiene, G/v 160; Sacrum (bone), 8 45 WHL 124-126, 127, 128, 129; San Andreas Fault, P/ 37
various uses of, V 112-113, “Saddle points,” in game theory, Poplar Street Bridge, WHL San Diego, Calif., SC/ map 131,
WHL 89; Vulcollan, Gu 150, MATH 176 131; smog, WEA 119 141; port facilities, SHP 109
151; in World War II, Gu 15, Safety Appliance Act, WH 59 St. Louis encephalitis, Houston San Francisco, U.S.S., SHP 195
123-124, 129-131 Safety engineering: automobile, epidemic of 1964, PH 107 San Francisco, Calif., WEA 15,
Rubber-band-powered plane, F ENG 26-27, WHL 85; ocean St. Luke’s Hospital, Manhattan, WHL 77, 84; BART system
12, 14 liner, SHP 96-97; railroads, FN 142-143, 169 (Bay Area Rapid Transit),
Rubber cement, GV 70 WHL 57-59, 66-69, 191 St. Martin, Alexis, 8 99-100, 102 WHL 172-1738, 175, 177;
Rubber shredder, invention of, Sagan, Carl, V/s 154 St. Mary of Bethlehem hospital, bridges, WHZ 130, 131; plague
MCH 194 Sahara Desert, WEA 28-29; London, MND 68-69 of 1900, HD 34; pollution
Rubber tree, G7 124, 125 groundwater, W 54, 55; oasis, St. Mary’s Hospital, Rochester, problems, ENG 174; as science
Rubidium, VV 36, 128, 129; W 54; oil blaze, £ 110-111 Minn., PH 128 center, SC/130, map 131;
radioactivity, / 129; uses of, Sail(s): application of St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, subways, WHL 154
M129 aerodynamics to, SHP 62, 64- whispering gallery in, SH 19 San Francisco Airport, ACV
Rubidium 87, 7129 65; basic types of, SHP 55; St. Thomas Aquinas, MATH 88 traffic at, WHL 180-181
Ruby, V 132 early history, MCH 12, 13, 48- St. Vincent’s Hospital, New York San Gabriel River, W127
Rudder: 49; fore-and-aft, SHP55, 59, City, cardiac emergency San Giuliano Bridge, Italy, W/HZ
aircraft, £ 63,70, 71, 112, 113; 64, 67, 70; furling, SHP55; procedures, PH 156, 157-167 136
early planes, F 12, 24; Wright invention of, MCH 193, SHP St. Zenobius, VND 66 San Joaquin Valley, sinking of,
brothers’, F 24, 25, 29, MCH 58; jib, SHP 59, 65, 70; lateen, Salad oil, FV 44 W 66
108; SHP 55-56, 58, 59, 69, 194; Salads, FV 152 San Martin, the, SHP 141
ships, SHP 87; hydraulic main, SHP 63, 65, 71, 72-73; Salamander: embryo studies on, Sanctorius (Italian physician), F/V
mechanism, SHP 92-93; mizzen, SHP 71, 72-73; royal, G 38-40; regenerative 86; thermometer of, £ 32
sailships of past, SHP 55, 56, SHP 70; skysail, SHP 70; capability of, 0 174, G 174- Sand: permeability of, W/ 56, 65;
57, 58,59; shape of, SHP 44 spinnaker, SHP 63,71, 72-73; 175 as raw material, Gi 165
Rudder pedal, aircraft, F 112 spritsail, SHP 58, 59; square, Salamis, battle of, SHP 136, 137, Sand Reckoner, Archimedes,
Rudder trim crank, aircraft, £ 112 SHP 54-55, 56, 58, 59, 67, 70, 138 MATH 47
Ruderman, James, ENG 102, 103 194; staysail, SHP 59, 70, 71, Salicylates, 0 121 Sandglass, as navigational aid,
Rudolff, Christoff, WATH 18, 49 72-73; studding, SHP 59; Salicylism, acute, D 9 SHP 156
Rueff, Jacobus, G 152 synthetic materials, Gi 23, Salinity. See Salt, in body fluids; Sandhopper, 7 46; measurement
Ruggles, Daniel, WEA 89 SHP 67, 71; tasseled, SHP 54; Salt, water of activity, 7 47
Ruhr Valley, Germany, anti- topgallant, SHP 70; topsail, Salisbury Cathedral, 7 92 Sandstone, porosity of, W/ 56, 59
pollution program of, W177 SHP 55, 58, 70 Saliva, 8 99, 110, 115, 160, 169, Sandstorms, WEA 29, 116
Rum, composition of, D table 38 Sailing: history of, SHP 53-62; FN 81, 88, SH 173 Sanger, Eugen, VS 195
Rumford, Count (Benjamin main “points” of, SHP 66; as Salivary glands, & 101, 169, FIV Sanger, Frederick, SC/ 193
Thompson), £ 35-36, 38, 42, a sport, SHP 50-51, 53, 63, 64, 81, 82, G 56; cell from, G 20 Sanitation, HD 33, 36, 54-56, 60,
43, 48, 51, WEA 37-38 65, 67, 70, 72-73; to the wind, Salk, Jonas, C188, 190 62, PH 138; British pioneering
Running, in sailing, SHP 66 SHP 55, 64, 66-67 Salk, Lee, G 58-59 in, HD 54-56, 66-67; and
Running fix, SHP 164 Sailing vessels, W/CH 12, 13, 48- Salpétriére asylum, Paris, VVD infectious diseases, HD 14,
Runoff, //39, 56, 80; erosion 49, SHP 58-62, 63-73; with 70-71 20, 38, 36, 41, 54-56, 60, 61,
by, W 85, 92-93 auxiliary steam power, SHP Salt (sodium chloride), Gv 44, 62, 186; lack in Middle Ages,
Runways: length, F 98; lighting, 61, 77; caravel, SHP57, 58, 45, 51, / 129; erosive force PH 13; lack in 19th Century
as early landing aid, F 125; 194; carrack, SHP 59, 194; of crystals, W 90, 91; heat cities, HD 53-54, 55; modern
Microvision picture of, F 152 clipper, SHP 30, 54, 60-61, release in formation of, £ 97; measures, HD 14; surgical
Ruptured eardrum, SH 148, 172 graph 105, 195; cog, SHP 54, molecular bond, £ 95, 96, Gv
Rush, Benjamin, HD 35, MND 68
practices, HD 56, 57-58, 64,
57, 58, 59; development 102, M 104, W 11; particles in 68-69. See also Sewage
Rusk, Dean, FV 182 phases, SHP 54; down easter, air, WEA 84, 88, 92; raw Sans Pareil (early locomotive),
Ruskey, Louis, 8 95 SHP 61; full-rigged, SHP 54, material for synthetics,
Ruskin, John, WEA 147
WHL 36,37
59, 60-61, 70-71, 194; history 112; solubility, w/11; table, Santa Ana Freeway, Los Angeles,
Russell, Sir Bertrand, VATH 9, of, SHP 53-62, 75; junk, SHP iodized, FN 68, 153, G 134; X-
174, MCH 84 WHL 10
53, 56, 62, 68-69, 195; largest ray study of crystal, /v 101; sue Barbara, Calif., SC/ map
Russell, William Howard, ENG 61 built, SHP 70; lateener, SHP in body fluids, 8 82, 124, 125,
Russia. See Soviet Union 56, 57, 58, 62; men-of-war, 173-174, w 107-108, 110, Santa Maria, the, SHP 57, 58-

8-The Body c-The Cell bD-Drugs &-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease /V-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets SC/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time W-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 59, 75 : mass, P/ 170-171; rotational 76, 77, 81 verification of theory, SC/ 57-58
Santiago de Cuba, 1908 Yellow period (day), PL 171; size School buses, effect on school Scientific theory. See Theory
fever epidemic, PH 140 comparison, PL 11; size, WHL 10, 84, 92, graph 93 Scientist(s), 4 38, 39-49, SC/
Santos-Dumont, Alberto, £ 194, temperatures, PL 171, 182; Schooner, SH? 53, 60, 62, 193, (entire vol.); anecdotes, SC/ 10-
SC/ 158 measurement of, PL 73 195 16; compared to engineer,
Sara Lee, Kitchens of, VCH 186- Saturn rocket, and flight to Mars, Schriever, Bernard A., £171 ENG 9; dating of term, /V 31,
187 MS 158-159 Schrodinger, Erwin, GV 101, Vv SC/ 29; definitions, SC/ 29;
Sarabhai, Vikram, SC/ 117 Saturn I (rocket), M/S 47 126, 158, 186, SC/ 189 1.Q. and personality tests of,
Saran, GV 62 Saturn IB (rocket), WS 47 Schulze, Johann Heinrich, SC/ SC/ 32-33, 34; mathematical
Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 8 62 Saturn V (rocket), EVG 79, MS 148 aptitude of, SC/ 32, 34;
Sarsens, Stonehenge, 7 57 30, 46-47, 77, 106, 124, 131- Schutzenberger, Paul, Gi 78 mentality types, Sc/ 30, 51;
Sartorius muscles, 8 47, 61 135, 175; booster, MS 136-137; Schwandbach Bridge, origin of term, SC/ 29;
Saskatchewan Hospital, Canada, fuel, MS 47, 137 Switzerland, WHL 137 personality of, Sc/ 10-16, 32-
MND 63 Saudi Arabia, fuel resources, £ Schwann, Theodor, 8 13, Cc 9, 33; political repression of, SC/
Sassafras, D 28 193 SC! 83 35-36, 112; popular image of,
Satellite, defined, Vs 193 Sauer, E.G.F., 737-38 Schwartz, Harold, HD 123 SC/ 30-31; prestige of, SC/ 34,
Satellite city, European, WHL Saussure, Horace Benedict de, Schwinger, Julian, SC/ 189 36; range of meaning of term,
164-165 WEA 142, 143 Sciatic nerve, 8 51 SC/ 30; shortage of, SC/ 130;
Satellite platforms, Vs 94 Savage, John Lucian, EVG 14 Science: applied, SC/ 145-148; theoretical, SC/ 30, 51, 82;
Satellites, man-made, VS 75-84; Savannah, N.S., £195, SC/ associations, SC/ 125-126; education of, SC/ 103, 138-139,
early research and 144, SHP172 basic (theoretical), Sc/ 76, 79- 142; ancient, SC/ 79-80; fund
development, /S 54-62; first Savannah, the (sailship with 80, 145-148; branches of, SC/ sources and expenditures, SC/
Soviet, MS 75; first U.S., ws auxiliary steam), SHP 177 75, 77, 84, 85-101; definitions, graph 125; medieval, Sc/ 104;
53, 76, 77; instrumentation Savery, Thomas, VCH 57; and SC/ 29, 146; goals of, ENG 9; need for crossfertilization
of, MS 58; manned, V/s 79-80, horsepower unit, £ 45, MCH growth, SC/ 123-124, 129-130; with humanities, SC/ 109-110;
88-96; 1929 conception of, SC/ 56; steam engine of, F 44, history of, SC/ 77-83; statistics on: distribution in
163; orbital speed, M/S 36; MCH 58-54, 60, 62, 1938, W149 information, dissemination U.S., SC/ map 30; divorce
orbits of, MS 82, 102, 116; Sawing noise: analysis of, SH of, SC/ 108-110; nature of, as rates, SC/ 33; home
proliferation of, WS 77, 81; 184; controlling, SH 187 distinct from other background (religious, class,
radiation shields, VS 189; Sayre, Daniel, WEA 149 knowledge, SC/ 30, 75; need regional), SC/ 33-34; income,
systems of future, SC/ 149; Scabies, ancient drug for, 0 13 for cross-fertilization with MA1, PH table 128; 1.Q. levels,
use of solar cells in, £ 71, Scallop, eyespots of, LV 18 humanities, SC/ 109-110, 173; SC/ 32; number of living, SC/
182; Scalpel, PH 103 organizations, SC/ 125-129; 30; number in U.S., SC/ graph
uses of, VS 80, 99-106, 107- Scandinavia: man’s growth origin of term, SC/ 29; 31, 124; Ph.D.s and
119; astronomical trend in, G 86; puberty age popularization of, SC/ 108, academicians, V/ 48, Sc/ 30
observatories, M/S 105, 110- in, G chart 87 106-107; publications, SC/ Scintillation counter, C 136, 137,
111, PL 67; geodetic, Ws 104; Scandium, V 37, 131 102, 106-108, graph 109; 139
navigation, MS 80, 103, SHP Scapula (bone), 8 45 research equipment, cost of, Scissors, VCH 19
158; reconnaissance, VS 78, Scar tissue, HD 13; arterial, HD SC/ 128; teamwork, Sc/ 1138, Sclera, LV 84-85, 195
80-81, 84, 103, 116; see also 89; squamous, HD 90-91; 123; U.S. expenditures for, V Scopolamine, D 13, 62
Communications satellites; synovial, HD 94-95 10, SC/ graphs 124-125; Score (communications satellite),
Weather satellites Scarlet fever, HD 9, PH 110; specialties, SC/ 75-77, 82, 84, Ms 118
Satellites, planetary, V/s 148, PL deafness from, SH 153 85, charts 86-101; Scotch whiskey, composition of,
10, 83, table 193; SCAT 15F (airplane model), F 144 communications problems D table 38
of Jupiter, VS 9, 152, PL 61, Scattering of light, /V 96, 100- between, SC/ 107; dating of Scotchgard, GV 149
71, 152, 153, 162-163; Callisto, 101, 102,195, M 86-87; and terms for, SC/ 29; Scotia, S.S., SHP 80
Europa, PL 163, table 193; eye coloring, LV 56 interdisciplinary, SC/ 75, chart Scott, Robert F., VS 126
Ganymede, MS 152, PL 163, Scent, as navigational aid, SHP 100-101; number of, SC/ 75; Scramjet, £ 148
table 193; lo, PL 158, 163, table 152 ranking order, SC/ 76 Screw, VCH 10, 16, 27; basic
193; Sceptical Chymist, The, Boyle, Science, la, French term, SC/ 29 function, WCH 27; familiar
of Mars: Deimos, P/ 139, table M 30 Science, periodical, SC/ 107 examples, MCH 17, 26-27, 133;
193; Phobos, PL 139, table 193; Schaefer, Vincent J., WEA 89, 103 Science Advisory Committee, SC/ mechanical advantage, CH
of Neptune: Nereid, PL table Schawlow, Arthur, SC/ 136 126-127 27; water-raising, VCH 26-27,
193; Triton, PL 183, table 193; Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, // 56 Science fiction, /S 10-12, 16, 18- 29-30, 31, 193, W 145-146;
of Saturn, PL 163, 172, 183, Scheelite, crystal type, / 101 19, 22-25, 28-29, 64, PL 90, 92, ship’s, VCH 17, 27; design, SHP
table 193; Dione, Enceladus, Scheer, Alan A., SH 150-151 137,180, Sc/ 160, 162, 178, 7 31, 80, 81, 82; nuclear
Hyperion, Iapetus, Janus, Scheiner, Christopher, LV 53 173; New Atlantis, SC/ 153 submarines, SHP 132; ocean
imas, Phoebe, Rhea, Schenck, Joseph, D 163 Science institutes and liner, SHP 87, 94; vs. paddle
Tethys, PL table 193; Titan, PL Schiaparelli, Giovanni, P/ 132, laboratories, SC/ 125, 127-129 wheel, SHP 78, 79-80, 81;
183, table 193; 142; canali maps of, PL 142, 143 Science libraries, automated, SC/ power of, and
of Uranus, PL 183; Ariel, Schick, Jacob, VCH 195 108-109 maneuverability, SHP 44
Miranda, Oberon, Titania, Schiff, J. M., 8171 Science teachers, number of, in Screw press, VCH 35
Umbriel, Pl table 193. chine! Airport, Amsterdam, WHL U.S., SC/ graph 31, 124 Screwworm fly, pest control, £
See also Moon Scientific American, MS 64, 164-165
ra center, in appestat, F/V Schirra, Walter, VV 65, V/s 91, WHL 126, 129 Scripps Institution of
2 95, 96-97 Scientific concepts, SC/ 55-57, 59- Oceanography, SC/ 141
Saturation, zone of, 56, 64, 195 Schistosoma mansoni, HD 41; 62; deduction of theory from, Scrotal cancer, HD 92
Saturn (planet), P/ 10, 13, 24, eggs, HD 40 SC/ 56-57, 58; “operationally Scully, Michael, EVG 95
94, 170-172, 182-183; in Schistosomiasis, 1D 40-41, 162 defined,” Sc/ 55 Sculpture, urethane foam, GV
astrology, PL 11; composition Schizophrenia, MVD 60-61, 90, Scientific data, defined, SC/ 54 26,27
of, MS 153, PL170; core of, PL PH 170, T 13-14; artistic Scientific engineering, VG 39, Scurvy, FV 14, 103-104, 105,
171; gravitation of, PL 172; ice expression of, MND 138-143, 86, 88 127, 155, HD 80-81, 128
on, W 35; orbit of, PL 194; in 150-151; defined, MND 60; Scientific fact, SC/ 53-55, 58-59; Sea Breeze, WEA 15, 40, 59-60, 72
Ptolemaic system, PL 23; environmental vs. genetic interaction with theory, SC/ Sea catfish, SH 68
question of life zone on, PL theory of, HD 126, 128, ww 61- 53-58; protocol facts, SC/54- Sea cucumber, holothurin of, 0
173, 182; question of 62; false diet for, FV 155; 55, 58; qualitative, SC/ 55; 126
magnetism and radiation forms of, and their quantitative, SC/ 55 Sea gull, eyes of, LV 58-59
belt, PL 172; radio emissions symptoms, WD 60-61, 141; Scientific idea: interaction with Sea-Land Service, Inc., SHP 109
of, PL 172; rings of, MS 152, LSD and, D 42, VND 158, 166; fact, SC/ 51, 53,145; Sea lions, echolocation by, SH 142
treatment of, MND 62-64, 74- rationalist-empiricist “Sea Moss,” C 112-113
PL 170, 171-172, 182-183;
79, 90, 158 dispute, SC/ 59; vs. reality, in Sea of Clouds (lunar feature),PL
satellites of, VS 152, PL 163,
172, 183, table 193; symbol, Schleiden, Matthias, 8 13, Cc 9, advanced science, SC/ 58-62
SCI 83 Scientific laws, analytic Sea ofCrises. See Mare Crisium
PL 8; telescopic observation Sea of Rains. See Mare Imbrium
of, PL 171; wind bands of, PL Schliemann, Heinrich, 7 132-133 formulation of, WATH 87
Schlieren photography, £ 50, Scientific method, VV 30-31, SC/ Sea of Tranquillity. See Mare
gale Tranquillitatis
atmosphere of: clouds, P/ 171; 178-179 30, 51-58, 62, 77, 81, 145, 173;
Schmidlap, Johann, /S 38 deduction, / 31, MATH 39-40, Sea Orbit, Operation, SHP 172
composition, M/S 152, PL 171;
Schmidt, George, V/ 42 82, SC/ 56-57, 79; essence Sea squirt, antibiotic substance
lack of oxygen, PL 182; in, D 125
pressure, PL 171; Schmiedeberg, Oswald, D 194 (steps) of, SC/ 52, 58;
Schneiker, Fred P., VS 54 induction, MV 31, MATH 39, SC/ Sea trial of ships, SH? 16
temperatures, PL 171, 182; Sea turtle, migration of, 7 48-49
statistical data, VS table 193, Schnell, Herman, G/V/ 156 56; measurement, SC/ 54-56;
Schober, F. W., SH 153 not equally workable in all Sea urchins, embryo studies on,
PL table 193; density, PL 170- G 36-37
171; diameter, P/ 171; Schoeffer, Peter, VCH 35 sciences, SC/ 76, 82;
Schoénbein, Christian, G/V 73, 75- observation, SC/ 54; Sea wasp, D 142,143
duration of year, PL 171;
Oe

187
 Selective-resonance theory of Set theory, VATH 170, Shale, erosion of, W 85, 92-93,
Seaborg, Glenn T., £ 172-173,
195, SC/ 191 hearing, SH 53 172-173, 195; Venn diagram, 94; porosity of, W 65
Seafood, FV 27. See also Fish; Selenites, of H. G. Wells, PL 90, MATH 171 Shamal (wind), WEA 29
Shellfish 92 Seth Thomas clock, VCH 88 Shaman, Blackfoot medicine
Seamen’s hospitals, PH 132, 134- Selenium, / 141; body need for, Settebello (Italian passenger man, PH 11
135,174 FN 15; uses of, V 141 train), WHL 189 Shangri-La, 7 map 168
Searle (G.D.) & Co., 0 128 Selenography, PL 85 Seurat, Georges, paintings by, LV Shanidar Cave, FV 33
Seasonal cycles of organisms, 7 Self-preservation drive, VND 85- 119, 184-185, MATH 97 Shannon, Claude VA7H 50, 51,
39, 56; lacking in man, 741, 86 Seven-day week, 7 24, 61, 66 SC/ 147
55 Self-realization, Adlerian, WD 17-ketosteroid, hormone, PH 65 Shaper, electric-powered, VCH 8
Seasons: cause of, P/ 10-11, 132, 87, 88 Seventh Day Adventists, 7 63 Shapley, Harlow, SC/ 172
WEA 12,18; of earth, PL 10-11, Self-starter, automobile, \/ 105, Severin Bridge, Cologne, Shark jaw,.G 117
52-53, 1338, 7 72-73; and 195, WHL 80 Germany, WHL 142-143 Shasta Dam, W 156-157, 159
growth rates, G 137; man’s Selye, Hans, HD 150, 156 Severinus, SC/ 82 Shaw, George Bernard, F/V 150,
ties to, 7 20-21, 54-55; of Semaphore communication, VCH Sewage: ancient civilizations, 155, SC/ 173, 7185
Mars, PL 33, 131, 132-133, 146- 146,147 sewers of, W 123; disposal, Shaw, Sir Napier, WEA 153
151; Venus’ lack of, PL 120 Semenoy, Nikolaj, SC/ 191 early reform movement, HD Shay, WHL15
Seat belts, automobile, EVG 26- Semiaquatic plants, W112 55, 66-67; disposal, New York Shea, John, SH 150
27 Semicircle, angles within, Thales City, HD 103, 106, 108, 110, Sheep: domestication of, FV 33,
Seattle, Wash., floating pontoon proposition, MATH 41 map 111, 116-117; 19th 34; number of offspring, G173
bridges, WHL 140-141 Semicircular canals, 8 152, SH Century urban conditions, Sheldon, William H., 8 41
Seawater: animal adaptations 43, 150, 193; function of, SH HD 53, 54, 55; pollution by, Shellac, GV 79-80
to, W118, 119; as aqueous 32,43 HD 108, 106, 108, 110, W176, Shelley, Percy Bysshe, F/V 155,
solution, W 11; cause of color Semiconductors, VV 10, 105-106, 190; rural India, HD 20; SC/ 166
of, £V101-102; distillation (see MATH 82, SCI 149 treatment of, GV 169, 175, HD Shellfish, F/V 27; digestibility of,
Desalination); salinity of, c Semimembranosus (muscle), 8 98, map 111, 116-117, W174, FN 59
89, M129, W36, 110, 118; as 47 176 Shells, growing patterns, G 10-
source of raw materials, ENG Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp, HD Sewing machine, /CH 80; early 11, 120-121, MATH 92-93
122,125, 130-131, 175, w 164- 56, 58, 64, PH 31, 35, 194 patent models, VCH 164-165; Shen Nung, Chinese Emperor, D
165 Sénac, Jean Baptiste de, D 81 invention of, WCH 194; sound 18
Seaweed: artificial, Gi 20, 21; Senarens, Lu, SC/ 156 waves, SH 45 Shenandoah Valley, limestone
as food source of future, EVG Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, VD Sex: behavior, hormone caves, W 80,
175; HD 79; in Japanese diet, 15, 135 experiments, MND 177-178; Shepard, Alan B. Jr., M/S 80, 86,
FN 26,27; as source of Sengel, Philippe, G 48 desire, G 107; determining 90, 91
cellulose, GV 85, 86 Senility, 8 146, 0 174 factors, G 15, 154-155, 177- Sherman, Howard, ENG 84
Sebaceous glands, & 38, 41,169, Senna, PH 11 178; deviation, MND 178; Sherman, William T., WH 46
D104 Sennacherib, King, W123 heredity and, G 177; Sherrington, Sir Charles, (177,
Sebring, Fla., car race, WHL 18- Sensation: in experimental maturation (see Puberty); MND 33, 180, SC/ 193
119 psychology, MND 11-13, 15, relations, adolescents, G 110- Shettles, Landrum B., G 176-177
Sebum, D 104,105 40; Fechner’s law of, SH 81- 113; statistics on male/female Shigella (bacterium), D 99
Second hand (clock), 82; history of theories on, differences, B 195; Shilluk tribesmen, G 180
7108 MND 9, 10, 32; in Jung’s characteristics, 8 174, G 144- Shipbuilding, SHP 15-16, 17-29;
Second harmonic, SH 13 system, MND 89; measuring, 145; primary (see Sex organs; assembly-line, SHP 16, 18-19,
Secondary waves, earthquake, P/ MND 11, SH 80-82; and Sex glands); secondary, 8 26-29; introduction of model-
384, 35 perception, MND 14, 15, 40, 174, G 107, 108, 134; testing to, SHP 31-34; plans,
Seconds, 7 107; basis of, 783, 41, 43 (see also Perception); drive: Freudian emphasis on, transfer to steel plates, SHP
104; definitions of, 783, 104, power law of, SH 83; stimuli MND 81, 83, 85-86, 87, 89, 95; 15, 21, 22; prefabrication in,
106; division of, 716, 30, 101, and, MND 11, SH 81 minimized by Adler, VND SHP 16, 17,19, 26-27; pre-
108, 109-121; length of, 783; Sense organs, 8 15, 150, 151- 87, 88; minimized by Horney, Renaissance, SHP 53-57;
measuring in sports events, 161, 162, MND 10, 34; defects, MND 89; repression of, MND Renaissance, SHP 57-58
T 110-111; number in week, 7 8 166-167; model, MND 30; 13, 85, 89, 95; Shippingport, Pa., nuclear
84 nerve endings in, 8 143-144. of unborn: fetal tests for, G reactor, F 156-157
Secretin, discovery of, 8 169, G See also Ear; Eye; Olfactory 55; manipulation of, D 175, G Ships and shipping, SHP (entire
132 bulb; Skin, as sense organ; 177-178; odds on, MATH 144- vol.), W 125-126, 162-163;
Sedan, Project, £ 152-153 Taste buds 145 ancient, MCH 12, 13, 48-19,
Sedan-pickup, WHL 78, 79, 81 Sensors, electronic, VCH 173 Sex, Three Contributions to SHP 53-56, W 124-125;
Sedatives, D 47; and alcohol, Sensory-deprivation studies, 8 pre Theory of, Freud, MND antipitching devices, SHP 40,
additive effect, D 39; as cough 149, HD 146-147, MND 42-43 46; antirolling devices, SHP
medicines, D 105; lowering of Sensory nerves (neurons), 8 50, Sex cells, in meiosis, C 56-57, G 38, 46, 87, 88-89; boiler, SHP
blood pressure by, D 90 142, 143-144, 147, C158, G 46, 15. See also Ovum; Sperm 78, 81, 88-89, 94, 95;
Sediment, P/ 37, 57; defined, W MND 25-26, 33, 34, 35; Sex chromosomes, G 15, 154, displacement curve, SHP 11;
195; strata, and fossil dating, auditory, SH 46-47, 65, 74; 177-178; aberrations, G 154- expenses in U.S. (1965), WHL
T 126-127; varves, 7 129 initiation of impulses, 8 143, 155 graph 94; of future, SHP 170,
Sedimentary rock, 7129, w90 MND 34; in lateral line of fish Sex glands, 8 170, 174; pituitary 171-178; in Ganga River
Sedimentation rates of and amphibians, SH 66-67; control of, 8 175-176, G 105- system, W 140-143; glossary
molecules, GV 103 paths of impulses, MVD 18, 106, 134, 140, 145. See also of, SHP 193; keel, SHP 13, 193;
Seeds: adaptation to aridity, w 22, 26, 33, 37; retinal (see Gonads; Ovaries; Testes maneuverability, SHP 44-45;
108; water content of, W115 Retina, nerve cells and Sex hormones. See Hormones, structural strength, SHP 9-
Seely, Henry W., VCH 194 fibers) sex 10, 12-13; tonnage
Segasser, Ernest P., /174 Sensory neural hearing loss, SH Sex-linked genetic disorders, measurements, SHP 13-15;
Segovia, Spain, aqueduct at, // 147, 153-154 transmission of, HD 125. See weather reporting by, WEA
124 Sensory perception. See also Hemophilia; Muscular 158; weight, SHP 11, 14;
Segrave, H.O.D., automobile Perception distrophy design of, SHP 9-15, 31-34, 37,
speed record of, WH table 170 Sensory stitches, SH 66-67 Sex organs, 8 174; fetal 38-40; air-cushion vehicles,
Segré, Emilio, SC/ 190 Septicemia, C 184 development of, G 55-56; in SHP 111, 170, 176-177;
Seguin, Armand, FV 13 Septum, 8 79, D 89 growth studies, G 80. See also antisynchronism, SHP 46;
Sehpurpur, LV78 Sequoia tree, G 9-10 Ovaries; Testes; Uterus basic elements, SHP 9-15; for
Seine River, pollution of, W/175 Serica (clipper ), SHP 104 Sexagesimal system, V/ATH 15- buoyancy, SHP 9-11; clipper,
Seismic refraction method of Series, infinite, MATH 150 Ter aks} SHP 60-61; deep-sea craft, SHP
search for groundwater, Series circuit, electrical, EVG 38 Sextants, SC/ 38-39, SHP 92, 155, 182-191; freighter, SHP 83;
w61 Series-parallel control, on 158, 159, 164, 165, 193; full-rigged ship, SHP 58-59;
Seismic waves, PL 34, 35,57 electric streetcar, WHL 150 aeronautical, F 124 galleon, SHP 33; hydrofoil
Seismograph, Pl 34 Serotonin, D 42, 44, 45 Rea infantile, MVD 83, 85, eraft, SHP 112-113, 173, 1745
Seismology, PL 34, 57 Seroy, I.A., VS 53 175-176; northern sailship,
Seismometer, /S 8, PL 34; Serpukhoy, Russia, synchrotron Seymour, Robert, cartoons by, SHP 54, 56-57, 59; passenger
ancient Chinese, PL 34 at, V/ 194-195 MCH 56, 57 liners, SHP 84, 85-101; plans,
Seki Kowa, calculus of, MATH Sertiirner, Friedrich Wilhelm Shadow, edges of (diffraction), £ drafting of, SHP 20, 32-33;
108 Adam, D 15, 193 89, LV 34-35, 37, 46, 47 rudder, SHP 44; schooners,
Selandia, S8.8., SHP195 Service Module, Apollo Program, Shadow clocks, 7 76, 77, 86-89
Selective attenuators, SH 173 SHP 62; screw, SHP 31, 80, 81,
ENG 78, 79-81, 174-175, MS Shadowing, and form perception, 82; southern sailship, SHP 54-
Selective breeding, C 54, 144, G 134-135 LV 145, 154-155, 182-183 56, 58; specialized ships, SHP
171, 174; corn, FV 39; rice, FV Servomechanism, /CH 188 Shaduf, MCH 11, W145
188-189, HD 190
110, 111-121; for stability,
Sesamoid bones, 8 56 Shakespeare, William, //V0 61,
Selective Calling (SELCAL), F 119 SHP 11-12; for strength, SHP
Sesostris III, Pharaoh, 7130, 139 MS 9,7 168 12-13; submarines, SHP 124-

8-The Body c-The Cell bD-Drugs £-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G- Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease /V-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind MsS-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets SC/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
125, 128, 129, 131, 789-133: conventional ships, SHP 173; Sidewinder (guided missile), 17-27. See also Inclined plane;
tanker, SHP 83-84; use of luxury liners, SHP 84, 173; MCH 112, 113 Lever; Pulleys; Screw;
computers in, SHP 39; see also nuclear submarines, SHP 125; “Sidereus Nuncius,” Galileo, VS Wedge; Wheel
Hull, design; relation to wave-making 10 Simple reflex are, WNVD 33-34
dimensions: as design factor, resistance, SHP 42-43, 173; Siegbahn, Karl, SC/ 189 Simple schizophrenia, VD 60
SHP 31; freighter, typical, SHP stability of, SHP 9-10, 11-12; Siemens, Frederick, EVG 38, Simpson, George Gaylord, SC/
83; largest sailing ship, SHP lack of, SHP 13; measure of, 194, MCH 194 32, 107
70; largest ship, SHP 84; SHP 12; submarine problems, Siemens, Werner von, VCH 194 Simpson, James Young, D 54, 193
length-to-beam ratios, SHP SHP 48-49; testing, SHP 12; Siemens, William, /CH 194 Sims, John, and his amateur
54, 58, 120, 132; and pitch, steering: compass, SHP 162; SEE as rotary engine, F weather station, WEA 160, 161-
SHP 39; sailships, SHP 54, 56, manual, VCH 20, SHP.55, 58, 171
58; tanker, SHP 83-84; 59, 92,125; mechanical, SHP Siemens- Martin open-hearth Sinclair Oil Corporation, (CH
engine room: freighter, SHP 88, 92-93; wheel, MCH 20, SHP steel process, ENG 38 116
83; ocean liner, SHP 87, 88- 92; Sierra Nevada, WEA 85, 99, 108; Sine (sin), MATH 10, 84, 86; as
89, 94-95; testing: dock, SHP 12; model scheme to blast gaps in, WEA function of angle, MATH 86
engines: diesel, SHP 129-131, testing, SHP 10, 31, 32-34, 39- 179 Sine waves (sound), SH 138, 14
195; electric, SHP 127-128; 40, 41-45, 46, 47-51, 77, 132; Sight, sense of. See Vision Singer, Fred, VS 58, 59
gasoline, SHP 128-129; sea trial, SHP 16. Sigma particle, \/ 154, 156 Singer, Isaac, VCH 164
nuclear, £ 175, 195, ENG 127, See also Aircraft-carriers; All- Sigmoidoscope, 8 103 Single-celled organisms, C 9, 19;
SCI 144, SHP 171-173, 131-132, weather schedule keeping; Signal blocks, railroad track, colonies, C 11-12, 18, 19, 100,
195; output, icebreakers, SHP Battleships; Cargo ships; WHL 72-73 109-113; euglena as example
120; output, tugboats, SHP Clipper ships; Cruisers; Signal Corps I (Wright plane), F of, C 10-12; watery
114, 115; steam engine, MCH Launching; Merchant sailors; 28-29; speed, F chart 174 environment, W103, 112;
59, 60, 62, SHP 31, 61, 76-77, Naval warfare; Navigation, Signaling, railroad, W/H/ 59, 62, animals, C 19; food ingestion,
79, 80-81, 194, 195; steam shipping; Nuclear aircraft 70-73, 190-191 C 24-25; locomotion, C 24, 28-
re SHP 78, 81-82, 88-89, carrier; Nuclear Signs, law of, VATH 67 29; protective shells, C 30-31;
submarines; Ocean liners; Sikorksy, Igor, £194, 195, WCH response to stimuli, C 26-27;
fins: bow, SHP 40, 46; hull, Passenger liners; Sailing 119,195 plants, C 19; emergence of, C
SHP 38, 46, 87, 88-89; vessels; Submarines; Sikorsky S-64 (helicopter), - 170 89; response to stimuli, C 26
fuels, SHP 195; coal vs. oil, SHP Tankers; Warships; Yachting Silastic, £VG 153, Gi 176, 177 Sinus node, 8 79, C194, PH 151;
82; consumption, ocean and yachts Silent Spring, Carson, HD 104 artificial, 8 86
liners, SHP 34, 87, 94, 95; Shipyards: modern, SHP 15-16, Silicates: as component of Sinusoids, in liver, FV 96, 97
consumption, submarines, meee 19th Century, SHP 30, planets, P/ 35, 36; in drinking Siren: irritating effect of, SH
SHP 132; diesel, SHP 129-130; water, W193; rock, W 36 172; sound wave frequency,
gasoline, SHP 128-129; pias function of, C 131, HD Silicide coating, F 149 SH 45
hydrogen peroxide, SHP 130- Silicon, GV 145, Vv 139; crystal, Sirius, S.S., SHP-' 77
131; nuclear, SHP 131-132, Shklovsky, Iosif S., 2 139 SC/ 24-25; crystal, X-ray Sirius (star), 7 60, 68, 69
ee storage, on liner, SHP87, Shock, D 71, 82-83, 91; drugs, D diffraction of, GV 101; non- Sirocco (wind), WEA 111
83, 88, 91; plasma treatment, crystalline compounds, VV Sistine Chapel ceiling,
hull: carvel vs. clinker-built, B94,D 91 106; possibly a life-giving Michelangelo, detail, LV 182
SHP 54, 58, 59; design (see Shock absorbers, automobile, substance, V 139; in silicone 60-based counting system, VATH
Hull, design); marks on, SHP honeycomb design of, ENG 84 rubber monomer, GV 165; 15-17, 18
10-11, 14; materials, SHP 10, Shock therapy, D 55, MND 62, uses of, FVG 106-107, Vv 105- 60-cycle output, 7 102
HBRolo4, (Ds (l-19) 8, 194, PH 164-165 106, 139 61 Cygni (planetary system), /S
195; modern construction, Shock waves (airplanes), F 58, Silicon carbide, GV 170 170-171,PL table 179
SHP 13, 15, 17,19, 20-27; need 59, 60, 155, 178-179, 180, 184, Silicon dioxide, / 139 61 Cygni C (planet), WS 171
for flexibility of, SHP 13; 185, SH 179; utilization for Silicon transistors, EVG 106-107, Size constancy, defined, /V 195
Roman merchantman, SHP lift, F 183 M 105-106 Size of objects: apparent, in
54; rustproofing, SHP 20; Shockley, William, V/CH 120, Silicone paint, GV 154 relation to brightness, /V 145;
surface coating of, and 121, SC/ 190 Silicone rubber, GV 131, 164- as condition of vision, LV 168-
frictional resistance, SHP 33; Shoe materials, synthetic, GV 165, 176; medical uses of, ENG 169; judging, /V 139, 144, 148,
logs: chip, SHP 157; early, SHP 16, 22-23, 129, 153 151, GM 165, 176, PH 178, 189; 150; relative, as cue in depth
57, 157; electric, SHP 93; Shoe-sewing machine, /CH 194 monomer, GV 165; RTV 615, vision, LV 138, 143, 144, 150-
materials, structural, SHP 10, Shoemaker, Eugene, PL 82 GM 154, 155; Silastic, ENG 151, 190-191
13, 31, 77-79, 87, 194, 195; Sholes, Christopher L., EVG 148, 153, GV 176, 177; waterproof Skate, eye of, LV 22, 23
deep-sea craft, SHP 184, 186, MCH 194 gas-permeable membrane, Skeletal (striated) muscle, 8 46-
188; fireproofing, SHP 96, 100; Shooting stars, PL 175 GM 164-165 47, 55-56, 61-63; activation of,
metal vs. wood, SHP 18, 78; Shopping centers, suburban, WHL Silicones, defined, GV 195 B 62, 63, 143, 144-145;
nuclear submarine, SHP 131; 83-84, 110-111, 162-163 Silicosis, HD 16 attachment to bone, & 56;
steel, SHP 18, 15, 17, 20-27, Shopsmith, MCH 118 Silk, GV 12, 34, 56, 82, 89, 106, blood supply to, 6 48, 61, 81,
79, 81, 194; synthetic, Gv 23, Shorb, M., FV 113 107, v 107; artificial, Gv 14, 82; contraction and
105, 170; Shore erosion, W/ 75, 78-79, 86- 77, 78, 82, 89, 106, 176, 1 99; relaxation, 8 46, 61-62; effects
motions of, SHP 37, 38-39, 46- 87, 98-101; aerial surveys, dyeing, GM 37, 49; formula, of overuse and underuse, B
49; heave, SHP 37, 39; pitch, 162-163 GM 56; mother-in-law GM 78 62-63; extensors, 8 47;
SHP 34, 35, 37, 38, 39-40, 46- Short TakeOff and Landing Silliman, Benjamin, SC/ 106 flexors, 8 47; function of, 8
47; roll, SHP 11-12, 34, 35, 37- (STOL) plane, F 173, 175 Silphium, D 18-19 55-56; heat production, B 63;
38,46; surge, SHP 37, 39; Shortening, FV 44 Silt: permeability of, W/ 56; in musculoskeletal
sway, SHP 37, 39; yaw, 37, Shorthorn (cattle breed), FV 37 removal from drinking water, teamwork, 8 46, 62, 67, 71;
38; Shostakovich, Dimitri, SC/ 166 W178, 183-184, 185 pairing of, 8 46, 56; resistance
propulsion: as design element, Shoulder: arthritis, HD 95; Silt bed, W 93 to infection, 8 61; sizes and
SHP 31, 32; mechanical vs. bones, 8 45, 56; dislocation, Silting, W/75, 81, 83, 96-97; shapes, 8 61; tissue, C 125,
6 58; joints, B 55, 58; male, G Ganga River, W182, 134, 129; transplants, 8 63; work
wind, SHP 34, 61, 75-76;
paddle-wheel vs. serew, SHP 107-108; muscles, 8 61; 139, 140, 142 capacity of determining
77-78, 79-80, 81; problems musculoskeletal structure, 8 Silver, George M., PH 85 factors, B 62
62; synthetic, PH 103 Silver, Harold F., CH 195 Skeletal system, 8 15, 42, 43-45,
created by, SHP 34;
Shovel, Sir Cloudsley, 7 81 Silver, V/ 36, 136, 137; crystal 55; adolescent growth of, G
submarines, SHP 127-132;
Shovel, VCH 10; power, MCH type, V 101; known in 82; anomalies, 8 56;
rudder, SH? 87; hydraulic
18,19 prehistoric times, /V 30, 137; disabilities, 8 59-60, 63-64;
mechanism, SHP 92-93;
Show ear, WHL 118, 119 sources, WHL 89; specific heat function, 8 55; medieval
sailships of past, SHP 55, 56,
Shrew: eyes of, LV 28, 58; tree, of, £ table 36; uses of, V 137, drawings, B 24, PH 21;
57, 58, 59; shape, SHP 44;
LV58 WHL 89 predictions for future
screw: design, MCH 27, SHP
Shu (Egyptian god), PL 10 Silver bromide, / 137 changes, 8 42; prenatal
31, 80, 81, 82; nuclear
Shugart, Ralph, PH 110, 171, Silver chloride, GV 47 development of, C 120, G 33,
submarines, SHP 132; ocean
112, 114-121 Silver cyanate, GV 34, 35, 47 35, 70-71; racial differences,
liner, SHP 87, 94; vs. paddle 6 40; Renaissance woodcut,
wheel, SHP 77-78, 79-80, 81; Shull, George Harrison, FV 39 Silver fulminate, G/V 35
Shutt, Ralph P., SC/ 66 Silver iodide, use in weather 8 32; of snake, G 119;
power of, and structure, 8 56-57. See also
maneuverability, SHP 44; “Siamese Twin” (orbital ship), control, WEA 50, 89-90, 124
MS 50-51 Silver nitrate, crystal type, VV 101 Bone(s); Cartilage; Joints;
speed of: ACV, SHP 173, 176, Skull
178, WHL 181; cargo ships and Siamese twins, G 151, 152-153; Silverstein, Arthur, D 117
embryonic, G 39; in newts, G Simon, John, HD 55-56 Skin, 8 36-39, C 30; aging, 8 34,
tankers, SHP graph 105; 40; components of, G 26; fatty
clippers, SHP 61, graph 105; 13 Simon, Théodore, VV) 130
Sickle-cell anemia, C 75, G 153, Simple eyes, LV 20 layer under, 8 15, 38, 39;
hydrofoils, SHP 112-113, 173, functions of, 8 36, 37-39, D
174, 175; and length of hull, HD 125, 126, 130 Simple machines, VCH 10,11,
Side-wheelers, SHP 77, 79, 80 16; familiar examples of, WCH 105; grafts, 8 37, 127, 138,C
SHP 39; limitations of

189
 for, FV 15; in drinking water, models of, MATH 162, 167;
119, 173; growth studies, G SH 82; olfactory bulb, 8 158;
W 193; food sources of, FV 17th Century engraving, PL
90; healing, B 36, 60, 174; power law, SH 838; in
table 194-195; uses of, / 129 8; statistics on bodies in, MS
nerve endings in, 8 36, 38, porpoises, SH 127
Sodium bicarbonate: addiction table 193, PL table 193; water
143, 147, 156; as sense organ, Smellie, William, PH 101
Smink, Robert D. Jr., PH 76-77 to, D 56, 57; in cooking, FV in, W 33, 34-35;
B38, 150, 151, 156-157, C 157; origin and formation of, WS
structure, 8B 37-38, D 104; Smith, Adam, MCH 78, SC/ 82, 59; in drinking water, W 193;
in Solvay process, ENG 130 171, PL 9, 16, 26, 30-31, 34-35,
surface area, 8 195, D 105; 99
Sodium borate, / 138 44: catastrophic theory, PL
synthetic, GV 176; thickness, Smith, Arthur C., EVG 96
Sodium carbonate, production of, 34-35; dust-and-gas cloud
837, D105; Smith, Francis P., SHP 80, 81
ENG 180, 131, GM 44-45 theory, C 90, MS 171, PL 35,
cells, G 12; development of, C Smith, Ray, 7 178
Sodium cephalothin, testing of, 44,175, w 34; Hoyle-Alfvén
102, G 34; Smith, William, 7 125-126, 127;
D 150-151 hypothesis, Pl 30-31; Jean’s
color, 8 37, 38, 40; strata map of, 7 126
Sodium chloride, W 11. See also tidal theory, WS 170, PL 28-
determination of, C 58, and Smith Kline & French, D 125,
29; Kant-Laplace nebular
sunlight, HD 119, 170; 133,189 Salt
Smith-Lever Act, FV 51 Sodium fluoride, £ 97, \/ 142 hypothesis, PL 26-27, 28.
disorders: acne, D 104; cancer, See also Asteroids; Earth-
HD 119; irritations, B 36, 108; Smithsonian Institution, VCH Sodium hydroxide, GV 91. See
164, Ms 64, 67,7178, WEA also Lye centered theory; Planets;
lupus erythematosus, PH 83; Sun; Sun-centered theory
tumor, laser treatment of, PH 146,156,157 Sodium pentothal, D 62, 63, PH
Smog, HD 92, 100, 101, WEA 119, 128 Solar systems, other. See
182-183;
178; control of, WEA 179; and Sodium propionate, FN 63 Planetary systems
tissue, 8 15; regenerative
ion imbalance, WEA 113; Sodium sulfate, in soda Solar weather, WEA 175, 176
capability, B 36-37, C 106-
photochemical, HD 101, 102 production, GM 44-45 Solar wind, VS 106, 110, 112-
107, 118, 0174, G174; water
Smoke, in air, / 86-87 Sodium thiopental, PH 105 113, PL 36, 85
content, B table 83
Smokeless powder, GV 77, 108, Soft-coal industry, VCH 190-191 Solecki, Ralph, F/V 33
Skinner, B. F., V0 112-113
JO, 71S Soil: bacteria, drugs from, D Solenoid, WHL 194
Skipjack, U.S.S., SHP 132, 133
Smoking, D 10, 58; Maya priest, 98, 178; capillary fringe, W Soleus (muscle),8 47
Skis, synthetic, GV 22
D 58; statistics, D 58; 56; capillary movement of Solid-state electronics, / 105-
SKMR-1 (air-cushion vehicle),
SHP 111 and disease, HD 84, 99; water through, W 15; 106
Skull, 6 43, 68, 69; bone design, bronchitis and emphysema, conditions, in U.S., FV map Solid state of matter, £55, 9,
8 44, 57; ethnic patterns, and HD 96, 101; cancer, HD 92, 101; 46, 47; infiltration, defined, 29, 51, 99
environment, G 78; fusion of heart disease, FV 135, HD 88 W195; moisture content of, Solid-state physics, / 10, 103,
bones, 8 57, 59, G 60; Smooth muscle, 8 149, C 125, W table 38; penetration by SC/ 88, 89, 100, 149; industrial
insensitivity to pain, B 18; 129, 130, 194. See also Visceral water, W 38, 39, 41, 55-56, applications, /V 105-108, 109-
joints, B 55, 57, 69; of muscle 64; porosity of, W56, 59, 65, 117; Nobel prizewinners, SC/
newborn, G 59-60; number of Snacks, frequent, vs. large meals, 195; zone of aeration, W 56, LOG
bones of, 8 56; shape, and FN 146 195; zone of saturation, W 56, Solid wheel, VCH 11, WHZ 18-14,
phrenology, MND 37; size, Snails: eyes of, LV 24, 25; in 195 20-21, 22
and cranial capacity, MND 36; French diet, FV 28, 29; as Sol, 73 Solids, V 99-108; content theory
trephination, B 18-19, 26, 27, hosts to worms, HD 40, 41 Solar battery (cell), £ 71, 182, of properties, V 99, 100; first
PH 11; at various ages, 8 40 Snake bites, quack prescriptions SC/ 148, WEA 184-185; release of gas from (Black),
Sky, PL 32; cause of blue hue for,C 171 invention of, MCH 195 GM 82, 40-41; history of study
of, LV 100-101, 102, PL 33, 48, Snakeroot, D 123, 124 Solar cycle, 759 of, MV99-105 (see also
WEA 36 Snakes: eyes of, LV 22, 23; lack Solar distillation, W/ 188, 189 Crystallography); melting
Skycrane, VCH 119 of eyelids, /V 26, 59; skeleton, Solar eclipses, / 175, PL 11, 12 (liquefaction) of, £ 55-56,
Skyhook 60, Operation, WEA 177 G119 Solar energy, £ 71, G 34, V 175, 105; molecular behavior, VV
Skyray F-4D (airplane), F 186 Sneezing, 8 120 176-177; conversion problem, 74; molecular bonding, V
Skysail, SHP 70 Snell, E., FV 113 £ 15-16, 182; as future power 102-103, 104; molecular
Skyscrapers, ENVG 100, 101-103 Snell, Willebrord, /V 31-32 source, £ 182, 185, ENG 128, structure of, £ 55, GM 127;
Slater, Samuel, W/CH 58 Snellen, Herman, LV 58 190, Gv 15, 169, 174; output, molecular vibration in, £ 55;
Slave trade, Atlantic shipping Snellen chart, LV 58, 59 £ 16; source of, £ 16, 69, 145- mostly erystals, / 11, 99, 101;
routes, WEA map 63 Snooperscope, SC/ 147 146; storage in nature, F 13, non-crystals, V 99, 106;
Sledge, land, WH 12, 18, 18-19, Snorkel, submarine, SH? 130 100, 102; uses of, £16, 71, 72, properties based on
20 Snow, C. P., Sc/ 104 182-185, ENG 128, 190-191, GM structure, GV 102, 127,“ 99,
Sleep, 8 146, MND 10; Snow, John, HD 52, 54-55, 56 174, MS 146, WEA 184-185. See 104-105, 107; velocity of
barbiturate-induced, D 46-47; Snow, WEA 82, 88-89, 106, 107; also Solar radiation; Sunlight sound in, SH 12. See also
brain activity, 8 146, D 46, clouds, WEA 195; crystals, Solar-energy collectors, GV 15, Crystals
MND 174, 190-191, T 50-51; MATH 88, 90-91; energy 169, 174 Solis Lacus, Martian “‘city,”’ PL
cycle, 7 40-41, 50, 52; dream release, WEA 39; erosive force Solar flares, VS 110-111, 189, 140
cycles, MND 190-191; ear of, W 88, 91; in hydrologic WEA 176 Solstices, summer and winter,
function in, SH 38; regulation cycle, W 37-40, 52; laboratory Solar furnace, £ 71, 72, 182, 183, WEA 12-13
of, D 46, G 105; requirements, production of, WEA 102, 103; ENG 190-191; miniature, in Solubility, Gi7 102, 1 104
8 193; respiration during, 8 radar research, WEA 189; cigarette lighter, F 185 Solutions, GV 11, 138, / 73, 84;
144 synthetic, Gi 22; weather- Solar heating, £ 185 chromatographic analysis of,
Sleeping sickness, C 183, HD 44- map symbol for, WEA table Solar power plant, for space M 92-93; defined, VM 84
45, 72; drug for, 0 194 168. See also Snowflakes vehicles, VS 146, WEA 184-185 Solutreans, 7 130
Sleet, WEA 82, 89, 92 Snow eater (wind), WEA 98 Solar radiation, PL 42-43, 66-67, Solvay, Ernest, VG 130, 131, 194
Slide rule, VATH 86-87 Snowdrifts, WEA 117, 119 WEA 11-12, 36; absorption by Solvay Conference, \/ 186-187
Sliding friction, WH 12, 13 Snowflakes, WEA 92-93; forming atmosphere and earth, PL 42, Solvay process, EVG 130,131
Slime mold, C 106, 109-111 of, MATH 91, WEA 88-89; radar 43, WEA 36; amount received Solvents, GV 51, 95; water as,
Slipped disk, 8 16, 59 measurements of, WEA 189; by earth’s atmosphere, WEA W9, 10-11, 24-25, 145
Sloan, Alfred P. Jr., VG 9 structure of, W14 11-12, 36; and annual Somascope, SH 131
Sloan-Kettering Institute, D 138- Seap, ENG 130, GM 44, 53, 56, seasonal cycle, PL 10-11, 132, Somatotonic temperament, 8 41
139 WEA 12-13; conversion into Somatotropin. See Growth
he oh 1.Q. scores, VND Soap bubbles, rainbow colors in, heat, PL 42, WEA 12, 35, 36; hormone
LV 35, 36, 102, 104, 109 effects on early earth, C 84- Somatotypes, 8 40-41
Slump pits, on moon, PL 91-92 Social adaptation, HD 171, 172 85, PL 38-39; loss by Somites, C 103, G 34;
Slums, health problems of: Social reform and public health, reflection, WEA 36; on moon, defined, C 194; organizer
developing nations, HD 17, HD 14, 55, 60, 66-67 PL 85; nature of, WEA 12; effect of, G 39
22-23; 19th Century, HD 53- Social sciences, SC/ 75, 77, 147; during sunspot periods, WEA Sommerfeld, Arnold, £ 76
56, 58-59 beginnings, SC/ 82; history of, 190. See also Solar energy; Somnium, or the Astronomy of
Small intestine. See Intestine SC/ 98-99; specialties, SC/ Sunlight the Moon, Kepler, MS 10, 22-
“Small time,” 777, 123 charts 98-101 Solar storms, VS 110-111, 189 2g
Smallpox, HD 9, 31, 36-38, 176, Social scientists, SC/ 30; divorce Solar system, V/S 147-154, 169- Sonar, ENG 146, SH 129-132, SHP
PH 141; cause of, HD 61; rate, SC/ 33; number in U.S., 171, PL (entire vol.); age of, MS 124, 133; development of, SH
epidemics, HD 37, PH 138; SC/ 124; personality, Sc/ 33 169, PL 9, 35; ealeulus used 129-130; forerunners of, SH
mortality rate, HD 36, 38; Societies, scientific, SC/ 125-126 in study of, WATH 105, 112; 128; portable device, SH 120;
vaccination, C 186-187, D 98, Sociology, SC/ 76, 98, 99, 101 classical, extent of, PL 8, 172; in surgery, SH 130, 131-132.
HD 14, 38, 55, 61, 178, PH 36, Socrates, D 125 diameter of, PL 9, 184; escape See also Echolocation
106, 141; beginnings, C 172, Soda ash, production of, EVG velocity from, VS 175; history Sone scale, SH 83
HD 37-38, PH 15; initial public _ 130,131, GM 44-45 of concepts of, PL 9-15, 16, 17, Sonic boom, Ff 58, 155, 179, 189,
resistance to, C 180-181 Soda water, GV 43 18, 20-25; interplanetary SH 178, 179-180
Smeaton, John, EVG 193 Soddy, Frederick, £ 194, SC/ 191 distances, P/ 180, 181; Sonic detector, SH 124
Smell, sense of, 8 143, 151, 158- Sodium, V 36, 128, 129; atom, interplanetary travel in, /S Soot, HD 92; and air pollution,
159, MND 34; Fechner’s law, structure of, £ 78; body need 48-49, 153-154, 155-165; HD 99, 106, 107
—_— ee eee —nn— oe eee
8-The Body c-The Cell b-Drugs &-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease LV-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind MS-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships 7-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
Soporifies, 0 46, 51 193; various patterns, SH 17- Euclidean), MATH 151-152, orbital rendezvous, V/s 84,
ps (Greek gynecologist), G 29, 45. 155, 157-158, 163, 166;
5 94-95, 122, 132-133, 135, 162-
See also Acoustics; Music; Euclidean, MATH 160 163; re-entry of, VS 88, 91,
Sorensen, Charles E., VCH 83 Noise; Pitch; Recorded “Space Arks,” “/S 176
Sorghum grain, U.S. production 96, 123, 124; socio-economic
sound; Stereophonic sound Space capsules: control panel, impact of, M/S 99-106;
of, FN graph 45 Sound barrier, F 176, 178-179, ENG 76, MS 80, 189; design synthetic materials for, Giv
Sosigenes, 7 61 184 and engineering, ENG 79-85; 131, 154, 162, 170, 171, 174;
Sothis. See Sirius (star) Sound cage, SH 102 Gemini, GV 131, MS 93-97,
Soul: medieval concept of, MVD systems, ENG 77, 81; tanker,
cca film, M/CH 145, 150, 152, 189; Gulliver, Ws 177; life MS 162; tug, MS 162;
9; representation of, 7 13. See support system, VS 81; Mars
also Afterlife landing of: on earth, VS 96,
Sound memory center, SH 51 excursion module, /S 147, 123; on Mars, MS 148, 163;
Soule, Asa, D 163 Sounding. See Depth sounding 148, 162-163; Mercury, VS
Soulé, Samuel W., VCH 194 on moon, ENG 80, 83-84, MS
Sounding pole, SH? 151 79, 80, 81, 123; vision 128, 134-135, 138-139, PL 83,
Sound, SH (entire vol.); Sounding rockets, VS 14, 42-43, problems in, V/s 189; 93;
absorption of, SH 15-16, 26- 53, 57 Apollo, Gv 131, VS 47, 123, launching, / 65, VS 79; on
27, 175-177; amplitude of, SH Soundproofing, SH 15, 16, 26, 132-135; Command/ Service
193; analysis of, SH 84; moon, Lunatron method, Vs
175-177 Module (CSM) ENG 78, 79- 78, 129-130; pad Ms 90;
animal, frequencies, SH chart South Africa: aborigines, HD 81, 174-175, MS 134-135;
194-195; background, SH chart speeds: earth orbital, Ws 36;
173; fuel resources, £193; Lunar Module (LM), EvG 78, interplanetary flight,
173, 177; diffraction of, SH 24- study of diet and 79-81, 82-85, MS 128, 133-135,
25; energy of, SH 14-15; minimum, (/S 36; interstellar
atherosclerosis, FV 132-133 138-139, 144 flight, minimum, VS 175.
frequencies, SH 12-14 (see also South American oilbird, Space colonization, VS 153-154: See also Rockets; Satellites,
Frequency, of sound); echolocation by, SH 132, 142- moon, MS 128-129; Venus, MS man-made; Space capsules;
fundamental tone, SH 13, 14; 143 154, PL 116-117 Space flight
glossary of, SH 193; South Dakota, Black Hills Space docking, /S 84; test, ENG 76 Space views of earth, VS 115, PL
harmonics, SH 13, 74; artesian system, WV” 60 Space equivalent environment, £ 170 82, 33, 45-49, WEA 34, 51, 186,
mechanical origin of, SH 9- Southdale, Minn., shopping Space exploration, VCH 120, Vs W 32; “earthshine,” WEA 36
10, 16, 40-41, 57-61; nature center, WHL 110-111 (entire vol.), PL 9, 68, 76-81, Space walk, /S 84, 88, 92-93
of, SH 9-10; overtones, SH 13; Southeast Asia: Mekong River 122-123, 144-145, SC/ 92; early Spaghetti, £/V 11, 113, 128
physical properties of, SH 9- basin project, W 152-153; milestones, MS 194-195; Spain: food production in, FV
16; refraction of, SH 20-21, 25; seasonal air masses, WEA 75 foundations laid, VS 56-58; table 180-181; gypsy wagon,
reverberation, SH 15-16; Southern Railway, traffic control, by man-made satellites, Ws WHL 17; motor vehicle and
wavelength, SH 193; WHL 170-171 77-80, 105-106, 107-113, PL 67; road statistics, as measure of
amplification of, (7 106; Southern sailship development, search for extraterrestrial economy, WHL graph 90-91;
acoustic horn, MCH 150, 151; SHP 54-56, 58, 194 life, WS 173-175, 177, PL 47, mussel seeding on coast of,
impedance matching, SH 33- Sovereign (yacht), SHP 50 48, 51, 53, 138-139, 180, 187, FN 173; Renaissance
34; in middle ear, SH 37-38, Sovereign of the Seas, the, SHP 186; by sounding rocket, Ss shipbuilding, SHP 57-58
40-41; recorded sound, MCH 194 43,52, 57; use of computers Spallanzani, Lazzaro, C 182, SH
150, 151, 152, 174, SH 119; Soviet Union: atom-smashers, /V in, ENG 83, GM 172, MATH 82, IPAE2, 132
effect on man, SH 170, 171-180; 194-195; calendar change, 36-37, 58, 59, MS 81, 109, 135, Spandex, GV 9, 145, 149-151;
injurious effects, SH 15, 153- and anniversary of October PL 76-77, 186. See also Moon, molecule, GV 149
154, 172-174; irritating Revolution, 7 62; changes in exploration; Planets, Spangler, James M., VCH 195
effects, SH 172; sensation of length of week, 7 24; farm spacecraft exploration Spanish Armada, SHP 140-141
sound, SH 9, 53, 77-84; population, F/V 48; first A- Space flight: animals in, MS 80, Spansule, D 8
energy conversions: to and bomb of, £ 195; first H-bomb 86-87, 195; early manned Sparking sequence, in
from electric signals, VCH of, £195, MS 59; food satellites, WS 80, 88-97; food photosynthesis, C 34-37
136-137, 146, 150, 151, 152, production in, FV table 180- and oxygen supply, C 41; gray- Sparkplug, WH 80
SH 115; in hearing, SH 46-47, 181; fuel resources, £ 193; ity propulsion, /S 164-165; Sparkplug insulator, test of, £VG
50, 57-61; ICBM program, MS 61, 195; hazards of, MS 82-83, 96, 154, 20
intensity of, SH 12, 14-15; in IGY committee, VS 62; 1921- 178, 179; interplanetary, V/s Sparks, Daniel D., MND 76-77,
binaural location, SH 102-105; 1922 famine, HD table 77; 36, 48-49, 153-154, 155-165; 78
defined, SH 193; levels, SH nuclear-powered ships of, interstellar, VS 165-167, 175- Spastic colitis, HD 25
chart 173; measurement, SH SHP 134, 172; 178, PL 179; to moon, MS 121- Spatial induction, defined, (195
14, 193; see also Loudness; space program, M/S 60-62, 84; 124, 128-130, 131-145 (see also Spatial perception, in 1.Q. tests,
laws: Fechner’s law, SH 81- early interest in, VS 13, 60; Apollo Program); navigation, SCI 82, 84
82; power law, SH 83; manned orbital] flight, M/s 74, MS 156-157; Spawning time, 7 37-38
measurement of, SH 193; 80, 86, 88-89, 92; Mars orbital rendezvous, MS 84, Spears, war, VCH 37-39
frequency (cycles), SH 12, probes, MS 79-80; moon 94-95, 122, 1382-133, 135, 162- Specialization, cellular. See Cell,
193; intensity (decibels), SH probes, MS 78-79, 125 (see also 163; physical stresses, VS differentiation and
14, 193; loudness (sone), SH Luna III; Luna [X; Luna 180-181, 186-189, SH 182, 183; specialization of
83; pitch (mel), SH 78-79; XIII; Zond III); satellites, vs time dilation in, £ 141-142, Specialty boards, medical, PH
reflection of, SH 15, 16, 121; 61-62, 81, 100 (see also MS 166-167, 177, PL 179, 7 145, 60, 102
acoustics, SH 18-19, 190-191; Sputnik); Venus probes, VS 147, 150-151, 152-154, 155- Specific heat, £ 31, 34, table 36,
diffraction and, SH 25; total, 79.150, 151, PL 67, 79; 112, 121; 165; weightlessness, MND 46, 57
SH 20-21; types, SH 18-19; transportation: highway 47, MS 83, 184-185. See also Spectacles. See Eyeglasses
resonance, SH 15,16; in program, WHL 101; largest Space vehicles Spectral colors, £ 86-89, LV 33,
clarinet, SH 91; defined, SH aircraft, F 95,171; railroads, Space Flight Symposium, M/s 59 98, 103, 108-109, 128-129;
16, 193; in ear eanal, SH 36, WHL 101; steppe wagon, WHL 25 Space-General Corporation, £VG complementary, £ 81, 82;
38; in lung, SH 71; in trumpet, Soybean, FN 26, 27, 44, 152; 172 creation of, LV 98; of
SH 89; Biloxi, 7 45; internal clocks “Space gun” launching elements, £ 78; primary, &
transmission of, SH 10-12, 21; of, 7 39; livestock feed, FV 30, technique, /S 12, 129-130 81, 82, LV 98, 110, 123, SC/ 23
in air, SH 10, 11, 21; in solids, 44; as protein source, FN 120, Space medicine, MND 176, MS Spectral photography, £ 73
SH 12, 21; in water, SH 10, 172, HD 77, 79; soup, FN 26; 12, 179-191 Spectrograph, V 38, 7 142
128; temperature and, SH 11- U.S. production of, FV graph 45 Space observatories, VS 105, Spectrometer, P/ 67
112A, PANE Soybean oil, FV 59 110-111, PL 66-67 Spectrophotograph, LV 101
velocity of, £ 57-58, 176, SH Space (cosmic): curved, MATH Space race, /S 53, 55, 60-62, Spectrophotometer, /V 100, 101,
10-12, 20, 21; temperature 165, 166-167, 168,171, SC/ 57; 75-84, 178. See also Soviet 119
effect on, SH 11-12, 21; interstellar matter, PL 153; Union, space program; Spectroscope, LV 131, 59, MS
waves, SH 10-16; analysis, SH life in (see Life, United States, space 171, PL 63, 70, 71, 78, SC/ 92
12-13; audio discrimination extraterrestrial); program Spectroscopic analysis, PL 63,
of, SH 44-45; binaural ratio multidimensional, MATH 11, Space stations, V/S 14, 56-57 64,65, 71, T 142; absorption
of, SH 102; compression and 156, 158, 163; no-man’s land Space suits, M/S 8, 92, 140-141, (dark-line) spectrum, PL 63,
rarefaction, SH 11, 12, 23; in, MS 150; vacuum in, VS 11, 182-183 64, 65,71, 7142; and Doppler
defined, SH 193; Doppler 179; weather, research, WEA Space-time continuum, V/A7H shift, PL 113; emission
effect, SH 28-29, 7 131; 175-176, 190; WL 158 (bright-line) spectrum, P/
enriched, SH 14; formation of, distances: as clue to age of Space vehicles: aerospace 63, 64; of Jupiter, PL 70, 71,
SH 10-11, 16; interaction of, starlight, 7142, 175; planes, F 168,169,176, Vs 153, 155; of moon, PL 63; of
SH 12; interference of, SH 12, interplanetary, P/ 180, 181; 50-51; cost of, ENG 80, MS 48, Neptune, PL 183; red shift, 7
22-23; length-to-pitch nearest star, PL 9,179; of 50, 106, 130; ferry, 7s 162- 131, 142, 175; of stars, 38,
relationship, SH 89; planets, determining, PL 68; 163; interstellar flight, Ws MS 171, PL 63, T 142-143; of
oscilloscope tracings, SH 86, of planets, from sun, PL table 165-167, 175-177; laser Venus, PL 67, 78, 110, 112, 125,
88, 90, 92, 132; reinforcement 193. guidance systems for, £ 188; 126
of, SH 23; sine wave, SH 18, See also Universe orbital refueling and Spectroscopy, SC/ 93, 116, 7 142.
14; units of measurement, SH Space (geometry):curved (non- resupply of, MS 122, 162; in See also Spectroscopic
EE eee

i
 analysis Spirit of St. Louis, F195, MCH design, F 169-170, 188-189. See (see Celestial navigation);
Spectrum. See Electromagnetic 108; engine, F 81; instrument also Supersonic flight origin of, P/ 175, 7 131;
spectrum; Light, spectrum panel, F 126; structure, F Stability, chemical. See planets of, /S 169, 170-171,
Spectrum analysis of water wave 105 Chemical properties PL 175-176 (see also Planetary
patterns, SHP 36-37 Spiritus antepilepticus Stability, structural. See systems other than solar
Speech, SH 10; brain area sanguinis humani, D 25 Airplanes, stability of; Ships, system); plasma state of,
concerned with, MND 19, 37; Spirochetes, D 96 stability of 45, 176; red dwarfs, PL 157;
in childhood, G 82; decibel Spironolactone, D 91, 92 Stabilization, automatic rotation of, VS 171, PL 31;
seale for, SH 15, chart 173; Spitfire (fighter plane), £ 195 (aircraft), £ 174 spectrographic analysis of,
hearing and, SH 9; instruction Spitz, Rene, HD 146 Stabilizer, gyroscopic (rockets), 38, MS 171, PL 63, SC/ 116, T
of the deaf, SH 158-165; Splanchnological system, 8 15 MS 68 142-143; thermonuclear
mechanism, 8 122 Spleen, 6 53; antibody Stabilizer mechanism, ships, SHP fusion process in, F 145-146,
Speech Master, SH 163 production in, 8 138; blood 46, 89 175, PL 156, 7 180; in time
Speed: as cue to depth vision, cell manufacture in, 8 93 Stabilizer trim wheel, f 112 measurement, 7 56, 60, 101,
LV 156-157; of light (see Light, Splenectomy, PH 76-77 Stabilizers, aircraft, £ 113, VCH 107; travel to (see Interstellar
velocity of); of sound (see Splitting wedge, VCH 24, 25 108; in supersonic planes, F flight)
Sound, velocity of); in Spock, Benjamin, PH 67 183, 184 Starter motor, automobile
transportation (see Airplanes, Spoilers (speed brakes), F 113 Stabilizing fins, SH? 38, 46, 87, engine, WHL 194
speed of; Railroads, speed of; Spoked wheel, emergence of, 88-89 Starvation, C 41, Fv 104, 116,
Ships, speed of; MCH 46, WHL 14, 22-23 Stack, rock formation, W/79 117-119, 171, 178-179, HO 14,
Transportation, speeds) Sponge fixation, of radioactive Stadelmann, Fritz, WCH 195 74,75-16, 77, 84; growth-
Speed brake handle, F 112 waste, F 162 Stafford, Thomas, VND 47, VS restricting effects of, G 135-
Speed brakes (spoilers), F 113 Spontaneous generation of life, 96-97 136, 188-189, HD 75-76, 78;
Speedboats, SHP 111-113, 170, theory of, C 81-83, 84, 86, 182, Stagecoaches, WH 16, 28, 35; major famines, HD table 77;
173-177 HD 57 Concord, WHL 15; speeds, recorded case, FN 87. See also
Speedometer, automobile, VCH Spontaneous recovery from WHL 15, 28, 103 Calorie starvation;
Is illness, D 12; error source in Stagg Field, Chicago, £ 148; first Malnutrition; Protein-calorie
Spemann, Hans, G 37-38, SC/ drug testing, D 150, 151 sustained chain reaction starvation; Protein starvation
193; experiment, G 38-39 Sports: for the deaf, SH 144; achieved at, £ 167-168, 169 State Coach, British, W/HL 28-29
Spencer, Herbert, SC/ 16 phototiming of competitions, Stahl, Georg Ernst, / 32 State highway expenditures, WHL
Sperm, 8 177, Cc 101, G 29, 176; 7 110-111 Stalactites, W/55, 79-80 graph 93
defective, G 30-31; discovery Spotted fever, Rocky Mountain, Stalagmites, W/ 55, 63, 79-80 State mental hospitals, ///VD 72-
of, G 176; fertilization of ovum HD 48-49, PH 142 Stalin, Joseph, VS 53, 61 79; problems of, MND 68, 73
by, C 56-57, G 14-15, 29; life- Sprague, Frank J., EVG 18, 39, Stalks of plants, C 9, 30 Staten Island Hospital, PH 134-
span of, G 177-178; 195, MCH 130-131, WHL 149- Stall, in flight, £ 55, 72-73; wind- 135
locomotion of, C 123, G14; 152 tunnel test, F 52 States of matter. See Matter,
number released, G 14; Sprague, Welcome, V/CH 14 Standard Time, 7 8, 83, 101, 107, states of
production of, 8 174,175, G Sprains, 8 59 WHL 53 Static electricity, £ 47, 118, 119,
14; sex chromosomes in, G Spray can, aerosol, // 55; Standardization of parts, and 128-129, MCH 124; generator,
15, 177-178; structure of, G14 propellant, GV chart 137, 146 mass production, VCH 35, 60, £129, SCI 45
Sperry, Elmer Jr., £ 127 Spring peeper, SH 71 68, 76, 78-80 Stationary front, WEA table 168
Sperry, Elmer Sr., £ 124, 127 Spring-pole mechanism, /CH 32 Stanford, Calif., Center for Statistical mechanics, SC/ 89, 100
Sperry Artificial Horizon, F 127, Springs (in clocks and watches): Advanced Study, SC/ 127 Statistics, mathematical
128 balance, 7 84, 98; drive, 7 94, Stanford-Binet intelligence test, discipline, VATH 57, 133, 134,
prety Rand Corporation, MCH 95; hairspring, 7 195; MND 181, graph 132 146, 160, Sc/ 87, 100;
mainspring, 795, 194, 195 Stanford-Binet scales, MVD 32 examples of use, VATH 54,
Sphenoid bone, 8 43 Springs (water), W 48, 56, 57, Stanford Industrial Park, SC/ 136 146-147
Sphere, volume of, VATH 48 64, 130, 195; ancient theories Stanford Medical Center, GM 177 Statocysts, SH 64-65
Sphygmomanometer, PH 92-93 on, W 37-38; artesian, W 48, Stanford Research Institute, SC/ Statolith, SH 65
Spice trade, FV 57, map 58 59, 61; desert, W/54; mineral, 136, 137 Statolon, D 106
Spices, FV 56, 57; drugs from, D W 55; replenishment of, W Stanford University, C 58, 1 45, Staudinger, Hermann, GV 103,
1b wt 38, 55; thermal, W/59; types MND 181, SC/ 136-137, 141; 126, SC/ 192
Spider, eyes of, LV 20, 58 of, W61 linear accelerators, V 166- Staysail, SHP 59, 70, 71, 72-73
Spiegel, Herbert, VD 161, 164- Spritsail, SHP 58, 59 167, 194-195, SC/ 140-141 Steady state theory, £ 69
165 Sputnik I (satellite), 7s 75, 77, Stanley, Wendell, SC/ 192 Steam, // 79; latent heat of, W
Spilhaus, Athelstan, SHP 172 84, 147, SC/ 106, 126 Stanley, William, E/VG 48 13; molecular motion, V 74;
Spina, Italy, aerial photographs, Spa II (satellite), 7S 75, 82, Stanton, Edwin M., WHL 46 volume increase, V 79, W148.
F 158-159 Stapedectomy, SH 150-151 See also Water vapor
Spinal anesthesia, D 66-67 Sputnik III (satellite), 1S 77 Stapes (stirrup): artificial, SH Steam engine, £ 13, 14, 128, WCcH
Spinal cord, 8 50, 51,57, 142, D Sputnik V (satellite), VS 86 151; in otosclerosis, SH 148- 10, 53-60, W 146-147, 148-150;
51, MND 17, 25, 26-27, 31, 33, Sputnik VIII (satellite), 7s 79 152 basic principle of, £ 33, 79,
37; description of, 8 142; as Squall line, W/46-47, WEA 22-23 Stapes mobilization, SH 150 W 148; in early aircraft, F 13,
nerve center, 8 141, 142, 144, Squamous cells, HD 90-91 Staphylococcus bacteria, HD 13; 33, 35, 79, 83, MCH 57, 107;
147, 148, 149-150, MND 26; Square-cube law, SHP 176 drug against, D 132, 133; early applications of, ENG 12,
nerve tissue, C 158-159; Square rig, SHP 54-55, 56, 58, staphylococcus aureus, C 183 58, 74, MCH 56-60, WHL 31-
protection of, 8 57,147, wwD 59, 70,194 Stapler, surgical, EVG 15 37; an external combustion
21; sections, D 90-91 Square-riggers, SHP 52, 53, 54- Stapp, John, MATH 120-121 engine, VCH 102; feedback
Spinal meningitis, HD 141 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 67, 70- Starboard (side ofship): defined, control device, VCH 172, 178;
Spinal nerves, VND 25-26, 27, 71 SHP 198; origin of term, SHP 56 limited efficiency of, £ 57-58,
31, 33; cell, MND 25 Square root: irrational, WATH Starches, £ 100, FV 14, Gv 102; 59,124, WHL 55-56, 81; piston-
Spine, 8 45, 50, 56; average 43-44; of negative number, digestion of, 8 102, FV 58-59, cylinder mechanism, £ 33,
length of, 8 195; disks, 8 59: MATH 69-70, 152; solutions, 83, 84, 93; production in MCH 54-55, W 148-150, WHL
precursor of, G 34; shape, 8 MATH 65; symbols, MATH 10, plants, F/V 86; reserves in 31-32, 33-34, 43, 55, 56, 57;
44, 55,67. See also Vertebrae 49 animals, C 41; sources of, FV socioeconomic impact of,
Spinnaker sail, SHP 63, 71, 72-73 Squares, visual illusions in 13, 86. See also Carbohydrates MCH 62, SC/ 155; unsuitability
Spinneret, GM 88, 90, 96 viewing of, /V 146 Starfighter, F-104, F 181 for aircraft, F 11-12, 77;
Spinning, mechanization of, WCH “Squaring the circle,” MATH 44 Starfish, radial symmetry, G 119, unsuitability for submarine,
57-58, 60, 64, 65, 69 Squid, eye of, LV 23 MATH 91 SHP 127;
Spinning jenny, /CH 57, 58, 65, Squill, heart stimulant, D 18, 30, Stark, Johannes, SC/ 189 development of, VCH 53-60,
193 31,148 Starling, Ernest, 8 169, G 132 62, SC/ 146, 147-148, 154-155,
Spinning machine, VCH 86-87, Squirrel: eye of, LV 28; eye Starr, Albert, 8 86, £VG 151
193 W 146-147, 148-150, WHL 31-
placement, /V 10; and plague, Stars, PL 175-176; altitude 32; compound vs. one-
Spinning mule, /CH 58, 64, 65, HD 34 measurement, SHP 153-155, cylinder, SHP 80-81;
198 SST (supersonic transport), F 164; apparent vs. proper
Spinning wheel, invention of, condensing engine, MCH 55,
148, 155, 156, 169-171, 175, motion of, PL 176; bending of 193, W 150, WHL 31; Corliss,
MCH 193 188-189; and air-traffic light of, MATH 168, SC/ 57; ENG 34, MCH 72, 73, 81;
Spiral curves, area of, VATH 48 control, F 145; altitudes, F composition of, PL 38, 153; expansion engine, SHP 81, W
Spiral nebula, VS 168 170; anticipated size, weight, distance of nearest, PL 9, 179; 150; Newcomen, £ 44, ENG
Spirals: in architecture, MATH passenger capacity, F 169, double, PL 190; and entropy,
102, 103; equiangular, MATH 33, MCH 54-55, 62, 193, SC/
189; Concorde, F171, 177, 184- 7 173; as guide to migrating 146, W149; Papin, £ 44, jv 80,
93; in nature, G 120-121, 185, 188; models, F 188-189; birds, 737-38; life-cycle of, 7
MATH 89, 92-93
MCH 54, 57, SC/ 146, W148-
research, F 144, 145, 146, 169- 128; nearest single, PL 176; 149; reciprocating engine,
Spirit of America (jet-powered 170, 177; speed, F 169, 170, in Milky Way galaxy, number
car), WHL table 170 MCH 55, 56, W 148, 150, 151;
chart 174-175, 189; wing of, PL 175, 184; navigation by Savery, £ 44, 45, McH 53-54,
eee
se ree
8-The Body c-The Cell D-Drugs é-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease LV-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind MS-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships 7-Time w-Water WEA-Weathe r WHL-Wheels
 62, W149; Watt, F 44-45, ENG nuclear power plant, £ 156, Sterilization of food, F/V 62,
33, 123, MCH 54, 55, 56, 62, societies); transportation,
ENG 127, SHP 131-132; 17th WHL 18; weapons, MCH 38
198, SC/ 146, 147-148, 155, sHP Century design, VCH 128; Stern, Otto, SC/ 190
81, W 149-150, WH 31; “Stone of folly,” WD 65
19th Century design, WCH Stern, William, VD 129, 130 Stonehenge, SC/ 78, 7 54, 57-58
introduction in shipping, CH 129; in Walther-engine Stern, of ship: defined, sHP 193;
59, 60, 62, SHP 31, 61, 76-77, Stookey, S. Donald, \v 106
submarine, SHP 130; wheels draft, SHP 11, 14 Storm control, WEA 50, 124, 179
194, 195; Clermont, MCH 59, of, W 166 Sternocleidomastoid muscle, 8 47 Stormfury, Project, WE4 50
SHP 79; Little Juliana, SHP 80; Steamboats, VCH 59, 60, 62, 70- Sternum, 8 44. See also Storms, W 32, 41, 46-47, WEA 16,
see also Steamboats; 71,193,194, SHP 76, 77-79, Breastbone 17, 22-23; coastline erosion
Steamships 194, 195 Steroid hormones, 8 173-174, 175 by, W 79, 98; detection and
Steam excavator, VCH 14 Steamships, SHP 61, 77-84, 103- Steroids (drugs), D 127-128 warning, F 118, 123, WEA 44-
Steam- generated electricity, £ 104. See also Cargo ships; Stethoscope: medical, PH 86, 51,159, 172, 176, 177; effects
123, ENG 126, MCH 130, W Ocean liners; Passenger 87, 90-91, 92, 93, 101, 193; for of approach of, on animals
151, 152, 166, 167; early plant liners; Tankers underwater sound, SH 129 and humans, WEA 112; energy
(Edison), ENG 39, 48, 126, Steel, 7 30, 135; alloys, /v 131, Stevens, John, SHP 79-80 release, WEA 31; waves, SHP
MCH 127, 128-129; water 132, 133; corrugated, F 94; Stevens, Phyllis, Gi 27 35. See also Blizzards;
consumption for, W table 177 introduction to bridge Stevens (J.P.) Company, / 114- Hurricanes, Rainstorms;
Steam hammer, Nasmyth’s, WCH construction, ENG 58, WHL 275 Thunderstorms; Tornadoes;
80, 81,194 124-126; introduction to ship- Stevens Institute of Technology, Typhoons
Steam-heating systems, // 80 building, sHP 13, 31, 79, 81, ENG 38, SHP 39, 40 Stourbridge Lion (early
Steam locomotive, £ 13, VCH 59- 194; microscopic inspection Stevin, Simon, VATH 18 locomotive), WHL 39
60, WHL 33-38, 39-52, 53-56; of, ENG 19; specific heat of, £ Stewart, George, WEA 107 Stout, William, £ 195
basic operating principles, table 36; Stewart, Homer J., V/s 60 Stradivari, Antonio, SH 93
WHL 56-57; boiler pressures, production, EVG 58; Bessemer Stewart, Walter, Sc/ 10 Straight-line motion, conversion
WHL 44, 55, 56; efficiency process, ENG 37, 38, MCH 65, Stick (aircraft control column), F from rotary motion, VCH 27
ratios, WHL 55-56, 64; fuel 82,194; open-hearth process, 112 Straight lines: in Cartesian
consumption, WHL 54, 55; ENG 38, MCH 98-99, 194; water Stimulant drugs, D 30-31, 34, 38; system, MATH graph 83; conic
limitations and demise of, as coolant in, W 165; effect on time sense, 7 15 section, MATH 47; Euclidean
MCH 181, WHL 59-61; main working techniques, in Stimulation: artificial chemical, postulates, MATH 46; Thales’
controls of, WHL 55; shipbuilding, SHP 15, 17, 20- of brain, MND 177-178; proposition, ATH 40; visual
mechanical stoker, WHL 56; 27; cutting, SHP 15, 22-23; artificial electrical, of brain illusion in viewing of, /V 146
number in U.S., at its peak, shaping of curvatures, SHP (ESB), MND 38, 39, 175-177, Straight Wall (lunar feature ), PL
WHL 538; starting, WHL 55; 15, 24-25; welding, SHP 15, 184-185; sensory, need for, HD 101
steam-producing capacity, 26 146-147, 156, MND 43 Straits of Mackinaw Bridge, W/HL
WHL 55; street, MCH 72; Steel industry: automation, /CH Stimulus and response, VO 11, 122,131
tractive effort and pull, WHL 173, 174, 188; 19th Century 14, 31, 34, 182; external Stramonium, D 30
eae weights of, WHL 49, 50, progress in techniques, CH stimuli, C 26-27; in learning, Strassman, Fritz, £ 146, 167,
65, 80; pipe production, MCH MND 106-107, 108-110, 111- 195, M 169-170, 171, 172, 187
design: basic features, WHL 88 112, 118-119; nerve circuitry, Strata, geological, 7 125;
36, 40, 55-56; bogie (swiveling Steering, ships: manual, ocean MND 33-34 identified through fossils, 7
front truck), MCH 59-60, WHL liner, SHP 92; manual Stirrup (ear), SH 42; discovery 126, 140-141; profile map, 7
44-45, 54; boiler, WHL 36, 37, submarines, SHP 125; of, SH 35; function of, SH 36- 126
40; drive wheels, MCH 52, mechanism, ocean liner, SHP 37, 40-41; on oval window, Strategy, application of game
WHL 45, 48, 55, 57; freight, 88, 92-93; sailships, SHP.55, SH 42-45. See also Stapes theory to, VATH 175-176
WHL 44-45, 48-49, 55, 60; 56, 57, 58, 59; wheel, MCH 20, Stjernsund, Sweden, metal- Stratigraphy, SC/ 95, 101
passenger service, WHL 44- SHP 92 products factory, VCH 76-77 Stratocumulus clouds, WEA 85,
45, 48-49, 50-51, 55, 60; Steering apparatus, automobile, Stock, FV 60 TIS)
piston-and-cylinder ENG 25, 26; collapsible Stock-car races, WH 118-119 Stratosphere, WEA graph 15;
mechanism, WHL 34, 43, 55, column, WHL 85; human- Stock ticker, Edison’s, ENG 42, exploration of, WEA 149, 175-
56, 57; trailing truck, WHL 49, factors engineering, ENG 148 43 176, 177,178
55; wheel patterns, WHL 44- Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, #0) 172 Stockhausen, Karlheinz, SC/ 168 Stratum germinativum, 8 37-
45,49, 54-55; Stehling, Kurt, Vs 75 Stockholm, Sweden: satellite 38
early development of, CH 58- Steinbeck, John, C 65 city of, WHL 164-165; Stratus clouds, WEA 84-85, 194,
59, 60, 62-63, SCI 154-155, WHL Steinberg, Saul, cartoon by, subways, WHL 154; traffic 195
33-37, 38, 39-45; Stephenson, MATH 62 control, WHL 155 Stravinsky, Igor, SC/ 169, SH 171
ENG 37, MCH 58, 59, 62, 194, Steinberger, Jack, / 40 Stockton, Frank R., WH 148 SiMe as source ofcellulose, GV
WHL 34-36, 37, 40; Trevithick, Stellarator, £ 186-187, VM 178 STOL. See Short TakeOff and
ENG 37, MCH 58, 63, 194, WHL Stem (shipbuilding term), SH? Landing Streamlining, aircraft, £ 11, 31,
32-33, 34; 193 Stomach, 8 52, 53, 99-102, 110, 57, 60, 89
later development of, WHL 46- Steno, Nicolaus, V/ 100 FN 89, PH 34, 105; adolescent Streams, W 80; classification of,
52, 53-56; Gal War, WHL 46- Stephens, Olin, SHP 50 growth of, G 82; alcohol W 81,195. See also Rivers
47; post-Civil War, WHL 48- Stephenson, George, ENG 37, absorption in, D 35; digestive Strean, B.M., SHP 172
49, 54; 20th Century, WHL 48- 193, MCH 58, 59, 62, 194, WHL process in, 8 101-102, 112- Street locomotive, WCH 72, WHL
51, 53, 54, 56; 34-37, 40; locomotives of, 113, FN 83-84, G 18-19; 150
speeds: early, MCH 58, WHL MCH 58-59, WHL 34, 35, 36-37, embryonic development of, G Streetcar, electric. See Electric
36-37; later, WHL 50; 40 33-35; fistula observations of, streetcar
types, WHL 48-49, 54-55; 4-4-0 Stephenson, Robert, WHL 35, 36, B 99-100, 105-107, FV 81; Strength of materials: cause of,
(American), WHL 44-45, 47, 37, 40 functions of, 8 102; GM 102, M 104;
54-55, 56; grasshopper, WHL Stereophonic hearing. See hyperacidity, B 107, FN 87; synthetics: causes of, GV 67,
32, 34, 39 Binaural hearing mucus, 8 102, 107, 112, FV 68, 69, 157, 166; fibers, GV
Steam-powered pile driver, WCH Stereophonic sound, SH 98, 105- 83; peristalsis in, 8 101, FV 66-67, 78, 149-150; plastics,
60 106; equipment, SH 119; 83, 84, 90-91; removal of, 8 GM 19, 58, 68, 69, 156-157,
Steam-powered road vehicles, principles of, SH 118; record 103; 166-167, 169-170; search for
MCH 101-102, SC/ 154-155, grooves, SH 104; recording, anatomy: blood supply, 8 81, increased strength, G/v 169-
WHL 31-33, 35; public SH 118 90-91; lining, 8 15, 102, 107; 170
resistance to, SC/ 154-155, Stereoscope, LV 142, 158; location, 8 101; lymph Streptococcus bacteria, D 97,
WHL 30, 32 principle of, MND 48-49 vessels, 8 82; muscle, 8 56, 118, 195, HD 61
Steam pressure cooker, Papin’s, Stereoscopic photography, LV 101, 102; shape, 8 101; size, 8 Streptomyces bacteria, D 98
MCH 54 142; stereo pairs, LV 142, 158, 101; Streptomycin, D 79, 95, 98, 111,
Steam pump, mining, £/VG 58, L59 disorders, 8 105, 106-107; 194, 195, HD 34; research, D
74, WHL 31; Newcomen’s, Stereoscopic viewer, PL 105 diagnostic tool, 8 103; 98, 122
MCH 54, 55, 62, W149; Stereoscopic (three-dimensional ) nervous, 8 105-108, HD 150- Stress, psychological, G 98-99, HD
Savery’s, MCH 53-54, 62, 193, vision, LV 11, 58, 81, 139-146, 151, MND 35-36; ulcers, 8 107, 15, 24, 25, 27, 144, 145-156,
w149 158, 167, VND 48; in animals, FN 87, HD 25, 150-151, 152, 173, MND 35-36, 58; and blood
Steam turbine, £ 68, EG 126, LV 58; basic requirements for, 156, MND 35, PH 84 pressure, G 98, HD 147-148,
MCH 129-130, SHP 78, 81-82, LV 58; binocular cues, LV 141- Stomata, W/ 103, 113; of desert 149, 150; and congenital
W 150-151; ancient device 143, 146, 158-159; defined, LV plants, W108 defects, G 158; faulty
(Hero’s aeolipile), MCH 30, 53, 195; doubling of out-of-focus Stone, Edward, D 121, 123, 129 homeostatic responses, HD
109, SC/ 88, 147, SHP 81, W objects, LV 1438; Stone, Henry D., VCH 81, 194 149, 150-152, 156; fetal
146-147; fuels, MCH 180; interdependence of cues, LV Stone Age: cooking, FV 58; studies, G 31, 92-93; fight-or-
marine, SHP 82, 88-89, 94; 144; unit of measurement, LV Solutreans, dating of, 7 130; flight response, HD 148-149,
modern, invention of, MCH 167 tools, 7 12; tribes presently 150; general adaptation
195; power output of, EVG Sterilization, eugenic, HD 129, at level of, HD 16, 17-19, 158- syndrome, HD 150; and
126, VCH 130; secondary, in 141 159, 172 (see also Primitive growth, G 136-137; and

en ———— — ————— — ———— ——— — r_=_—es=oooeeeeeee

193
 suggestibility, MVD 169; and stability problems, SHP 48-49; 101; in doctrine of two 7 76,78, 88-89; adjustments for
susceptibility to illness, HD “wet,” SHP 180; contraries, 15; liquid, latitude, 7 89
153, chart 155, 156; and maneuvering, SHP 125; diving, possibly the “water” of extra- Sunflower (solar power plant),
withdrawal behavior, G 172, SHP 124-125; surfacing, SHP terrestrial life, WS 173; Ms 146
HD 154-155; 124-125; marine transportation of, SHP Sunflower seeds: as food, FV
diseases connected with, HD power sources: diesel and 106; mining, W/ 164; raw 152; water content of, W/ 115
149-151, PH 84-85; heart battery, MCH 106, SHP 129- material for synthetics, V Sunglasses: automatic, GM 172;
disease, HD 84, 88, 147, 149- 130, 132; early man-powered, 112; source of, WHL 89; uses polaroid, LV 38, 49
150, 156; high blood pressure, SHP 126-127; electric, MCH of, 4 140, WHL 89; in Sunlight, £ 81, WEA 12, 13, 36;
HD 150, PH 84; ulcers, HD 147, 195, SHP 127-128; gasoline vulcanization of rubber, Gi vs. artificial light, LV 99, 106,
150-151, 152, 156, MND 35, PH and battery, SHP 128-129; 124, 128, 131 107; capture by plant cells, c
84; nuclear, ENG 127, SHP 131-132; Sulfur compounds, as air 34, 46-47; capture by water
mental damage, HD 146, 147, Walther engine, SHP 130-131; pollutants, HD 99, 100, 101, plants, C 39; and color effects,
MND 58; neurotic defenses, uses: cargo, SHP 171-172; as 106, 118, chart 115 LV 98-99, 102; conversion by
MND 58-59; psychoses, MND dwellings, future, SC/ 150; for Sulfur dioxide, G// 43 ‘ plant cells (see
62, 76 pleasure, SHP172, 180-181; Sulfuric acid, GV 73, 75, 112; in Photosynthesis); dependence
Stressed-skin construction, F for research and exploration, soda production, GM 44, 45; of life on, C 33, 42, 44, 90;
104-105 SHP 180-189. in viscose process, GM 88, 96 fraction received by earth, C
STRETCH computer, MATH 26- See also Nuclear submarines Sullivan, Harry Stack, VD 89-90 33, WEA 11; fraction used by
27, 29. Suborbital space flight, /S 80, Sullivan, Louis, SC/ 167 plants, C 33; reflection by
Stretch fabric. See Spandex 90,91 Sulzberger, Marion B., D 104 mist particles, /V 30; role in
String: fundamental tone of, SH Subsolar point, SHP 165 Sumeria, ancient: calendar, 7 58- creation of life, C 84-85, 90,
14; vibrations of, SH 93 Substitution, law of, Gi 36 59; contributions to science, 92, PL 39-40; scattering
String instruments, SH 16. See Subsurface water, existing SC/ 78; cuneiform writing, phenomenon, LV 96, 100-101,
also Violin amount of, W 9, 37, table 38. MATH 16, PL 18; day divided 102, 195, M 86-87; spectrum,
Stringfellow, John, £12, 79 See also Groundwater into units, 777; mythology, LV 97, 128, PL 66-67; and
“Strip maps,” MVD 111-112 Subtraction (arithmetic), ATH PL 18-19, 140; number system vitamin D, HD 81
Strip-mining, EVG 123, 134-135 106; symbols, MATH 11 of, MATH 16; use of drugs, D Sunrise, /V 100-101, 7168, WEA
Strite, Charles, VCH 134, 195 Subtractive mixing of color, £ 82, 10, 11, 18; weapons, MCH 37; 8; red, and weather outlook,
Stroboscope, 7 115 LV 98-99, 110-111; defined, /V 195 wheel invented in, WHL 12- WEA 154
Stroboscopic photography, 7 100, Subtropics: land and sea 13, 16, 20; ziggurat, EVG 64- Sunset, /V 44, 96, 100-101, 102,
109, 114-115 breezes of, WEA 60; trade 65,101 7168, WEA 18; red, and
Stroke, cerebral, HD 87; causes winds of, WEA 62 Summa de Arithmetica, weather outlook, WEA 154,
of, FN 127, 132, HD 15, 83, 87; Suburban commuter lines. See Pacioli, MATH 68 171
death rates, D graph 173, HD Commuter service Summer solstice, 757, WEA 13 Sunspots, € 72; and ionization,
89; paralysis, HD 87 Suburbia: growth of, WHL 83- Sumner, James, SC/ 192 WEA 190
Strominger, Jack, D 111 84, 149, 153; shopping Sumo wrestlers, G 190-191 Suntan, 8 38, HD 119
Strong, Foster, SC/ 139 centers, WHL 83-84, 110-111, Sun, PL 9,10, 175-176, 184, WEA Suomi, Verner E., WEA 177
Strong-focusing principle, atom- 162-163 11-12; as ancient timekeeper Super Sabre F-100A (airplane),
smashers, (/ 195 Subways, WHL 150, 152, 154; of man, 7 27, 56, 58, 59, 78, F195
piong force, nuclear, SC/ 64, 65, intercity project, ENG 182- 86-89; appearance of, Supercavitating hydrofoil, SHP
183, WHL 176; London, WHL differences in, /V 96, 100-101; 174,175
Strontium 90: in bone, 8 63; 147, 149, 152, 154; New York composition of, PL 38; in Supercharger, F 80, 90, 91
fallout, £174, HD 103, 7 130 City, WHL 147, 152, 154; earth-centered concepts of Superconductors, / 104,
Structural engineering: bridge, noise, decibel scale, SH chart solar system, PL 12, 15, 17, cyrogenic, M 63, 66-67, 69-71
ENG 108, 109, 112-117, WHL 173; passenger statistics, WHL 20, 22-23; future development Supercooling, WEA 88
125-126, 127-129; dams, ENG 152; stations, as part of stages, £ 68-69; halo around, Superego, Freudian concept, VND
14, FN 184-185, W 144, 154, interface, WHL 160 M 175, WEA 96, 154, 194; and 86
155; Pan Am Building, EVG Suction pump, / 56-57 hydrologic cycle, W 40-41, 42, Superheating, in steam
102-103; use of arch, ENG 57, Sudan: Dinka of, G 179-181; 44-45; manifestations of its locomotives, WHL 56
72-73 Mabaans of, HD 157, 160-161; energy on earth, £ 15, 16, 18, Superinfection, D 99
Structural geology, SC/ 95, 101 nursing school, HD 180 21, 23, WEA 11-12, 68; nuclear Superior olive, SH 48-49
Structures Sonores, SH 96-97 Suede, synthetic, Gv 190 fusion process in, F 16, 69, Supernova of 1054, PZ 13
Strychnine, D 15, 193; effect on Suez Canal, W/ 162-163 145-146, 175, 1 175, 176-177, pubersonie combustion ramjet, F
nerve-muscle junctions, C Sugarcane fiber, by-products PL 35, 156, WEA 11; origin and
127; increase of eye from, ENG 123 history of, PL 26-27, 35, 156, Supersonic flight, £ 169-171, 176,
sensitivity by, /V171 Sugars, £ 100, 101, Gv 33, 34, W 34; planet sizes compared 177-189, SC/ 149; control
Stubbs, George, G 35 56; blood sugar level, 8 16, to, PL 11; science fiction and, problems, F 59, 176, 178, 179,
Studies in Hysteria, Freud and 104, 125, 172; in diabetics, not MS 11, 19, 24-25; symbol, PL 8; 184; first, F 89, 186; fuselage
Breuer, VND 82, 95 available to cells, 8 172; in motion of, P/ 184; rotation, MS design, F 169, 182, 183, 186-
Stuelen, Frank, W/CH 195 DNA, C 60-61, 68, 70; formula 171, PL 30-31; 187; limitations of turbojet, F
Styrene, GM 104, 129, 130, 138, of simple, £ 101; production navigation by: altitude 84-85; materials, F 183;
140, 151, 152; polymerization, in plants, C 37-38, 42, 44, 45- measurement, SHP 92, 154, navigation, F 129; noise, F
M 110-111 47, FN 86, G 24; specific heat 164; animal migration, 7 37, 155, 189, SH 178, 179-180;
Styrene-butadiene rubber, GV of, £ table 36; 49; determining line of pilot escape, F 152; research,
129, 130, 140 body reserves of, C 41; in liver, position, SHP 164-165; F 144, 145, 146, 155-156, 169-
Su Sung, 779, 91, 92 8104, FN 97; determining longitude, SHP 170, 177-179; shock waves, F
Subacute bacterial endocarditis, as food, FN 14; for animal and 156, 7 81-82; 58, 60, 155, 178-179, 180, 184,
D152 human cells, C 38-39, 42, 44, statistical data: age, PL 9, WEA 185, SH 179; sonic boom, F
Subatomic particles. See Atomic 48, 49, FN 86, 100, G19, 27, 11; diameter, P/ 184, WEA 11;
particles 58, 155, 179, 189, SH 178, 179-
22; calorie content of, C 48, £ distance from earth, WEA 11, 180; transport (see SST);
Subclavian artery and vein, 8 49 101; in digestion, 8 103-104, 36; life-expectancy, £ 69, WEA wave drag, F 58, 178, 181,
Subconscious, the, VND 15. See 111, 115, FV 58-59, 83, 84, 93, 11; temperatures, WEA 11; 182, 183; wing design, F 58-
also Unconscious, the G 18, 20; excess consumption, volume, WEA 11; weight, WEA 11. 59, 60, 169-170, 180-181, 183,
Subcutaneous fascia, 8 38, 39 HD 88; sources of, FV 13. See also Solar eclipses; Solar
Sublimation: carbon dioxide, 185-189. See also Hypersonic
See also Glucose energy; Solar flares; Solar flight
temperature, /V table 58; Suicide, HD 155; effect of radiation; Solar storms; Solar
iodine, V 105 Surface (in topology): genus,
weather on rate of, WEA 110, 111 weather; Solar wind; MATH 178, 181; one-sided,
Submarine warfare, SHP 126- Suicide capsule, cellular, G 51 Sunlight
127, 129, 130-181, 134, 147, 148 MATH 176, 182-183;
Sulfa drugs, D 95, 97, 98, 110- Sun-and-planet gear, VCH 55, transformations, MATH 176,
Submarines, SC/ 160, SHP 34, 111,195, Gi 138. See also 56, WHL 84-85
123-134, 188; buoyancy, SHP 178-181, 190
Sulfonamides Sun-centered theory ofsolar
124, 125; Bushnell’s Turtle, Surface curvature (non-
Sulfadiazine, D 97 system: ancient Greek, PZ 12,
MCH 193, SC/ 160, SHP 126, Euclidean geometry), VATH
Sulfanilamide, D 97, 195 21; Copernicus, MATH 81, MS 156, 157, 160; model of, MATH
130; history of, SHP 123, 125- Sulfapyridine, 0 97 9, PL 13-14, 16, 24-25, SC/ 92;
134; hull design, sHP 124, 132- 163; various kinds, MATH 157
Sulfates: body waste material, Kepler, MATH 111, PL 14, 24, 25 Surface-piercing hydrofoil, SH?
133; maximum depth, SHP 8 124; in drinking water, W Sun-drying of foods, FV 61
125, 188; maximum speed, 173,174
193; flame test, 31 Sun Po (alchemist), / 18
SHP 125; navigation, SHP 124: Surface properties and
Sulfonamides, D 96, 110-111; Sun-stroke treatment, PH 149
periscope development, SHP phenomena, VV 82, 83-97;
anemic reaction to, HD 125; Sunbeam Satin ear), WHL table 170
128-129; in seience fiction, SC/ adsorption, /V 92; coatings
porphyric reaction to, HD 124. Sunburn, 8 38,149, £73
160-161; sonar detection of, See also Sulfa drugs (oil, ete.,), MV77, 90; influence
Sundback, Gideon, zipper of, EVG of surface-weight ratio on
SH 121, 129-130; special Sulfur, Gi 11, 140; body need 1415
design features, SHP 124, 125: for, FV 15; crystal type, mixing qualities, /V 84;
Sundial, WATH 76, SC/ 42, 54, monolayer, V/ 90, 91;
eee
ee Fe eee
8-The Body c-The Cell D-Drugs E-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight F-N-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease Lv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MNO-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician P.-Planets SC/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time W-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
a
“a
 structure of surface, role in Swallowing, 8 101; for synthetic; Plastics;
color creation, /V 99, 104, 108- design, SHP 83-84; goods
air pressure adjustment, SH Polymerization; Rubber, carried in, SHP 105-106; load
109. See also Surface tension 35; nervous control of, MVD synthetic
Surface tension, V 76-77, 79, 88- line, SHP 10, 14; loading and
27, 38 Synthetics industry, D 126, Giv unloading of, SHP 109-110:
89, 91; of water, MV 75, 77, Swamps, W 56, 57, 61; plant, W/ 11, 14-15, 169, 108;
88-89, W15, 20-21, 22, 23 model testing of, SHP 42-43:
102 beginnings of, Gv 14-15, 36-
Surface water, existing amount nuclear submarine, SH? 171-
Swan, Sir Joseph, VCH 127 37, 38, 47-49, 73, 80-81, 104- 172; specialized, SHP 105-106:
of, W 9, 37, table 38 Sway (ship’s motion), SHP 37, 39 107, 128-129; Du Pont, Gv speed curve, SHP graph 105;
eure (ship’s motion), SHP 37, Swayne’s Wild Cherry, D 160, 161
9
105-108, 109-121; dyes, Gu tonnage value, SHP 14
Sweat, composition of, W116 37, 38, 39, 48-49, 115; fibers, Tantalum, // 132; uses of, £149,
Surgeon(s), PH 103-106; earliest Bae (epidemic disease),HD GM 107, 108, 116-117, 119, 149- M 132
records on, PH 101; fee of, PH
170; general, PH 103, 104-106;
151, M 110, 114-115; plastics, Tanzania, food production in, £/V
Sweat glands, 8 38, 39, 169, 0 GM 16, 81, 105, 112, 114-115, table 180-181
medieval barber-surgeon, PH 104,105, W116 118, 119, 132, 145-149, 151-
27, 32; qualities required, PH Tape. See Magnetic tape;
Sweden: conditions of life and 153, 178, 179-191, VM 110-111, Perforated tape;
103-104; residency period, PH health in, HD 8, 17, 26-27; fuel 114, 115; raw materials, GV
60; specialization, PH 103 Thermoplastic tape
resources, F 193; National 16, 182, 133, v 108, 111, 112, Tape-O- Matic machine, /CH
purgson General, office of, PH Health Insurance Program, 114; research, G/v 14, 104- 178,179
PH173 107, 115, 120-121, 126, 128- Tape recorder, VCH 145, 146,
Surgery, 8 180-181, PH 149, 153, Swedenborg, Emanuel, SH? 176 129; rubber, G/M 108, 109, 123- 15195
154-155; abdominal, D 54, 64, Swedish Hospital, Seattle, 124, 128-131, 149-151; Tape recording, SH 116-117
66-67, PH 103; anesthetics, D Wash., 8 125, PH 169 technology, Gv 145, 151, 153, Tapeworm, D 95, 110; growing
52-54, 60, 61-67, 68, 74-75, HD Swept-back wings, f 58-59, 60, 169-171, 178; point of, G 10
57, 154, PH 31, 37, 101, 105; 61-62, 170, 180-181, 186 machinery, GV 89-96, 118, Taro (vegetable), FV 20, 21
aseptic, C 184, HD 57-58, 68- Swings, Pol, SC/ 116 151, 179-191, M 114-115; Tarsier, eyes of, /V/.29
69, PH 31, 36-37, 194; brain, Switching, railroad, WH 59, 62, polymerizer, GM 186-187; Tarsus (bone), 8 45
MND 63, 180, PH 1038, 104, 179- 70-71 production processes, \/ 114; Tartaglia (Nicolo Fontana),
181; control of bleeding, 8 94; Switchyards, railroad, WH 59, Naugahyde, GM 178, 179-191; MATH 11, 69, 128, SC/ 86
cost of, PH 170; cryosurgery, 69, 74-75, 170-171 petrochemicals, £ 115, GM Tarver, W.L., £165
PH 179-181; divorced from Switzerland: postwar babies in, 132, charts 134-143; problems Tasseled sail, SHP 54
medicine in Middle Ages, PH nls synchrotron, (V 194- of, Gl 170-171; rayon, GV 88-97 Taste, sense of, 8 143, 151, 160-
31-32, 33; ear, SH 148-149, ee HD 82, 62, 130; 161,/V 13; Fechner’s law for
150-152; echolocation in, SH Swords, war, VCH 38, 39 iagnosis of, PH 81-82, 83; sensation of taste, SH 82;
130-132; eye, LV 61, 86, SH Sydenham, Thomas, PH 15 drug, D 96, 194, PH 195; germ power law for sensation of
131-132; gallbladder, 8 190- Sylvius (teacher of Vesalius), PH of, D 96 taste, SH 83
191, PH 104-106, 170, table 172; 14-15 Syrian waterwheel, ancient, EVG Taste buds, 8 160
heart, 8 85-86, 130-131, 134, Symbolic logic, MATH 12, 13, 62, 63 Tate, Dan, WHL 57
D 74-75, 77, PH 186-187; 170, 172, 174-175; application, Syrtis Major (Martian feature), Tatum, Edward L., C 58-59, D
history of, 8 10-11, 18-19, 21, example of, MATH 173; PL 133 174, SC/ 193
26, C 184-185, HD 57-58, PH Boolean algebra, MATH 170; Systemic circulation, 8 81 Tau Ceti (star), VATH 9
11, 24, 27, 28, 31-33, 34, 36- defined, MATH 170; Systems, complex, SC/ 83-84 Tawell, John, VCH 146
37, 193, 194, 195; kidney, 8 Godel’s Proof, MATH 175; truth Systems analysis: of political Taxonomy, SC/ 97, 101
134, 135; laser beam, F 191, table, MATH chart 170 and economic problems, ENG Taylor, Frederick W., EVG 38,
PH 182-183; microsurgery, C Sympathetic nervous system, D 176; of urban problems, ENG 194-195, MCH 83
101, 117, 194, SH 150-151; 88, 89, MND 27-28, 35, PH 21; 172-174, chart 175 Taylor, Sir Geoffrey, SC/ 11
muscle relaxants, D 9, 54, 64, cells, MND 27-28; discovery Systems engineering, £/VG 77- Taylor, John, GV 76
74; neurological, PH table 102, of, PH 21 85, 93, 101, 172; basic rule Taylor column, P/ 156, 165
103, 104, 179-181; 19th Sympathetic trunk, V/VD 27 of, ENG 173-174; defined, EG Taylor Model Basin, SHP 39, 40,
Century, C 185, D 53, HD 68- Sympathetic vibration, defined, 77; Lunar Module, ENG 79, 132
69, PH 30, 31, 36-37, 146, 193, SH 1938. See also Resonance 81-85; Pan Am Building, EVG Tea, D 14, 51, 52
194; open-heart, D 74-75, PH Synapse, 8 142, C 158, 194, D 40, 101-102 Teachers: mathematics,
170, 186-187; operating-room 42, MND 186 Szebehely, Victor, VATH 58 shortage of, VATH 56, 57;
procedure, PH 104, 105; Synchro-cyclotron, (7 155; Szent Gyorgyi von Nagyrapolt, science, number in U.S., SC/
placebo effect, HD 154; Berkeley, Calif., 7 194-195, Albert, FV 118, SC/ 192 graph 31, 124
plastic, PH 28, 32, 102-103; SCMSS Szilard, Leo, 172-173, sc/9 Teaching machines, VND 112,
16th Century quack, MND 65; Synchronization of life processes: T 113, 122-123
subspecialties, PH table 102, animals, 7 37-38; embryonic Teaching methods: Bruner’s,
103; thoracic, PH table 102, growth, C 108-104; external, MND 114; in mathematics,
103; training in, 8 190-191, 7 34-35; internal, 7 33-34, 36, Tabanid fly, HD 183 MATH 13, 54, 171; Montessori,
PH table 56, 61, 76-77. See also 37; plants, 7 34-37 Tablet manufacture, D 186-189 MND 115; programming, MND
Transplants Synchrophasotron, / 194-195 Tacking (sailing term), SHP 55, 113; reinforcement concept,
Surgical instruments: ancient Synchrotrons, / 41, 155, Sc/ 152; 66-67; defined, SHP 193 MND 112-113; visual and
Roman, & 23; medieval, PH Brookhaven (AGS), (V9, 160- Tacoma Narrows Bridge, WHL audio aids, MND 122-123
26; sonar-equipped forceps, 165, 194-195, SC/ 66, 128; 130 Tear ducts, 0 105
SH 180; stapler, ENG 15 Cornell, V/V 194-195; Geneva, Taconite ore, ENG 123, 132, 136; Tears, D105, LV 59
Surgical laser, PH 182-183 Switzerland, (v7 194-195; beneficiation of, EVG 141, 142; Technetium, / 37, 133
Surrealism, LV 162, SC/ 164 Harvard-M.1.T., Vv 194-195; iron content, EVG 138; mining Technical civilization, PL 178-
Surveying: Egyptian Serpukhoy, Russia, v7 194-195 techniques, ENG 136-143 179, 184, 190
techniques, MATH 41, 74-75; Syncytial cells, G 149 Tadpoles: embryo studies, G 36; Technicians, number in U.S., SC/
use of trigonometry, ATH Shite drug combinations, D hearing organs in, SH 71; graph 31, 124
84, 86 9 metamorphosis of, D 50,175; Technological adaptation, HD
Surveyor moon probes, V/s 78, Synge, Richard, SC/ 192 regenerative powers of, gal, ey, 1A
124, 126, 127, 128, PL 67, 90, Synovial fluid, 8 55, Vv 81 G174 Technology, SC/ 145-148;
104-105 Synovial tissue, in arthritis, HD Taft, William Howard, WEA 42 benefits of, vs. damages and
Suspension bridges, £/vG 14, 15, 94-95 Tagliacozzi, Gaspare, C 174, PH dangers, ENG 177, Sc/ 145,
58-59, WHL 122, 126-131, 132, Synthesis: of cellulose, Gv 74- 28, 29 150-152; defined, Sc/ 145;
133, 142; basic advantage of, 75; of DNA, C 75, 76, Gi 177; Tail, vestigial, 8 57, 67 inevitability of advance, SC/
WHL 126; bridle-cord, WHL of organic compounds, Tainter, Charles S., WCH 195, SH 152; predictions for future,
142-143; Brooklyn Bridge, beginnings of, GM 34, 36-37, 109 ENG 174-177, F 169-175, Gu
WHL 126-127, 128-130; early 38, 39, 46, 47-48; of polymers Taku Glacier, Alaska, WEA 32- 169-177, SC/ 148-150, SHP 171-
primitive, ENG 59, WHL 125, see (Polymerization); of 33; 178, WHL 172-177; predictions
127; longest spans, WH 130, protein, GM 103, 175-176; of Talbot, Fox, LV 64-65, 66 of past fulfilled, Sc/ 148, 150-
131, 193; of the Roeblings, water, GM 32, W18 Tamarind tree, 7 34 151, 152, 153; sociological
WHL 126-130; strength and Synthetic elements, // 148 Tamerlane the Conqueror, VA7TH impact, SC/ 145, 150-151,
safety devices, WHL 128; Synthetics, GV (entire vol.), MV 155
Verrazano-Narrows, ENG 15, 42, 99, 108, Sc/ 90, 91; main Tamm, Igor, SC/ 190 Tectorial membrane, SH 46-47
108, 109-119, WHL 130, 132, families, V 112; medical Tangent (tan), VATH 10, 84, 86; Teeth, 8 100-101, 110; caleium
135, 193; wind tunnel testing applications of, FVG 153, GM toa curve, MATH 111, graphs need, FV 13; enamel, water
of models, WH 131 15, 165, 169, 176-177, 116, 121-122; as function of angle, content of, W115; permanent,
Suspensions, / 84-85, 86, 87 PH 108, 178; tailor-made for MATH 86 G 80-81; and sound
Svedberg, The, GV 102-103, SC/ certain properties, GM 15, Tankers, SHP 75, 82, 83-84, 103, articulation, 8 122; wisdom,
191 58, 64, 65, 68-71, 131, 145, 148- 105-106; bulkheads, SHP 11; B42
Svensson, Nils, SHP 19 153, 158-167, 169-175. See also capacity curve, SHP graph 105; Teflon, GM chart 137, 147-148,
S waves, earthquake, Pl 34, 35 Drugs, synthetic; Fibers, construg¢tion of, SHP 17-29; 149; FEP, Gv 148; molecule,
CE

195
 radome, MS 118 106; serum, D178 82,194. See also Thermoscope
GM 147; properties of, GM 147- Thermonuclear energy, £ 175; as
148: uses of, GM 144, 148, 149 Temperament, types of, 6 41; and Tethys (Saturnian moon), PL
body humors, old concept, HD table 193 possible power source, £ 176,
Teitelbaum, Philip, (VV 129-130 186, ENG 174, M 168, 177-178,
Telegraph, M/CH 145, 146-147, 13) Tetracaine, D 67
Tetracycline drugs, D 98, 99, 179; problem of controlling,
SC/ 146; automatic, ENG 42; Temperate zones: land and sea
125, 169, HD 105 £176, 186-187; source of, M
Cooke-Wheatstone, ENG 59, breezes of, WEA 60; major
weather features, WEA 41-42, Tetraethyl lead, gasoline 178,177; of stars, £175, PL
MCH 146, 148; early weather- 156; of sun, £ 145-146, 175, Vv
reporting networks, WEA 146- 64-65; rain, WEA 88-89; additive, EVG 125
seasonal changes, PL 52, 53 Tetrafluoroethylene, GV 146- 175, 176-177, PL 35. See also
147, 156-157; Edison’s Fusion, atomic; Hydrogen
inventions, ENG 42-43; Temperature: absolute zero, F 147,148 é
31, / 60, SC/ 56; defined, & Texas: dust storm, WEA 28; oil, bomb
Morse’s, ENG 60, MCH 60, 71, Thermoplastics, GV 105
126, 146-147, 194; multiplex, 31, 42; and human efficiency E110
and behavior, /S 186-187, Texas Eastern Transmission Thermoscope, Galileo’s, £ 29,
ENG 42-43; nonelectric 30, 41, WEA 37, 142
precursor of, MCH 146,147; WEA 110-111; infrared Corporation, oil refinery, MCH
brightness, Pl 64; inversion, 180-181 Thermosetting plastics, GV 105
quadruplex, ENG 42;
HD 100-101, 102, 115, WEA 119; Texas Institute for Rehabilitation Thermosphere, PL graph 56, 57,
transatlantic cables, (VG map
Kelvin scale of, £ 30-31, 47, and Research,PH98 WEA graph 15
60, 61, VCH 147; wireless, E'VG
SC/ 56; leveling trend, £ 59- Textile industry: mechanization Thermostat, £ 57; furnace, MCH
9, MCH 148-149, 195
60, 68-69 (see also Entropy); of, MCH 138-14, 15, 56-58, 60, 198, 139) 172-1735 L719
Telemetry, WS 56, 108-109
scales, £ 30-31, 40, 47, 198, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 116, 169; Thiamine (vitamin B1), FV 63,
Telephone(s), VCH 145, 146,
147-148, Sc/ 146, 153; SC/ 56; and state of matter, £ rayon, GM 88-97; synthetics, table 118, 115, HD 82, 83, 188;
automation, FVG 149-150, 32-338, 55-57, M 75, 78-79, 176; GM 107, 108, 116-117, 119, 149- lost in polished rice, HD 83;
MCH 168, 182-183; Bell’s, VCH terrestrial, average, WEA 39; 151, V 110, 114-115. See also sources of, FN table 194-195,
72, 126, 147, 194; design, ENG terrestrial, possible rise of, Fibers HD 83
149, 150, 154, 156-157, SC/ 147; WEA 178; weather map TEX (airplane). See F-111 Thiazide drugs, D 93
direct dialing, CH 182; indication of, WEA 168. See Thailand: food production in, Thigh bone. See Femur
functioning of, VCH 136-137; also Body temperature; Heat; FN table 180-181; railroads in, Thigh muscles, 8 61
information service, ENG 149- Weather, temperature WHL 11, 12 Thinking, V/V 15-16; brain
150; laser beam transmission, Temperature-humidity index, Thalamus, B 147, VND 18,19, processes, B 145, 150, c 147,
ENG 181; number in use WEA graph 84 37; functions of, MND 13, 37, 156; cortex as seat of, MND
globally, VCH 148; number in 10-based counting system. See 176; LSD effect on, D 42; 19; Descartes’ definition of,
use in U.S., WCH 14, 136; Decimal system surgery, MND 63; tranquilizer MND 10; in Jung’s system,
period of development, SC/ Tendons, 8 56; in musculoskele- effect on, D 45 MND 89; pathological, MND
148, graph 149; satellite tal teamwork, 8 62, 71; sprains, Thalassemia, HD 129-130 90; words as prerequisite of,
transmission, VS 99, 100, 8 59; transplants, 8 63 Thales of Miletus, V 17, 13-14, MND 120
118; transatlantic cable, Tennessee River, navigability of, MATH 40, 41-42, 45; five Thiopental, sodium, PH 105
MS 99; video, SC/ 149, 156; W152 propositions of, MATH 40-41; Third harmonic, SH 13-14
wireless, MCH 137, 149-150, Tennessee Valley Authority, W universe of, PL 20-21 Third transition metals, / 136,
195 152, 153; systems Thalidomide, D 116, 148, G 30, 137; in periodic table, Vv 127
Telephone theory of hearing, SH engineering, ENG 77; Wheeler HD 105; defects from, D 116, Thirst, W107, 114
57-58 Dam, W 166-167 G 150, 157 Thomas, Seth, clock of, WCH 88
Telephonoscope, SC/ 156 Tennyson, Alfred Lord, (61, 7 Thallium, V/ 139; use of, Thomas W. Lawson
Telephoto, VCH 152-153 167 M189 (schooner); SHP 62
Telescopes, LV 82, PL 61-62, 68, Tensile strength, GV 102; of Thames River, England, W/Vmap Thomason, Harry, £ 185
70-78, SC/ 36, 40, 92, 116, 138, water, W105 182, 183; 19th Century Thompson, Sir .D’Arcy
153, T 132; balloon-borne, PL Tension (engineering):defined, pollution, HD 52, 53-54; Wentworth, G 126
67, 78-79; basic optical MCH 48; use in weaponry, present pollution, W175 Thompson, Benjamin. See
principle of, £V 32, PL 62; MCH 36, 44-45 The Geysers, Calif., geothermal Rumford, Count
chromatic aberration, LV 169; Tension (mental state), chronic, power plant at, EVG 128, 129- Thompson, John, EVG 95
cost of, statistics, SC/ 128; MND 35, 58. See also 130 Thompson, Silvanus, SH 103
Galileo’s, LV 32, MATH 81, MS Emotional strain; Stress Theiler, Max, SC/ 194 Thompson, W.R., HD 147
9, PL 60, 61, SC/ 40, 93, 128; Tenzing Norkay, HD 171 Theophrastus, WEA 81, 154 Thompson, Ramo Wooldridge,
Herschel’s, SC/ 93; invention Tequila, 0 33 Theorell, Axel, SC/ 192-193 MND 179
of, LV 32, PL 61, SC/ 40; limited Terbium, V 147 Theorem(s): defined, VATH 39; Thomson, Sir George Paget, SC/
by atmospheric distortion Teredos, SHP 54, 58 Greek repertory of, 174, 189
(“bad seeing”), WS 104-105, Tereshkova, Valentina, /S 88 MATH 41 Thomson, Joseph John, V/ 121-
PL 64, 67; Newton’s, MATH Terman, Frederick E., SC/ 136 Theoretical sciences, SC/ 76; and 122, 128, 153, 176, SC/ 48, 189;
112, sc/ 40; reflecting, SC/ 40; Terman, Lewis M., VD 131, applied science, SC/ 145-148; his concept of atom, /v 121,
refracting, SC/ 40; spacecraft- 132,134 beginnings of, SC/ 79-80 222
borne, PL 67, 80; tracking, VS Terminals, traffic, transfer Theoretical scientists, SC/ 30, Thomson, Robert, GV 125
75; world’s largest (Mount problems at, WH 169-170; 51, 82 Thomson, Sir William (Lord
Palomar), WS 168, PL 62, 71, interface solution, WHL 160- Theory, scientific: formulating, Kelvin), £ 31, 38, 41, EG 60,
185, SC/ 128, 133. See also 161,176 SC/ 57, 58; interaction with 7 126-127, 151; Second Law
Radio telescopes Terminology, scientific, SC/ 35, fact, SC/ 53-58; verification of, of Thermodynamices, £ 58-59,
Teletype communication, /CH 105-106; examples, SC/ 107 SCI 57-58 7169
146 Terra sigillata, D 11,25 Theory of Sex, Three Thor Delta Vehicle (rocket), VS
Television, LV 147, 174, MCH Terrestrial planets, 7S 148, 150, Contributions to the, Freud, 45
ZS AD, 146) L495 35SC/ LSS, FEIT MND 83 Thoracic nerves, 8 51
148, 156, SH 116; beginnings Terry, Eli, WCH 79-80 Thermal convection. See Thoracic surgery, PH table 102,
of, ENG 11; color, £v 112, 115, Test tanks: Froude’s, SHP 32- Convection, thermal 108, 186-187
SC/ 23; frequency control, 7 33; modern, SHP 39-40, 41-45, Thermal efficiency, internal Thorax, 8 57-58
103-104; frequency range, 7 46, 47-51 combustion vs. steam engine, Thorium, V 148, PL 35, 36;
102; invention of, MVCH 195; Test-tube babies, G 36, 171, 174 WHL 81 radioactivity, (7 169;
laser beam transmission of, Testes, 8 170, G 108, 171; fetal Thermal expansion, £ 33, 34, 55, resources, E table 193
ENG 181; period of development of, G 55-56, 149; 56; coefficient of, £ 57 Thorium 232, 7 128
development, SC/ 148, graph fetal, hormone secretion by, Thermal inversion, HD 100-101, Thorndike, Edward Lee, W/OD
149; photoelectric effect used G 56, 148; interplay with 102 115, WEA 119 107-108, 110
in, LV 38, MCH 152; picture hypothalamus, G 135; Thermal slope winds, WEA 60 Thornton, William, CH
tube, MCH 153, 154; principle regulators of, 8 175-176, G Thermal springs, W/59 157
of, VCH 153-154; satellite 133-135, 144; secretions of, 8 Thermionic converter, invention, Thorpe, George W., WHL
transmission, /S 81, 98, 99, 174, G56, 184, 144,171 MCH 195 170
100, 101-102, 1178, Sc/ 149; set Testosterone, 8 174, G 108, 134, Thermochromism, G/V/ 171 Thorpe, Harvey, SH 131
ownership statistics, WCH 14, 144, 145, 171, MND 177-178 Thermodynamics, ENG 9, SC/ 76, Thoth (god oftime), 7 70
120; traffic monitoring by, Tests: control group technique, 88, 89, 100, 146; Nobel Thouens control and reform, VND
WHL 9, 11, 168,170, 191; use D 150-152; crossover prizewinners, SC/ 190-191; 15
in medical education, PH 61; technique, D 151-152; First Law of, £ 38, 7170, WEA Three-dimensional vision. See
vacuum tubes, WCH 150; “double-blind” technique, D 131; application to chemical Depth perception;
wavelength, £188 151; 1. Q. (see Intelligence, reactions, £ 97-98, 101; Stereoscopic vision
Telford, Thomas, ENG 338, 59, tests); model (see Model Second Law of, £ 58-59, 7 169- Three-receptor theory of color
193 testing; Windtunnel) 170; application to chemical vision, LV 122-123, 124, 125,
Telkes, Maria, MCH 117 Testu-Brissy, Pierre, VS 26 reactions, £ 98 130,133, 134, 1385
Teller, Edward, / 47, MATH 60 Tetanus, C 183, 184, D 171-172, Thermometer, & 29-31, 32, 40- Three-wire circuit electrical
Tellurium, V 141 HD 20, 178; antitoxin test in 41,42, WEA 37, 39, 135, 142, distribution system, E/VG 39
Telstar, £185, WS 99, 100, 118; India, D 172; inoculations, PH 155, 162-163; clinical, PH 33, Threonine, FV 172
a
eee

8-The Body c-The Cell D-Drugs &-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease LV-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets SC/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships 7-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels i
i
 Thresher, U.S.S., SH 130 civilizations, W/ 121, 122-123: WHL 89 77; source of vitamin C, Fv
Threshing machine, invention of, delta, Ww75 Tinfoil cylinder records,
MCH 193 30; water content of, 106,
Pie Sir William, GV 125-126, phonograph, ENG 51, MCH 149, Thilgs)
Thrombocytes. See Platelets SH 108-109 Tombaugh, Clyde, P/ 173
Throttle: jet engine, F 116, 117; Tiller, SHP.55, 56 Tinnitus, SH 154 Tombereau, WHL 26, 27
in steam locomotive, Timber loader, VCH 96 Tipeart, WHL 26, 27
WHL 55 Tomonaga, Shin-ichiro, SC/ 189
Time, 7 (entire vol.); “absolute,” Tire cord: nylon, GV 117; Tones: formation of, SH 14;
Through the Looking Glass, 7 145, 148, 150; animal viscose rayon, GV 89, fundamental, SH 13, 14;
Carroll, MATH 172; symbolic experiments with, 7 10; 96 harmonics, SH 13, 14; middle
logic applied to, MATH 173 defined scientifically, 79; as Tires, GM 57, 70, 125, 129, 140, octave (piano), frequencies
Thrust: defined, F 34, ws 193: dimension, MATH 156, 165, 160; aircraft, flattening of, SH chart 81; pure, tuning
insect flight, F 42, 43; rockets, 171, 7 153; “discovery of,” 7 during flight, F 153-154; fork, SH 77, 193
MS 44-45; 123; epoch, defined, 7 9-10; automobile, lifetime of, WHL Tongue, 8 110, 160; motor
aircraft, £ 35, 66; coordination interval, defined, 7 9-10; 92, graph 93; changes of control of, VND 38; nerve
with angle of attack, F 69; orbital (ephemeris), 7 104, molecular structure in, GV endings in, 8 148, 160;
creation of, F 66, 81-82; jet 105; reality of, 7167, 168; 127; metal, early, WHL 14, 22: sensitivity of, 8 156; and
propulsion, Ff 84-85; propeller standardization of, 7 8, 83, rubber, introduction on sound articulation, 8 122;
limitations, F 82; ratings, 101, 107, WHL 53; coaches, WHL 28; tubeless, taste buds, 8 160
turbojet, F 84, 116, WCH 110; divisions: history, 7 16, 55-63, GM 129 Tonnage measurements, SH? 13,
requirements, F 35, 37; 77 (see also Calendar); 60- Tiros program, M/S 81; and 14-15
translation of rotational based, MATH 16, 76; small Mercury launchings, V/s 102; Tonsils, function of, 8 93, 0 109
energy into, F 27, 66-67; segments, 7 101, 108; see also weather observation, VS 114, Tools: as examples of early
vertical, in VTOL planes, F Day; Hour; Minute; Month; WEA 50, 82, 176-177, 183, 184 machines, MCH 17-19, 24-27;
98, 151, 152-153,173 Second; Week; Year; Tiros I (weather satellite), /S machine, MCH 80-81, SC/ 42,
Thrust reversers, jet engine, F man and, 7 16, 17-31, 40-41, 80, 102, 114, WEA 176 43; primitive, FN chart 34, 35,
116, 117 50-53; ancient beliefs, and ay III (weather satellite), /s MCH 11, 38, 712
Thrust-to-weight ratio: Manly’s gods, 7 10, 11, 54, 56-58, 69, Topaz crystals: type, / 101; X-
engine, F 14, 77-78; turbojets, 125; efforts to transcend Tiros X (weather satellite), /S ray diffraction, GM 101
F 84; VTOL requirements, F time, 7 167-168, 176, 177-191; 102, WEA 175 Topectomy, VND 63
151, 173 human time sense, 7 12-15; Tirpitz, the, SHP 148 Topgallant sail, SHP 70
Thule, Greenland, BMEWS poetry, 7 167-168; Tiselius, Arne, SC/ 192 Topology, MATH 163, 176, 177-
station at, EVG 104-106 subjectivity, 7 15; Tissue, body, 8 10, C 9, 18-19, 191, SC/ 57, 87, 100; algebraic,
Thulium, // 146, 147 measurement, MATH 76, SC/ 101, 108; building of, 8 105, c MATH 53; beginnings of, MATH
Thumb: position of, 8 44; 54-55, 56, T 55-63, 77-83, 145; 104-106, 120, FV 86-87, 100; 188; defined, MATH 12,170,
sesamoid bones in, B 56 accuracy and precision, 7 cell immobility in, C 105, 106; 176; fixed-point theorem,
Thunder, £ 26; Aristotle’s 101, 102, 104, 106-107, 193; chemical bonding, Cc 106; MATH 190; genus of surfaces,
concept of, WEA 128 ancient beginnings, 7 11-12; classification, PH 193; MATH 178, 181; Klein bottle,
Thunderheads, WEA 85, 86, 94- of distant past, 7 123-131, composition of, C 123, FN 100- MATH 182, 183; map coloring,
95,101, 104 132, 133-143 (see also Dating); 101; embryonic layers, C 102, MATH 184-185; Mobius strip,
Thunderstorms, £ 26-27, W 46- fused with religion, 7 57; G 43; foreign, rejection of (see MATH 182-183, 184, 185;
47, WEA 22-23, 104-105; importance to navigation, Immune reaction); grafts of, network theory, MATH 186,
balloon-observation of, WEA SHP 157, T 81-83, 101, 107; C 119, 173-175 (see also 188; one-sided surfaces,
134-135; clouds, W 46-47, WEA methods for, 7 90; natural Transplants); healing MATH 176, 182-183;
85, 86, 87, 89, 94-95, 100-101, devices for “big time,” 7123, process, C 106-107; kinds of, transformations, MATH 174,
194, 195; convective, WEA 94; 126; by orbital rotations, 7 8 14-15; regeneration of, 8 178-181, 186, 190
daily number of, W47, WEA 104-105, 107; by seasonal 174, C 105, 117, 118, FN 86- Topsail, SHP 55, 58, 70
35; development of, WEA 104; change, 7 21, 54, 57-58; of 87; specialization in embryo, Lee ofship, defined, SHP
energy of, W13-14, 47, WEA small segments, 7 30, 101- 8 175,177, C 102-104, 3
35; frontal, WEA 87, 94, 95; 107, 108, 109-121; by tuning G 43-49 Tornadoes, £ 18-19, WEA 59, 65-
weather-map symbol for, fork, 7108, 104-105; see also Tissue tolerance, to drugs, D 57- 66, 78-79; cause of, WEA 78;
WEA table 168 Calendar; Clocks; 58 origin of term, WEA 65;
Thymidine, D 132 movement of, 7 167-175; Titan (Saturnian moon), VS 152, research model, WEA 174; top
Thymine, C 60-61, 70 beginning and end, 7 173- PL 183, table 193 wind speed, WEA 66, 78
Thymus gland, D 108; at birth, 174, 175; and entropy, 7170, Titan II (rocket), WS 36, 45 Toronto, Canada: computer
8 139; calf’s, use for nucleus 171, 172; forward movement, Titan III (rocket), GV 162 control of traffic lights, WHL
research, C 135-141; functions T 168-169, 173,176; Titan IIIC (rocket), VS 45 173; subways, WHL 154
of, 8 93, 138, D 108, reversibility, 7 166, 167-169, Titania (Uranian moon), P/ table Torque, WHL 79, 81-82; in
109 172,173; symmetry, 7 168- 193 various gears, WHL 78, 82-85
Thymus-lymphatic system, 169, 170-171; Titanium, VV 131; uses of, £171, Torricelli, Evangelista, / 53-54,
during pregnancy, G 32-33 relativity of, 7147, 148-153; M131 56, MCH 53, WHL 39, 129;
Thyroid ailments, 8 170-171; and Hinstein, 7144, 151, 153; Titov, Gherman, V/S 74, 84, 88 barometer of, £ 31, M 53, 54,
overweight, FV 128. See also Newton, 7 147-148; see also NG) = 93) 7119 WEA 128, 142, 154
Goiter Time dilation; Toad, specialized eyes of, LV 11, Torsion:defined, WCH 43; use in
Thyroid gland, 8 170-171, HD sense of, 7 12-15; biological, C 23 weaponry, MCH 29, 36, 43
174; functions of, 8 170-171, 11-12, 7 9 (see also Biological Toaster, automatic, VCH 134- “Tortoise” (Assyrian war
G 133-134; iodine need of, FV clocks); childhood TGR, USNS machine), VCH 29
10, 63, 107, G 134; location development of, 712-13; Tobacco, D 51, 52, 58. See also Torture, psychic effects of, MVD
of, 8 170, G 139; regulation conception of past events, 7 Smoking 168-169
Of Bano, 1716, Gilad; 15; effects of drugs and fever Tocopherol, FV table 113. See also Torus, MATH 184, 185
secretions of, 8 170, 176, G upon, 7 15; in mentally ill, 7 Vitamin E Total reflection: internal, of light,
133-134, 137, 143 13-14 Todd, Sir Alexander, SC/ 193 LV 33, 41; of sound, SH 20
Thyroid-stimulating hormone Time dilation (expansion), £ 141- Todd, Tweedy, G175 Touch, sense of, 8 38, 143, 151,
(TSH), 8 175, 176, G 133, 143 142, MS 166-167, 177, PL 179, Toes, embryonic development of, 156; 157, 162, G2 572 dale
Thyrotrophic hormone (TSH), 8 7 145, 147, 150-151, 152-154, G33 13; in blind persons, 8 166-
175, 176, G 133, 143 155-165 Toftoy, Holger N., VS 54, 56 167, MND 44; brain center, 8
Thyroxine, 8 170-171, 173, 175, Time-energy relationship, in Tokaido Express, Japan, WHL 9, 145, MND 38; in deaf persons,
176, G 134, 137 vision, /V 170-171, 190-191 MND 44, SH 154-155, 159, 166;
Tibia, 8 45; and height, 8 table 173 Tokuyama oil refinery, Japan, £ Fechner’s law, SH 82
60 Time-motion discipline and 112-113 Toughness of substances, / 104;
Ticktacktoe machine, VND 188- studies, VCH 77, 82, Tokyo: drought of 1964, W171; causes of, in plasties, GV 64,
189 3 rush hour traffic, WHL 147; 105, 157; combined with
Ticks as vectors, HD 48, 49, Time-motion-space paradox, 7 subways, WHL 154; Tokaido rigidity in ABS plastics, GV
182 145-153 Express, WHL 9, 190-191 152-153; polycarbonates, GM
Tidal power plants, £ 178-179, Time theory of binaural location, Tolerance: in addicts, D 57-58; 156-157
ENG 127,128, W154, 168-169 SH 103-104 cellular (tissue), D 57-58; Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de,
Tidal theory of origin of solar Time zones, 7 82, 83; frequency pregnancy and, G 31-33; to paintings by, LV 179, 186, 187
system, M/S 170, PL 28-29 shifts in, 7103; and travel, transplants between Towboats, modern, SHP 126
Tides, £ 23, 7 38, 105; cause of, time zone syndrome, 7 41, identical twins, C173, G31 Tower jumpers, £9, 41, 77
PL 11; power potential of, £ 42 Tolman, Edward C., M0 111-112 “Tower of the Winds,” Athenian,
16 Tin, V 139; crystal type, v 101; Tolstoy, Leo, FV 155 WEA 58
Tides (divisions of day), 7 88 prehistoric discovery and use Tom Thumb (early locomotive), Towneley, Richard, WEA 129
Tierra del Fuego Indians, W 107 of, M 10, 12, 30, 139; sources MCH 59 Townes, Charles, VCH 195, SC/
Tiger’s Milk, FV 152 of, WHL 89; specific heat of, & Tomato: history of, FV 149; 190
Tigris River: ancient table 36; uses of, M 187, 139, processing, FN 66-68, 70-71, Toxicology, HD 105-106

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 ancient Rome, WHL 25; LV 11, 58
Toxins, C 169, 194. See also Transcontinental flights: first Tree shrew, vision of, LV 58
nonstop, F 80, 194; Rodgers, automobile records, WHL 77,
Antigens 169, table 170; early electric Trees: bark, C 19, 30; drugs
Toynbee, Arnold, EVG 177, MS 1911, £93, 194 from bark of, D 11, 18, 30, 81,
Transcontinental railroad, streetcars, WHL 151, 152;
129 early locomotives, MWCH 58, 121; growth rings, G 11, SC/
TPN molecule, C 47 opening of, CH 60, WHL 10, 18-19; growth rings used for
53, 56 WHL 36-37; jet subway,
TPNH2 molecule, C 37, 47 future, ENG 183, WHL 176; dating,
7130, 132, 134-135;
Trace elements in body, F/V 15 Transducer, VCH 136, 173; in ear leaves as protein source, F/V
(see Corti, organ of; Hair, stagecoach, WHL 15, 28, 103;
Trachea. See Windpipe see also Airplanes, speed of; 173-174; life cycle, 7 36;
Tracheotomy, PH 153 function of, in hearing) movement of water in, W 22,
Transference, psychiatric Railroads, speed of; Ships,
Trachoma, HD 20, 183, 186; false 104-106
diet for, FV 155; research, HD technique, MVD 86 speed of;
systems: analysis Trephination, 8 18-19, 26, 27, PH
183 Transfinite numbers, MATH 173 11
Transistors, EVG 101, 106-107, (California), ENG 172, 173;
Track-laying tractor, MCH 195 containerization, SHP 102, Trevan, John, D 194
Track meet, timing, 7 110-111 10, 49, 62, 105, MATH 32, MCH Tréves, Bernard of, \/ 22
120, 121,145, 174; 107, 108-109, 178, WHz 11,
Tracking stations, for space 172, 184-185; European rail Trevithick, Richard, EVG 33, 37,
probes, MS 75, PL 77 comparison with grana in WHL 32-33, 35; locomotive of,
chloroplasts, C 36; doping, passenger service, WHL 188-
Traction motor, diesel-electric MCH 58, 638, 194, WHL 33, 34;
ENG 107; invention of, 1/7 105; 189; inadequacy of present,
locomotive, WHL 64-65 mentioned, WHL 175-176
manufacture of, EVG 106-107; WHL 10-11, 61, 85, 155, 169-
Tractive effort, WHL 54-55 Triads (chemistry), V 134, 135;
materials, / 37, 105-106, 170; integrated systems of
Tractors, WHL 182-185; farm, FV in periodic table, MV 127
126, 139; period of future, WHL 11, 170, 172, 173,
graph 49, MCH 105, WHL 90, 175-177, 178; interfaces, WHL Trial (barge), SHP 10
graph 91; steampowered development, SC/ 148, graph Trial-and-error methods: in drug
149 160-161, 176; Japanese rail
(1769), VCH 101, 193; research, D 122-129; in
Transit 1 (navigation satellite), passenger service, WHL 190-
tracklaying, VCH 195 engineering, ENG 37-39, 57,
Ms 103 UIE
Trade, seagoing, SHP 54, 57, 59, 77, 82; learning process, MND
62, 82-84, 103-110; Atlantic Translation by computer, VCH U.S., statistics: airliner
takeoffs, daily number of, F 107, 108-109, 118-119. See also
seaboard, SHP 61-62; bulk 171
123; airplanes, number of, F Empiricism
shipment, SHP 105-107, 109- Transmission, automobile, VCH
129; annual total expenses, Triangles: area, MATH 44;
110; China, SHP 59, 60; past 106, WHL 82, 195; automatic,
WHL graph 94; automobile congruent, Thales’
transatlantic, SHP 75, 77, 79, WHL 84-85; manual, WHL 82-
mileage annual, WHL 83; proposition, MATH 41; in
81, 104, \VEA map 63; port 83
automobile registration, 1920 curved space, MATH 163; in
facilities, SHP 102, 104-105, Transmitter satellites, /S 102
vs. 1965, WHL graph 92; flat space, MATH 160;
107-110; present Transmountain wind, WEA 61,
automobiles, number of, isosceles, Thales’
transatlantic, SHP 103-104, 108; 85, 98 proposition, MATH 40; study
spices, FV 57, map 58; U.S. Transmutation of elements. See various years, VCH 14, 105,
WHL 61, 77; bus passengers, of, (trigonometry), MATH 84.
exports, SHP 103-104; U.S. Elements
WHL graph 155; highway See also Right triangles
imports, SHP 103 Transonic region, f 58, 179
expenditures, annual, WHL Triceps, 8 47, 61
Trade winds, PL 155, WEA 52, Transpiration of plants, W 103-
graph 93, graph 95, 101; Trichocysts, C 27
62-63, 66, 77, 132-133; and 104, 105, 111; defined, W195
Transplants, 8 126, 134, C 173- highway mileage, in 1966, Trichromatic theory of color
Atlantic trade, WEA map 63; vision, LV 122-123, 124, 125,
Halley’s map, WEA 132 175; of blastocyst, G 174; of WHL 9; intercity travel,
blood vessels, PH 195; of percentages for air, highway, 130, 133, 134, 135
Trafalgar, Battle of, SHP 134, Tricycle of the Future, The,
142-143 bone, & 63-64; for breeding, railroads, WHL 175; licensed
G 173-174; early nose grafts, drivers, number of, WHL 78; Stockton, WHL 148
Traffic analysis, highway, WHL Trident (electric-powered car),
105, 107 B 174, PH 28, 32; in embryo locomotives, number in
studies, G 32, 38-40; of heart, 1966, WHL 9; mass WHL 179
Traffic control. See Air-traffie Trieste (bathyscaphe ), SHP 179,
control; Cities, 8 134; between identical transportation, WHL 152,
twins, C 173, G 31; of kidneys, graph 155, 175; motor 188, 190
transportation; Highways, Triglycerides, FV 14, 59, 128;
traffic control; Railroads, B 125-126, 132, 134-135, 137, vehicles, number of (1900 vs.
C174, PH 103, 190; of liver. 1966), WHL 77; navigable medium-chain (MCT), Fv
traffic control; Remote
PH 103; of lungs, 8 125, C 174; waterway mileage, W125; 169-170
control Trigonal trapezohedron, MATH 91
Traffic lights, computer control of muscle, & 63, C 131; of or- projected automobile
gans from deceased persons, ownership, for 1980, WHL 83; Trigonometric tables, MATH 85
of, WHL 173-174
PH 178, 190; of skin, B 37, railroad cars, number in Trigonometry, MATH 84-86, SC/
Traffic problems, WHL 169-170,
127, 138, C 119, 173; of ten- 1966, WHL 9; railroad freight 86, 100; defined, MATH 84;
173-177, 178; in cities, ENG
don, 8 63; ton-miles, annual, WHL 10; equations and curves, MATH
173, WHL 147-148, 153-155,
immune reaction to, 8 126, railroad track mileage, 85; essence of, MATH 84;
169; highway, WH 11, 85, 154;
127, 132-133, C 173-175, PH increase (1836-1966), WHL 9, relationships, MATH 84, 86;
land use and, ENG 173, WHL
155, 163, 177; megalopolis, 190; prevention by injection 37, 46, 48; road mileage uses of, MATH 84-85, 86
ENG 171, 188, WHL 1538, 175, at birth, 6 138; suppressive figures, WHL 9, 104; rural Trilby, Du Maurier, VND 159
176, 177; noise, decibel treatments, 8 126, 136-137,C roads, 1920 vs. 1965, WHL Trilobite eye, fossil, LV 20
rating, SH chart 173; transfer 173-175 graph 93; streetcar Triode vacuum tube, VCH 150,
at terminals, WHL 160-161, Trans-polybutadiene rubber, G/ passengers, WHL graph 155; SCI 136
trucks, number of, 1923 vs. Trip to the Moon, A (movie), MS
169-170, 176
Tragus, SH 124 Transponder, Ff 118, 119, 128, 1960's, WHL 61, 96. 124
Trailing truck, of steam 135, 136 See also Air transportation; Triple bonding, atomic, G// 53,
Transport aircraft, £ 94-95, 171, Airplanes; Automobiles; 56
locomotive, WHL 49,55
Training ships, SHP 53, 62, 70- 172-173, 174, 195; landing Buses; Cities, transportation; Triple-expansion steam engine,
71 gear of heavy, F 154; lift-to- Commuter service; SHP 81
drag ratio, F 59; military, F Highways; Mass Triplets, growth curves of, G 133
Traité de la Lumiere,
Huygens, £ 75 154,172, 173; VTOL, F150, transportation; Railroads; Trireme, VCH 48, SHP 136-137,
152, 173-174. See also Ships and shipping; Traffic; 194
Traité de l’Homme, Descartes,
MND 32, 33 Airliners; Cargo planes; Trucks Triskaidekaphobia, V/VD table 60
Traité Elémentaire de Jetliners; SST; Hypersonic Tranyleypromine, D 153 Tristan da Cunha, HD 10, 164-
Chimie, Lavoisier, 57 transport Trap (wagon), WHL 15 167
Trajectories, VATH 47; analysis Transportation, VCH 101, 106, Trapezius muscle, 8 47 Tritium, V 153; fusion with
by calculus, MATH 109 109, WHL (entire vol.); early Trapping center, in chloroplast, C 35 deuterium, £ 148, M 173, 174,
Tramways, horse-drawn, WHL history of, EVG 55-56, 57, 74- Travel, 7 30-31; time-zone 176-177; as radioactive
148 75, WHL 12-16, 18-29; of syndrome, 7 41, 42. See also tracer, C 137
Tranquilizers, D 9,52, 54-55, foodstuffs, ENG 173, FN 65- Transportation Triton (Neptunian moon), PL
MND 62-63, 76-77, 153, 154- 67; future of, ENG 173, 178, Traveling wave theory of hearing, 183, table 193
155, 158; action on brain, D 182-183, SC/ 149, WHL 11, 170, SH 44-45, 54-56 Trochoidal drive, SHP 115
44-45; and alcohol, additive 172, 173, 175-177, 178; Travers, M. W., 59 Trolley. See Electric streetcar
effect, D 39; introduction of, competition of modes of, WHL Travois, WHL 18 oe pole, invention of, VG
D 54; mild, D 54, 55; strong, 153-155; air-highway-railroad Treadle-and-pole mechanism,
D 54, 55 ratios, in intercity passenger MCH 32 “Trophic” hormones, G 132, 140,
Transatlantic cables, EVG map travel, WHL 175; air vs. ocean Treadmill, WCH 11, 22 142,145
60, 61, MCH 147, Ms 99 liner, SHP 100; air vs. railroad, Treatise on the Human Ear, Trophoblast, & 175, G 30, 31;
Transatlantic flights: first, F 80, WHL 61, 175; automobile vs. Valsalva, SH 37 function of, G 30; and
194; first nonstop, F 92; railroad, WH 61, 153; bus vs. “Treatise on the Organ of thymus-lymphatic system, G
Lindbergh’s solo, F 125-126, railroad, WHL 50, 61; bus vs. Hearing,” Du Verney, SH 53 32-33; and tolerance of
195 streetear, WHL 153, graph 155; Trebuchet, VCH 42-43; embryo by mother, G 32
Transceiver, personal, VS 100- speeds: Air-Cushion Vehicle, invention of, WCH 193 Tropical air masses, WFA 41, map
101 SHP 173, 176, 178, WHL 181; Tree-climbing animals, eyes of, 75, 78, 86; maritime,

8-The Body c-The Cell bD-Drugs &-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease LvV-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets SC/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 WEA 74, 76 Tubes, electron. See
Tropical cyclones, WEA 42, 65. 131; number of, G 57: of, G 33; oxygen in, G 60
Photoelectric tube; Picture
See also Hurricanes; origin of, G 57, 131; Umbrella, history of, WE4 88
tube; Vacuum tube probability of, G 57; Siamese,
Typhoons Umbriel (Uranian moon), P< table
Tropical rain forest, PL 52-53 Tubes, tire, G7 129, 140 G 151, 152-153; surgical
Tubules, cellular, £/V 100 ip)
Tropics: diet, protein lack in, transplants among, C 173-174, Unani medicine, India, D 144,
Tucker, Albert W., MATH 183 G 31; in uterus, G 57
HD table 79; land and sea 145
Tudor, David, SH 95 2-based counting system. See
breezes of, WEA 60; Tugboats, SHP 110, 114-115, Uncertainty Principle, \/ 157-
mechanics of weather in, WEA Binary system 158, SC/ 61, 172-173
116, 119 2-6-6-2 steam locomotive, WHL
100; rain, WEA 87-88, 100-1 01; Tukey, John, WATH 56, 57 Unconscious, the: autonomic
55
rain belt, WEA map 82, map Tulane University, Wp 110; nerve activity, VND 18, 34-
100-101; trade winds and 2-8-0 steam locomotive, WHL 55 35; collective, VND 88-89:
School of Medicine, 8 126 2-8-2 (Mikado) type steam
doldrums of, WEA 62-63, 69, Tumors: brain, PH 83, 89, 179- defense mechanisms of, VND
70-71, map 132. See also locomotive, WHL 49, 52, 55 84; dreams, VND 85;
181; diagnosis of, PH 83, 89, Two-wheeled carts, WHL 12, 21,
Equatorial regions 96; of hypothalamus, G 106; Freudian theories of, MVD
Tropopause, PL 42 22-23, 26-27 13, 81, 83-85, 86, 90; Jung’s
laser treatment, PH 182-183; Tycho Brahe, PL 15, 194, sc/ 38,
Troposphere, Pl 42, graph 56, malignant, HD 90, 91, 93; of theory of, MVD 88-89: and
57, WEA 14-15; temperature WEA 129; earth-centered neurotic anxiety, MND 58;
pituitary gland, G 133. See also theory of solar system, P 14,
of, WEA graph 15; upper, Cancer personal, VND 88-89; of
15; observatory and psychotics, MND 136, 141,
exploration of, WEA 176, 178 Tungsten, V 132; bulb filament,
Truck station, as part of instruments of, SC/ 38-39; 151
MCH 128; source of, WHL 89; study of comets, PL 174,175
interface, WHL 160, 161 Unconsciousness, D 37, 46
uses of, / 131, 132, 186-187, Tycho crater (lunar feature), PL
Truck trailers, piggyback rail Underdeveloped countries:
WHL 89; X-ray diffraction of 86, 91, 100
transportation of, WHL 171-172 erystal, Gi 101 agriculture, FN 41, 177, HD
Trucks, VCH 105, WHL 77, 78- Tympanic canal, SH 44-47; in 186-187, 190; food
Tuning fork, SH 76; in binaural hearing process, SH 42-43
79, 86, 116-117, 172; preservation in, FV 61; food
location experiments, SH 78, Tympanic columella, SH 71
competition to railroads, WHL production, FV graph 190;
102; in psychophysics, SH 77; Tympanum, 8 152, SH 34, 193
61, 84-85; gears, WHL 82, 83; population growth, FV 176,
resonance, SH 15; for test of Tyndall, John, £ 37, V7 86
horsepower, WHL 79-80; graph 190, PH 175;
nerve damage, PH 87; as Tyndall effect, / 86-87
specialized types, WHL 96; transportation, WHL 9, 11-12,
timing instrument, 7 103, Typewriter, VCH 80, 194;
torque requirements, WHL 82; 16, 20, 23, 25,101; U.N. food
104-105; tone of, SH 13 keyboard design, ENG 148
transmissions, WHL 83; Tunnel vision, VS 189 aid, FN 8, 182, HD 189; U.S.
Typhoid fever, C 170, 183, G 31, Food for Peace, FV 182-183;
engines: diesel, WCH 106, WHL Tunnels: ancient Greek, ENG 54; HD 20, 22, 23, 54,55, 186, PH
81, 183; diesel-electric, WHL health problems of, HD 14-15,
for 18th Century canal, E/vG 138, 194; drug, D 153; vaccine,
183; of future, WHL 183; 17, 20-23, maps 28-29, 176,
36; for transportation of PH 36 178; child mortality, HD 14,
gasoline, WHL 81, 183; gas future, FVG 173, 182-183 Typhoons, WEA 42, 65; computer 21, 22, 75-76, 173; infectious
turbine, ENG 21, WHL 178, Tupoley-114 (airplane), £ 94,195
182-183;
record of, WEA 187; first diseases, D 171-172, HD 14,
Turbidity, of water, W195 description of, WEA 133;
freight: containerization, SHP 20-23, 41, 59, 162, 176, 178-
Turbines, VCH 21, 109, 194, sHP weather-satellite 179, 182-185, 186, PH 141;
107, WHL 172, 184-185; 81-82. See also Gas-turbine photographs of, WEA 51. See malnutrition, and campaigns
foodstuffs, FV 66-67; rates, engine; Steam turbine; Water also Hurricanes
WHL 85; share of freight total, against it, FV 15, 116, 117-
turbine Typhus, 0 55; drug, D 153
WHL 10, 83, 85; 125, 172-173, 174-176, G 188-
Turbocompressor, M/CH 109 Tyramine, D 153 189, HD 14, 20-22, 74, 15-79,
statistics, VCH 105; annual Turbofan engine, F 84 Tyrian purple, source of, LV 98
transportation expenses, WHL 82, 188-190; need for health
Turbogenerator, MCH 129 Tyrothricin, D 195 education, FN 124-125, 174-
graph 94; number in U.S., in Turbojet engines, F 76, 82-83, 84-
1923, WHL 61; worldwide 175, HD 178-181; water
85, 86, 148, VCH 92-93, 109- U supply, HD 20, 162, 186-187
number, and U.S. share, WHL 110; bypass (turbofan), F 84;
96 Undershot waterwheel, VCH 30-
fuel, VCH 109; fuel U-2 (airplane),£ 60, 90-91, 31, 32, W147
Truculent Turtle, P2V-1 consumption of, F 83, 84; 156
(airplane ), F 93 Underwater exploration, EVG
principle of, F 82, 84; speed U-boats, SHP 129, 130-131, 188, SHP171, 178, 179-191
True History, Lucian, M/S 18, limitation, F 84-85; thrust 148 Underwater life, man, predictions
ratings F 84,116, wcH 110 Ulam, Stanislaw, ATH 60, 61 for future, SC/ 150; breathing
Truman, Harry S., £ 195 Turboprop engine, F 83-84, 95, Uleers, 8 107-108, HD 24, 27,
Trumpet, SH 74; characteristics membrane for, GV 154, 164-
195 156; in animals, HD 147, 152; 165; housing, ENG 178, 188-
of, SH 88-89; sound range of, Turboramjet, F 85 duodenal, 8 107; in legs, HD
SH chart 194-195 189; 1910 cartoon, SC/ 161
Turbulence, atmospheric, P/ 64, 87; somascopic detection of, Underwater recreation, SHP 172,
Trumpets, hearing, SH 152-153 67, 79; boundary layer, F 56, SH 131; stomach, 8 107, FV 180-181
Trunk (body), motor control of, 61-62, 73, 184, 185; clear-air, 87, HD 25, 150-151, 152, 156,
MND 38
Underwater sound detection. See
F 155-156, WEA 173; and stall MND 35, PH 84 Echolocation; Sonar
Trusswork, in bridge of aircraft, F 52, 55, 72-73; Ulinsky, Franz A. von, /S 194 Unge, Wilhelm, SC/ 176
construction, ENG 118, WHL wake, F 57, 58, 179, 184 Ulna, 8 45 Unger, Barry, EVG 91
124, 126, 128, 134-135, 193 Turkey: food production in, FV Ulnar nerve, 8 51, 147, 149, MND UNICEF, FN 182, HD 189
Truth table, symbolic logic, VATH table 180-181; transportation 2G, If ee
chart 170 Unicontrol system, automobile,
in, WHL 20, 25 Ultrasonic depth sounding, SHP MCH 115
TRW Systems, Redondo Beach, Turn-and-bank indicator, F 114; Unified Field Theory, MATH 165,
Calif., EVG 80 early, F 126,127 Ultrasonic vibrations: in animal SCI 72, 83
Trypanosomes, HD 44, 45,46, 47; Turpentine, boiling point, 14 79 echolocation, SH 123-128; Uniformitarian doctrine, 7 125,
Trypanosoma gambiense, C 183 Turtle (Bushnell’s submarine), jamming of, SH 126; tf
Trypanosomiasis. See Sleeping MCH 198, SC/ 160, SHP 126, medical uses of, SH 130-132. Union Pacific Railroad, WHL 56;
sickness 130 See also Shock wave; Sonic 1869 poster, WHL 10
Tsetse fly, C 183, HD 44, 45 Turtle, sea, migration of, 7 48-49 boom Unit trains, railroad freight, W/HL
T shape structure, molecular, GV/ Tusks, growing pattern of, G 10 Ultrasonic- wave testing, F 107 171, 186-187
TVA, W152, 153; systems Ultraviolet photography, £ 70, PL United Airlines jet, £ 130, 132-
Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin, F 34, engineering, EVG 77; Wheeler 120 143
MS 9,13, 33, 37, 62, 194 Dam, W 166-167 Ultraviolet radiation, £ 14, 73, PL United Nations: food aid, F/ 8,
Tsiolkovsky Crater (lunar Twain, Mark, WCH 70, WEA 42 38, 61, WEA 12, 175, 178; 182, HD 189; international
feature), PL 102 Twentieth Century, The, atmospheric absorption of, PL road signs of, ENG 165. See
Tsunami, W 127, 195 Robida, SC/ 156-157 88, 42-43, 57, 79; danger to also UNESCO; UNICEF;
Tswett, M.S., “92 Twentieth Century Limited present earth life, P/ 39, 42; World Health Organization;
Tuberculin test, HD 58, 59 (steam train), WHL 50-51, 53 in electromagnetic spectrum, World Meteorological
Tuberculosis, 8 123, 173, C 183, 20-based counting systems, E 74-75, PL 66-67; on moon, Organization
D 79,110, HO 13, 14, 21, 23, MATH 14 PL 85, 106; nature of, £ 75; United States, S.S.,SHP 74,
54, 58-60, 112, 172, PH 71, 20/ 20 vision, LV chart 58, 59 photodissociation by, PL 39; 173,195
134, 141; bacillus, D 98, 132; 24-hour cycles, biological, 7 40, photoelectric effect, £ 76, LV United States: adolescent
bacillus identified, HD 58, 72, 50, 52 38; in planet’s spectra, PL 67; problems in, G 84-85, 88, 110-
PH 194; decline of death rates, Twilight: color effects in sky, LV production of, £ 77; synthesis 114; aircraft industry,
D 95, chart 98, HD 59, 60; 101; vision problems in, LV of organic compounds with, statistics, F 16; aleohol
diagnosis, HD 58, PH 83; 11, 94, 95; W2-=173 C 84, 92, PL 39-40, 158-159, consumption (1965), D 34;
drugs, D 98,194, HD 59, 135; Twins: concordance of diseases 186; uses of, £ 73; velocity, aviation research, annual
epidemics, HD 59, PH 13; in, G 131, HD 126-127, 128; PL 61; vitamin D, HD 81; spending on, F 145; bridge
patent medicines, D 160-161; familial, trends, G 57; wavelength, P/ 66, WEA 12 construction statisties, WHL
recent increase in U.S., HD fraternal, C174, G 57, 131; Umbilical cord, G 63, 72-75; 131, 182, 137; consumer
60; vaccination, HD 38, 60 identical, C 58, 173, G 31, 57, formation of, G 30; functions credit statistics, WHL graph

199
 MATH 165, 166, 171; entropy, isotopes, £ 171, 7 128; ore
95; consumer spending on Transportation, U.S., statistics; (pitchblende), / 8, 120, 141;
water supply and demand: £ 59-60, 68-69, 7173-174, 175;
automobile, WHL 86, graph expansion of, SC/ 58, 83; four- procurement for Manhattan
94, 98, graph 99; diet, FV 16, aridity, changes in, W map Project, £ 168-169, 171-172;
173; consumption statistics, dimensionality, MATH 165,
30-31, 132, HD 15, 24-25, 83- 171; knowledge of, MATH 171; radioactivity of, / 121-122;
84, 89; electric power W table 177, 178; groundwater radioactivity discovered, F
supply, W 62; industrial plasma state of matter
production, ENVG 126, 174, preponderant in, / 45, 176; 74-75, M 120, 184, 7 127;
MCH 129-130, W 151, 167; demand, W 165, table 177; resources, £ 176, table 193; as
irrigation demands, W 159, spectroscopic analysis of
Food for Peace program, FV matter in, V 38, MS 171, PL rocket fuel, WS 160-161; use
182-183; fuel resources, £ 21, 173-174, table 177; regional in nuclear reactors, £ 154,
102, 193; glacial shaping of disputes, W 68-69, 71; 63, 64, 65, 71, 7 142-143; 156, i 156
weather features of, WEA 15, workings of, uncertainty
landscape, W maps 50-51, 77, principle vs. determinism, SC/ Uranium 235, £ 149, 156,171,“
78; government role in 41-42, 64-65, map 75, 86-87; 174; decay, 7 128;
sciences, VCH 1138, 114, SC/ floods, losses and control, W 172-173;
theories of: “big bang” theory, fissionability, £171, 174, 175,
123, 125, 126-127, 128-129, 127; history of observation M 172-178, 174, T 128;
and forecasting, WEA 155, 7131, 174, 175; early history
WEA 10, 157; immigration, HD separation process, £ 171,
156-159; hurricanes, WEA 42, of concepts, PL 9-15, 16, 17,
129, 141, PH 136-137; 18, 20-25, T 125; ether theory, 172,M 174
Industrial Revolution in, map 54, 65; jet streams, WEA Uranium 238, £ 148, 171, 7 128;
map 76; movement of major £ 137-139, 140-141, 7149;
MCH 58, 59-60, 67, 68-73, WHL decay, 7 128, 131;
weather systems, WEA 168; expansion and contraction
15; Interstate Highway theory, 7174-175; expansion fissionability, V7 174; half-life
System, WHL 101-102, 105, precipitation, FV map 46, 47, of, MV170, 7131; production
w 40, WEA 83; temperature theory, 7131, 174-175; steady
107, 131, 137; life expectancy, of plutonium from, £ 172, 176;
HD 10; man’s growth trends extremes, WEA map 193; state theory, £ 69
Universities: combined science- transmutation into
in, G 77, 86, 137-138, 184-187; tornadoes, WEA 65-66, 78. neptunium, / 174
menarche age in, G 87, 132; See also Federal aid; and humanities curricula, SC/ 109;
research centers, V/ 40, 41, Uranus (planet), /S 152, PL 10,
physician to population ratio, individual government agencies 27, 172-173, 182, 183;
HD 176, PH 60, graph 61, 171; and departments 44-47, SC! 127-129; science
teaching, V 48-49, SC/ 30, composition of, VS 153;
river mileage, W 42; science United States Capitol Building, discovery of, PL 71, 172; ice
expenditures and financing, F whispering gallery in, SH 19 125, 142
University of Alaska, VV 48 on, W 35; orbit of, PL 172,
145, VM 10, MCH 114, SC/ graphs United States Dispensatory, D 194; question of life zone on,
124-125, 127-1380, 141; 169 University of Alexandria (400
A.D.), MATH 50 PL 173, 182, 183; rotation of,
urbanization, EVG 171, graph United States National PL 113, 178; satellites of, PL
Committee on the IGY, V/s 59 University of Arizona, SC/ 129;
175, WHL 53-54, 83, graph 92; 183, table 193; wind bands of,
agriculture: farm land and United States Rubber Company, studies of planetary
GM 151, 152, 180-191 temperatures, PL 72-73 PL 173;
labor statistics, FV graph 48, atmosphere of, PL 173, 182, 183;
Units of measurement, £ 38, 39- University of California, V 48,
54; food exports, FV 41, tables composition, MS 152, PL 173;
54-55; food production, FV 49, SC/ 56; area (land), M table 149,171, MATH 56, SC/129,
193; atmospheric pressure, 130; “Alice,” VW 168; Berkeley, clouds, PL 173; lack of oxygen,
41, 42, graphs 43-45, map 47, PL 182; temperature, PL 173,
48, graphs 49, table 180-181; WEA 168; conversion tables, SC/ 132-135 (see also
M 193; electromagnetic Berkeley); Institute of 182, 183;
growing season, FV map 46, statistical data, /S table 193,
47; organizations, services, frequency (cycles), 7 102; Transportation and Traffic
force (dyne), £ 14; heat Engineering, WH 11; Los PL table 193; diameter, PL 173;
journals, FN 50-51; soil distance from sun, PL 173;
conditions, FV map 46-47; (calorie), £ 42-43, 94, 96, FV Angeles, SC/ 138-139; “rat
10; light intensity (foot psychology” studies, VND size comparison, PL 11
automotive industry statistics,
candle), LV 169; mechanical 111; San Diego, SC/ 140-141; Urban belts, in U.S., EVG maps
WHL graph 93, 94; annual
power (horsepower), £ 44-45, School of Medicine, LSD 176, WHL 153, 175;
sales, WHL 77; employment, transportation projects, ENG
WHL graph 93, 94, graph 95; MCH 56; metric system, studies, VND 157; Virus
198, SC/ 56; sensation (Jnd), Laboratory, C 168 182-183, WHL 175, 176, 177
motor vehicle production,
MND 11, SH 81-82; volume, VM University of Chicago, VD 135, Urban growth, ENVG 171, graph
MCH 76, WHL 83; 175, WHL 9-10, 53-54, 83, graph
health problems: alcoholism table 193; water depth, SHP 190, sc/ 129, WEA 173,177
193; weight (mass), £ 96, University of Gottingen, 92, 149, 152-153; medieval,
statistics, D 56; arthritis, HD
10, 95; atherosclerosis and table 193; Germany, MATH 155, 156, 163; WHL 15; problems of, EVG
heart disease, D table 173, FN electricity: force (volts), £ 46, observatory, MATH 150, 155, 171, 172, WHL 158-155, 169 (see
132, 134, HD 10, 25, 83-84, 87, 47, 120-121; frequency 160, 162, 163; Wohler’s also Cities); systems analysis
chart 88, 89; current major (eycles), 7 102; power (watt), laboratory at, GV 46 of problems, ENG 172-174
diseases, HD 9-10, 15, 24-25, £47; rate of flow (ampere), & University of Illinois, EVG 15, Vv Urban planning, EVG 186-187,
84, 85-97; diabetes, HD 10, 47,121, 123; resistance (ohm), 48; betatron, MV 194-195; WHL 148, 166-167; land use,
127, 138; drug addict E 46,47; Medical School, 8B 184-187, PH in relation to traffic, EVG 173,
statistics, D 56; epidemic energy: basic work unit (erg), 52; radio telescope, PL 75 WHL 155; satellite city, WHL
diseases, HD 34-38, 59-61, PH £14; of charged particles (ev, niversity of Kansas, PH 56 164-165
106-109; overweight and Mev), V 155, 161; nuclear niversity of Minnesota: School
aq U rbmobile, WHL 177
obesity, FV 128, HD 15, 24, 25, explosions (kiloton, of Medicine, C 174, PH 190; U rcontinent, PL 36, 37
83-84; pellagra (past), FV 107- megaton), £149, 152; School of Mines, ENG 136, 137 U rea, £101, Gi 34, 35; crystal,
113, HD 82; smoker statistics, length, / table 193; ea niversityof Mississippi GM 47; disposal of, by body,
D 58; venereal disease, HD 62; microscopic units (angstrom, Hospital, c 174 8 80; formula, GM 35; linkage,
see also Air pollution; Public micron, millimicron), C 10- niversity of Oregon, ENG 151 GM 193; synthesis of, Gv 34,
health; Water pollution; Hit OSLOANyoo: eeniversity of Pennsylvania, F/V U 46, 47
scientists in: distribution, SC/ nautical mile, SHP 165, 193; 129, MATH 26; cell research, remia, 8 129, W116
map 30; “establishment,” SC/ sound: frequency (cycles), SH c 40, 42, 108; color perception U reter, 8 124,125
123, 124-129; and related 194; intensity (decibel), SH research, LV 136-137; School U rethane, GV 118; foam, GV 26,
groups, statistics, SC/ graph 14, 193; loudness (sone), SH of Medicine, C 103, WEA 112, U 27,174, 175; linkage, GM 193
31, 124; total number, SC/ 83; pitch (mel), SH 78-79; 113 rethra, 8 124
124; speed: nautical (knot), SHP University of Pittsburgh, c 190, UJrey, Harold C., £194, SC/ 140,
space program, /S 53-56, 58- 157, 193; supersonic (MACH), MATH 54 191,W36
60, 75-81, 84, 85, 86, 87; £58; University of Washington, VD UJric acid: accumulation, and
orbital flights, M/S 80, 91, 92, temperature: Celsius scale 156-157 gout, D 149; disposal of, 8 80
93-97; satellites, MS 53, 55-56, (centigrade), £ 30, 41, MV 193; University of Wisconsin, C 40, UJrinary system, 8 52; cancer of,
58-60, 75-81, 99-103, 193; Fahrenheit scale, £ 30, 40, SC/128 HD 91. See also Bladder;
suborbital flights, WS 80, 90, 41,M 198, SC/ 56; Kelvin Updrafts, WEA 60, 62, 87, 89 Kidney
91; and V-2, MS 53-57; see also scale, £ 30-31, 41, SC/ 56; Upper-air weather surveillance, a rine, 8 119, 125, D 92, 93, w
Apollo; Gemini; Lunar Réaumur scale, £ 30, 40, 41; WEA 10-11, 59, 144-145, 149- 116; analysis, B 125 (see also
Orbiter; Mariner; Mercury; time, SC/ 56; fractions of 151, 157-158, 173, 175-177, Uroscopy); excretion, 8 124-
Ranger; Surveyor; etc.; seconds, 7101 178, 190-191. See also Weather 125, W116, 117; salt content
transportation: canals, W125; UNIVAC I (computer), CH 120 satellites of, D 92-93, W 117, 118; sugar
early railroads, MCH 59-60, UNIVAC 490 (computer), VVD Upwind sailing, SHP 55, 64, 66- in, in diabetes, 8 125,
WHL 37, 42-47; first 172 67 172
transcontinental railroads, UNIVAC 1824 (computer), MATH Ur, Sumerian ziggurat at, ENG U rine duct, D 92
MCH 60, WHL 10, 58, 56; future 32 64-65, 101 U rogenital system, 8 15
of, ENG 173, 178, 182-183, SC/ Universal gravitation, law of, Uranium, / 37, 148, PL 35, 36; Urokinase, D 137
149, WHL 11, 170, 172, 173, MATH 110, 112, ws 10, PL 15, atomic structure of, £ 95, 170; Urology, PH table 102, 154
175-177, 178; mass, SC/ 81, 7147 atomic weight, £ 96; roscopy, 8 125; medieval, 8
inadequacy of, WHL 10-11, Iniversal Time, 7 8 discovery of, / 35, 148; U 30) 315 125
155; navigable waterways, W a}niverse: age of, 7 graph 124, fission of, £ 146, 166, 167-168, rsus Major, spiral nebula in, /S
125; roads, WHL 9, graph 93, 130-131; creation of energy in, 175, M 169-170, 171-173, 174; U 168
103-104; see also M 143, 176-177; curvature of, half-life of, v 148, 7128, 131; rus (cattle ancestor), FV 36, 37

8-The Body c-The Cell &£-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease LvV-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships 7T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 U.S. Air Force, £ 38, 89, 147- of, G 29-31, 146; in menstrual
148, 150, 152-156, 172: LV 180; paintings by, MVD Ventricles, brain, VND 21
cycle, 8 174, G 29, 146-147: 146-149
“Beetle,” ENG 162; and Venules, 8 48, 77, 80-81, 89
BMEWS, €NG 104: hurricane preparation for conception, G Van Itallie, T. B., Fv 169 Venus (planet), /S 148, 149-
29, 146; pubertal Van Stone, J. M.,G175
tracking, WEA map 44-45; 150, PL 10, 13, 24, 33, 109-118,
development of, G 108; Van’t Hoff, Jacobus, GM 55, 57, 119-129, 172; absence of
Research and Technology strength of, G59 SC/ 191 seasonal change, P/ 120; al-
Division, F 145; weather Utility engineering, VG 126-130
studies, WEA 59, 189 Van Wagenen, Gertrude, G 171- bedo of, PL 89; in astrology,
173 PL 11; brightness of, PL 109:
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
SC/ 126 V Vanadium, // 131; uses of, Vv colonization from earth, Ws
131 154, PL 116-117; color of, PL
U.S. Army Signal Corps, first V-2 rocket, MS 31-38, 40-41, 195;
plane, F 28-29 Vanderbilt, Cornelius 109; core of, PL 115, 157; life
acceleration, M/S 34; (Commodore), ENG 11-12, WHL
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. on, speculations, V 81, WS
American capture and use of,
See Atomic Energy 148, 149, 150, 151, 169, Fz 111,
MS 52, 53-54, 56, 86; design Vanguard Project, M/S 60, 75-76
Commission 116, 128; magnetic field, ab-
of, MS 32-33, 40-41, 72; Vanguard I (satellite), £71, V/s
U.S. Bureau of Public Roads, sence of, WS 79, PL 115, 122,
engine, M/S 31-33; exhaust 78, 116 157; orbit of, PL 194; phases
WHL 104-105 velocity, MS 36; first flight of, Vanguard II (satellite), “ws 76, of, PL 61, 62, 71, 109, 118, 119,
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, MS 34; fuel, MS 32-33, 41; fuel 80, WEA 175
SC/ 126 120; rotation of, PL 110, 113,
ratio, WS 37; and German war Vanguard III (satellite), 7s 76 117,120, 121; symbol of, PL
U.S. Coast Guard: bark, SHP 70- effort, WS 16, 34-35; inertial Vapor pressure, V/ 79
71; buoy tenders of, SHP 160; 8; tint of sky on, PL 115; winds
guidance, MS 33, 34; Vaporization, V/ 78-80. See also
cadets, 7 28-29; icebreaker, on, PL 115, 120, 125, 128;
oxidizers, MS 32-33 oiling
SHP 120 atmosphere of, \/S 150, PL 78,
V-2 Upper Atmosphere Research Variable-sweep wing, F 60, 169- 109-112, 115, 116, 125, 126-
Us: ee ramen. of Defense, V/s Panel, V/s 56 170, 180, 188-189 127, 128; cloud deck, Ms 79,
Vaccination, HO 14, 36, 38, 58, Variables: complex, MATH 153;
U.S. Geological Survey, Ww 66, 82; 150, 151, PL 78, 79, 109, 110,
62, PH 36, 106, 142, 195; defined, MATH 86 112, 118, 115, 120, 128;
“moonscape” studies, PL 106- discovery by Jenner, C 172, Varian, Russell, SC/ 136
107; regional groundwater composition, PL 112, 125, 128;
HD 37, 38, PH 15, 36; Varicose veins, 8 79 greenhouse effect of, P/ 112,
analysis by, W 68-71 diphtheria, ee) 79; history Varves, 7 129
U.S. Maritime Administration, 114, 115, 117; ionosphere, P/
of, C 180-181, 186, 187, 190- Vas deferens, G55
SHP 176,177 110-111, 115; lack of free
191; origin of word, HD 38; Vascular system, 8 15. See also oxygen, PL 125; pressure, WS
U.S. Merchant Marine, SHP 172, principle of, C 170, 172, D Circulatory system
178 79, 150, Pz 114, 115, 120, 128:
115, HD 38, 58, 59, PH 36; Vasiliev, Yuri, 7S 154 rotation, /S 150; tempera-
U.S. Military Sea Transport rabies, HD 70-71; smallpox, C Pasoprcesin: hormone, 8 175, PH
Service, SHP 37 tures, MS 151, PL 110, 111, 122:
186-187, PH 141; ultimate radiation: infrared emissions,
U.S. Naval Observatory, SC/ limitations of, HD 61 Vastus lateralis (muscle), 8 47
125, 7 8,101, 107 PL 110, 111, 112, 122; radio
Vaccines, HD 38, D 95, 98, 115, Vastus medialis (muscle), 8 47 emissions, P/ 110-111, 114, 115;
U.S. Naval Ordnance Test 132; cold and flu, research, D Vaults, Gothic cathedrals, VG
Station, China Lake, Calif., space exploration of, P/ 121;
133; diphtheria, HD 38, 178, 57, 72-73 Mariner II probe, /s 79, 108-
MCH 112 PH 106, 195; German measles, VC 10 (airplane), speed, £ chart 109, 147, 150, PL 76-77,
U.S. Navy, ENG 95, SHP 39, 40, D115, PH 142; leukemia, 174 111, 115, 122-123; Mariner V
108, 132; air-cushion vehicle research, D 140-141, PH 144- Vector, defined, VATH 153 probe, MS 79, 150, Pl 111; Rus-
of, SHP 111, 176; hurricane 145; measles, D 98, C 172, Vector analysis, VATH 152-153 sian Venera probes, M/S 79,
tracking, WEA map 44-45, 172; PH 106; plague, HD 34; polio, Vector-borne diseases, HD 38, 150, 151, PL 67, 79, 112; Sput-
hydrofoil craft, SHP 174; C 188-190, D 98, HD 38, 61, PH 39-51, 182-185 nik VIII, ws 79;
icebreakers, SHP 120; 36, 106; rabies, HD 38, 58, 62, Vedder, Edward B., FV 113-114 statistical data, /S table 193;
navigational satellites, SHP 70; smallpox, D 98, HD 14, 38, Vega (airplane), F 92, 195 PL table 193; density, PL 109;
158; navigational tables, SHP 55, 61, 178, PH 36, 106; testing Vega (star), 756 diameter, PL 109; distance
164; NC-4 seaplane, F 80; of, D 185; tuberculosis, HD Vegetable juices, FV 152 from earth, nearest, VS 79,
Operation Sea Orbit, SHP 38, 60; yellow fever, Cc 172, Vegetable oil, FV 135 PL 33; distance from sun, PL
172; Operation Skyhook 60, HD 38 Vegetables: cooking, FV 59-60; 109; duration of, year, PL 113;
WEA 177; in World War II, Vacuum cleaner, MCH 131-132, domestication of, FV 34-35, mass, VS 79, PL 109; rota-
SHP 129, 148-149. See also 194; electric, MCH 132, 195; 36; processing, FN 66-71, 73, tional period (day), Ws 150,
Aircraft carriers; Nuclear noise, SH chart 173, 175 76-77; source of PL 120; size comparison, VS
submarines; Submarines Vacuum distillation, 1/7 80 carbohydrates, F/ 13; source 148, PL 11;
U.S. Office of Naval Research, Vacuum pump, first, 7 54 of protein, FV 13, 59, 172-173, study of: Babylonian record,
MS 58, 59, SC/ 127 Vacuum-sucked subways, HD 76-77, 79; source of PL 108; balloon probes, PL 67,
U.S. Office of Saline Water, W188 intercity, WHL 176 vitamin C, FV 104, HD 81; 78-79, 112; Maya records, T
U.S. Patent Office, VCH 114, Vacuum tube, VCH 145, 150, 152; U.S. exports of, FV table 55; 70, 71; by radar, MS 150, PL
154, 156-163, SC/ 126; backlog inventions, SC/ 136, 146, chart U.S. production, FV map 47; 66, 113, 114-115, 120, 121; by
of applications, VCH 156, 158; 147, 148; uses of, WCH 150, in various national diets, F/V spectroscopic analysis, PL 67,
fees, MCH 156, 160; Official 151-153, 178, 174 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 30; water 78, 110, 112, 125, 126; by
Gazette, VCH 161; procedures, Vacuum welding, P/ 90 content of, W106, 115 telescope, /S 150, PL 62, 70,
MCH 157-161; Search Room, Vagus nerve, 8 150, VND 27 Vegetarian diet, FV 150-151, 152 71, 78-79, 109, 120; by ultra-
MCH 162-163. See also Vail, Alfred, CH 146 Veins, 8 48, 49, 77, 78, 80, 81, violet photography, PL 120;
Patents Valence, theory of, GV 52, 100, 87, 88, 90-91, D 88, FN 98; surface of, P/ 66, 80, 114-115,
U.S. Public Health Service, PH 101, 35; defined, Gv 195 flow of blood in, 8 48, 78, 81; 121, 128-129; carbonated
132, 133-139, 140-141, 142- Valley wind, WEA 40, 59, 60-61 prenatal development, G 34 (soda) sea theory, PL 110,
145, 171; and pellagra, FV 107- Valleys: creation of, W 75, 78- Velocity, 7 146-148; changes in 118, 126; craters, PL 114; des-
108, 111-112; study of arterial 79, 80, 81, 86-87, 100-101; (see Acceleration); defined, 7 ert theory, PL 118, 125; dust
diseases, FV 134-135. See also glacial, W 78, 88-89 146; of pendulum swing, 781; covering, P/ 114, 115; erosion
Publie Health Vallingby, Sweden, satellite city, relativity of, 7148. See also on, PL 128-129; mapping of,
U.S. Weather Bureau, SC/ 126, WHL 164-165 Escape velocities; Light, PL 120, 121; materials, PL 114,
WEA 42, 58, 59, 1538, 157-159; Valsalva, Antonio, SH 37 velocity of; Sound, velocity 115, 116; mountains, PZ 66,
beginnings of, WEA 147, 157; Valve: automobile (butterfly, of 114-115, 121; oil ocean theory,
budget, WEA 157, 160; exhaust, float, intake), WHL Velox, GV 79 PL 110, 118, 127; swamp the-
forecasts of, WEA 158-159; 195; development of, VCH 54; Venae cavae, 8 49,81 ory, MS 150-151, PL 118, 124;
functions of, WEA 158; railroad, brake, WHL 66-67; Vending machines, VCH 172 temperature, VS 79, 150,
hurricane tracking, WEA 44- sliding, WHL 57 Venera Venus probes, V/S 79, 151, PL 66, 73, 110-112, 114,
47, 50-51, 186; operation of, Valve rod, locomotive, WHL 57 150, 151, PL 67, 79, 112 122, 128;
WEA 157-159; reporting Van Allen, James, VS 56, 57, 99, Venereal disease, HD 14, 36, 62 temperatures: atmosphere,
system of, sources of 112, PL 36, SC/ 11 Venetian galleasses, SHP 138, MS 151, PL 111; cloud deck,
information, WEA 157, 158, Van Allen belts, VS 77, 83, 99, 189, 194 PL 110, 122, 151; cool vs. hot
map 182-183; staff, WEA 157, 112-113, PL 36, 43, graph 56, Venetian galley, SHP 194 hypotheses, P/ 110-111, 115;
160; STRETCH computer of, 57, 66, 157, 158 Venezuela, fuel resources, £ subsurface, P/ 114; surface,
MATH 26-27; weather maps Van de Graaff, R. J., 195 193 MS 79,150, 151, PL 66, 73,
of, WEA 168, 169 Van Depoele, Charles J., EVG 13, Venn, John, VATH 171 110-112, 114, 122, 128:
Uterus, 8 168; and WHL 150 Venn diagram, MATH 171 water on, PL 114, 116, 128, w
contraceptive pills, D 26, 27; Van der Waals, Johannes, VV 74, Venous valves, 8 78, 79, 88 35; droplets in clouds, PL 115,
egg implantation in, G 29-30, SC/ 190 Vent du Midi, WEA 111 116, 128; ice crystals in
147; as embryonic Van der Waals forces, / 74, 75; Ventilating system, noise of, SH clouds, PL 79, 110, 112, 115,
environment, 8 176-177, G 29- in gases, V 56; in liquids, Vv ge 128; vapor, PL 67, 79, 112,
30, 148, 152, 173; labor 74-75; in solids, VV 104-105 Ventricle, heart, 8 79, 80, 81, 0 125, 128, W 34-35
contractions of, G 59; lining Van Gogh, Vincent, drawing by, 89,G 61, HD 86, PH 91,95 Veranol, D 194

201
 154, 162-163; one-eyed, LV color, LV 127, 134-137;
Verbal vs. numerical definition, Vine, Allyn, SHP 187 perception, LV 160-161;
Vinegar, acid of, GV 34, 56, 78, 141-142; peripheral, LV 76, 77,
Sc! 55 81, 171; persistence of, perception during driving,
Verein fiir Raumschiffahrt 91 ENG 168-169.
Vinegar-and-honey remedy, F/V defined, LV 195; space flight
(Society for Space Travel), V/S See also Color vision and
157 problems, MS 189; 20/20, LV
chart 58, 59; vertical range of, perception; Kye
Verge, of clocks, WCH 34, 7 92, Vinyl: paints, GM chart 137; Visual aids, for the deaf, SH 163
plastics, GV 16, 19, chart 137, LV 140;
96,98 Visual albedo, PL 89
Verge and crown wheel, 7 80, 96 195, Mv 109, 113; production, of animals, C 11, 151-1538, ENG
146, LV9, 16, 17-29; color, C Visual cortex, C 149, LV 81, 120,
Verge escapement. See GM 187-189; raw materials 141, 148, 195, MND 19
Escapement for, MV 112 153, 162-163, LV 126;
nocturnal, LV 11, 16, 22-23, Visual cues, LV 138, 141, 148;
Verification, as step in scientific Vinyl chloride, GV 180; binocular, LV 141-1438, 146,
polymerization, GM 187, M 28-29, 77; rearward, LV 10, 16;
method, SC/ 52, 57-58 158-159; distortions of, LV
Vernal equinox, winds, WEA 56 ten; production, GM 182-184, retinal vs. cortical analysis of
162-163; interdependence of,
Verne, Jules, /S 11-12, 16, 28, 5 nerve signals, /V 176;
stereoscopic, LV 11, 58; 1v144; monocular, /V 142,
129, sc/ 160 Violet (color): low brightness of, 143-146, 150-157
Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, N.Y., LV 169; sensitivity of eye to, binocular, LV 58, 80, 87, 141-
143; coordination, LV 141-142; Visual Omni Receiver, f 118
ENG 15, 108, 109-119, WHL LV graph 170 “Visual purple,” rod pigment, LV
130, 135, 193 Violin, SH 74; A-string range, LV 140;
far: acuity tests, LV chart 58, 78. See also Rhodopsin
Vertebrae, 8 67, 142, 147, MND vibrations, SH 16; Visual recognition, /V 168
26, 27; attachment of ribs to, characteristics of, SH 92-93; 59, 168; lens accommodation
for, LV 56-57, 89; diminished Visual resolution, 168, PL 61
8 57, 58; cartilaginous sound range of, SH chart 194- Vital-force theory, C 82-83, GV
cushioning, 8 59; of neck, 8 195 stereo effect, /V 143; pupil
adjustment for, LV 54; 14, 34, 46, 103
58; number of, 8 56; prenatal Viral diseases, C 188-189, 190, D
impairment of: by noise, SH Vitallium (synthetic) shoulder,
development, G 34; shape of, 98-99; deafness from, SH 153;
mechanism of, C 171-172, 183; vitamin A deficiency, D PH 103
B57 Vitamin deficiency diseases, F/V
Vertebral column. See Spine 188, D 106, 107, HD 93; during 11, FV 15, 68, HD 82, LV 78-
79: see also Blindness; Eye, 15, 63, 103-115; blindness, F/V
Vertebrates: behavior range, pregnancy, G 156. See also
Viruses defects and diseases; 15, HD 82; A deficiency, FV
MND 194-195; brains of
Viraz6n (wind), WEA 60 near: lens accommodation 15, 107, HD 82; Bie
various, B 147 deficiency, FN 150; beriberi,
Vertical TakeOff and Landing Virchow, Rudolf, PH 34, 35, 194 for, LV 56-57, 59, 89; pupil
adjustment for, LV 54; stereo FN 14, 68, 113-115, HD 81-82,
(VTOL) aircraft, F 84, 98-99, Virginia, the (formerly
effect, LV 143; 83, 188; C deficiency, FN 103-
150-151, 152-153, 173-174, Merrimack), SHP 144-145
104, 105, 155, HD 81; D
195, WHL 175, 176; instant Virginia, limestone caves in, WV nocturnal: animals, /V/11, 16,
22-23, 28-29, 77; limited in deficiency, FN 63, 87, 103, HD
landing sites, F 154-155
man, LV 76, 77-78, 82, 94, 95; 81, 82, niacin deficiency, FV
Vertigo, 8 166, SH 149, 154 Virginia ham, FV 57
Virginia pilot boat (Virginia retinal delay in, LV 172-173; 103, 118, HD 82; pellagra, FV
Very High Frequency 63, 108, 107-113, HD 82;
Omnidirectional Range (VOR), model), SHP 60 perception (psychology), C 153-
Virtanen, Artturi, SC/ 192 154, LV 189-148, 149-165, MND rickets, FV 14, 63, 108, HD 81,
F 119,128 82; scurvy, FN 14, 103-104,
Very-high-frequency sound, SH Viruses, C 169, 171, D 102, 112, 39, 40; brain’s analyzing role,
HD 53, 58, 61; body defense C 151-154, 161, 164, 166, V9, 105, 155, HD 80-81; thiamine,
130 (B1) deficiency, FN 63, 115,
Very High Frequency (VHF) against, B 82, 94,C172, 175, 14-15, 75, 80-81, 126, 130, 136,
D 106-107, HD 58-59; and 140, 141-142, 148, 150-163, HD 82, 83,188
voice communication, F 119
cancer, HD 92, 93,119, PH 144; 168, 172, 174-175, 177, MND Vitamins, FV 14, 108, table 113;
Vesalius, Andreas, B 12, 16, 32,
defined, Cc 194; drugs against, 39; of depth, LV 12, 14, 138; absorption in body, FN 85, 93;
175, C 148, PH 14-15, 28, 33; as catalysts, G19, 22-23;
De Humani Corporis Fabrica, D 106,180, 1382, GM 120, HD 139, 140-141, 143-146, 151-
61; German measles, D 116, 159, MND 48-51, 116-117; of deficiencies during
B12, 32-33, 42, C 125, MND 82,
G 30, HD 60; influenza, C 172, distance, LV 138, 139, 140- pregnancy, G 156; discovery
PH 15, SH 34 of, FV 14, 102, 105-107, table
Vesicles, D 42 D 96,115, 132, HD 61; 141, 143-146, 148, 150, 151,
leukemia, D 140, PH 142-143; 158, VND 39; during driving, 113; effects of cooking on, FIV
Vest, George, VCH 82
Vestibular canal, SH 42-47 makeup and size of, C 171; ENG 168-169, LV 156-157; 59-60; effects of drying on,
mutant, problem of defense emotional loading in, LV 164- FN 61; number of, FV 15, G
Vestibule, SH 143, 1938
against, C172, 0 115, HD 61; 165, MND 40; of form; LV 12, 22; origin of term, FN 14;
Veterans Administration
Hospital, Buffalo, N.Y., EVG polio, C 171, 188, 190, HD 61; 139, 141, 143, 144, 145, 154- recommended daily
152 rabies, HD 58; reproduction 155; illusions in, LV 142-144, allowances, F/V table 113;
VHF Omnirange, f 128 of, C 172, 188, 0106, 107, HD 146-147, 148, 162-164, 195, sources of, in various
VHF voice communication, F 119 93; research, C 168,171, 188, MND 50-53; illusory motion, national diets, FV tables 19-
Vibration machine, for reducing, 190, HD 182-183, PH 142-145; LV 146-147, 156-157, 166, 173, 30; storage in liver, FV 97;
FN 139 shapes of, C 173; smallpox, 174,175, MND 14, 41, 52, 53; synthesization of, FV 113-115;
Vicat, Louis, WHL 127 HD 37-38, 61; unaffected by of infants, LV8, 12-13, MND A (retinol), FV table 113;
Vickers, Vimy (airplane), F 92- antibiotics, D 95, 96, 98-99, 116; of previously blind requirements, FV 15, 107;
93,194 HD 61; vaccine research, C people, LV 13-14; subjectivity sources of, 0 11, FV 15, 28,
Vickers Viscount (airplane), F 172, 188, 190, D 133, PH 142, of, LV119, 161, 178; tests, ENG 25, 30, 37, 59, 63, 107, table
144-145; yellow fever, HD 35 168-169, LV 160-161, MND 41; 194-195; and vision, D 11, FV
Victoria, Queen, ENG 60 “Vis viva,’’ £ 11; latent, £ 12. physiology of, 8 151, 154,C 15, 63, HD 82, LV 78-79;
Victoria (wagon), WHL 15 See also Kinetic energy 160-161, LV 75-82, 83-95; basic B complex, FN 15, 112-113, HD
Victoria Falls, Rhodesia, £ 20 Viscera, 8 52, 53, G 26. See also processes, LV 53, 75-76, 79- 82; research, D 195; sources
Victory, H.M.S., SHP 135, 142- individual organs 80, 81; brain center, 8 145, C of, FN 36, 37;
143,194 Visceral (smooth) muscle, 8 56, 149, 164, LV 81, 148, MND 18, Bi (thiamine), F/V 63, table
Victory ships, SHP 16 61, 101, 102, 149, C125, 129, 19, 38; energy conversions, C 118, 115, HD 82, 83, 188;
Victrola, SH 113. See also 194 160, 161, LV 75-76, 78-79, 80, sources of, FN table 194-195,
Phonograph Viscerotonic temperament, 8 41 93, 94; signals to brain, 8 HD 83;
Videophone, SC/ 149, 156 Viscose, GV 78, 95 143, C 160, 161, LV 76, 79-80, Be (riboflavin), F/V 63, table
Videotape, VCH 153 Viscose process, GV 78, 88-89, 81, 93, 125, 130, 132, 133, 134, 113; sources of, FIV table 194-195;
Vielle, Paul GV 77 90,91, 92, 94, 95, 96 136, 140; Be (pyridoxine ), FV table 113;
Vieta, Francis, VATH 85 Viscose rayon, GV 14, 78, 86, 88, psychophysics of, LV 136, 147, Biz (cyanocobalamin), F/\V table
Vigevano, Guido de, 8 27 89, 94, 96 167-177, SH 81-82, 83; 113; function and
Vigo Bay, Spain, mussel seeding, Viscosity, V 75 blending of episodic images, requirements, FV 15;
FN 173 Vise, MCH 26 LV 14-15; non-correspondence isolation and use of, D 195;
Viking (rocket), /S 57, 60, 195 Visibility curves, LV graph 170, of three stages of vision, LV source of, FV 150;
Vikings: ax, M/CH 38; longship 195 139, 167; stability during biotin, FV table 113;
of, SHP 56-57, 59, 75; Visible (optical) window, of movement, /V 15,177; C (ascorbic acid), FV 15, 59,
navigation of, SHP 151-152; atmosphere, PL 64-65, 66 stereoscopic (three 103, table 118, 155, HD 81;
wagon, WHL 22. See also Vision, VND 30, LV 9-15, 75-81, dimensional), /V 11, 58, 81, sources of, FV 25, 30, 104,
Norsemen 119; acuity, LV 76, 168, 174, 139-146, 158, 167, MND 48; 105, table 194-195, HD 81;
Viljerdarsson, Floki, SH? 151-152 194; ancient Greek concept basic requirements for, LV 58; D (calciferol), FV 15, 103, 107,
Villard, Paul, 1/7 122 of (emanation theory), LV 53; binocular cues for, LV 141- table 113, HD 81, 82; function
Villeneuve, Arnauld de, D 52 coordination with other 143, 146, 158-159; defined, Lv of, FV 68, 87, HD 81; sources
Villi, 8 90, 91, 103, 116, 117, FV senses, 8 162, 163, LV 11-12, 195; doubling of out-of-focus of, FN 59, 108;
85, 86, 92-95; chorionic, G 30, 13; daylight, LV 76, 77, 82, 94, objects, LV 143; E (tocopherol), FV 15, table 113;
31, 148-149; life span of cells 95; external conditions of, LV interdependence of cues, LV sources of, FIV 59;
of, FN 86 168-169, 170-171; glossary of, 144; unit of measurement, LV folic acid, FV table 113; of
Vinca rosea, cancer drug source, LV 194-195; horizontal scan of, 167; germs, inhibition by sulfa
D138 LV 140; intermittence, LV 173- tests: acuity, LV chart 58, 59, drugs, 0 111;
Vincristine sulfate, D 138-139 175; limited reality of, c 153- 168; astigmatism, LV 60; K, FN 15, table 113; discovery

8-The Body c-The Cell e-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GmM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease Lv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 and use of, D 195; Vuia, Trajan, F 103, 104
niacin, FV 63, 103, table 113, galleys, MCH 48-49, SHP 76, 106, 110, 171-113, 115; in
Vuia I (airplane), F 104 136-139, 140, 194; Greek
HD 82; sources of, FN 27, 118, synthesis of organic
Vulcan, Leverrier’s erroneous trireme, MCH 48, SHP 136-
table 194-195; molecules and life, C 85-86,
postulation of planet, PL 173 137, 194; ironclads, SHP 134, 88, 98-99, PL 39, 159: see also
pantothenic acid, FN table 113; Vulcanization, GM 124, 127, 128, 144-145, 195; Roman, SHP 54, Body fluids;
ree FN 68, 107, 113, 131; defined, Gu 195
115, 121, 155, HD 75, 76, 82: 76, 194; sailing, MCH 49, SHP chemical properties of, W 9, 10-
Vulcollan, Gv 150, 151 59, 61, 134, 138, 139-143, 194-
labeling of, Fv 156. 11, 18-19, 24-25, 145; solvent
Vulpian, Edme, D 79 195; screw propulsion
See also Vitamin deficiency power, M 81, W 10-11, 24-25,
Vulture, ear opening of, SH 72 introduced to, SHP 80, 134;
diseases 145; stability, w 9-10, 18;
Vyrene, GV 151 steam engine introduced to,
Vitreous humor, 8 154,154, 55, consumption: agricultural, W
SHP 61, 134; tonnage value, Lae LTBATA. table 177; daily
57, 61, 195; function of, 1 84 Ww SHP 14. See also Naval per capita, U.S., W171, 178:
Vitriol, Vv 31
warfare; Nuclear domestic, W/ 165, 174, table
Vitruvian wheel, CH 30-31, W W-1 jet engine, F 83
147 submarines; Submarines 177; industrial, U.S., w
Wabash Cannonball (early Washkansky, Louis, 8 134
Vitruvius, MATH 49, MCH 30, 40, locomotive), WHL 43 165,171, table 177;
W 146, 147 Washing machine: early, CH global, Vv 73; amount involved
WAC Corporal (sounding rocket), 131-132, 194; electric, MCH
Viviani, Vincenzio, 797, WEA 39 in evaporation-and-
MS 48, 58, 57, 195 132, 195; electric automatic,
Vlaminck, Maurice de, / 186 condensation cycle, W 42,
Wadlow, Robert, 8175 MCH 167, 172
Vocabulary-building for the deaf, WEA 82, 90; connate, W 60;
Wadsworth Veterans Hospital, Washington, George, FV 50, WEA
SH 164-165 conservation, GV 175, W153,
Los Angeles, FV 144-145 109, 155; 1.Q. of, MND 126
Vocal cords, 8 122 167; distribution, W 9, 37,
Wagner, Richard (patent Washington, D.C., beltway table 38, 171; effect on
Vodka, D 33, 35; composition, searcher),W/CH 163 around, WH 158; express
D table 38 rotation of earth, 7105; fresh
Wagner-Jauregg, Julius, SC/ 194 buses, WHL 155; green belt vs. salt, percentages, W 37,
Voice: deepening of, in puberty, Wagons, evolution of, WH 13- project, WHL 155; and
G 108; frequency range of, SH table 38; gravitational effects
15, 17, 20-29, 31 Northeast*Corridor rail on, W 55; heat absorption and
chart 194-195 Waialeale, Mt., Hawaii, project, ENG 182-183, WHL 175
Voisin-Farman biplane, F 124 retention, F 31-32, w 12-13,
precipitation on, W40, WEA 83 Washington, Mt., New 30, WEA 15, 59-60, 62, 72: of
Volatility, of some carbon Wain, Louis, paintings by, MVD Hampshire, cloudcap, WEA 85; hydration, W 36, 60;
compounds, GV 54 138-139 ski slope, WEA 177
Volatilization, as analytical importance of its expansion
Wairaki Valley, New Zealand, Wasp, U.S.S., VS 85 near freezing point, V/ 82, W
method, Gi 56 geothermal power plant, EVG Wasp: vision of, /V 20; wing 11-12; juvenile, P/ 38, Ww60,
Volcanic rock, W 94, 95, 99 128, 129 strokes of, F 43
Volcanism: on earth, PL 36, 38, 195; origin of, C 85, 94, W33-
WAIS. See Wechsler Adult Wasp engines, F 80 34, 35-36; percentage of
57, 58; freeing of juvenile Intelligence Scale Wassermann, blood test, PH 83 earth’s surface covered by, £
water by, W 60; on moon, PL Waksman, Selman A., D 98, 194, Wasson, R. Gordon, MND 155
85, 86, 96, 103; use in 32, 73; possible rise of level
SC/ 194 Waste management, ENG 174-
geothermal power plants, £ of, WEA 178; power potential
Wald, George, /V 80, 125 175; systems analysis of of, £ 16, 20, 21, 23, 176, 178-
180-181, ENG 128-130 Wales (hull planks), SHP 54 problems of, ENG 172, 173-174
Volcanoes, £ 24-25; eruptions, 179; 186; surface vs.
Walker, Jimmy, WH 50 Waste materials, industrial use subsurface, amounts, W9,
effect on twilight colors, LV Walking-motion studies, EVG for by-products, EVG 123, 129,
101 37, table 38; total supply, W
160-161, LV 68-69 130, 131 33, table 38, 171; see also
Volcanology, SC/ 115 Wallach, Otto, SC/ 191 Wastes, body: cellular, 8 80, Groundwater; Hydrologic
Volt, electrical unit, £ 46, 47, 120- Wallingford, Richard of, MATH 78 104, 124, FN 86; lymph cycle; Lakes; Oceans; Rivers;
121 Wallis, John, MATH 111, 112 drainage of, 8 80, 83, D 109; Springs;
Volta, Alessandro, £ 38, 46, 47, Walls, sound-resistant, SH 26-27 transfer from cells to blood, industrial uses of, V 96, W9,
48, 120, MCH 124-125, 145, sc/ Walsh, Homan, EVG 14 8 80, 88, 88, 90, 122, Fv 99; 145, 148-153, 154, 164-165,
89, SH 60 ee W. Grey, MND 174, 179, transportation in
Volta River Project, Ghana, / 173, 174; demand, in U.S., W
il bloodstream, B 80, 82, 86, 165, 171, table 177; for waste
152 Walter Reed Army Institute of 122, D 88; disposal, W165, 174, 176, 190-
Voltage, £ 46, 120-121 Research, HD 152 disposal of, FV 85, 86, 155; by 191; see also Hydroelectric
Voltage regulator, automobile Walther, Helmut, SHP 130 embryo, G 30; excretion, 8
engine, WHL 194
power; Steam-generated
Walther engine, SHP 130-131 103,119, D 92-93, W 117; electricity;
Voltaic pile (battery), £ 46, 47, Walton, Ernst, £ 194, Sc/ 48, 190 exhalation, 8 122, D 86-87; molecule, £ 52, 93, Gi 10, 52,
120, MCH 124-125, 127, 145 Walton, Richard, VCH 116 extraction from blood in M 34-35, 74, W 9-10, 15, 18;
Voltaire (Jean Francois Marie Waltzing mice, SH 58 kidneys, 8 124-125, D 92-93, bonding, interatomic, VM 75,
Arouet), I.Q. of, MND 127 Wappinger Creek, N.Y., pollution W 116-117; extraction from W 10, 11, 18; bonding,
Volume control, auditory, SH 37 test, W table 175 blood in liver, FN 97; intermolecular, / 74, 75, 78,
Volvox, C 100 War hammer, /CH 38 separation from nutrients in 80, 82, W 14-15, 20-21, 22, 23,
Von Braun, Wernher, V/S 16, 31, War machines. See Weapons intestine, 8 103, FV 85 28, 30, 105; electrical polarit:
32, 34-35, 53-54, 56, 57, 59, War of the Worlds, The, Wells, Watanabe, Satosi, 7 171-172 of, W 10-11, 14; energy boun
60, 61, 72, 76, 194, 195 MS 12, 18, 64, PL 137 Watches, 7 80, 98-99; accuracy in, £ 93, W 10-11, 14; energy
Von Karman, Theodore, VS 54, Warbler, lesser white-throat, 7 of, 7 84; balance spring, 7 98, bound in, £ 93, W 10, 18;
195 38 195; first, 7 95; mainspring, 7 motion of, MV 74, W 14-15, 20,
Von Neumann, John, VATH 174, Warburg, Otto, SC/ 192 95, 194, 195; mechanism, 7 28, 29, 30, 148;
175, MS 59, WEA 150, 153; Ward, W. D., SH 79 194-195; tuning-fork time photodissociation of, PL 39,
game theory, MATH 175-176; Warfare: effects of weather on, control, 7103 43; splitting of, £ 97-98, w 10,
information theory, SC/ 147; WEA 108-109; and rain, Water, W (entire vol.); Aristotle’s 18-19;
MANIAC computer of, SC/ conjectures on relation concept of, GV 31, M 12, 13; physical properties of, 1/ 80-
13, WEA 127, 137-138, 150 between, WEA 81. See also in atmosphere, W 9, table 38, 82, W 9, 11-15, 20-23, 28-31;
Vonnegut, Bernard, WEA 102 Naval warfare; Weapons 39, 42,47, WEA 14 (see also adhesion, VV 75, W 22, 56;
Voodoo deaths, HD 155 Wargentin crater (lunar feature), Water vapor); BOD boiling point, £ 33, 79, 81,
Voodoo F 101 (airplane), f 186 PL 88 (biochemical oxygen W9, graph 14; capillarity,
VOR (Very High Frequency Warm front, WEA 86; clouds, demand) of, W176; Brownian 78, W15, 22-23, 105, 106;
Omnidirectional Range), F 119, WEA 86, 96-97, 194; defined, movement in, 7 172; chemical cohesion, // 77, 79, 80;
WEA 86, table 168; symbol for, composition of, W 9, 18; density of water, vs. ice and
VOR/ DME (distance measuring WEA table 168; weather colors of, causes, LV 101-102; steam, W 11, 14-15, 28-30;
equipment), F 128 sequence, WEA 86 consumptive use of, W194; electrical conductivity, W 26-
VORTAC, F 128, 138-139; Warm Springs, Ga., W/59 discharge of, defined, w 194; 27; expansion near freezing
inadequacy for supersonic Warmth sensation, power law for, light refraction by, LV 31-32, point, VM 81-82, w 9, 11, 14,
navigation, F 129 SH 83 44, 45; light velocity in, LV 15, 28, 30-31; fluidity, 1 75;
Vortex generator, f 62, 185 Warner, H. H., 0 163 44; physical states of, Vv 81, freezing point, V 81, W9, 11,
Vortices, wing-tip, £57, 58; Warren, John, PH 193 W 16, 17; self-purification of, graph 14; heat capacity, £ 31,
leading edge, F 184-185 Warren, John Collins, PH 37, 193 W 175; sound velocity in, SH W 9, 12-18, 15, 30; latent heat,
Voskhod spacecraft, V/S 88, 89, 92 Warren, Lavinia, 8 171 12; supercooled, WEA 88; E 32, W 13, 107; repulsion of
Vostok spacecraft, VS 88 Warships, SHP 134, 135-149; Thales’ concept of, PL 20; oil, V 78, 95, 96; specific heat,
Voyager (Mars probe project), PL aircraft carriers, SHP 115, withdrawal use of, W195; £31, table 36; surface tension,
80, 150 128, 134, 148, 149, 172, 195; biological importance of, FV M 75, 76-77, 88-89, W 15, 20-
Voyages to the Moon and Sun, battleships, SHP 123, 134, 14, 73, 81-82, WY, 24, 103, 21, 22, 28; “wetness,” M 77-78;
de Bergerac, VS 24-25 146-147, 148, 195; 106, 110; for animals, W 106- in solar system, VV 81, W 33,
V-shape in-line engines, F 80 development of guns, SHP 107, 110, 115, 118; in 34-35; absence on moon’s
VS-300 (helicopter),£ 195 59, 134, 1388, 139-145, 147; photosynthesis and Krebs surface, PL 85, 92-93, 96;
VTOL. See Vertical TakeOff and galleasses, SHP 138-139, 194; cycle, C 40, 42, 46-48; for Jupiter’s clouds, droplets, PL
Landing galleons, SHP 141, 194; plants, C 33, 37, 44, W 103- 155, 159; Mars, PL 133, 134,

203
 control device of, MCH 172, average terrestrial, WEA 39;
136, W 34; possible on Venus, Steam pump) in cities, WEA 178; and
Water screw (cochlea), VCH 26- 178; and horsepower unit, E
PL 114, 116, 128, W 34-35; 45, MCH 56; steam engine of, condensation, WEA 83, 85;
Venus’ clouds, droplets, PL 27, 29-30, 31, 193, W 145-146 effect of shape of earth on,
Water-storage tanks, W 180-181 E 44-45, ENG 12, 33, 123, MCH
115, 116, 128; 54, 55, 56, 62, 193, Sc/ 146, WEA 13; extremes in U.S.,
supply for human needs, W Water table, W/ 56, 57, 64-65;
147-148, 155, SHP 81, W 149- WEA map 193; global
153, 156, 171-178, 179-191; aquifer, W 57; cone of extremes, WEA 18-19;
depression, W 60, 71; contour, 150, WHL 31; mentioned, &
chlorination, V 142, W 174, imbalances of, and air
176, 177, 178, 179, 183, 185; W 57-58, 61; contour 31,47, ENG 37, 40, 126, MCH
57, 58, 80, SC/ 80, 147, 155 movement, WEA 39-41, 57, 62-
cost, W173; fluoridation, F mapping, W 67, 68-71; 64; low readings, WEA 64;
97, M 142, W198; shortages, defined, W195; man’s Watt, electrical unit, £ 47, SH 14
Watts, Los Angeles, Rodia’s measuring, WEA 37, 39, 129,
HD 186, 187, W 171-172, 181; interference with, W 59-60, 162-163; possible rise of
in U.S., W maps 178, table 177; 64; rise and fall of, W/57-58; towers at, 7 188, 189
Wave clouds, WEA 87 terrestrial, WEA 178; tropics,
see also Water pollution; tests, W 66-67 WEA 100; upper air,
Water-tunnel test, F 177 Wave drag (aeronautics), F 58,
Waterworks; measuring, WEA 59, 144, 145,
synthesization of, Gi 32, 56- Water turbine, £ 123, VCH 12, 59; and fuselage design, F
182, 183; and wing design, F 149-151, 158, 178;
57, W 9-10, 18; in desert 60, 67, 129, 130, 193, w 151- tropies, PL 52, WEA 100-101;
animals, W108, 118; in 152, 166-168 58-59, 60, 180-181, 183
Wave-making resistance land and sea breezes of, WEA
human body, W 10, 106, 115. Water vapor, /V 79; calculation 60; rain, WEA map 82, 87-88,
See also Condensation; of amount in air, WEA 131; (shipping), SHP 32-33, 34;
relation to speed, SHP 42-43, 100-101; trade winds and
Desalination; Distillation; capacity of air for, WEA 83; doldrums, WEA 62-63, 69-71,
Erosion, by water; latent heat of, W13-14, WEA 73
Wave mechanics, V 126, 157-158 map 132;
Evaporation 39; United States: basic features,
Water-and-oil repellence, of in earth atmosphere, PL 38, W Wave theory oflight, £ 75-77,
89, LV 31, 33-35, 36-37, 38-39, WEA 15, 41-42, 64-65, map
fluorocarbon polymers, G// 39, 40-41, 44, 46-47, WEA 14, 75, 86-87; hurricanes, WEA
145, 149 21, 81; absorption of radiant 79, MV 125; and ether
postulate, £ 137-139, 140-141; 42, map 54, 65; jet streams
Water-borne transportation, SHP heat by, WEA 12, 38;
Aristotelian, LV 31; and and, WEA map 76; movement
(entire vol.), W 125-126, 140- absorption of solar radiation
diffraction and interference, of major weather systems,
143, 162-163; in ancient by, WEA 36; as barrier to parts WEA 168; precipitation,
civilizations, MCH 12, 13, 48- of spectrum, PL 42, 65, 67, E76, 88-89, LV 35-36, 37, 38,
39, 46-47; Huygens and, £75, FN map 46, 47, W 40, WEA 83;
49, W122, 123, 124-125; 79: condensation of, WEA 20- temperature extremes, WEA
expenses in U.S. (1965), WHL 21, 39, 81-84, 85, 92-93; LV 32, 34; Maxwell and, £ 75,
76, 137, LV 38; and map 193.
graph 94. See also Canals; cooling of, WEA 39, 83; and See also individual weather
Ships greenhouse effect, PL 42, WEA polarization, £ 90-91, LV 37-
38, 48-49; temporary triumph phenomena, e.g., Air masses;
Water clock (clepsydra), // 53, 38; weight of, in cloud, WEA Clouds; Front; Precipitation;
MCH 35, T 78, 86, 90-91, 92, Bi, Cite over particle theory, LV 38;
Young and, £ 75-76, LV 35-36, Pressure systems; Storms;
147, w 146 in other planets’ atmospheres,
W 34-35; Jupiter, PL 154, 159; 37 Wind
Water droplets, V/ 76; in earth Weather buoys, WEA 172, 183
atmosphere, W 39, 40-41, WEA Mars, PL 134, 136, W 34; Wave theory of matter, /V 12,
Venus, PL 67, 79, 112, 125, 125-126, 158 Weather-clock, WEA 129
14, 39 (see also Cloud Weather control and
droplets); latent heat of, W 128, W 34-35 Wavelength: defined, /V 195, SH
Water waves, SH 11, 13; cause 193; electromagnetic modification, W/EA 119, 121,
13; in Jupiter’s clouds, PL 124-125, 173, 175, 178-180;
155, 159; rainbow colors of, of, SHP 35, 36; erosive force spectrum, £ 74-75, PL 61, 66-67
of, W 75, 78-79, 86-87, 98-101; Waves, water. See Water waves cloud seeding, WEA 89-90,
LV 102, 109; surface tension 102, 103, 124; by domes, ENG
of, M76, W15, 20-21; in height of, SHP.35; length of, Wax, ear, SH 147
SHP 35; period of, SHP 35; Wax cylinder records, 105, 178, 184-185;
Venus’ clouds, PL 115, 116, evaporation control, GV 175,
128 research, SHP 34-37; phonograph, ENG 50-51, SH 107
patterns: as navigational aid, Waxes, GV 23, 53, 61, 79 M T7, WEA 179; frost
“Water frame,”’ (spinning
SHP 152; around ship’s hull, WCAU-TV, Philadelphia, VCH prevention, WEA 124, 125; hail
machine), VCH 57-58, 64, 65,
clue to wave-making 116 prevention, WEA 124, 179;
193 heat-trapping schemes for
Water mill, VCH 12, 30, 31, W resistance, SHP 32-33, 34; Wealth of Nations, The, Smith,
147, 148. See also Waterwheel ocean, SHP 35-36; spectrum MCH 78, SCI 99 Arctic, WEA 178-180;
analysis of, SHP 36-37 Weapons: ancient personal, rainmaking, WEA 89, 90, 103,
Water plants, W 112; pigment
of, and capture of sunlight, C Waterfall illusion, /V/ 175 MCH 36, 37, 38, 47; ancient 124; smog prevention, WEA
Waterfalls, £ 20, W 8; creation war machines, MCH 29, 40- 179; storm reduction, WEA
39
Water poisoning, D 10 of, W 94; erosive force of, W 41,43, 44; medieval personal, 50, 124, 179
Water pollution, HD 15, 98,99, 7h, 82, 83, 86-87, 94-95 MCH 88-39, 44-45; medieval Weather forecasting, WS 102-
103-104, 112, w 72, 171, 174- Waterfowl, nictitating membrane war machines, MCH 30, 32- 103, WEA 10-11, 96, 127, 153-
177; Greater New York, HD of, LV 26 33, 42-45, 50-51. See also 160, 162, 169, 170, 182;
103, 106, 108-110, map 111; Waterlogging of body. See Artillery; Guns accuracy of, WEA 153, 159-
health hazards, HD 52, 53-54, Dropsy Weather, WEA (entire vol.); early 160, 175, 178, 180; folk art,
108, PH 138, W174; 19th Waterman, Robert E., FV 115 records, WEA 155-156; effects WEA 10,154; of future, 1s
Century urban conditions, Watermelon, water content of, WV on warfare, WEA 108-109; fair, 103, WEA 177-178; history of,
HD 52, 53-54, 56, 64, 66-67; 115 indications for, WEA 65, 87, WEA 127-128, 135-138, 146-
treatment plants, HD map Watertight compartments, ships, 154, table 167, 171; and flying, 151, 153-157; long-range, WEA
111, 116-117, W174, 179, 182- SHP 11, 83, 96 problems, F 129-130 (see also 159, 174-175, 180; numerical,
185; in underdeveloped Waterwheel, EVG 74, VCH 10, All-weather flight research); WEA 136, 1387-138, 150, 152,
areas, HD 20, 41, 61, 162, 186, 20-21, 28, W145, 148; ancient folklore of, WEA 10, 81, 154; 153, 174-175, 186, 187;
W 136; Roman, MCH 30, 31; ancient microweather, WEA 114, 115- aids in: barometric readings,
pollutants, HD 99, 103-104, Syrian, EVG 62, 63; breast see: mythology, 138, 140-141, WEA 58, 154-155, table 167;
108-109, W 174-176, table 193; wheel, MCH 31, 32; horizontal cloud formations, WEA 81, 86-
agricultural sources, HD 99, (Norse), MCH 12, 193, W147; basic factors in, W/ 12, 13, 30, 87, 194-195; sky coloring, LV
102, 103-104, W176; chemical medieval uses, VCH 13, 31, 40-41, WEA 11-16, 35; 101, WEA 171; winds, WEA 57-
(inorganic), W/ 174-176, 190; W 148; overshot, MCH 31, 32, atmosphere, W 13-15, 35-42; 58, table 167; see also
domestic wastes and sewage, w 147, 151; reversible, 16th earth’s rotation, WEA 12, 40, Meteorology, instruments;
HD 103, 106, 108, 110, W174, Century, EG 59; undershot, 52, 62-64, 70-71, 132-133; Weather satellites; Weather
176, 190; industrial wastes, MCH 30-81, 32, W147; vertical earth’s shape, WEA 13; earth’s stations; Weather
HD 109, W165, 174, 176, 190-191; (Vitruvian), VCH 30-31, 198, tilt of axis, PL 10-11, 52-53, surveillance;
organic, W174, 175,176, W147 WEA 12, 13; heat, £ 69, W 13, by computer, MATH 26-27, WEA
178; Waterworks, municipal, 1D 116- 30, WEA 11-12, 18-19, 38-39, 10, 127, 137-138, 150, 152,
tests, HD 110, W175-176, 185, 117, W178, 180-189; ancient 68-69; landforms, WEA 15-16, 1538, 158, 159, 160, 177, 186,
190-191; coliform count, VW/ civilizations, ENG 68-69, W 40, 60-61, 71, 72, 85, 87, 98; 187; curve plotting, WEA 153,
table 175; 121, 122-128, 124 oceans, W 40-41, WEA 15, 38, 181; IBM card, WEA 137;
treatment methods, GV 169, Watkins, Dean, SC/ 137 72-73; mathematical model of
174-175, HD 14, W176-177, Watson, Baxter, SHP 126 effect on man, WEA 9, 109, 111- atmosphere, WEA 174-175;
178, 179, 182-185; activated- Watson, James D., C 61, 62, 64, 114; adaptation to cold, HD storm tracking, WEA 50, 187
carbon method, W176; 65, 68, G12, SC/ 193 169,170, 171-172; Weather Forecasting, U.S.
activated-sludge method, Ww Watson, John B., VO 13-14, homeostatic responses, HD Weather Bureau, WEA 58
176; aeration, W 174, 183; 108-110 10-11, 172; Weather glass, WEA 154
alum treatment, W177, 178, Watson, Thomas A., VCH 147 temperate zones, WEA 40-41, Weather gods, WEA 138, 140-
184-185; chlorination, W 174, Watson, William, £ 119 64-65; land and sea breezes, 141, 153
176, 177, 178, 179, 183, 185; Watson-Watt, Sir Robert A., WEA 60; rain, WEA 88-89; Weather instruments. See
iron treatment, W177 MCH 195 seasonal changes, PL 52, 53; Meteorology, instruments
Water pump, ENG 59, MV 56, MCH Watt, James, £ 38, 44, ENG 193, temperature: atmospheric Weather maps, VS 114, WEA
30; steam-operated (see MCH 538, 55, SC/ 146; feedback variances, WEA 14, graph 15; 168, 169; automatic plotting

8-The Body c-The Cell &-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HD-Health and Disease Lv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets Sc/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships T-Time W-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 of, WEA 153, 181; early, WEA Wells, H. G., MS 12, 64, Sc/ 106:
146, 147, 156; symbols, WEA MCH 1938 Williams, R.J., (V 113
Martians of, MS 13, PL 137: Wheel-of-pots, CH 11-12
41, table 168, 169 selenites of, PL 90, 92 Williams, Robert R., £/ 105, 113-
Weather Prediction by Wheelbarrow, VCH 19 115
Wells, Horace, D 53-54, 193 Wheeler, G. A., FV 110, 111
Numerical Process, Wells, W 55, 56, 57, 65; ancient Williams Fork River, dam on, W
Richardson, WEA 136, 137, 138 Wheeler, John, / 174 181
theories on, W/ 37, 38; artesian, Wheeler, Schuyler S., CH 194
Weather radar screen, F 118, 119 Williams-Waterman Fund, £/V
W 48, 57, 58-59, 60, 64, 65, Wheeler Dam, W 166-167
Weather satellites, /S 76, 80, 175
66; cone of depression pe ing pide disaster, WHL
102-103, 106, 174, WEA 10, 50, Willis, Thomas, 8 172, PH 15
around, W 60, 71; depth and
51, 82, 175, 176-177, 180, 189- yield, w/55; drilling, w 59; Willow, W 61; drugs from bark
Whewell, William, SC/ 29, 82 of, 0 11,13, 121
185; photographs by, MS 115, replenishment of, W/ 38, 56,
PL 46-47, WEA 50, 51, 176-177,
Whippany River, N.J., W175 Willow Creek, Ore., 1903 flash
60; tests of pressure and flow, Whipple, Fred L., vs 56
184, 186, 187, 188; receiver W 66-67
flood of, W126
Whipple, George, SC/ 194 Willstatter, Richard, SC/ 192
for pictures from, WEA 184. Wenatchee Valley Clinic, Wash., Whipworm, D 110 Willy-willy (wind), WEA 42
See also ESSA; Nimbus; Tiros PH 130 Whiskey, D 33, 35, 36, 51;
Weather stations, WEA 153, 157, Wilner, Robert, VCH 84
Wenckebach, Karl, D 81 composition of, D table 38
158, 172; amateur, WEA 161- Wilson, Charles T. R., £ 145, v
Wenhan, F. H., £147 Whispering galleries, SH 18-19
167, 170-171; automatic, WEA 151, SC/ 189
Wentworth, S.S., SHP 83 Whistle: first steam, WHL 45;
172, 177-178, 180; global Wilson, R.R.,/V 101
vert ten Bosch, J. J. van der, G sound range of, SH chart 194-
Tene ee of, WEA map 182- Wilson, Volney C., CH 195
195 Wilson, Woodrow, MS 121, WHL
Werner, Abraham Gottlob, SC/ 82 Whistle Buoy, lighted, SH? 160 77
Weather surveillance, WEA 14.8- Werner, Alfred, SC/ 191 Whistler, George, WHL 45 Wilson cloud chamber, £ 145, Vv
151, 173-180, 181-191; by Wertheimer, Max, LV 175, MVD White, Edward, M/S 85, 92, 93 151, Sc/ 48
airplanes, WEA 82, 149, 158, 14, 15, SH 108-104 White: caused by complete Wilson Dam, W 152
175 (see also Hurricane West Orange, N.J., Edison’s lab- light reflection, /V 99, 106; in Wimpenny, John, £77
hunters); by balloons, WEA oratory at, ENG 40, 41, 50-51 color TV, /V 112, 113; human Wind(s), PL 155, WEA 57-66, 67-
10, 59, 82, 149-151, 158, 175, Westchester Academy of perception of, /V 122, 130, 79; as aid in weather
178, 182, 183; beginnings of, Medicine, PH 126 133; “total” color, £ 80-81 forecasting, WEA 57-58, table
WEA 134, 144-145; of Westerlies, prevailing, PL 155, White blood cells, 8 82, 92-93, C 167; of air masses, WEA 75;
hurricanes, M/s 102, 114, WEA WEA 63-64, 70-71, 98; and 169, 175; excess production causes of, £18, 69, PL 42, 155,
44-51, 172, 176, 186; Atlantic trade, WEA map 63 of, and leukemia, G 155, PH WEA 37, 39-40; cells, global,
Operation Skyhook 60, WEA Western Reserve University, /V 71; function of, 6 14, 83, 93,
177; by radar, WEA 59, 82, WEA 68, 69-71; defined, WEA
12, 48; School of Medicine C169, D 108-109, 110; normal 57; deflection of, by earth
107, 177, 180, 182-183, 188, of, PH 53, 61, 62, 63-77 number of, PH 71
189-191; radar stations, WEA rotation, WEA 12, 40, 52, 62-
Westinghouse, George Jr., ENG White count, 8 83 64, 70-71, 132-133; of drought,
157, 190-191; by rockets, WEA 11, 48, WHL 57; air brakes of, White noise, SH 177
10, 59, 175-176; upper-air, WEA 28-29; effect on earth
ENG 11-12, 13, MCH 194, WHL White race, 8 40; birth defects rotation, 7 105; effect on
WEA 10-11, 59, 144-145, 149- 57-59, 64; railroad signaling in, G 152
151, 157-158, 173, 175-177, human behavior, WE4 111,
and switching controls of, White Sands, N. Mex., V/s 43, 114; energy of, £16, WEA 57;
178, 190-191. See also Weather WHL 59, 64 56-57, 195; LM testing at, EVG
satellites; Weather stations naming of, WEA 57;
Westinghouse Air Brake 82; Missile Range, MS 53 orographic (mountain-bred),
Weather vanes. See Wind vanes Company, WH 59 White Star liners Teutonic and
Weaver, Warren, MATH 143 WEA 16, 61, 85, 98; relative
Westinghouse Electric Majestic, SHP 81 (aerodynamics), F 37, 62, 66;
Weaving, mechanization of, VCH Corporation, WHL 59 White (beluga) whale, SH 129,
13, 57, 60, 65, 66, 67, 169, resistance (shipping), SHP 34;
Wet-and-dry-bulb thermometer, I325188 sailing to the, SHP 55, 64, 66-
193, 194, 195 WHL 162-163 Whitehead, Alfred North, MATH
Webb, William, SH? 60 67; of vernal equinox, WEA
Wet-plate photography, LV 66- Ik alias; 56; weather-map symbols for,
Weber, Ernst, SH 60, 80-81, 101-102 67, 68, 69 Whitman College, Walla Walla, WEA table 168;
Weber, Wilhelm, WE4 150 Wever, Ernest, SH 58 M 48, 49
Weberian ossicles, SH 68 basic categories, WEA 59;
Whale: adaptation to sea water, Whitney, Eli, £VG 12-13, 40, episodic (maverick), WEA 59,
Webster, S. Dak., desalination W118; Baleen, W118; beluga 193, MCH 79, 80; Charlesville
plant, W188 64-66; local persistent, WEA
(white), SH 129, 132, 133; musket, ENG 13, MCH 79, 80; 59-61; global persistent, WEA
Wechsler, David, MND 129, 132 blue, G 10, SH 127; cotton gin, ENG 13, MCH 60, 62-64, 66, 68, 69-71; regional
Wechsler Adult Intelligence echolocation in, SH 127, 129, 193; and interchangeable persistent, WEA 61-62;
Scale (WAIS), wb 132 132, 133, 142 parts and mass production, history of study of, WEA 57-58,
Wedge, MCH 10, 16, 25; in early Whale factory, SHP 195 ENG 18, MCH 68, 79, 168 132-134; Aristotelian
tools and weapons, MCH 36, Whale “husbandry,” FV 173 Whitneyville, Conn., Whitney’s concepts, WEA 58-59, 128;
38-39; familiar examples, Whaling ship, SHP 195 Arms Manufactory, VCH 79 Halley’s map, WEA 132;
MCH 17, 24-25 Wheat: domestication of, F/v 34- Whitten-Brown, A., £ 194 medieval chart, WEA 139;
Weed killers, -/V 41, 186, 187; 36, 39; food value of, FV 36; Whittle, Frank, £ 82-83, WCH hydrologic cycle and: wind’s
pollution by, HD 99, 103 harvesting, FV 40; as protein 109, 195 role in evaporation, W 39, 40-
Weeks, 7 61, 66, 84; varied source, FN 124,172; U.S. WHO. See World Health 41; wind’s role in
lengths of, 7 24 exports of, FV table 54; U.S. Organization precipitation, WEA 40-41;
Wei Po Yang (alchemist), v 15 production of, FV graph 45, Whole-grain cereal diet, FV 155 measurement: Beaufort scale
Weigh rail, in freight yard, WHL map 47; in various national Whooping cough, HD 14; vaccine, of velocities, WEA table 164,
74-75 diets, FV 23, 25; world PH 106 165; of direction, WEA 58, 59,
Weighing balance, VCH 19 production, FN 36 Wichmann, Barry, MND 128 129, 143,154, 164-165;
Weight, body: adolescent boys Wheat germ, FV 152, 153 Wickham, Henry, GV 125 Hanovy’s table of force, WEA
and girls compared, G 82; age Wheatfield with Crows, Van Gogh, Widdowson, Elsie, G 135-136 58; of speed and force, WEA
standards for, G 78; at birth, MND 148-149 Wied’s frog, eyelids of, LV 26 58, 59, 129, 164-165; upper-
8 193; climatic factors in, G Wheatstone, Charles, EVG 59, Wieland, Heinrich, SC/ 192 air, WEA 59, 158, 175, 177,178;
137; excess, B 39,171, FN 127- MCH 146 Wien, Wilhelm, SC/ 190-191 on other planets: Jupiter, PL
128 (see also Obesity; Wheel: early history of, WHL 12- Wiener, Alexander S., 8 84 154-155; Mars, PL 134, 150;
Overweight); highest known, 16, 20-29; evolution of axle, Wiener, Norbert, VCH 168, SC/ Saturn, PL 171; Venus, PL
8193; hormonal factors in, G MCH 11, 20-21, 193, WHL 18, 147, SHP 36 115, 120, 125, 128.
134; intelligence and, G 78; 14, 25; flanged, WHL 31, 62, Wiesel, Torsten N., /V 75, 81 See also Anticyclones;
malnutrition and, FN 117; G 63; geared and toothed, WCH Wigglesworth, V. B., G 176 Cyclones; Hurricanes; Land
135-136, 188-189; normal 12,27, 33, 34, WHL 32) 78; Wigner, Eugene P., / 173, SC/ breeze; Monsoon; Polar
range, 8 193; premature invention of, WCH 10, 11, 193, 9,179, 180-181, 190 easterlies; Prevailing
babies, G 57; trends in, G 86 WHL 12-13, 16, 18, 20; as Wildlife destruction by westerlies; Sea breeze;
Weightlessness (zero gravity), passive roller, MCH 20, 21, pesticides, HD 103-104 Tornadoes; Trade winds
MS 83; effects of, MND 46, 47, WHL 18, 32; potter’s, MCH 11, Wiley Post pressure suit, /S 141 Wind-driven carriage, /CH 61
MS 83, 184-185 17, 20, 21; reduction of Wilhelm II, King of Prussia Wind instruments, SH 74, 94;
Weights, of clocks, 7 84 surface friction by, WHL 12, (German Kaiser), G/ 52 characteristics of, SH 90-91;
Weil, André, VATH 176 18; solid, WCH 11, WHL 13-14, Wilkes Station, Antarctica, WEA evolution of, SH 91; sound
Weismann, August, G 36 20-21, 22; spoked, WCH 11, 114,115 range of, SH chart 194
Weiss, Paul, G 174 46, WHL 14, 22-23 Wilkins, Maurice H. F., C 61, 64, Wind propulsion, in shipping, SH?
Weizsacker, Carl F. von, W 34 Wheel and cammed axle, VCH SCL LOS 62, 63-73; drawbacks of, SHP
Welch, Louie, PH 107 30, 31-32, 33 Wilkinson, John, SH? 10 67, 75-76; vs. mechanical
Welch, William Henry, PH 54, Wheel barometer, WEA 154 Will to live, HD 155 propulsion, SHP 34, 61,
55, 60 Wheel bearings: introduction of, William the Conqueror, SHP 56, 75-76
Welding, SHP 26 WHL 14; journal, on freight w 148 Wind scoops, Hyderabad, WEA
Welland Canal, locks, W 162 ears, WHL 69 Williams, George, WHL 104 120-121
Weller, Thomas, SC/ 194 Wheel-lock firearm, invention, Williams, Greville, GV 125 Wind shear, f 156

205
 replaced by metal, SH? 10, 18, problems and solutions, F 14-
Wind tunnel, f 146-147; bridge 45, 47-49, 53, 60, MCH 108; 15, 20-21, 24, 25, 28, MCH 108;
insects, F 42-43 31, 77-79, 184, 194, 195
model testing, WHL 131; early engines, F 15, 27, 28-29, 77-
airflow experiment, F 149; Winnie, Alon, D 72 Woods, D. D., 0 111
Woods Hole Oceanographic 78, MCH 107, 108; first
first airfoil test, F 148; Winnie Mae, F 92,195 powered flight, F 15-16, 17,
hypersonic research, F 148; Winter flounder, eye of, LV 23 Institute, SC/ 128, SHP 187
Woods Motor Vehicle Company, 26, 194, MCH 107, 108; Flyer,
insect experiment, F 42; Winter solstice, 757, WEA 12 F 15-16, 17, 26-27, 37, 78, 102;
noise, SH 172, chart 173, 187; “Winter stars,” 756 WHL T7
Woodward, Robert Burns, // 42, gliders of, F 14-15, 21, 24-25;
schlieren photography of Winthrop Laboratories, D 135, propeller design, F 15, 16, 26,
shock wave tests, F 178-179, ISIE SCI 192
Woodworth, John M., PH 133 27, 29,78; Signal Corps I
185; SST tests, F 144, 169; Wire cable, in bridge plane, F 28-29, chart 174; wind
wing-design tests, F 22-23, 52; construction, ENG 114-117, Wool, GM 12, 56, Vv 107; Orlon
compared to, GM 119 tunnel tests, F 15, 22-23, 78,
Wright brothers’, F 15, 22-23, WHL 122, 127, 128, 129, 133, 102, MCH 108; wing design, F
MCH 107-108 142-143 Wooldridge, Dean, VND 179-180
Woomera, Australia, tracking 15, 22-23, 78, 102, MCH 108;
Wind vanes, WEA 58-59, 142, Wireless communications, CH wing warping, F 14, 15, 20-21,
143,154, 165 148-150, SC/ chart 147. See also station, PL 77
Worcester (Mass.) Foundation 24, 25, 28-29, MCH 108
Windaus, Adolf, SC/ 192 Radio; Radiotelegraph;
for Experimental Biology, D Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,
Windlass, VCH 21, 779; and Radiotelephone; Television
128 F145, 146, 148, 149, 150, ws
pulley, VCH 22, 23 Wisconsin, 1965 floods, W126
Wordsworth, William, VCH 84 182
Windmill, £19, VCH 10, 21; Wisdom of the Body, The,
Wright Whirlwind engine, F 81
fantail control, WCH 173; Cannon, HD 11 Work: definition, £ 12-13, MCH
56; unit of measurement, F Wrightsville Beach, N.C.,
invention of, MCH 18, 193; Wise, John, WEA 134-135 desalination plant, W188
medieval, VCH 13, 31 Wissenschaft, die, German 14
Working day, various national Wrist bones, 8 56, 57; fracture
“Window” (area in space flight term, SC/ 29 of, 8 58, 60; ossification of, G
trajectory), VS 79 Wistar’s Balsam of Wild Cherry, customs, 7 28
World Calendar, 7 63 80, 84
Window testing, aircraft, - 106- D 160,161 Written records, early, SC/ 78,
107 Witch doctors, PH 9, 10-11 World harmony, Pythagorean
idea of, MATH 42-43 81,711
Windowpanes, unbreakable, GV Witch persecutions, VD 64, 66, Wu, Mme. Chien-Shiung, 47
19, 156,173 67 World Health Organization
(WHO), HO 59, 82, 104, 176; Wunderlich, Carl, PH 194
Windpipe (trachea), 8 52, 53, Withdrawal behavior, G 172, HD
antimalaria campaign of, D Wundt, Wilhelm, V0 11-12, 13,
121, D 86-87; embryonic 154-155
100,101, HD 39, 184-185; 14,15
development, G 35; shutting Withdrawal symptoms, D 57
Withering, William, 8 82, D 78- trachoma research, HD 183 Wyatt, John, VCH 57
against food, 8 101, 110;
World Life Research Institute, Wyoming (schooner), SHP 195
surgery, PH 153 79, 80, 123
Witkin, Herman A., /V 161 Colton, Calif., 0 124 Wyoming Black Hills, artesian
Wine, D 32, 33, 51, FV 29; tanker
WMO. See World World Medical Association, D system, W/60
transportation of, SHP 105
Wing-tip vortex, F 57 58 Meteorological Organization 171
Wings, airplane: aspect ratio of, WNBC TV,7 104 World Meteorological x
F 59-60, 61; chord of, F 59; Wobble, detection of planetary Organization (WMO), WEA
85, 160 X-1 (rocket plane), F 88, 89, 186,
fabric-covered, F 102; lifting systems by, PL 176, 179
properties of, F 10, 22-23, 34- Wohler, Friedrich, G// 34, 35, World population growth. See 195
46, 47, Sc/ 90 Population X-3 Stiletto (airplane), F 184, 187
35, 53-55, 59-60, 64, 65, 69,
Wolf, Robert A., WHL 173 World War I, VCH 108, 151; X-15 (rocket plane), £ 34, 35,
MCH 106; loads and stresses,
F 105-106; span of, F 59; Wolf, Stewart, 8 106-107, HD 151 airship, F 32-33; battleships, 148, 150, 190, 195
testing, F 22-23, 52, 107; Wolf, stereoscopic vision of, LV 58 SHP 146-147; fighter planes, F X-21A (airplane), £ 92, 93
Wolfe, Thomas, WHL 53 79, 96, 104; Liberty engines, X-22A (VTOL plane), F 152
tilting, for vertical takeoff, F
99,151; warping, F 14, 15, 20- Wolff, Etienne, G48 F- 79-80; submarine warfare, Xavante Indians, HD 159
21, 24, 25, 28-29, MCH 108; Wolff, Harold G., 8 106-107, HD SHP 129, 147; underwater XB-70A (bomber), £ 155, 183
angle of attack, F 54, 63, 64- 150-151, 152, 156 sound detection in, SH 129 XC-142 (VTOL plane), F 98-99,
65; coordination with thrust, Wolff, Kaspar Friedrich, G 35 World War II, £ 55, G 87, 187, 151
Ff 69; and drag, F 65; in Wolffian ducts, G 55-56 SHP 123, 134, 147, 148, 7 103; X chromosomes, G 15, 154-155,
landing, F 54, 55, 74; and lift, Wolfson, Erwin S., EVG 102-1038 Battle of the Atlantic, SHP LLM
fF 54-55, 65, 68-69; movable- Wollman, Nathaniel, W/ 174 129, 148-149; bombers, GM Xenakis, Iannis, SC/ 167-168
wing design, F 61; relation to Womb, artificial, G 174. See also 173; fighter planes, F 83, 96, Xenon, £ 75, MV 145; discovery
speed, F 54, 55, 68-69; and Uterus 97,195; jet engine of, V 59, 145; liquefaction
turbulence and stall, F 55, 72- Women: American, age development, F 83, VCH 109; temperature, V table 58;
73; in turning maneuver, F consciousness of, 7 182-183; rocket plane, F 34; rocketry percentage in air, / table 58;
70; functional characteristics of, (V-2), MS 16, 34-35, 72; use of, (VV 60, 145
area: effect on drag, F 59; G 107; vs. men, behavior, VND rubber problem, Gv 123-124, Xenophobia, MND table 60
effect on lift, F 54, 59; 177-178; vs. men, physical 129-131; sonar, SH 130; Xenopus toad, C 142; genetic
requirements, F 61; statistics, B charts 194-195; submarine warfare, SHP 129, research with, C 142-144
design of, £ 53-62, 102, 184, releasers of, G 108; in 130-131; U.S. weapons Xerography, VCH 118, 119, 195
MCH 109; biplane, F 18, 57, science, SC/ 127,180. See also production, MCH 76. See also Xerophytes, W 61
88, 102; camber, F 15, 70; Pregnancy Atom bomb; Manhattan Xerox Corporation, CH 118, 119
canard, F 183; cantilever, F Wonnacott, Tom, VND 42-43 Project Xerxes, King of Persia, SH? 137
94, 103-104, 105; control Wood, Barry, D 109 Worldsday, 7 63 XFY-1, Convair VTOL plane, -
surfaces, F 62, 63, 70, 112, 113, Wood, Jethro, VCH 194 Worm gear, MCH 26 195
MCH 108; delta, F 170, 171, 187, Wood, R. W., PL 63 Worms: drugs against, D 110; as Xi particle, / 154, 156
183, 186; dihedral, F 11, 12, 36, Wood, GM 12, 38, 34, 56, 111; parasites of man, D 95-96, Xinguano Indians, HD 158-159
37; double delta, F 187, 189; cellulose content of, Gv 74, 110, HD 9, 10, 76, 77; X-ray diffraction (or
and drag reduction, F 56,57, 84, v 107; cellulose in regenerative capability, D etlasaerny dial GM 100-101,
58-59, 60, 61-62, 93, 181; early hemlock chip, GM 85; 174; schistosome, HD 40-41 M 99-100, 101, 102-103, 107,
studies, £10, 11, 13, 21, 78, cellulose production from, Wounds: cauterization of, 8 12, vi study of DNA, c 60-61,
MCH 108; for high altitudes, GM 76, 83-85, 86; chemical PH 32-33; healing, B 36, 60,
F 60, 61, 90-91; for high-speed make-up of, £100, 101, /v 107; 174, C 106-107, 118; healing X-ray machine, 8 56
and supersonic flight, F 58- dating by growth rings, 7 capacity reduced with age, C X-rays, £ 14, PL 61, 85, 7102; in
60, 61, 169-170, 180-181, 183, 130, 134-135; depletion of 107-108 atmosphere, WEA 175;
185-189; for hypersonic flight, resources, £ 176; as raw Wren, Christopher, SC/ 125, WEA discovery of, £ 74, Vv 101-102,
F 148; for laminar airflow, F material for synthetics, GM 129, 142; his weather clock, 180, PH 101; early picture, /V
56, 60, 93; and lift, F 52, 53- 132, VM 108, 112; source of WEA 129 181; in electromagnetic
54, 59-60, 61, 65, 94; for long- chemical energy, £ 15, 93; Wright, Frank Lloyd, VATH 102, spectrum, F 74-75, PL 66-67;
range flight, F 59-60, 61, 93; specific heat of, £ table 36. SC/ 167 ionization of gases by, 121;
for low-speed flight, F 59, 61; See also Wood pulp Wright, Irving S., 5 C/ 50 nature of, £ 75, LV 39, M 103,
for maneuverability, F 96; Wood alcohol, V 74 Wright, L. W., VCH 194 180; particle theory, £ 76-77;
nested-channel construction, Wood-mortising machine, CH Wright, Milton, £12, 18 production of, £ 78; similar
F 103-104; for STOL, F173; 194 Wright, Sewall, c 58, 59 to gamma rays, / 120, 122;
streamlining, F 57,60, MCH Wood pulp, GM 82, 84, 92, 153; Wright brothers (Orville and source of, £ 75; velocity, PL
109; swept-back, F 58-59, 60, transportation of, SHP 105 Wilbur), EVG 145, F 10, 12, 16, 61; wavelength, PL 66;
61-62, 170, 180-181, 186; Wooden-framed planes, F 102, 17-29, MS 99; hydrofoil health hazards, HD 106, V 182,
variable sweep, F 60, 169-170, 105 experiments of, SHP.174; 183, 188, PH 36; congenital
180,188-189; for VTOL, F 98- Wooden hulls: carvel-built, SHP mementos of, F 17-20; defects, G 156; genetic
99, 151; Wright brothers’, F 54, 58, 59; clinker-built, SHP mentioned, SC/ 150, 158; mutation, C 58, 59, 75;
14,15, 16, 20-23, 28-29, 78, 54, 56, 59; design, SHP13; airplanes, ENG 145, 198, 195, medical uses of, / 102, 182,
102, MCH 108 disadvantages of, SHP 13, 78; F 14-16, 17, 24-29, MCH SH 131; diagnostic tool, 8 10,
Wings, of animals: birds, F 44- man-of-war, SHP 134, 142; 107-108, 195; control M 188, PH 838, 86, 96-97, 149;

8-The Body c-The Cell O-Drugs €-Energy ENG-The Engineer F-Flight FN-Food and Nutrition G-Growth GM-Giant Molecules
HO-Health and Disease Lv-Light and Vision M-Matter MATH-Mathematics MCH-Machines MND-The Mind Ms-Man and Space
PH-The Physician PL-Planets SC/-The Scientist SH-Sound and Hearing SHP-Ships 7-Time w-Water WEA-Weather WHL-Wheels
 early, PH 36-37; study of Year: basis of, 716, 64; length Yolk sac, G 66; function of, G 33 Zero (Japanese fighter plane), F
digestion, FV 88, 90-91; of, 7 58, 64; need for leap Yomiurigo (research 96,97
suppression of immune year, 7 59; origin of leap year, submarine ), SHP 182-183 Zero: as exponent, MATH 15:
reaction, 8 136, 137; MATH 76, 7 61, 72; 360-day, York Retreat, England, VD 71 recognition of significance,
therapeutic, G 161, Vv 190; Babylonian and Sumerian, Young, James, V/CH 102 and invention of symbols,
uses of, other than medical, (V MATH 16, T 58-59; 365-day, Young, Thomas, £ 12, 13,16, LV
102, 182, 186-187; aircraft MATH 16,17
Egyptian, MATH 76, 7 60-61, 130, PH 193; and color vision, Zero curvature, MATH 157
inspection, F 107; fluoroscopy 69; 365-day, Julian, 7 61, 72- LV 108, 122, 126, 130, 133; and
of luggage, V/V 183; growth Zero gravity (weightlessness),
73; in World Calendar, 7 63 wave theory of light, £ 75-76, MS 83; effects of, MND 46, 47,
studies, G 80, 84, 91; see also Yeast, FV 172,174, HD 57; LV 35-36, 37 MS 184-185
X-ray diffraction fermentation, C 128, HD 57; Young-Helmholtz theory of color Ziegler, Karl, SC/ 192
XS-1, Bell (rocket plane), WS 195 food spoilage by, FV 60; vision, LV 122-128, 124, 125,
XV-4A Hummingbird (VTOL Geant at Ur, ENG 64-65,
source of niacin, FV 112-113; 126, 130,138, 134, 135 1
plane), F 153 source of thiamine, HD 82 Youth, quest for, 7176, 182-183. Zinc, MV 11, 26, 29, 30, 136, 137;
XV-5A (VTOL plane), £ 98, 151 Yeats, William Butler, SC/ 166, 7 See also Elixir of life
Xylem, W113 body need for, FV 15, HD 82:
167 Youth hormone, G 176 crystal type, / 101; ore,
Yellow (color): brightness of, LV Ytterbium, // 147 sources of, WHL 89; uses of,
Y 120, 169; creation of, £ 81,1V Yttrium, V 131 M 137, WHL 89
110, 112; a fundamental color Yttrium 90, V7 131 Zinc-air battery, electric-
Yachting and yachts, SHP 50-51, in perception, / 123, 133; Yugoslavia: food production in, powered car, WHL 178
53, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 69, 70, human perception of, /V 122, FN table 180-181; fuel Zinc sulfide, / 130
72-73 133; not a primary spectral resources, £ 193; Karst Zinn, Walter, V 172
Yale, Linus Jr., WCH 141, 194 color, LV 98; as primary region, W 80 Zipper, development of, £VG 13,
ee Colony, G 171- pigment, F 82,/V 98, 111; Yukawa, Hideki, VV 156, Sc/ 65, 14-15
sensitivity of rods vs. cones 190 Zirconium, / 131; crystal type,
Yale University, WVD 176, SC/ to, LV 77, graph 170 M 101; production, V 60; uses
109 Yellow bile, 8 31, 77, 104, PH 27 7 of, M131
Yalouris, Nikos, SC/ 114, 115 Yellow fever, HD 31, 34-35, 36, Zodiac, signs of, PL 22-23, 7 72,
Yanert Glacier, Alaska, F 166-167 PH 194; cause of, HD 35; Zambesi River, Rhodesia, £ 20 73, 74-75, 95
Yang, Chen Ning, / 46, 47, SC/ destruction of carrier Zarchin, Alexander, W/172 Zoll, Paul, EVG 151
8, 187, 190 mosquito, C 186, 187; Zawi Chemi Shanidar, F/V 33 Zollner, Friedrich, /V143
Yangtze River, W/map 125, 159 epidemics, HD 34-35, PH 136, Zebra, camouflage of, G 116 Zona pellucida, G 42
Yankee Atomic Electric Power 140-141, 195; vaccine, c 172, Zech, Joseph, 7 95; one-handed Zond III (moon probe), /S 125,
Plant, Rowe, Mass., £ 154 HD 38 clock, 7 94,95 PL 102
Yankee clipper, SHP 30, 60-61 Yellow light: produced by Zeeman, Pieter, SC/ 189 Zonda (wind), WEA 61, 85
Yankee Geologist (steam combination of red and green Zegiob, Lynne, PH 65-67 ZEONOR; dating of term,
excavator),VCH 14 light, LV 98; wavelength of, Zenith, SHP 154, 164, 165 SC/ 29
Yardangs, Pl 128-129 LV98 Zeno, SH 100; paradox of, MATH Zoology, SC/ 96, 101
Yaw (motion): of aircraft, F 36, Yellow-orange (color), in nature, 45 Zsigmondy, Richard, SC/ 191
70, 71, 184; of ships, SHP 37, LV 99 Zepel, Gi 149 Zuelzer, Georg, 8 172
38 Yellow-pine tree trunk, cross Zephyr, WEA 16 Zulia (dredge), SHP 116-117
Yawning, for air-pressure section, SC/ 18-19 Zephyros (wind), WEA 16, 59 Zwickauer Mulde bridge,
adjustment, SC/ 35 Yellow River (Hwang Ho), W Zeppelin, Count Ferdinand von, Germany, WH 131
Yaws, HD 162, 178 121, 123-124, map 125, 126 F338, 194 Zworykin, Vladimir K., EVG 11,
Y chromosomes, G 15, 154-155, Yellowstone Plateau, W 95 Zeppelin airships, F 32, 33-34, 195, MCH 153, 195
177 YF-12A (airplane), F 187 194 Zygomatic bone, 8 43
Yeager, Charles, £195 Yogurt, FV 152, 153 Zernike, Frits, SC/ 190 Zygote, G 42

207
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The editors of this book are indebted to the following England; R. I. Louttit, A. Trakatellis, Associate Scien-
persons and institutions: Halton C. Arp, Mt. Wilson tist, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y.;
and Palomar Observatories, Pasadena, Calif.; R. Grant Margaret Lowenfeld, Director of Training, Institute of
Athay, High Altitude Observatory, Boulder, Colo.; Child Psychology, London; Stephen P. Marion, Prof. of
Franklyn M. Branley, American Museum—Hayden Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn; Kirtley F.
Planetarium; Fred Brown, Dept. of Psychology, Mt. Mather, Prof. of Geology, Emeritus, Harvard Universi-
Sinai Hospital, N.Y.C.; Robert E. Danielson, Dept. of ty, Cambridge, Mass.; John Mellecker, Technicon In-
Astronomy, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.; G. struments Corporation, Ardsley, N.Y.; Yukihiko Mitsui,
Gail Gardner, Instructor of Psychology, Bernard Lan- Tokushima University School of Medicine, Japan; Rob-
dis, Clinical Asst. Prof., Cornell University Medical ert T. Morrison, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancou-
College, N.Y.C.; Harry J. Gray, Prof. of Electrical En- ver, B.C.; William L. Newman, U.S. Dept. of the Inte-
gineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; rior, Washington, D.C.; Richard M. Perdue, Texas In-
Jesse L. Greenstein, Alan T. Moffet, Maarten Schmidt, struments, Dallas; Joseph S. Rychetnik, Anchorage,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.; Alaska; Edwin S. Shneidman, Center for the Studies
Thomas Haines, Prof. of Biochemistry, Ray Keywork, of Suicide Prevention, National Institute of Mental
Dept. of Chemistry, Walter E. Miller, Prof. of Chemis- Health, Chevy Chase, Md.; Judith Hardy Stashin,
try, College of the City of New York, N.Y.C.; Bruce N.Y.C.; William Stennis, Albert Einstein Medical Cen-
Heezen, Lamont Geological Observatory of Columbia ter, Philadelphia; 3M Company, Dept. of Communica-
University, Palisades, N.Y.; Sidney Horenstein, Ameri- tions, St. Paul, Minn.; Phyllis Weinberg, Pennsbury
can Museum of Natural History, N.Y.C.; Theodore C. School System, Fallsington, Pa.; Robert E. Wise, Lahey
Kahn, Dept. of Behavioral Science, Southern Colorado Clinic and New England Baptist Hospital, Boston;
State College, Pueblo, Colo.; N. M. Larson, Pfizer Ltd., Luise Zucker, Clinical Psychologist, N.Y.C.

PICTURE CREDITS
The sources for the illustrations that appear in this book are shown below. Credits for the pictures from left to right are separated by commas, from top to bottom by dashes.

Cover—Arthur Seller.

CHAPTER 1: 1: 6—National Aeronautics and Space Administration. TECHNOLOGY: 67—Erich Hartmann from Magnum courtesy IBM. 68, 69—Nel-
son Morris for Time. 70—Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. 71—Mobil
PHyYsics: 17—Argonne National Laboratory. 18, 19—Brookhaven National Lab- Oil Co. 72, 73—Republic Steel Corp. 74, 75—Ivan Massar from Black Star for
oratory. 20, 21—Fritz Goro. ForTUNE. 76, 77—Marvin Newman for ForTUNE. 78, 79—John Lewis Stage.

CHEMISTRY: 23 through 35—Ken Kay. GEOLOGY: 81—Josef Muench. 82—Loomis Dean. 83—Josef Muench. 84, 85—Rob-
ert Walch—Emil Schulthess from Black Star, Josef Muench, Douglas P. Wilson,
MICROBIOLOGY: 37—Walter Dawn. 38—Dr. Councilman Morgan, College of Robert Walch, Emil Schulthess from Black Star. 86, 87—Andreas Feininger,
Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University. 39—Courtesy Pfizer and Co., Josef Muench. 88, 89—Josef Muench. 90—Dmitri Kessel. 91—Robert Perron—
Inc. 40, 41—Dr. Yukihiko Mitsui, Tokushima University School of Medicine. Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, Inc.—Mary S. Shaub. 92, 93—U.S.N.S.
42 through 45—Walter Dawn. Eltanin of the National Science Foundation, Office of Antarctic Programs.

ANATOMY: 47—J. Hardy Stashin, Ph.D. 48—Leo Schatz, Ph.D.—J. Hardy Stashin, ASTRONOMY: 95—Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories copyright 1965 by
Ph.D. 49—Nicholas Fasciano, lower right adapted with permission of The California Institute of Technology and Carnegie Institution of Washington. 96—
Maemillan Co. from College Zoology 7th edition by Hegner and Stiles, copy- Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories—lower right Project Stratoscope of
right The Macmillan Co., 1959, 50—J. Hardy Stashin, Ph.D. 51—Nicholas Princeton University, sponsored by NSF, ONR and NASA courtesy Perkin-Elmer
Fasciano adapted from Pictorial Anatomy of the Frog by Stephen G. Gilbert, Uni- Corp. 97—High Altitude Observatory, Boulder, Colorado—Mount Wilson and
versity of Washington Press, Seattle, 1965. 52—J. Hardy Stashin, Ph.D. 53 Palomar Observatories. 98—Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories copyright
—Nicholas Fasciano, middle right and lower left and right after Gebrueder, 1965 by California Institute of Technology and Carnegie Institution of Washing-
Borntraeger, Berlin. 54—Dorothy Spangenberg, Ph.D.—J. Hardy Stashin, ton. 99 through 101—Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories. 102, 103—Mount
Ph.D. 55—Nicholas Fasciano, lower right adapted with permission of the Wilson and Palomar Observatories copyright 1965 by California Institute of
William C. Brown Co. from Laboratory Anatomy of the Cat by Dr. Ernest S. Booth. Technology and Carnegie Institution of Washington—Dr. Halton C. Arp, Mount
Wilson and Palomar Observatories. 104, 105—George V. Kelvin.
MIND AND BODY: 57—Ed Isaacs courtesy Dr. Margaret Lowenfeld. 58, 59—Ed
Isaacs, lower left courtesy Dr. Theodore C. Kahn, upper right courtesy Dr. Edwin APPENDIXCOVER PHOTOS: 108 through 113—Lee Boltin, J. Hardy Stashin, Ph.D.,
S. Shneidman. 60—Kd Isaacs, Gelb-Goldstein Color Sorting Test, Psychological Bruce Roberts from Rapho Guillumette courtesy Eli Lilly and Co., Edmund B.
Corp. 61—Courtesy Dr. Robert T. Morrison. 62—Joseph D. McKenzie courtesy Gerard, Ken Kay, Ben Rose, Neal Slavin, John Zimmerman, Arnold Newman, John
Robert E. Wise, M.D. and John A. Hartford Foundation, Inc., New York. 63— Murello, Eric Schaal, Douglas Aircraft Co., Erich Hartmann from Magnum,
Courtesy Dr. John T. Crissey and the University of Southern California School Fritz Goro, Burk Uzzle, John Murello and Charles Stewart, Henry Groskinsky,
of Medicine. 64, 65—Sol Mednick for FORTUNE courtesy Technicon Instruments Arnold Newman, John Zimmerman, Ben Rose, Richard Bergeron, John Severson,
Corp. Dmitri Kessel, John Murello. Back cover—Drawing by John and Mary Condon.

Re a fea
STONEHENGE
BOOK

PRODUCTION STAFF FOR TIME INCORPORATED

John L. Hallenbeck (Vice President and Director of Production), Robert E. Foy and Caroline Ferri
Text photocomposed under the direction of Albert J. Dunn

xx

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