A Conceptual Approach to

Library and Information Science

 A Conceptual Approach to
Library and Information Science

Compilted & Edited by:

Dr. Amit Kishore

M.A., Ph.D.,
M. Lib. & Inf. Science (Goldmedalist),
UGC-NET (Consecutive five time in Library & Inf. Science),
PGDCA & PGDLAN

Neo Era Publication

For
AKB Publication
 AKB Publication
Bhagalpur, Bihar (India)
Email: akbpublication2019@gmail.com
www: akbpublication.in

© Publisher, 2022 (3rd Ed.)

ISBN: 978-81-951767-3-1

MRP: INR 649/-

All rights reserved, no part of this publication may be

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
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the publisher or the copyright holder. All care has been taken
in the answer to the questions and the datas. However, if there
is some mistake left, then the publisher and the author will not
be responsible for it.
 Dedicated to
The memories of my late mother
 FOREWORD

I am happy to learn that Dr. Amit Kishore has prepared

a Competitive Book entitled "A Conceptual Approach to
Library and Information Science."
The Library profession is a noble profession. LIS
professionals serve society with the latest and valuable
learning resources to support their Teaching-Learning and
Research activities. Since time immemorial, Libraries have
contributed to the community by preserving the cultural
heritage for posterity.
Nowadays, young people are attracted to the Library
Profession. They are witnessing how much Librarianship's job
is rewarding and valuable for any academic and research
institutions, special and public libraries. LIS Professionals'
status is also increasing at par with the Teaching Faculty in
Colleges and Universities, which attracts young minds to
pursue this course to get jobs in reputed institutions. This job
also allows serving the community, make them always
associated with the ocean of knowledge, and get satisfaction in
helping the community at large for the nation's development
and making it a scholarly society, healthier and more
prosperous.
Keeping in view the above facts, now youths are
getting attracted to the library profession. As the LIS Schools
are producing many graduates per year, and jobs are not
creating as per the requirements, there are massive
competitions among the job seekers/ aspirants. To achieve the
best performance in the Competitive Examinations, the young
job seekers require suitable reading materials to prepare for
the various competitive examinations. Many organizations like
Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, Kendriya Vidyalaya Samiti,
DAV Schools, Delhi Public Schools, Public Libraries, and
Special Libraries, advertise the post for employment. Also,
due to the enormous response, they organize the Written Test
to shortlist the candidates.
 For cracking the various positions in the Competitive
Examinations, Dr. Amit Kishore has been taking initiatives to
write several publications to guide the youngsters to qualify at
the said examinations. This publication entitled "A
Conceptual Approach to Library and Information Science"
would be a precious gift for all the job seekers/aspirants to
prepare extensively for the examinations.
As far I know from the author of this book, I came to
understand that this volume has been divided into two parts;
Part-I has nine units, namely 1) Foundation of Library and
Information Science; 2) Library Classification (Knowledge
Organization); 3) Library Cataloguing (Bibliographic
Description); 4)Library Management; 5) Information Sources
& Services; 6) Information Communication Technology &
Library Automation; 7) Information Systems and Networks; 8)
Information Communication & Knowledge Management and
9) Research Methodology.
Part-II presents important MCQs from various
previous Library and Information professional competitive
examinations with important facts of LIS.
All the students who are vigorously preparing for NTA
UGC-NET/ SET/ KVS/ NVS/ RSSB/ DSSSB/LPA/ Ph.D.
entrance test and other Library and Information Professional
Competitive examinations are the target reader of this book.
Most of the book's MCQs prepared and compiled from
various authentic sources of information, can satisfy all your
needs related to Library and Information Science competitive
exams. The book presents an objective approach to Library
and Information Science to collect important MCQs from
previous various Library and Information professional
competitive examinations.
I hope this Volume would be a very original and
informative book containing several Multiple Choice
Questions covering different aspects of Library and
Information Science.
I take this opportunity to congratulate Dr. Amit
Kishore for taking the significant initiative to bring out this
publication for the job seekers. The budding LIS professionals
aspire for jobs as a Librarian, other positions in Academic,
Special, Public Libraries, and as a Teaching Faculty in the
Department of Library and Information Science as faculty
positions.
Finally, I extend my best wishes to Dr. Amit Kishore
to take such initiative to produce several valuable Text Books
and Books for Competitive Examinations for budding LIS
Professionals looking for an excellent job in Government and
Private / Corporate Sector.
I wish him every success in his life.

Prof. Manoj Kumar Sinha

20th
Sep. 2022 Dean, SVSLSc & Former HoD,
DLISc, Assam University, Silchar
 Preface

“Library and Information Science (LIS)” as it reflects

by its name that subject requires systematic and even study.
Library science is one of the emerging subject of present
scenario. It contain ample of possibilities in itself. All the
students who are vigorously preparing for NTA UGC-NET/
SET/ KVS/ NVS/ RSSB/ DSSSB/ LPA and other Librarian
and Information Professional Competitive Exam is the target
reader of this book.
Most of the matters of book compiled from various
authentic sources of information (printed & electronic), study
materials (IGNOU/e-Gyankosh, LPU, NIOS, etc.) and
educational website (Egyankosh, ePG Pathshala, Sodhganga,
Swayam, etc.) with reference, can satisfy all your needs
related to library and Information Competitive Exam/UGC-
NET.
This book presents a conceptual and subjective
approach to the library and information science from various
librarian and information professional competitive exam. The
students always likes to study books only having objective
questions but the lack of theoretical/conceptual knowledge
will find lots of problems to facing the competitive exams. So
taking these problems in mind, I have Compiled (edited) the
book which is having conceptual approach to Library and
Information Science for the betterment of students, who are
appearing for different competitive exams like NTA UGC-
NET/SLET, KVS, NVS, DSSSB, RSMSSB, LPA, etc.
We would like to extend our warm gratitude and
thanks to all Library and Information professionals and
teachers, who help us in convert the idea into vision. No
acknowledgement can be completed without mentioning our
warm gratitude to each one of the previous authors, whose
document (Research report/ Paper/ Article/ Book
Chapters/ Blogs, etc.) have been partially used in this book
with reference, Students can use these references for further
reading. I would like to extend my warm gratitude and thanks
to all family, friends, library professionals and teachers, who
help me in convert the idea into vision. And lastly, I believe
that this book is blessing of god. God make me able enough
that I can edit (Compile) the book for beginners and future
library professionals of our country.

Dr. Amit Kishore

 -: Contents :-
UNIT-I Pg.
Foundation of Library and Information Science
1. Historical Development, Committees and 3
Commissions on Libraries in India
2. Types of Libraries 33
3. Library Legislation and Library Acts 42
4. Five Laws of Library Science 48
5. Library Associations & Promoters 53
6. Library Public Relations and Extension Activities 74
7. User Studies & User Education 78
8. Information Literacy 86

UNIT-II
Library Classification (Knowledge Organisation)
1. Universe of Knowledge & Modes of Formation of 95
Subjects
2. Mapping the Universe of Knowledge in 103
Classifications scheme
3. Basic Concepts of Library Classification 110
4. Principles of Library Classification 117
5. Development and Recent Trends in Library 124
Classification
6. Library Classification Schemes: DDC, UDC & CC 133

UNIT-III
Library Cataloguing (Information Retrieval)
1. Library Cataloguing: Concepts, Need and Purpose 161
2. Physical and Inner forms of Library Catalogue 165
3. Development and Recent Trends in Bibliographic 169
Description
4. Principles and Canons of Cataloguing 185
5. Library Cataloguing Codes: Entry and its Types 191
6. Subject Headings and Indexing System 200
7. Information Storage and Retrieval System 213
 UNIT-IV
Library Management
1. Management: Principles, Functions and Schools of 221
thought
2. Human Resource Management 231
3. Management Techniques & Systems 238
4. Library and Information Centers Management 247
5. Financial Management & Marketing 278

UNIT-V
Information Sources & Services
1. Sources of Information 291
2. Reference and Information Services 313
3. Mobile based Library Services and Tools 326
4. Web 2.0 Based Library Services 333
UNIT-VI
Information Systems & Networks
1. National Information Systems and Networks 344
2. International Information Systems and Networks 362
3. Library Resource Sharing & Networks 373

UNIT-VII
Information Communication Technology
1. Fundamentals of Computer Technology 391
2. Communication Technology 421
3. Internet and its applications 428

UNIT-VIII
Library Automation & Digital Library
1. Internet and its applications 445
2. Digital Library System 455
3. Modern Trends in Library and Information Science 479

UNIT-IX
Information Communication & Knowledge
Management
1. Data, Information and Knowledge 507
2. Information Communication System 514
3. Intellectual Property Right 524
4. Knowledge Management 539

UNIT-X
Research methodology
1. Research: Concept, Purpose, and Types of Research 545
2. Research Design & Hypothesis 554
3. Data Collection and Presentation 561
4. Research and Publication Ethics 578
5. Metric Studies & Impact Factors 585
Important Facts to the Library and Information 591-
Science 622
 UNIT-I
Foundation of library and
information science

[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 1

[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 2
 1.
Historical Development, Committees and
Commissions on Libraries in India

1.1. Library and Information Science (Concept)

 The word library is derived form the Latin word ‗liber‘
meaning ‗a book‘.
 Dr. Ranganathan gave a detailed comprehensive definition
of the library as ―It is a public institution or establishment
charged with the care of the collection of book of the duty
of making them accessible of those who require to use of
them accessible of those who require to use of them and
the task of converting every person in its neighbouring in
to habitual library goal and reader of them‖.
 The synonym of the English word 'library' is 'Pustkalay' in
Hindi and 'Bibliotheca' in French.
 The word 'library' was first used in English by the Oxford
English Dictionary in 1374.
 Library, traditionally, collection of books used for reading
or study, or the building or room in which such a
collection is kept.
 Library and information science is the field of study that
teaches how to manage books and other information
sources, particularly through collecting, preserving, and
organizing books and other materials in libraries.
 Library science is an interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary
field that applies the practices, perspectives, and tools of
management, information technology, education, and other
areas to libraries; the collection, organization,
preservation, and dissemination of information.
 The word ―Library Science‖ was coined by Martin
Schrettinger in 1808. Later, the term "Library science" was
widely used in the early 1928s by Dr. S. R.

[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 3

 Ranganathan's in the title ―The Five Laws of Library
Science‖ published in 1931, and in the title of Lee Pierce
Butler's book, an introduction to library
science (University of Chicago Press), published in 1933.
 The first school for library science (School of Library
Economy) was founded by Melvil Dewey at Columbia
University in 1887.
 The term ‗Library Economy‘ was common in the U.S.
until 1942, with the library science predominant through
much of the 20th century
 Library and information science (LIS) is a merging
of library science and information science.
 The first school to do this was at the ―University of
Pittsburgh‖ in 1964.
 The first school of librarianship opened at Columbia
University under the leadership of Melvil Dewey, on 5
January 1887 as the ‗School of Library Economy‘.
 In the English speaking world the term "library science"
seems to have been used for the first time in India in the
1916 book Punjab Library Primer, written by Asa Don
Dickinson and published by the University of the Punjab,
Lahore, Pakistan.
 This university was the first in Asia to begin teaching
"library science".
 The Punjab Library Primer was the first textbook on
library science published in English anywhere in the
world.
 The first textbook in the United States was the Manual of
Library Economy, published in 1903.

1.2. Concepts/Forms of Library (Traditional

& Digital Library)

Due to digitizing the library resources and fast changing

technology, a new type of library is came in existence which is
called- Digital , Electronic, virtual library, etc. Many of us are

[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 4

always very much confused about such terminology of library
– Digital, Electronic and virtual library.
(1) Traditional library: Traditionally, conventional libraries
were collections of books, journals, manuscripts, and other
documentary sources of information. Collection of the
traditional/conventional libraries are generally in
Documentary source, Printed Books, manuscripts, etc. and
it provides physical access to reading material.
(2) Automated library: Automated library provides
automatic services such as computerized or online
acquisition, circulation machine-readable catalog,
computerized and OPAC are called as automated library
and collection of automated libraries are same as
traditional libraries, but the services offered by the
automated libraries makes them better and effective
services.
(3) Digital/Electronics library: When automated libraries
linked via computer network and provides downloading
and uploading information, online information delivery,
and access of electronic journal, etc., it is known as
electronic library. The electronic Medias are used for
storage retrieval and delivery of information and the
collections of the electronic libraries are in both print and
electronic form. It is a later stage of electronic library.
Digital Libraries basically store of materials in electronic
format and manipulate large collection of those materials
effectively.
(4) Hybrid library: Hybrid library means, those library
which work in both digital and traditional (print)
environment and the collections in both print and
electronic form, are known as hybrid library. Hybrid
libraries are combination of traditional and digital library.
Print document is easy to handling and reading and Digital
document is easy to manage and retrieve. Due to digital
divide some user cannot handle digital or electronic

[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 5

 reading materials, so hybrid libraries are quit favorable
among the users.
(5) Virtual library: Virtual library may also be called ―the
library without walls‖, Virtual library are those library that
are not in physical presence, it may be a collection of
links, URLs, which are available on a networks and
accessible via internet. Digital and electronic libraries can
be virtual libraries if their existence or presence is only
virtual or no physical existence.

1.3. Some Important Oriental Libraries of India

(1) Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library: Khuda Bakhsh

Oriental Public Library, Patna was open for the public in
October 1891 with 4000 Oriental manuscripts. Maulvi
Khuda Bakhsh donated his entire collection to the nation
by a deed of trust. Acknowledging the immense historical
and intellectual value of its rich and valued collection, the
Govt. of India declared the Library as Institution of
National Importance by an act of Parliament in 1969. The
Library is now fully funded by the Ministry of Culture
(Govt. of India). This autonomous institution is being
governed by a Board with the Governor of Bihar as its ex-
officio Chairman and Director is carrying the
responsibility of day-to-day management of Library
affairs.
(2) Sarasvati Mahal Library: Sarasvati Mahal Library,
Thanjavur is one among a few medieval libraries existing
in the world established by the Nayak Kings of Thanjavur.
It contains very rare and valuable collections of
manuscripts, books, maps and paintings on all aspects of
Art, Culture and Literature. The Encyclopedia Britannica
in its survey of the Libraries of the world mentions this as
"the most remarkable Library in India". In 1918 this
Library was made as a public Library. A body constituted
by the Government and financed by the Central and State
[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 6
 Governments now administers the library. The Govt. of
India declared the Library as Institution of National
Importance by an act of Parliament in 1983. This library
contains the largest collection of manuscripts in India
(3) Raza Library, Rampur (UP): Rampur Raza Library,
Rampur was founded by Nawab Faizullah Khan in 1774. It
contains very rare and valuable collection of manuscripts,
historical documents, and rare illustrated works in Arabic
and Persian languages. It was brought under the
management of a Trust till the Government of India took
over the library on 1 July 1975 under the Act of
Parliament, which declared it as an institution of National
importance. Now the Library occupies the position of an
autonomous institution of national importance under
Department of Culture, Government of India and is fully
funded by Central Government.

 Ancient Nalanda University: The library of Nalanda,

known as ―Dharma Ganj‖, was the most renowned
repository of Buddhist knowledge in the world at the time.
The library had three main buildings as high as nine stories
tall, Ratnasagara, Ratnaranjaka & Ratnodadhi. Nalanda
was sacked by Turkic Musliminvaders under Bakhtiyar
Khalji in 1193. The great library of Nalanda University
was so vast that it is reported to have burned for three
months after the Mughals set fire to it, sacked and
destroyed the monasteries, and drove the monks from the
site.

1.4. Melvil Dewey: at a glance

 Melville Louis Kossuth Dewey (Melvil Dewey) was born on
10 December 1851. Keenly interested in simplified
spelling, he shortened his first name to Melvil as a young
adult, dropped his middle names and, for a short time,
even spelled his last name as Dui.
[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 7
 Dewey invented the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)
system when he was 21 and working as a student assistant
in the library of Amherst College, drawing from Sir
Francis Bacon‘s classification of knowledge as well as
library classification systems designed by William Torrey
Harris and Natale Battezzati.
 Dewey‘s promotion of his classification and emphasis on
centralization of cataloguing efforts set in motion a new
era of ―library economy‖.
 Dewey‘s role in American librarianship is impossible to
ignore. Dewey helped establish the American Library
Association (ALA) in 1876; he also co-founded and
edited Library Journal.
 Dewey became the librarian of Columbia College (now
Columbia University) in New York City in 1883 and
founded the world's first library school there in 1887.
 Melvil Dewey well deserves the title of ‗Father of Modern
Librarianship‘; ‗Father of Library Classification‘ and
‗Father of Library Science in USA‘.
 He helped establish the American Library Association
(ALA) in 1876; he was its secretary from 1876 to 1891
and its president for the 1891 and 1893.
 In 1889, he became director of the New York State Library
in Albany, a position he held until 1906.
 In 1876 he published ―A Classification and Subject Index
for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets‖
of a Library, known as the Dewey Decimal Classification.
 Dewey founded the Lake Placid Club with his wife, Annie,
in 1895.
 Melvil Dewey died after suffering a stroke on 26
December 1931, at age 80. His legacy is complex, but
nearly ninety years after his death, he is best known for
creating the most widely used library classification scheme
in the world, the DDC.
1.5. C. A. Cutter: at a glance

[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 8

 Charles Ammi Cutter (March 14, 1837 – September 6,
1903) was an prominent American librarian. Cutter was
born in Boston.
 In 1860, he took the first step in his lifelong career in
library science by joining the Harvard College library staff
as assistant to Dr. Ezra Abbott, the head cataloguer.
 In 1868 the Boston Athenæum library elected Cutter as its
head librarian.
 In 1876, Cutter was hired by the United States Bureau of
Education to help write a report about the state of libraries
for the Centennial. Part two of this report was his Rules for
a Printed Dictionary Catalogue (1876).
 Cutter served as editor of Library Journal from 1891 to
1893.
 His most famous article was ―The Buffalo Public Library
in 1983‖.
 Cutter's ‗Expansive Classification‘ was recognized as a
significant contribution to libraries and to the burgeoning
field of library science.
 In 1868 Cutter was appointed librarian of the Boston
Athenaeum.
 Cutter also wrote ‗Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue‘ in
1876. The first of its kind, the book established his
reputation in the library world.
 His most ambitious project, the Expansive Classification
scheme, was started in 1880 and published in 1891. It was
designed in seven stages, the first being for very small
libraries and the seventh for the largest ones.
 His system, which became known as the Cutter number or
Cutter table, was an alpha-numeric device for representing
words or names by using one or more letters followed by
one or more Arabic numerals treated as decimals.

1.6. Dr. S. R. Rangnathan: at a glance

[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 9

 S. R. Ranganathan, who is known as ―Father of Library
Science in India‖, was the first person one who identified
the real need of libraries and library science education in
India.
 Title ―Father of Library Science in India‖ and ―Prince
among the Librarians‖ was given by Maurice Gwyer.
 Dr. S. R. Ranganathan was born on August 12, 1892, to
Ramamirtam Iyer and Sita Lakshmi Ammal at Shiyali
(present Sirkazhi).
 India celebrates August 12 as ‗Librarians‘ Day‘ in his
honour.
 Ranganathan was born in Shiyali in Tanjavoor District of
Tamil Nadu.
 Rukmini was his wife's name. she died in an accident on
13 November 1928. Ranganathan married again to Sarada
in December 1929.
 His primary education started at Sabhanayaka Mudaliar‘s
Hindu High School in Shiyali. He took up his B.A. in 1913
at Madras Christian College and later M.A. (Mathematics)
at Presidency College, Madras in 1916. His teaching
career started with the Government Arts College,
Mangalore in 1917 and then he joined Presidency College
in 1921.
 In January 1924, Dr S. R. Ranganathan left Presidency
College and took charge of the Madras University Library
as University Librarian.
 He left for England in September 1925, to get trained in
librarianship and completed a six month certificate course
in library science.
 Dr. S. R. Ranganathan formulated ―Five Laws of Library
Science‖ in 1928 at Minakshi college, Annamalainagar,
published as book in 1931 with a Foreword by Sir P. S.
Sivaswami Aiyer and an Introduction by W. C. Berwick
Sayers (published by Madras Library Association).
 He wrote ‗Colon Classification‘ in the year 1933, which is
based on Hindu Philosophy. Colon Classification was
published by Madras library Association.
[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 10
 He developed the concept of ‗Librametry‘(1948) that is
application of statistics to Library Science.
 Ranganathan used two Pseudonym names in his different
two articles — 'Arithmeticus' and 'Libra' in article
contributed to 'Hindu' newspaper of Madras in 1931.
 He started the Library Science Department in the year
1931 at Madras University.
 Because of Dr. S. R. Ranganathan‘s interest, Madras
became the first state in our country to enact the Madras
Public Library Act (1948).
 Ranganathan persuaded the UNESCO to establish the
Documentation Centre in New Delhi.
 Ranganathan was later invited to Banaras University and
Delhi University. He was a Professor of Library Science in
Delhi University from 1947 to 1955.
 He was Chairman of the UGC Library Commission.
 He started DRTC (Documentation Research and Training
Centre) in 1962 at Bangalore (inaugurated by C. D.
Deshmukh) to promote the research activities in the field
of Library Science.
 Dr. Ranganathan received D. Litt Degree from the Delhi
University in the year 1948 and from the Pisttsburg
University in the year 1964, in recognition of unique
service to Library Science.
 He was also the recipient of title ‗Rao Sahib‘ in 1935 from
the Indian government and ‗Padmashri‘ awards in 1957
from the Government of India.
 He founded the Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for
Library Science in 1963.
 He was also nominated as National Research Professor of
Library Science in 1965.
 Ranganathan was the Chairman of the Classification
Research Group of the International Federation for
Documentation (FID) between 1950-62.
 He wrote sixty books and almost 2000 articles.
 A Librarian Looks Back (An Autobiography of
S.R. Ranganathan) published in 1992, edited by Prof. P. N.
[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 11
 Kaula and published by ABC Publishing House
(publisher).
 In 1962 SRR proposed using a ‗Librachine‘ which used a
motor van instead of bullock cart; having a professional
librarian and circulation librarian to access remote areas.
He also used term ‗Library on Wheel‘ for mobile library.
 Ranganathan moved to Zurich in 1954 and, barring a brief
visit to India, he stayed in Zurich till 1957. During his stay
in Zurich Ranganathan also continued to work for
international organizations.
 His association with FID was most productive in terms of
his contributions to the domain of knowledge organization.
It was largely Ranganathan‘s initiative and association
with Donker Duyvis that led to the establishment of
FID/CA, the FID Committee on Classification Theory.
Ranganathan was made its rapporteur general in 1951, and
in 1961, FID/CA was renamed as FID/CR, FID Committee
on Classification Research (in 1994, while the
abbreviation was retained, the name was changed to
Committee on Classification Research for Knowledge
Organization).
 Ranganathan also participated in the International
Conference on Cataloguing Principles (ICCP) organized
by IFLA (with support from UNESCO) in Paris in 1961.
 He was the Chairman of Documentation (Sectional)
Committee of the Indian Standards Institution, New Delhi
from 1947-66.
 In 1970, he received the Margaret Mann award from the
American Library Association (ALA).
 In 1976, FID established the Ranganathan award in his
memory for outstanding contribution in the field of
classification.
 Government of India, released a Postal Stamp in S. R.
Ranganathan honour at the Official Opening of IFLA
General Conference on 30 August 1992.
 He died on Sept. 27, 1972.
Honors/Awards
[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 12
 Honors and Degrees Years By
Padma Shree 1957 Government of India
Rao Sahab 1935 Immediate Government of
India
National Research 1965 Government of India
Professor
Margret Mann Award 1970 ALA
D. Litt 1948 Delhi University
D. Litt 1964 Pittsburg University
Postal Stamp 1992 Government of India (at
the IFLA Conference)
Father of Library -- Maurice Gwyer
Science in India
Prince among the -- Maurice Gwyer
librarian
‗Libra‘&‗Arithmeticus‘ 1931 Ranganathan used two
Pseudonym names in his
different two articles —
'Libra' and 'Arithmeticus'.
Some Important Books by Ranganathan
Book Publication
year
The Five Laws of Library Science 1931
st
Colon Classification (1 ed.) 1933
Classified Cataloguing Code 1934
Classified Cataloguing Code (5th ed.) 1964
Library Administration 1935
Prolegomena to Library Classification 1937
nd
Colon Classification (2 ed.) 1939
Suggestion for the organization of the Libraries 1946
in India
Colon Classification (3rd ed.) 1950
Classification and Communication 1951
Philosophy of Library Classification 1951
Library Manual 1951

[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 13

Library Book Selection 1952
Colon Classification (4th ed.) 1952
Heading and Canons 1955
Prolegomena to Library Classification (2nd ed.) 1957
Colon Classification (5th ed.) 1957
Colon Classification (6th ed.) 1960
Reference Service 1961
Documentation and its facets 1963
Library Book Selection (2nd ed.) 1966
Prolegomena to Library Classification (3rd Ed.) 1967
Ramanujan: The man and the mathematician 1967
Documentation: Genesis and Development 1973
A Librarian Looks Back: An autobiography of 1992
Dr. S. R. Rangnathan (Editor: P. N. Kaula)

1.7. Padma Shri Award recipients in Library

Science

(1) Dr. S. R. Ranganathan: In recognition of his great service

to the nation, the Government of India honoured him
with Padma Shri in 1957.
(2) B. S. Kesavan (10 May 1909 - 16 February 2000): He
was the first librarian of National Library of India. He is also
known as ‗Father of Indian National Bibliography‘. In
recognition of his great service to the nation, the Government
of India honoured him with Padma Shri in 1960.
(3) Iyyanki Venkata Ramanayya (24 July 1890–1979):
Iyyanki Venkata Ramanayya was born
in Konkuduru village, East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh.
Iyyanki Venkata Ramanayya has been called the "Architect of
Public Library Movement in India". He established the First
State Library Association in India – ―Andhra Desa Library
Association‖ in 1914. He contributed to the foundation of the
Madras Library Association (1928) and the All India Public
[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 14
Library Association (1919) at the national level. He was
honoured with the award of "Granthalaya Pitamaha" by
the Maharajah of Baroda. The Government of India honoured
him with the Padmashri award in 1972.
(4) S. Bashiruddin: S. Bashiruddin was the Librarian of
Aligarh Muslim University. He was the architect of Maunala
Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University and first president
of IATLIS. The Government of India honoured him with
the Padmashri award in 1976.
(5) Prof. P. N. Kaula (Prithvi Nath Kaula): P. N. Kaula was
born in 1924 in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. He started his
career as a Librarian in DAV College at his native place. In
1947 he was appointed as librarian in Birla Education Trust,
Pilani. He later on became the Librarian at Central Library,
BHU, Head of Department of Library and Information
Science, BHU and the Dean of Faculty of Arts in the Banaras
Hindu University. He established the ―Prof. Kaula Endowment
for Library and Information Science‖ formed on 13th March,
1975 and its Head Office is at Guntur (Andhra Pradesh). The
Government of India honoured him with the Padmashri award
in 2004.

1.8. Library Movement (History) in India

 The genesis of the Public Library Movement in India may

well be traced with the advent of British rule. The year
1808 is considered an important period during which the
then government of Bombay initiated a proposal to register
libraries which were to be given copies of books published
from ―funds for the encouragement of literature‖. This has
been the first attempt to register the libraries and assist
them with literature by the government.
 In August 1836, the Calcutta public library was
established.

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 In 1867, the Government of India enacted the ―Press and
Registration of Books Act‖ under which the publisher of a
book was supposed to deliver free.
 In 1876, Khuda Baksh Oriental public library (Patna) was
established. Maulvi Muhammod Baksh Khan and in 1891,
the library was opened to the public.
 The Imperial library was also established at Calcutta in
1891. Lord Curzon, the viceroy of India promulgated the
imperial library act, which is based on Registration of
books act of 1867.
 Library association also played a vital role in the progress
and development of library movement in India. The
Andhra Desa Library Association, founded in 1914, is the
first of its kind in India. Bengal Library Association
(1925), Madras Library Association (1928), Punjab
Library Association (1929), Assam Library Association
(Sadau Assam Puthibharal Sanga) (1938), etc. played vital
roles for the growth and development of public libraries in
the respective states of origin.
 By S. R. Ranganathan‘s effort Indian Library Association
was set up in 1933 in its present form with its head quarter
in Calcutta (Kolkata).
 The Advisory Committee for Libraries as constituted in
1957 by the Government of India, with K. P. Sinha as the
Chairman. The Committee submitted its report in 1959
with a drafted Model Library Bill.
 The Planning Commission constituted a Working Group
on Public Libraries in 1964 under the Chairmanship V. K.
R. V. Rao of and the Commission submitted its report in
1965 with a Model Public Libraries Act.
 Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation, an autonomous
body under the Department of Culture, Ministry of
Education (now ministry oy Culture), was established in
May, 1972.

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 A Working Group on Modernization of Library Services
and Informatics was appointed by the Planning
Commission in 1983 and submitted its report in 1984 with
the formulation of National Policy on Library Services and
Informatics.
 Delhi Public Library became a copyright library in 1982.
 National Literacy Mission was adopted in 1986, which
emphasized education for women and also establishment
of rural libraries. Library networks and systems were
strengthened at the national level institutions in the
development of literature in neoliterates.
 The Government of India, Department of Culture,
appointed a Committee on National Policy on Library and
Information System (CONPOLIS) in 1985.
 The National Policy on Education, 1986 states that a
nationwide movement for improvement of existing
libraries and the establishment of new ones will be taken
up, provision will be made in all educational institutions
for library facilities, and the status of librarianship
improved.
 The National Book Policy, 1986 also had an impact on
libraries, that 10 percent of the annual education budget of
the governments be used to purchase books for libraries.
 Rural libraries should become the focal point for
postliteracy and continuing educational programs.
Publishers, voluntary organizations, and school library
programs undertaken as part of the ―Operation Blackboard
Scheme‖ of the National Education Policy on Education,
1986 were given assistance.
 The National Knowledge Commission (NKC) was
established on 13th June, 2005 under the Chairmanship of
Sam Pitroda with a clear mandate to offer
recommendations in five key areas of knowledge related to
Access, Concepts, Creation, Applications and Services.
The other members are Dr. Ashok Ganguly, Dr. P.

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 Balaram, Dr. Deepak Nayar, Dr. Jayanti Ghosh, Shri
Nandan Nilekani and Dr. Sujatha Ramdorai.

1.8.1. Progress under Five Year Plans

 First Five Year Plan: During the First Five Year Plan
(1951-56), the Government paid attention towards the
improvement of Public library services along with the
Community Development Programme. Delhi Public
Library (1951) and Indian National Scientific
Documentation Centre (1952) were set up during the First
Five Year Plan Period.
The Delivery of Books Act was passed in 1954.
Later it was amended in 1956. The Act prescribed that
every Indian publisher should send free of cost one copy
of each of its publications to each of the three libraries in
Calcutta (National Library), Madras (Connemara Public
Library) and Bombay (Asiatic Library). Delhi Public
Library became a copyright/depositary library in 1982.
(Now every Indian publisher should send free of cost one
copy of each of its publications to four libraries in Calcutta
(National Library), Madras (Connemara Public Library),
Bombay (Asiatic Library) and Delhi (Delhi Public
Library).
 During the Second Five Year Plan (1956-61), a sum of Rs.
140 lakhs was spent by the Central Government for Public
library development.
 During the Second Five Year Plan, Government of India,
set up an Advisory Committee for libraries (1957) under
the Chairmanship of Shri K. P. Sinha.
 During Third Five Year Plan, the Planning Commission
(India) appointed the working Group on Libraries in June,
1964.
 During the Fourth Plan Period (1969-74) the Government
of India took a highly laudable step by establishing Raja
Rammohan Roy Library Foundation in Calcutta in 1972.

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 During the 12th five year plan, the Ministry of Culture has
approved Rs. 400 crore for the scheme ‗National Mission
on Libraries‘

1.8.2. Committees & Commissions

 Hunter Education Commission (1882): Hunter
Education Commission was appointed by Lord Ripon.
This commission, headed by Sir William Wilson Hunter,
had submitted its report in 1882.
 Indian University Commission (1902): The Indian
Universities Commission was appointed in 1902 by Lord
Curzon which was intended to make recommendations for
reforms in University education in India.
 Sadler Commission/ Calcutta University Commission
(1917): In September 1917 the Government of India had
appointed a commission presided over by Michael Sadler
and constituted of distinguished educationists of England
and of India to report on the working of the universities in
general and of the Calcutta University in particular. The
Commission had presented its report to the Government on
18 March, 1919.
 Richey Committee (1926): Richey
committee recommended that the Imperial Library should
be declared as a copyright depository Library.
 Radhakrishanan Commission/ University Education
Commission (1948): A University Education
Commission, setup by the Government of India, under
the chairmanship of Dr. S. Radhakrishnan to improve
the quality of higher education of the country and after
recommendation of this committee, the UGC was
established in December 1953. It was made a statuary
body in November 1956. University Education
Commission recommended 6.25% of total university
budget be spent on the university library. Radhakrishanan

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 Commission stated that ―the library is the heart of all
the university's work‖
 Ranganathan Committee (1957): Dr. C. D. Deshmukh,
the first chairman of UGC while drawing an analogy
between a University and the human body, remarked that
the student from the body of the university, the
administration is the head, the teachers are the soul and
Library is the Heart. It aim was to develop institutions of
higher learning and to strengthen library facilities in
Universities. One of the first acts of the UGC in this
regards was to appoint the Library Committee in 1957
under the chairmanship of Dr. S. R. Ranganathan. The
Report was published by the University Grants
Commission in 1959 entitled ‗University and College
Libraries.‘ The committee suggested, a university should
spend each year about Rs.15 per student registered and Rs.
200 per teacher (of the total budget) depending on the
stage of development of each university library.‖
 Advisory Committee or Sinha Committee (1957):
During the Second Five Year Plan, Government of India,
set up an Advisory Committee for public libraries in 1957
under the Chairmanship of Shri K. P. Sinha and report
submitted in 1959.
 Review Committee on Library Science (1961): On the
recommendation of the UGC Library Committee of 1957,
a Review Committee on Library Science was appointed in
1961 under the Chairmanship of Dr. S. R. Ranganathan.
Other members of the Committee were Dr. C. P. Shukla,
K. A. Isaac, S. Bashiruddin, P. N. Kaula, B. S. Keshavan,
Dr. J. S. Sharma and Professor S. Das Gupta, with Dr. P. J.
Philip as the Secretary. The report of the Review
Committee on Library Science entitled ―Library Science in
Indian Universities‖ was published by UGC in 1965.
 Working Group on Libraries (1964): During Third Five
Year Plan, the Planning Commission (India) appointed the
working Group on Libraries in June, 1964. Planning

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 Commission constituted a Working Group on Public
Libraries in 1964 under the Chairmanship V. K. R. V. Rao
and the Commission submitted its report in 1965 with a
Model Public Libraries Act.
 Kothari Commission (1964): The Education Commission
under the Chairmanship of Dr. D. S. Kothari (1964-66)
was a landmark in the history of university libraries in
India. The Commission recommended that a university
should spend 6.5% to 10% of its total budget on its library
depending on stage of development or a university should
spend each year about Rs. 25.00 for each student and
Rs.300.00 per teacher.
 Kaula Committee on Curriculum Development in LIS
Education (1990): In September 1990, the curriculum
development committee (CDC) on Library and
Information Science was constituted under the
chairmanship of Prof. P.N. Kaula. The report of the
committee was published by the UGC in the year 1992
under the title-―Report of the Curriculum Development
Committee on Library and Information Science.
 Committee on National Network System (1988): UGC
constituted a Committee on National Network
System under the Chairmanship of Prof. Yash Pal in 1988.
the Committee decided to constitute a Working Group to
prepare a project report on ‗Information and Library
Network‘ (INFLIBNET).
 Rastogi Committee (1997): The UGC appointed a
Committee in 1997 under the Chairmanship of Prof. R. P.
Rastogi to consider the revision of pay scales and career
advancement of the academic staff of the universities and
colleges. On the recommendations of the Rastogi
Committee, the Ministry of Human Resource
Development announced the revised pay scales of the
teachers, librarians and physical instructors.
 Mehrotra Committee (1983): The UGC appointed a
Committee on December 24, 1983 under the Chairmanship
of Professor R. C. Mehrotra to consider the revision of
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 pay scales, career/professional development and service
conditions of teachers in the universities and colleges. The
Committee submitted the report on revision of pay scales
of Librarians to the UGC on September 3, 1986.
 Karisiddappa Committee on Curriculum Development
in LIS education (1997-2001): The UGC constituted
subject panels in different disciplines including Library
and Information Science (LIS) in April 1997 with
Prof. C.R. Karisiddappa as its convener to formulate
model curriculum and prepare the status report with
modifications of exiting guidelines where necessary.
The panel suggested integrated approach to LIS
education with a two year master‘s degree curriculum
giving freedom to individual university to opt for one
year BLIS & MLIS model.
 National Policy on Library and Information System
(CONPOLIS), 1985: The need for the formulation of
National Policy on Library and Information Systems
(NAPLIS) was brought to the notice of the Government of
India by Indian library profession since 1950s by Dr. S. R.
Ranganathan and in the recommendations of the Library
Advisory Committee Report. Afterwards, professional
organizations, like RRRLF, NISSAT and National Library
urged upon the Government the necessity of enunciating
such policy.
The matter was discussed in the annual conference of
IASLIC in 1979 at Roorkee and ILA in 1984 at Jaipur.
Consequently, Indian Library Association submitted a
draft policy statement to the Government in 1985. The
Planning Commission Working Group in its report
Modernization of Library Services and Informatics for the
7th Five-Year Plan (1985-1990) emphasized the need of
such policy.
The Raja Rammohun Roy Foundation, after nine
years of its inception, took up the task in 1981 and after
careful deliberations submitted a Draft National policy on

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 Library and Information Systems to the government in
July 1984.
On the basis of the draft policy submitted by the
Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation and Indian
Library Association, the Government of India, Ministry of
Human resources Development, Department of Culture,
set up a Committee (CONPOLIS) in October 1985 under
the Chairmanship of Professor D. P. Chattopadhyaya for
the formulation of a National Policy on Library and
Information Systems and the final report was submitted in
May 1986.

 National Knowledge Commission, 2005: The

Commission headed by Mr. Sam Pitroda as its Chairman
and there are other 5 (five) members, who are renowned
persons in different fields of knowledge. It is a high-level
advisory body to the Prime Minister of India, with a
mandate to guide policy and generate reforms. The
Commission is the world‘s first body of its kind.
It was constituted on 13 June 2005, by the Prime
Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh.
National Knowledge Commission submits its
final Report to the Nation in 2009 and title of the report is
―Libraries: Gateway to Knowledge‖
As of July, 2014, the National Knowledge
Commission is defunct as the incoming Modi government,
elected in the summer of 2014, discontinued it.

1.8.3. National Mission for Manuscripts (NAMAMI)

 The National Mission for Manuscripts was established in

February 2003, by the Ministry of Tourism and Culture,
Government of India. A unique project in its programme
and mandate, the Mission seeks to unearth and preserve
the vast manuscript wealth of India.

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 The Mission has the mandate of identifying, documenting,
conserving and making accessible the manuscript heritage
of India.
 National Mission for Manuscripts is a National level
comprehensive initiative which caters to the need of
conserving manuscripts and disseminating knowledge
contained therein.
 NMM is working towards fulfilling its motto, ‗conserving
the past for the future‘. It has emerged as a movement,
undoubtedly the most popular and effective among all the
heritage conservation initiatives in the country.

1.8.4. National Mission on Library

 National Mission on Libraries has been set up by Ministry

of Culture, Government of India on 4th May, 2012 in
pursuance of National Knowledge Commission
recommendations for sustained attention for development
of Libraries and Information Science Sector.
 The Ministry of Culture has approved Rs. 400 crore for the
scheme ‗National Mission on Libraries‘ in the 12th five
year plan.
 National Mission on Libraries (NML) was launched in
2014 by President Pranab Mukherjee at Rashtrapati
Bhavan, New Delhi.
 The major components under the National Mission on
Libraries (NML), creation of National Virtual Library of
India (NVLI), setting up of NML model libraries,
quantitative and qualitative survey of libraries and capacity
building have been incorporated.
 National Mission on Libraries consists of four
components:-
(i) Creation of National Virtual Library of India (NVLI): The
purpose of National Virtual Library of India is to facilitate
a comprehensive database on digital resources on
information about India and on information generated in
India, in an open access environment.
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(ii) Setting up of NML Model Libraries: The setting up on
NML Model Libraries would develop 6 Libraries under
Ministry of Culture (Delhi Public Library, Delhi; Khuda
Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna; National Library,
Kolkata; Central Secretariat Library; Rampur Raza
Library, Uttar Pradesh and Thanjavur Maharaja Serfoji‘s
Saraswati Mahal Library, Tamil Nadu), 35 State Central
Libraries and 35 District Libraries with particular
emphasis on economically backward districts, as model
Libraries. In addition, 629 district libraries across the
states would be provided network connectivity.
(iii) Quantitative & Qualitative Survey of Libraries: The
Quantitative & Qualitative Survey of Libraries would be
undertaken to prepare a baseline data of libraries in India
through a survey of 5000 Libraries.
(iv) Capacity Building: The Capacity Building would be
undertaken to enhance the professional competence of
library personnel.

1.9. Model Public Libraries Act of Dr. S. R.

Ranganathan

(i) Model Public Libraries Act of Dr. S R Ranganathan:

The first Model Public Libraries Acts was prepared by Dr.
S R Ranganathan in 1930 and revised in 1957 and 1972.
Salient features of final version are:
 Establishment of public libraries in city, rural and other
areas;
 Constitution of State Library Authority i.e. Minister of
Education;
 Constitution of State Library Committee as an advisory
body of the State Library Authority;
 Constitution of Local Library Authority for each city and
one for each district;

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 State Library Authority, Government and Local Library
Authority may determine library rate in such a manner and
may determine collection of library cess from time to time.
(ii) Model Public Libraries Bill of Ministry of Education:
The Government of India, Ministry of Education
appointed an Advisory Committee for Libraries in 1957,
under the Chairmanship of Shri K P Sinha, former
Director of Public Instruction, Bihar. This committee
recommended the need for library legislation for each
state. As a follow-up action of the Advisory Committee,
the Ministry of Education, Government of India appointed
a committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. M D Sen. The
Committee drafted Model Public Libraries Bill in the year
1963.
(iii)Model Public Libraries Bill of the Planning
Commission: The Planning Commission, Government of
India, constituted a Working Group on Libraries in 1964 to
plan and advice on the development of Libraries during the
Fourth Five Year Plan. The Working Group recommended
a Library Development Scheme to be implemented during
the Fourth Plan period with a financial commitment of
Rs.309 million, which was appended by Model Public
Libraries Bill and submitted its report in 1965.
(iv) Model Public Libraries Bill of Indian Library
Association: The Indian Library Association (ILA)
formed in 1933, has keen interest in library legislation.
The ILA discussed library legislation at its various
seminars organized in 1964, 1978 and 1981.
Consequently, ILA Council at its meeting held on 23 June
1989, keeping in view of the developments and
experiences gain from the existing Acts, resolved to
prepare a Model Library Bill. Accordingly, as asked by
ILA, Dr. Velaga Venkatappaiah, Chairman, Central
Sectional Committee on Public Libraries of the ILA
prepared a Model Public Library Bill. ILA accepted the
draft Bill with minor changes at its National Seminar on
Public Library Legislation in 1990 at the final product of
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 the Model Public Libraries Bill was published in 1991. In
view of emergence of Information Technology at all
levels, the model act was again revised in 2000.
(v) Model Union Library Act: The Government of India
appointed a committee to explore the possibilities to
establish a National Central Library at New Delhi in 1948.
Dr. S R Ranganathan, a member of the committee drafted
a Library Development plan in 1950 with a 30-year
programme and a draft Library Bill for the states and
Union Public Library Act. This was revised in 1959 and
again in 1972.
Committees/Commissions
Committees/Commissions Chairman Year
Library Committee S. R. Ranganathan 1957
Review Committee on S. R. Ranganathan 1961
Library Science
Education Commission D. S. Kothari 1964
Working Group on Libraries V. K. R. V. Rao 1964
(Planning Comm.)
Mehrotra Committee R. C. Mehrotra 1983
Committee on National Yash Pal 1988
Network System for
University Libraries
National Library & D. P. Chatoppadhyay 1985
Information Policy
(NAPLIS)/ CONPOLIS
Curriculum Development P. N. Kaula 1990
Committee on Library
and Information Science
UGC Model Curriculum: C. R. Karisiddappa 1997
Library and Information
Science
National Knowledge Sam Pitroda 2005
Commission
National Mission on Libraries -- 2012
(NML)
1.10. Library and Information Profession
Ethics/Seven lamps of professional Ethics
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 Librarianship is the discipline and profession that is
concerned with helping individuals obtain reliable
information to increase their knowledge in all spheres of
their lives from the cumulated information store of
mankind.
 Librarianship is a bridge between two entities; people and
information. Librarians consider who may need this
bridge, when and where a bridge is needed, how it is to be
built, how it can be best utilized. We are the planner,
architect, builder, and marketer of bridges.
 Ethics of librarianship, an essential element of library
profession, denotes the conduct and behaviours of those
who adopt the profession. A librarian is called the friend,
philosopher and guide of the uninitiated and the scholar
alike.
 As a duty of librarian, he should follow the second law of
library science. It means librarian should try to provide
necessary materials to the users.
 According to R. L. Mittal, Seven lamps of the professional
ethics of librarianship are as follow:
(i) Impersonal book selection: Librarian should selects the
book as per the demand of the students, teachers or
scholars. Biasness is not fit for this profession. He should
expend the every amount of the budget for the necessary
books not for others.
(ii) Service before self: He/she should serve the users
community with full effort. His motto is to serve the users
first then to think about himself/herself.
(iii) Split mind: Library professional‘s mind should be broad.
(iv) Sympathetic behaviour: Library professionals should
behave politely and sympathetically to attract the users in
the library. This is the age of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT), if the librarian/library
professionals behave harshly/badly then users will depend
more on Internet rather than using library.

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(v) Tact: Librarians/library professionals should act tactfully
to manage the changed situation of automated library and
information service.
(vi) Industries: Librarians should be engaged to serve each
and every need of the users.
(vii) Scholarship: Librarians should maintain the high level of
information service to satisfy all types of users.

1.11. Library and Information Science Education

in India
 American librarian W. A. Borden was appointed Director
of the State Department of Libraries, Baroda by Siyaji Rao
Gaikwad-III (the ruler of Baroda state) in 1910. In 1911,
he initiated the first training school in library education
in India.
 In 1912, the Punjab University called another librarian
Don Dickinson (1876–1960) from USA. He started the
second educational course of three month duration in
library science in the year 1915. This happens to be the
first university course in Asia.
 Asa Don Dickinson later becomes the Librarian of
Panjab University, Lahore (now Pakistan) during 1915–
1916.
 The Andhra Desa Library Association (founded in 1914)
started conducting ―training classes for the library
workers‖ at Vijayawadain 1920.
 In 1920, a course for the training of librarians was
conducted at Bangalore under the ―program of library
development‖ initiated by the Dewan of Mysore M.
Visweswaraya.
 The Madras Library Association also organized a regular
certificate course in library science from 1929. Then in
1931, University of Madras took up the training course of
MALA in 1931 and started offering the course on a regular
basis.

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 The Imperial library, Calcutta started a training class under
the supervision of its librarian K. M. Asudulah in 1935. It
was a full time regular Diploma course in librarianship at
the Imperial Library, Calcutta (now National Library,
Kolkata). It continued till 1946.
 University of Madras, in 1937, introduced a one year Post
Graduate Diploma course in place of the certificate course
of three month duration. This was the first P. G. Diploma
in Library Science in India.
 The second university to start a post graduate diploma
course was the Banaras Hindu University in 1942.
 In 1947, Aligarh Muslim University started Bachelor of
Library Science Course for the first time in the country.
 University of Delhi was the first university to establish a
full-fledged Department of Library Science in 1946.
 University of Delhi also instituted the first post diploma
degree course in 1948. In 1949, the structure was changed.
The programme of Master of Library Science was
introduced as a two year course with the first year leading
to Bachelor of Library Science.
 University of Delhi was the first to introduce Ph.D.
programme in Library and Information Science in 1951.
 University of Delhi was the first to introduce M. Phil
programme in Library and Information Science in 1978.
 The credit for introducing the doctoral degree programme
in library science in India goes to Dr. S. R. Ranganathan.
 The university offered first doctoral degree in Library
science to D. B. Krishan Rao for his ―Facet Analysis and
Depth Classification of Agriculture‖ under the guidance of
Dr. S. R. Ranganathan in 1957.
 Dr J. S. Sharma was the first Indian and one of the first
few to earn doctorate from USA. He was awarded Ph. D.
by Michigan University for his thesis 'Mahatma Gandhi: A
Descriptive Bibliography'.
 The second Ph. D. in Library and Information Science in
India was awarded in 1977 almost after a lapse of 20
years. That was to Dr. Pandey S. K. Sharma for his thesis
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 ―Expansion and modification of Dewey Decimal
Classification (18th ed.) for classifying Indological books
with special reference to Indian Philosophy and Indian
Religion‖ by Punjab University. Dr. J. S. Sharma was his
guide.
 In 1992, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar awarded first D.
Litt. to Dr. B. B. Shukla. It claimed to be the first such
degree in library science all over the world.
 Dr. Ranganathan received D. Litt Degree from the Delhi
(1948) and Pisttsburg Universities (1964), in recognition
of unique service to Library Science.
 The first doctoral thesis accepted by the London School of
Economics on a core Library Science subject in 1935. The
title of the thesis was "The public library service under
English local government"
 In 1962, Dr. S. R. Ranganathan established Documentation
Research and Training Centre at Bangalore. Previously
DRTC courses were of 14 month duration which was later
on moved to two years programme.
 INSDOC conducted a short term course for Asian
Document lists in 1963. In 1964, it started a one year post
graduate course in Documentation and Reprography
leading to ―Associateship in Documentation and
Reprography‖.
 In 2010, University of Calcutta introduces five year
integrated course in Library & Information Science and
thus becomes the first university to launch such course in
LIS domain.
LIS Courses
Courses Name University/Institutions Year
(when it started)
Refresher Barodha 1911
Course
Diploma Punjab University 1915
Crtificate MALA 1929
P. G. Diploma Madras University 1937
B. Lib Aligarh Muslim 1947

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 University
M. Lib Delhi University 1949
M. Phil. Delhi University 1978
Ph. D. Delhi University 1951
M. Phil. Delhi University 1978
D. Litt. Utkal University 1992

Reference Sources & further readings:

 Verma, Manoj Kumar and Singh, S.N. (2010). Role of Commissions
and Committees in Library Education.
(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327281037_Role_of_Com
missions_and_Committees_in_Library_Educatio)
 www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Library_science
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_science
 http://www.isibang.ac.in/~library/portal/Pages/SRRBIO.pdf
 https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvil_Dewey
 https://www.oclc.org/en/dewey/resources/biography.html
 https://www.biography.com/people/melvil-dewey-9273516
 https://forbeslibrary.org/info/library-history/charles-ammi-cutter/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ammi_Cutter
 http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9309/9/09_chapter
%201.pdf/)
 http://www.nmlindia.nic.in/
https://www.namami.gov.in/
 https://www.geni.com/people/Dr-Prithvi-Nath-
Kaula/6000000012565993168
 http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/11271/1/Unit-2.pdf
 http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/35267/5/BLI-221-
B4.pdf
 http://newonlinelibrary.blogspot.com/.../seven-lamps-of-con
 http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/55327/12/12_chap
ter%203.pdf
 https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S000021
LI/P000211/M002119/ET/145259770111-Etext.pdf

[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 32

 2.
Types of Libraries

A library is a collection of sources of information and

similar resources. According to the mode of services rendered
to the readers, collections and readers; libraries are broadly
divided into three types:
(i) Academic Library
(ii) Special Library, and
(iii) Public Library / National Library
Types of Libraries
Public Academic Special
National School Industrial
State College Trade
District University Blind/ Handicap
Talluk Research Institute Law/Medical/ etc.
Village/
Panchayat, etc

2.1. National Library of India

 The National Library, India is the largest library in the
country. It is an institution of national importance under
the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
 The library is designated to collect, disseminate and
preserve the printed material produced in the country.
 The library is situated at Belvedere Estate, in Kolkata
(formerly Calcutta).
 Calcutta Public Library (CPL): Calcutta Public Library
was established in 1836. It was not a Government
institution. The then Governor General, Lord Metcalf
transferred the library of the College of Fort William to the
Calcutta Public Library. Dwarkanath Tagore was the first
proprietor of Calcutta Public Library. Calcutta Public

[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 33

 Library had a unique position as the first public library in
this part of the country.
 The Imperial Library: The Imperial Library was founded
in 1891 by combining a number of Secretariat libraries.
But the use of the library was restricted to the superior
officers of the Government.
 Amalgamation of CPL and Imperial Library (1902):
Lord Curzon, Governor General of India in the early years
of the twentieth century, is usually credited with the idea
of opening a library in Kolkata for public use. He found
that the Imperial Library and Calcutta Public Library were
not being used as expected because of limited access and
lack of amenities. He decided to merge the collection of
Calcutta Public Library with that of the Imperial Library,
subject to certain terms.
 The new library, called Imperial Library, was formally
opened to the public on 30 January 1903 at Metcalf Hall,
Kolkata.
 John Macfarlane, Assistant Librarian of
the British Museum, London, was appointed the first
Librarian of the Imperial Library.
 After his Harinath De (First Indian) took over the charge
of the library. J. A. Chapman succeeded him in 1911.
During Chapman‘s term, the library experienced
remarkable growth and improvement.
 After his retirement, Khan Bahadur M. A. Asadulla was
appointed librarian (in 1930) and he continued in office till
July 1947.
 From the Imperial Library to the National Library:
After Independence the Government of India changed the
name of the Imperial Library to the National Library, with
the enactment of the Imperial Library (Change of Name)
Act, 1948, and the collection was shifted from the
Esplanade to the present Belvedere Estate.
 After Independence of India, the Imperial Library (Change
of Name) Act was passed in 1948 and the Library was
accorded a special status of an institution of national
[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 34
 importance in the Article 62 in the Seventh Schedule of
the Union List of the Constitution of India.
 On 1 February 1953, the National Library was opened to
the public, inaugurated by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.
 B. S. Kesavan was appointed the first Librarian of the
National Library.
 The Director General is the head of the institution.
 The Librarian is called the Principal Library and
Information Officer.
Objectives of National Library:
A national library is a library specifically established
by the government of a country to serve as the preeminent
repository of information for that country. The main aim and
objectives of National library are:
(i) Acquisition and conservation of all significant national
production of printed material, excluding ephemera.
(ii) Acquisition and conservation of all significant national
production of printed material, excluding ephemera.
(iii) Collection of printed material concerning the country, no
matter where it is published, and as a corollary, the
acquisition of photographic records of such material that is
not available with in the country
(iv) Acquisition and conservation of foreign material required
by the country.
(v) Rendering of bibliographical and documents services of
current and retrospective material, both general and
specialised.
(vi) Acting as a referral centre purveying full and accurate
knowledge.
List of Librarians
1. Mr. John Macfarlane 1901-1906
2. Mr. Hari Nath De 1907-1911
3. Mr. J. A. Chapman 1911-1930
4. Mr. K. M. Asadulla 1930-1947
5. Mr. B. S. Kesavan 1948-1963, 1970-1971
6. Mr. Y. M. Mulay 1963-1967
7. Mr. D. R. Kalia 1967-1970
[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 35
 8. Prof. T. K. Srinivasa Iyangar 1980-1980
9. Smt. Kalpana Dasgupta 1983-1995
10. Mr. T. A.V. Murthy 1986-1987
11. Dr. R. Ramachandran 2001-2014
12. Shri H. P. Gedam 2006-2012

Some other National Libraries of India

Name of the Library Place Establishment
year
National Library of Kolkata 1948
India
National Library for Dehradun 1979
Blinds and Handicaps
National Science Library NISCAIR,Delhi 1963/64
National Medical AIIMS,New 1966
Library Delhi
National Digital Library IIT Kharagpur 2018

Some National Libraries of World

Name of the Library Place Estb. year
Library of Congress USA 1800
Bibliothec Nationale France 1440
State Lenin Library, Masco Russia 1862
National Diet Library Japan 1948
National Library, Germany Germany 1912
The British Library UK 1973
(old name-British Museum Library)
Austrian National Library 1368

Some other important Libraries of World

Name of the Library Place Estb. year
British Museum UK 1753
Patent Office Library Londan 1885
Bodleian Library Oxford University 1602
Vatican Library Rome 1475
Bostan Public Library Boston 1848

[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 36

2.2. Public Library
 A public library (also called People‘s university) is a
library which is accessible by the public and is generally
funded from public sources/ Government.
 According to UNESCO, public libraries are the ―local
gateway to knowledge, provide basic condition for lifelong
learning, independent decision-making and cultural
development of the individual and social groups.‖
 The public library, the local gateway to knowledge,
provides a basic condition for lifelong learning,
independent decision-making and cultural development of
the individual and social groups. (IFLA/UNESCO Public
Library Manifesto, 1994)
 The public library should be a key agency in the local
community for the collection, preservation and promotion
of local culture in all its diversity. This can be achieved in
a variety of ways, for example, the maintenance of local
history collections, exhibitions, storytelling, publishing of
items of local interest and developing interactive
programmes on local themes. (IFLA/UNESCO Public
Library Manifesto, 1994)
 The UNESCO Manifesto for public libraries formulated in
1949 which was later revised in 1972 states " The public
library is a practical demonstration of democracy's faith in
universal education as a continuing and life-long process,
in the appreciation of the achievement of humanity in
knowledge and culture."
 In 1994 the third version of the IFLA/UNESCO Public
Library Manifesto was published. It rapidly became
recognized as an important statement of the fundamental
principles of the public library service.
 In 1973 IFLA published Standards for public libraries,
reissued with slight revisions in 1977. In 1986 this was
replaced by Guidelines for public libraries.
Basic elements of Public Librararies:

[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 37

(i) Free Service: A public library does not charge its users
any fee for any of its services like consultation of books on
its premises or loan of books for home reading or for
rendering reference service or for providing recreation
through a film show or any other cultural programme.
(ii) Financed by Public Funds: The finance needed for the
establishment, maintenance and development of public
libraries is secured mostly from public funds. That is, the
government under the law of the land levies an indirect tax
known as library acess, which is levied as surcharge on
property or land possessed by a person or income accrued
on professions or vocations or on vehicles owned by a
person.
(iii) Walfare Institution: In a democratic welfare nation it
should be legally ensured that a public library is
established, maintained and developed in all localities so
as to enable a citizen to reap the benefits, whatever free
access to information, education and culture could bring.

2.3. Academic Library

Academic library is the library which is attached to
academic institutions like schools, colleges and universities.
Main objective of an academic library is to give maximum
learning materials to its users so that they may be fully
educated in their respective level. Academic libraries are
categorized into school libraries, college libraries and
university libraries.
(1) School Library: The purpose of the school library is to
attain the objectives of the educational programme. It concerns
with the development of effective methods of thinking,
inculcation of social attitudes, acquisition of important
information and promoting growth and development among
the children. The function of the school library is to help the
students in the process of their self-discovery, to adopt high
ideals in life, improve scholastic efficiency through self-study
and to develop the capacity for critical thinking.

[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 38

Objectives: The major objectives of a school library are to :-
 Effectively participate in the teaching-learning programme
of the school;
 Provide the students with appropriate library materials
both printed as well as audio visual and services for the
overall growth and development of the personality of the
students as an individual;
 Develop reading ability and interest, and inculcate love,
enjoyment and pleasure of reading amongst the students;
 Assist the students to become skillful and discriminating
users of library;
 Offer opportunities for experiences in creating and using
information for knowledge, understanding, information
and enjoyment;
 Support all students in learning and practicing skills for
evaluating and using information, regardless of form,
format or medium, including sensitivity to the modes of
communication within the community;
 Stimulate and guide each student in the selection and use
of books and other reading materials for the building of
taste at appropriate level of maturity;
 Workout a programme in consultation with teachers for
the effective use of all types of library materials.
 Reading Habits: One of the most important tasks of the
School Library is to inculcate reading habits among the
students.
(2) College Libraries: The college library functions basically
to assist and support the study and teaching in the respective
college. It helps to meet the reading requirements of the
students as well as the teachers of the college.
Functions:
 Make available to the students, books and allied reading
material relevant to the courses offered in the college;
 Make available the books and documents required by
faculty members in preparation of their instructional
courses; Provide supplementary books and reading
material to helps in study and teaching at the college;
[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 39
 Provide comprehensive selection of authoritative books
and documents needed by the faculty members to pursue
their research programmes;
 Promote the proper use of reading material available in the
stock; and
 Train the students in making use of the library properly
and derive full advantage of it, by integrating the library
with the educational courses.
(3) University Library: Radhakrishnan Commission (The
University Education Commission) observed the importance
of libraries in the fulfillment of the objectives of higher
education and stated that ―the library is the heart of all the
university‘s work; directly so, as regards its research work and
indirectly as regards its educational work which derives its life
from research work. Scientific research needs a library as well
as its laboratories, while for humanistic research the library is
both library and laboratory in one.‖ (Radhakrishnan
Commission Report published in 1949)
After the publication of Radhakrishnan Commission
report, the University Grant Commission (UGC) was
constituted in 1953 and it was made a statutory body in 1956.
Dr. C. D. Deshmukh, the first chairman of UGC, while
drawing an analogy between a university and the human body
remarked that ―the students form the body of the university,
the administration is the head, the teachers are the soul and the
library is the heart.‖
The University library has the following objectives:
 To support and fulfill the objectives and goals of their
parent institutions/University.
 To support the teaching and research activities.
 To provide facilities for all teaching, learning, and
research activities.
 To create to the information needs of teachers, students,
researches, associated with the university.
 To provides facilities to its users for intellectual
development which is a power of acquiring ideas through
individual efforts.
[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 40
 To conserve knowledge and ideas for posterity.

2.4. Special Library

According to American Library Association (ALA)
glossary of library and Information Science, special library is
―a library established, supported and administered by a
business firm, private corporation, association, government
agency, or other special interest group of agency to meet the
information needs of its members or staff in pursuing the goals
of the organization. Scope of collections and services is
limited to the subject interest of the host or parent
organization.‖
A special library is one which serves a particular group
of people, such as the employees of a firm of government
department, or the staff and members of a professional or
research organization. Such a library deals essentially in
information (Krishan Kumar; 1987; 72).

Reference Sources & further readings:

 http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/9309/9/09_chapter%
201.pdf/
 http://egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/33001
 http://www.lisbdnet.com/types-libraries-academic-public-national-
special-library/
 http://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/34898/1/Unit-2.pdf
 https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/hq/publications/archive/the-public-
library-service/publ97.pdf
www.nationallibrary.gov.in/nat_lib_stat/history.html
 http://cbse.nic.in/LIBRARY-1-99.pdf
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_India
 http://egyankosh.ac.in/
 http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/8693/9/09_chapter%
201.pdf
 http://www.lisbdnet.com/objectives-of-university-library/
 https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/library_and
_information_science/academic_libraries/20._university_library_syste
m/et/4443_et_20.pdf

[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 41

 3.
Library Legislation and Library Acts

3.1. Library Legislation in India

 The Public Libraries Act 1850 was an Act of the United

Kingdom Parliament which first gave local boroughs the
power to establish free public libraries.
 Library Legislation/Act means preparing the format of law
or legislation for the development of public libraries. In
the context of libraries, the Library Act means to give legal
provision for establishing a library system, its
maintenance, services, functions, right and management
under any state or a national government.
 Model Public Libraries Act of Dr. S R Ranganathan
(1930): The first Model Public Libraries Acts was
prepared by Dr. S R Ranganathan in 1930 and revised in
1957 and 1972. It was discussed at the ―First All Asia
Educational Conference‖ held at Banaras during 26-30
December 1930.
 Kolhapur Public Libraries Act, 1945: The credit of
enacting a Library Act for the first time in India however
goes to the Kolhapur Princely State (of the present
Maharashtra). The Act also made provision for providing
mobile library service, and organizing library training
classes.
 First Library Act of Independent India: The third
attempt (first in 1931, second in 1935) of the Madras
Library Association made in 1946 through the good
offices of Ranganathan met with success in 1948. The
then Minister for Education in Madras State, Hon‘ble
Avinasalingam Chettiar took special interest and got the
Bill passed in 1948.

[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 42

 Union Bill of Ranganathan: The Government of India
appointed a committee in 1948 to suggest the possibility of
establishing a National Central Library at New Delhi. Dr.
Ranganathan submitted his report titled Library
Development Plan: Thirty Year Program for India with
Draft Library Bill for the Union and Constituent States.
 Model Public Libraries Bill, 1963: While accepting the
recommendations of the Advisory Committee for
Libraries, the Union Government constituted a Committee
of Experts under the Chairmanship of Shri M. D. Sen to
prepare a Model Public Library Bill. This Bill was
released in 1963 and circulated to all the State
Governments for necessary action.
 Indian Library Association’s Model Libraries Act,
1989: In 1989, The Indian Library Association prepared a
Model Public Libraries Act prepared by Dr. V.
Venkatappaiah, who was the Chairman of its Central
Sectional Committee on Public Libraries.
 The UNESCO Public Library Manifesto, 1972 stated that,
―The public library should be established under the clear
mandate of law‖, which is substantiated by the
IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Manifesto 1994.
 According to Ranganathan the second law can be properly
carried out only by legislation. Dr. S R Ranganathan
strived a lot for library legislation and prepared different
library bills for the Indian Union and constituent states.
 Twenty states namely, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, West Bengal,
Manipur, Kerala, Haryana, Mizoram, Goa, Orissa, Gujarat,
Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttrakhand Pondichery,
Chattisgarh, Bihar and Arunchal Pradesh have enacted
Public Libraries Bills during 1948 to 2018.
State Year Library Cess
Madras (Tamil Nadu) 1948 library cess (10%) on
Public Library Act property tax.
Andhara Pradesh 1960 library cess (8%) on lands
[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 43
 Public Library Act and buildings.
Telangana Pradesh 2014 library cess (8%) on lands
Public Library and buildings.
Act,1960
Karnataka (Mysore) 1965 library cess (6%) on lands,
Public Library Act buildings, vehicles and
profession
Maharashtra Public 1967 No library cess
Library Act
West Bengal Public 1979 No library cess
Library Act
Manipur Public 1988 No library cess
Library Act
Haryana Public 1989 Local bodies to levy cess
Library Act
Kerala Public Library 1989 Library cess (5%) on
Act property taxand not less than
1% of State expenditure on
education.
Goa Public Library 1993 Surcharge on IFML @ 0.50
Act ps. Per ltr. And 0.50
Mizorum Public 1993 No library cess
Library Act
Gujrat Public Library 2001 No library cess
Act
Orrissa Public Library 2001 No library cess
Act
Uttar Pradesh Public 2006 No library cess
Library Act
Uttrakhand Public 2005 No library cess
Library Act
Rajasthan Public 2006 No library cess
Library Act
Pondichery Public 2007 No library cess
Library Act
Chattisgarh Public 2008 No library cess
Library Act
Bihar Public Library 2008 No library cess
Act

[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 44

 Arunchal Pradesh 2009 No library cess
Public Library Act
 Telangana Pradesh Public Library Act,1960: The Andhra
Pradesh Public Libraries Act, 1960 in force in the
combined State, as on 02.06.2014, has been adapted to the
State of Telangana, under section 101 of the Andhra
Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 (Central Act 6 of 2014)
vide.
 Library Cess: S. R. Ranganathan advocated the provision
of library cess (membership fee). According to Advisory
Committee report: only a cess can provide a stable base of
library finance. It can give the library administrators some
solid grounds from which they can plan ahead without fear
of mishap the following year or year later.

3.2. The Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867

 The Press and Registration of Books Act was passed in
1867 for the British India.
 This Act was for the regulation of printing-presses and
newspapers for the preservation of copies of books and
newspapers printed in India and for the registration of such
books and newspapers. It helped some specific libraries to
get some copies of books free of cost and to maintain a
continuous catalogue of early printed books in the country.
 In terms of this Act the publisher or the printer of every
book or newspaper was to send a copy of the book or
newspaper to the Secretary of state for r India, another
copy to the Governor General in Council and still another
to the local government.
 This is the oldest law relating to the press, still existing in
India. This regulatory law was aimed to enable the
government to regulate printing presses and newspapers
and other matter printed in India.
 Several minor amendments were made in the Act to fulfill
the need of the changing situation. However, on the basis

[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 45

 of the recommendations of the First Press Commission in
1953, a major amendment was made in the Act which
created the Office of the Registrar of Newspapers of
India (RNI) and laid down its duties and functions. It
started to function in 1956.
 The Act contains the particulars to be printed on books and
papers, rules as to publication of newspapers and requires
the keeper of printing press to make certain declarations.
The Bill was passed by the Legislature and it came on the
statute book as the Press and Registration of Books Act,
1867 (25 of 1867).

3.3. The Delivery of Books and Newspapers Act,

1954
 In 1954 Indian parliament passed Delivery of Books and
Newspaper Act which was further amended as the
Delivery of Books and Newspaper (Public Libraries)
Amendment Act 1956 to include serials as well.
 The Act prescribed that every Indian publisher should send
free of cost one copy of each of its publications to each of
the three libraries in Calcutta (National Library), Madras
(Connemara Public Library) and Bombay (Asiatic
Library).
 Delhi Public Library became a copyright/depositary
library in 1982.
 Now every Indian publisher should send free of cost one
copy of each of its publications to four libraries in Calcutta
(National Library), Madras (Connemara Public Library),
Bombay (Asiatic Library) and Delhi (Delhi Public
Library).
 According to Delivery of Books and Newspapers Act,
1954, the publisher of every book published is the
territories to which this Act extends after the
commencement of this act, shall, notwithstanding any
agreement to the contrary, deliver at his own expense a
[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 46
 copy of the book to the National Library at Kolkata and
one such copy to each of the other three public libraries
within thirty days from the date of its publication.
 According to Delivery of Books and Newspapers Act,
1954, the publisher of every newspaper, published in the
territories to which this Act extends, shall deliver at his
own expense one copy of each issue of such newspaper as
soon as it is published to each such public library as may
be notified in this behalf by the Central Government in the
Official Gazette.
Depository Library Place Establishment
Year
National Library of Kolkata 1948
India
Connemara Public Chennai 1890
Library
Asiatic Society Bombay 1804
Library
Delhi Public Library New Delhi 1951 (Delhi Public
Library became
copy right library in
1981/82)

Reference Sources & further readings:

 https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/libra
ry_and_information_science/public_libraries/07.library_legislati
on_in_indian__states/et/2114_et_7.pdf
 https://www.mib.gov.in/acts/press-registration-books-act-1867
 http://www.lexuniverse.com/media-laws/india/The-Press-and-
Registration-of-Books-Act-1867.html
 https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/libra
ry_and_information_science/public_libraries/11.development_p
lans_and_resources__mobilisation/et/2119_et_11.pdf

[A Conceptual Approach to LIS/Amit Kishore] Page 47