ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Soladevanahalli, Bengaluru – 560107

DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS

Mechanics of Solids and Fluids

(BMT301)

Dr Devarajaiah RM
Professor and Head,
Department of Mechatronics,
Acharya Institute of Technology
Soladevanahalli, Bengaluru – 560107

2024-25
 ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS

COs, POs, PEOs, PSOs

I. COURSE OUTCOMES (COS)

Bloom’s
Course
Taxonomy Statements of Course Outcomes
Outcome
Levels
Determine stresses and strains in simple and composite bars
BMT301.1 Application (3) subjected uni-axial loads as well as elastic constants in them
Determine stresses on inclined planes in an elastic body subjected
BMT301.2 Application (3) bi-axial loading, using analytical and graphical methods
Compute the torque/power transmission capability of solid and
BMT301.3 Application (3) hollow shafts, the buckling load for safe design of columns with
different end conditions
Explain different types and properties of fluids, aspects of pressure
BMT301.4 Understand (2) measurement and fluid statics
Determine the mass flow rate, velocity and acceleration at any point,
BMT301.5 Application (3) forces and energy in the fluid flow

II. PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POS)

Program Outcomes as defined by NBA (PO)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles
of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs
with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal,
and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to

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assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with
the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and
give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

III. PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOS)

Engineering Graduates will:

• PEO1: Have a successful career in a field of their choice (industry, academia, R & D
organizations), or as an entrepreneur in the multi-disciplinary domain of Mechatronics
Engineering.
• PEO2: Engage in continued learning, hone professional competencies, adhere to ethical
practices
• PEO3: Be creative, exhibit multidimensional skills to address technical, societal and
environmental challenges

IV. PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOME (PSOS)

Engineering Graduates will:

• PSO1: Have a thorough knowledge of design, analysis and modeling of mechanical

components, concepts of fluid and thermal engineering, conventional and advanced
manufacturing technology in engineering applications

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• PSO2: Be able to analyze, design and prototyping of electronics, communication and

embedded systems
• PSO3: Be able to apply domain knowledge and demonstrate technical competency in
virtual instrumentation, PLC, SCADA, smart systems, artificial intelligence to integrate and
interface electro-mechanical systems

V. CO-PO -PSO Mapping

POs PSOs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
CO1 3 2 2 1 2 3
CO2 3 2 2 1 2 3
CO3 3 3 2 1 2 3
CO4 3 3 2 1 2 3
CO5 3 3 1 2 1 2 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Module Module Page Nos
2 Compound Stresses 01 to 32

Mechanics of Solids and Fluids

Course Code BMT301 Semester 3

MODULE – 02: COMPOUND STRESSES

SYLLABUS CONTENT
Module – 2 (8 hours)
Compound Stresses: Introduction, Concept of Plane stress, Stress tensor for plane stress, stresses on
inclined sections, principal stresses and maximum shear stresses, Mohr's circle for plane stress.

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Mechatronics

Module 2
COMPOUND STRESSES
Dr Devarajaiah RM 1

State of stress at a point

• Consider an elastic body (under equilibrium)
subjected to random external forces as shown
below.
F5 F1 • The state of stress at any point in the body is studied
by considering an infinitesimal cubical element in
the body.

F2

Mechatronics F4
F3

Dr Devarajaiah RM 2

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Nomenclature
• The faces of the cube are named by the axes
they are perpendicular to. ie, x, y and z
Y Plane planes.
• Normal stresses are denoted by  with a
subscript indicating the direction in which
X Plane they are acting.

• Shear stresses are denoted by  with two

subscripts, first one indicating the plane on
which they are acting and second one
indicating the direction in which they are
acting.
Mechatronics It can be proved that
Z Plane xy = yx
xz = zx
yz = zy
In other words, complementary shear stresses are equal.

Dr Devarajaiah RM 3

State of stress in 2-D loading

Consider a plane element subjected to stresses in x and
y axes as shown below:
Sign Conventions
(a) Normal stress

However xy = yx

(+) (-)

This condition in which stresses act only in a planar

Mechatronics (a) Shear stress
coordinate system (x-y plane as shown in the figure),
and neglecting the stresses that act in the 3rd
direction (z direction in this case) is called Plane
stress condition.
In other words, stress in Z- direction are considered (+) (-)
to be zero.

Dr Devarajaiah RM 4

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS

Stresses on an inclined plane in a 2-D plate subjected to uniaxial tensile loading

Consider a rectangular plate of unit thickness subjected to uniaxial tensile loading x. Consider a small
plane and the stresses on that plane as shown in next figure.

Consider an inclined plane BC whose normal is inclined at angle  to the x-axis.

The triangular plate ABC and the stresses acting on different sides are shown below:

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Equations 1 and 2 give the values of normal and shear stresses on the inclined plane BC.

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Stresses on an inclined plane in an elastic body subjected to the most general 2-D loading

Consider a rectangular plate subjected to the most general 2-D loading as shown in the figure. Let
the thickness of the plate be 1. Consider a small square plate in the rectangular plate and draw an
inclined plane BC whose normal is shown by n.

Consider triangle ABC with stresses on different edges as shown in the figure.

The stress on the inclined plane are determined by resolving the different forces along n and t
directions.

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Applying Equilibrium equations

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Assignment 2
1. Derive equations for stresses on an inclined plane in an elastic body subjected to
biaxial tensile loading
2. Derive equations for stresses on an inclined plane in an elastic body subjected to
pure shear

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Problem 1:
A square plate is subjected to stresses of 85 MPa and 60 MPa in x and y directions (both
tensile) and a shear stress of 45 MPa such that the shear forces on vertical faces cause
clockwise couple. Determine the normal and shear stresses on an inclined plane whose
normal is inclined at 40 degrees to the horizontal.

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Problem 2
For the square plate shown, as loaded in the figure, find out the normal and shear stresses
on the plane inclined at 60 degrees as shown in the figure.

Other ways in which  can be mentioned:

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Principal Stresses
It can be recalled that in an elastic body subjected to general 2D loading, the stresses on any
inclined plane are given by

It can be seen from equation 1 and 2, that normal and shear stresses on the inclined plane vary as 
is varied.
Hence, the values of normal and shear stresses fluctuate between maximum and minimum values.
Therefore, it is very essential to determine maximum and minimum normal as well as shear stresses.
Also, we have to find out particular value of  along which these maximum and minimum stresses are
witnessed.

To determine maximum and minimum normal stresses

The maximum and minimum normal stresses and their orientations (value of ) are determined by

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To determine Maximum and minimum shear stress

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Prove that the sum of normal stresses on any two mutually perpendicular planes is a constant

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Prove that the maximum shear stress is equal to half of the difference between the major
and minor principal stresses

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IMPORTANT EQUATIONS THAT ARE USED TO SOLVE PROBLEMS IN THIS CHAPTER

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Problem 3
For the problem 1, find out the principal stresses, maximum and minimum shear stresses and
determine the angles at which they are acting. Draw the orientation diagram.

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Problem 4
For the problem 2, find out the principal stresses, maximum and minimum shear stresses and
determine the angles at which they are acting. Draw the orientation diagram.

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Problem 5
For the element shown below, determine the normal and shear stresses on the inclined plane
whose normal is at 110 with respect to x axis. Also determine Principal stresses and their
locations and maximum shear stresses and their locations. Draw orientation diagram.

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Problem 6

An element in a machine component is subjected to a pure shear of 50 MPa. Determine Principal

stresses and their orientations, maximum and minimum shear stresses and their orientations and
draw the orientation diagrams.

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