Object oriented programming

in Python

Sukrit Gupta

October 19, 2023

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Outline

1 An example from the last class

2 Classes and objects around us

3 Inheritance

4 Polymorphism

5 Queues and stacks

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Acknowledgement and disclaimer
All mistakes (if any) are mine.
I have used several other sources which I have referred to in the
appropriate places.

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 Section 1

An example from the last class

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What is this?

l = list([1, 2, 3])

What do you see here in terms of classes/objects?

Ultimately the list class hides away the details of what is going in the
background for the object l.

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This is a very powerful concept. The object l can now invoke several
methods that are defined in the list class.

However, the user doesn’t need to know the details of how these
methods are implemented. The user just needs to know how to call a
particular method he wants to use.

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 Section 2

Classes and objects around us

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An example of classes and objects around us

I was thinking of more examples of classes and objects around us

while sitting in my office.
Then it occurred to me that my own office is also an example of an
object. How?
We have a class say office which has attributes like: room number,
occupied, person using it, whiteboard installed, pinboard installed,
and so on.
All the individual offices can be instantiated as objects of the class
office.

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Just to code this up:
class office():
def __init__(shellfish, room_num, occ, name_occupant, wb, pb):
shellfish.room_number = room_num
shellfish.occupied = occ
shellfish.person = None
if shellfish.occupied:
shellfish.person = name_occupant
shellfish.whiteboard_installed = wb
shellfish.pinboard_installed = pb
def print_office_info(shellfish):
print('Room Number: ', shellfish.room_number,
'Occupation status: ', shellfish.occupied,
'Occupied by: ', shellfish.person,
'Whiteboard Installed:', shellfish.whiteboard_installed,
'Pinboard Installed:', shellfish.pinboard_installed)

R1 = office('316', True, 'Sukrit Gupta', 1, 1) #Object: R1

R1.print_office_info()
R2 = office('111', False, 'Swapnil', 0, 0) #Object: R2
R2.print_office_info()
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While we are talking about offices ...
Offices are just one type of the rooms on campus.

What are some other types of rooms on campus?

Let’s say that besides offices we consider lecture halls and hostel rooms.

Can we say that we have a super class called room and subclasses like
office, lecture hall, hostel room?

The subclasses can have features that are unique to each one of them,
but have some common attributes from the super class.

This property is known as inheritance. Do we see inheritance around

us?

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Examples of Inheritance around us.

Cars?

What are some other examples that you can think about?

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 Section 3

Inheritance

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Inheritance

Inheritance is the capability of one class to derive or inherit the

properties from another class.

class subclass_name (superclass_name)

The benefits of inheritance are:

It represents real-world relationships well.

It provides reusability of a code.
It is transitive in nature, which means that if class B inherits from
another class A, then all the subclasses of B would automatically
inherit from class A.

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Inheritance in Python

class Parent():
def show(self):
print("Inside Parent class")

class Child(Parent):
def display(self):
print("Inside Child class")

obj = Child()
obj.display()

obj.show() # Calling Parent class

Let’s try to code up our rooms example using inheritance

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Our room example

Open Example 1 (file: example 1 7.1.py)

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Multiple inheritance

When a child class inherits from multiple parent classes, it is called

multiple inheritance.

Python supports multiple inheritance. We specify all parent classes as

a comma-separated list in the parentheses.

Open Example (file: example multiple inheritance 7.1.py)

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Multilevel Inheritance

When we want to have a multilevel relationship between classes.

Open Example (file: example multilevel inheritance 7.1.py)

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 Section 4

Polymorphism

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What does the word polymorphism mean?

Made up of the words ‘poly’ and ‘morph’. Dictionary definition: The

quality or state of existing in or assuming different forms.

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Polymorphism in Python

Python implements polymorphism by method overriding. Method

overriding is an ability of any OOP language that allows a subclass to
provide a specific implementation of a method that is already provided
by one of its super-class(es).

Method overriding can be used to implement polymorphism in Python.

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Example: Method Overriding

class Parent():
def show(self):
print("Inside Parent class")

class Child(Parent):
def show(self):
print("Inside Child class")

obj1 = Child()
obj1.show()
obj2 = Parent()
obj2.show()

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Example: Method Overriding

Open Example 2 (file: example 2 7.1.py)

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 Section 5

Queues and stacks

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Queue

1
Figure: Analogous to people lining up to wait for goods or services.

Collection of ordered entities that can be modified by the addition of

entities to the back and removal of entities from the front.

A queue is a first-in-first-out (FIFO) data structure. The first element

added to the queue will be the first one to be removed.

enqueue: adding an element to the back of the queue, and

dequeue: removing an element from the front.
1
Source: Wikipedia user:Vegpuff
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Implementing queues using Python

Open Example (file: example queue 7.1.py)

class Queue:
def __init__(self):
self.items = []
def isEmpty(self):
return self.items == []
def insert_(self, item): #enqueue
self.items.insert(0,item)
def remove(self): #dequeue
return self.items.pop()
def size(self):
return len(self.items)
def peek(self): #return element at the head
return self.items[len(self.items)-1]

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Stack

2
Figure: Analogous to a set of physical items stacked on top of each other.

An abstract data type that serves as a collection of elements where

you can push (insert) an element to the stack and pop (remove) an
element from the stack.
Makes it easy to take an item off the top of the stack, while getting
to an item deeper may require taking off multiple other items first.
A stack is a last-in-first-out (LIFO) data structure. The last
element added to the stack will be the first one to be removed.

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Implementing stacks using Python

Open Example (file: example stack 7.1.py)

class Stack:
def __init__(self):
self.items = []
def isEmpty(self):
return self.items == []
def insert_(self, item): #push
self.items.append(item)
def remove(self): #pop
return self.items.pop()
def size(self):
return len(self.items)
def peek(self): #return element at the top
return self.items[len(self.items)-1]

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Do you notice something?

There was a lot of code that was repeated in the Stack class.

Can we share code between Stack and Queue using inheritance? Show
example (example stack inheritance 7.1.py)

Or better can we write a class from which both Stack and Queue are
inherited? Let’s try.

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What did we learn today?

1 An example from the last class

2 Classes and objects around us

3 Inheritance

4 Polymorphism

5 Queues and stacks

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 Thank you!

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