CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY.

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system of computer software, hardware and data,

personnel that make it possible to enter, manipulate, analyze, and present data, and the

information that is tied to a location on the earth's surface. This system comprises of Software,

Hardware, Data, and Personnel that make it possible to enter, manipulate, analyze and present

information that is tied to a location on the earth's surface (Ali, E, 2020)

According to the Environmental Systems Research Institute- (ESRI): A geographic

information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing things that exist

and events that happen on earth. GIS technology integrates common database operations such

as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits

offered by map. GIS is defined as a computerized system for capture, storage, retrieval,

analysis and display of spatial data describing the land attributes and environmental features

for a given geographic region, by using modem information technology (Thurgood, 1995).

According to this definition, a GIS includes not only computing capability and data, but also

managers and users, the organization in which they function and institutional relationships

that govern the management and utilization of information.

Public Facilities play a crucial role in the overall development and well-being of a community.

In the context of Port Harcourt municipality the availability, Proximity and quality of public

facilities directly/indirectly impact the quality of life of its residents. However inadequate

infrastructure (public facilities), uneven distribution of public Facilities And services and lack

of spatial planning often lead to disparities in access to essential services.

1
GIS technology enables the integration of spatial data such as maps, satellite imagery and

demographic information to analyze and visualize patterns and trends in public facility

distribution.

By overlying layers of data, using Arcgis Enterprise 10.8 And Satellite Imagery, GIS (

Geographic Information System) can help identify areas with limited access to Public Malls,

healthcare facilities, schools or transportation services, allowing policy makers to make

informed decisions on resource allocation and infrastructure development.

Several studies have highlighted the benefits of using GIS for assessing public facilities. A

study by Li and Du (2019) demonstrated how GIS analysis can optimize the location of

healthcare facilities to improve accessibility and reduce travel time for residents.

Similarly research by Wang et al. (2018) used GIS to assess the distribution of schools in

urban areas identifying areas with a high population density but limited educational resources.

By conducting a GIS-based assessment of public facilities in Port Harcourt municipality this

research is aimed at identifying areas with gaps in service provision, analyze spatial patterns

of facility distribution and recommend strategies for improving access and quality of public

services. The findings of this study can inform urban planning policy development and

resource allocation to enhance the overall livability and sustainability of the municipality.

GIS ( Geographic Information System) is widely used in urban planning to support

decisionmaking processes and improve urban development outcomes. Urban planners use

GIS to analyze various aspects of cities, including land use, transportation, infrastructure, and

environmental factors.

For example, GIS can help identify suitable locations for new developments by considering

factors such as accessibility, zoning regulations, and environmental constraints.

2
Also putting into Consideration the Threshold of the Area Proposed for development, if it

meets the minimum Threshold for establishment of a public Facilities,to avoid under usage or

over usage of the facility.

It enables planners to visualize proposed changes to the urban landscape, assess their potential

impacts, and develop informed strategies for sustainable development. GIS also supports

community engagement by providing interactive maps and tools for public participation in the

planning process.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM.

The current lack of spatial data and analysis makes it challenging for urban planners,

policymakers and stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding the allocation of

resources and the development of new public facilities to meet the growing needs of the

population.

This research aims to address these gaps by utilizing GIS technology to map, analyze and

evaluate the existing public facilities within Port Harcourt municipality.

This research work seeks to provide valuable insights into the current state of public facilities,

identify areas of improvement or expansion and support evidence-based decision-making for

future urban development initiatives. This study will contribute to the advancement of

knowledge in urban planning GIS technology and public service delivery ultimately benefiting

the residents and stakeholders of Port Harcourt municipality.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES.

The Broad Aim of The Study is to assess Public Facilities in Port Harcourt Municipality with

the Aid Of GIS.

The objectives are to:

1. Map the location of public facilities in Port Harcourt municipality.

2. Examine the available public facilities in Port Harcourt Municipality.

3
 3. Identify areas that are underserved Of Public Facilities in Port Harcourt

Municipality.

4. Make recommendations for improving public Facilities in Port Harcourt

Municipality.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION.

Below are Research Questions for this study:

1. What specific recommendation can be made to improve the Distribution and quality

of public facilities in Port Harcourt Municipality to better the needs of it's resident's .

2. How Can the Location of public Facilities in Port Harcourt Municipality be

effectively mapped using GIS technology.

1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY.

This Research is limited to the Assessment of Department Malls ( Hyper city, Port Harcourt

Mall, Next Cash & Carry, Shoprite) within Port Harcourt City Municipality. The Scope of the

Study will Cover the Proximity Analysis, of Departmental Malls, Threshold Population &

Quality of public facilities in Port Harcourt municipality with the Aid of GIS ( Geographic

Information System).

1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH.

The Justification for this Research work lies in the need to improve urban planning and

management of public facilities, By taking cognizance of the location, proximity, quality and

spatial distribution of key facilities such as Departmental Malls, schools, hospitals, parks and

transportation.

It will help Government Institutions, private organizations/institutions etc. to make informed

decisions on where to invest resources for optimal public service delivery.

4
1.7 STUDY AREA.

Port Harcourt city in Rivers State is the administrative Headquarters situated in the Niger Delta

and is located approximately on 4.78° North latitude, 7.01° East longitude and about 468

meters elevation above the sea level (Wikipedia). The existing metropolis and extending areas

with a radius of about 15 miles cover approximately 180,000 hectares or 700 square miles (Port

Harcourt Master plan: 1975). To the North is Obio – Akpor Local Government Area, to the

East is Eleme

Local Government Area, to the West is Degema Local Government Area and to the South are

Okrika Local Government Area and the Bonny Rivers. Port Harcourt Nigeria is the largest city

in the south after Lagos. Port Harcourt is known as the garden city due to its numerous

resources/location and sometimes its been called P/H by local residents. It is the capital of oil

rich. Rivers State, Hosting alots of Oil Industries, manufacturing Firms,Intels Logistics etc.

HISTORY

Port Harcourt Nigeria was founded by Governor general Lord Lugard in 1912 but was named

after the then British Secretary of state for the colonies, Sir Lewis Viscount Harcourt in August

1913 for a region dominated by the local Ijaw people to be a port town principally for the

exportation of coal which had been discovered in the south eastern regional city of Nigeria

named Enugu (Lizzie, 2008). Port Harcourt became the center of the Nigerian oil economy

and it subsequently reaped benefits of its associations with the petroleum industry by

undergoing modernization and urbanization. Port Harcourt's growth is further due to its

position as the commercial center and foremost industrial city of the former Eastern Region;

its position in the Niger Delta; and its importance as the center of social and economic life in

Rivers State (Hudgens and Richard 2003).

5
GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

The climate of Port Harcourt is temperate almost throughout the year with daily temperature

averaging 30˚C and rainfall measuring an average of just over 210mm, heaviest between June

and September. It is located in the Niger Delta region lying along the Bonny River (an eastern

distributary of the Niger river), 41 miles (66 km) upstream from the Gulf of Guinea. Port

Harcourt is divided into the Urban Area with an estimated population of 2.7 million and the

greater/rural Area which has a population of 3.7 million people. The urban area of Port

Harcourt is the Port Harcourt town in the Port Harcourt City Local Government Area, which

is made up of old Government reservation area (GRA) and New layout areas. The Port

Harcourt Urban Area (Port Harcourt metropolis) is made up of the city itself and parts of

Obio/Akpor Local Government Area. It is highly congested as it is the only major city of the

state. Whereas the greater Port Harcourt City, as it is officially known, spans eight local

government areas that include Port Harcourt, Okrika, Obio/Akpor, Ikwerre, Oyigbo,

Ogu/Bolo, Tai, and Eleme.

ECONOMY

Port Harcourt is the heart of Nigeria’s Oil industry with virtually all major multinational oil

companies being represented. The economic activities of Port Harcourt include manufacturing

such as food processing, car assembly, manufacture of paper products, paints, petroleum

products, refinery and road construction, metal works and cement making, enamelware,

bicycles, furniture, and soap making. Services include legal services, hospitality, medical,

Educational and engineering services. Extractive industries also exist such as mining of coal,

tin and petroleum, oil and gas liquefaction.

Also, agricultural and agro based businesses exist in the city some of which are logging and

timber processing, tobacco processing and cigarette making, plastic molding and the

6
manufacture of rubber based products like tyres, bands and tube and glass making. Imports are

mainly automobiles, electronics, textiles and processed food.

Sometimes rice, millet and meat and other agricultural produce are imported as well. Then

numerous small scale enterprises like consumer retailing, artisanship and transportation

businesses also thrive in the city. Various government organs such as the Nigerian Ports

Authority, NNPC and the customs play various regulatory roles in the local economy. The

main industrial area of the city is Trans Amadi. Residential areas include Port Harcourt

Township known locally as "Town", G.R.A phases 1-5, Abuloma, Amadi-ama, Amadi Flats,

and Borokiri.

7
Fig 1. Study Area Map.

8
 CHAPTER TWO

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK/THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK.

2.1.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GIS

The Concept Geographical Information System and its synonym (GIS) were used in North

America, it’s frequently applied to geographically oriented computer technology, integrated

systems used in substantive applications and, more recently, a new discipline which is

generating massive interest worldwide (D J Maguire, 1999). The history of GIS is in many

(but not all) ways the history of using digital computers to handle and analyse mapped data.

Early computers were literally ‘numbers crunchers’, not handlers of the complex forms of

information found on maps, and were designed to perform a task the manipulation of numbers

that had no obvious applications in the world of map production and use. Thus it was many

years after the development and deployment of the first electronic computers that used the

new technology for handling maps began to emerge. It is now generally accepted that the

British colossus computer of the early 1940s, used to break the German Enigma codes, was

probably the first electronic computer, although an electro-mechanical one had operated in

Harvard a few years earlier. By the 1950s (Rhind 1998), Swedish meteorologists were

producing weather maps with the aid of computers.

Shortly afterwards, Terry Coppock was geographically analysing agricultural data by

computer. At the end of the 1950s, he analysed about a half a million records from the

agricultural census using an early computer in London university. The programmes

summarised the data records and classified them ready for mapping by hand. Though the

potential value of the computer mapping was clearly appreciated at the time, the limitations

9
of machine performance and output devices rendered such automation impossible. ( Coppock

1962), His work may be the earliest substantive ‘GIS-Based Research’.

2.1.2 DEFINITION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS).

According To (Michael, 2007) : Geographic Information System (GIS) it’s a computer system

that records, stores and analyses information about the earth’s surface. A GIS can generate two

or three dimensional images of an area, showing such natural features as hills and rivers with

artificial features such as roads, power lines and buildings. Scientists use GIS images as

models, making precise measurements, gathering data, and testing ideas with the help of the

computer.

Beyond a basic map, a Geographic Information System (GIS) is a sophisticated computer

system. It enables you to store, examine, and visualize data related to specific locations, it's

like a digital filing cabinet for geographic data.

National Geographic Society (2012) affirms that a geographic Information System (GIS) is a

computer system for capturing, storing, checking and displaying data related to positions on

Earth surface. GIS can show many different kinds of data on one map. This enables people to

analyse, and understand patterns and relationships.

Geographic Information System (GIS) can use any information that includes location. The

Location can also be expressed in different ways, such as latitude and longitude, address, or

ZIP code. Different types of information can be compared and contrasted using GIS. The

system can include data about people, such as population, income, or education level. It can

include information about the land, such as the location of streams, different kinds of

vegetation, spatial distribution of facilities. It can also include information about the sites of

Departmental Malls, schools, farms or storm drains,roads,and electric power lines (National

Geographic Society 2012).

10
With Geographic’s Information System (GIS) technology, people can compare the locations

of different things in order to discover how they relate to each other. ( National Geographic

Society, 2012).

2.1.3 COMPONENTS AND THE FUNCTIONS OF GIS

There are numerous Components of Geographic Information System, which include the

following: PEOPLE: GIS technology is of limited value without the people who manage the

system and develop plans for applying it to real world problems. GIS users range from

technical specialists who design and maintain the system to those who use it to help them

perform their everyday work. SOFTWARE: GIS software provides the functions and tools

needed to store, analyze, and display geographic information. Key software components are:

1. Tools for the input and manipulation of geographic information,

2. A database management system (DBMS) ,

3. Tools that support geographic query, analysis, and visualisation and,

4. Graphical User Interface ( GUI).

HARDWARE: Hardware is the computer on which a GIS operates. Today, GIS software runs

on a wide range of hardware types, from centralised computer servers to desktop computers

used in stand-alone or networked configurations.

DATA : Possibly the most important component of a GIS is the data. Geographic data and

related tabular data can be collected in-house or purchased from a commercial data provider.

A GIS will integrate spatial data with other data resources and can even use a DBMS, used by

most organisations to organise and maintain their data, to manage spatial data.

METHODS: A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed plan and business rules,

which are the models and operating practices unique to each organisation.

11
2.1.4 CAPABILITY OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS).

Geographic References: Geographic information contains either an explicit geographic

reference such as a latitude and longitude or national grid coordinate, or an implicit reference

such as an address, postal code, census tract name, forest stand identifier, or road name. An

automated process called geocoding is used to create explicit geographic references (multiple

locations) from implicit references (descriptions such as addresses). These geographic

references allow you to locate features such as a business or forest stand and events such as an

earthquake on the Earth's surface for analysis.

SPATIAL DATA

There are basically two methods of presenting spatial data models. They are:

● Raster data model and Vector data model.

VECTOR DATA MODEL.

In the vector model, information about points, lines, and polygons is encoded and stored as a

collection of x,y coordinates. The location of a point feature, such as a bore hole, can be

described by a single x,y coordinate. Linear features, such as roads and rivers, can be stored as

a collection of point coordinates. Polygonal features, such as sales territories and river

catchments, can be stored as a closed loop of coordinates.

The three basic symbols of types of vector data are Points, Lines and Polygons (areas). In GIS

the conversion from analogue (paper map) to digital maps is a process called digitising. It is

usually carried out using the vector data structure. (Borough 1986).

The vector model is extremely useful for describing discrete features, but less useful for

describing continuously varying features such as soil type or accessibility costs for hospitals.

RASTER DATA MODEL

The raster data model is a widely used method of storing geographic data. The model most

commonly takes the form of a grid-like structure that holds values at regularly spaced intervals

12
over the extent of the raster. The raster model has evolved to model such continuous features.

A raster image comprises a collection of grid cells rather like a scanned map or picture. Both

the vector and raster models for storing geographic data have unique advantages and

disadvantages. Modern GISs are able to handle both models.

2.1.5 GLOBAL APPLICATION OF GIS

At the nexus of information science and earth science emerged the Geographic Information

System. Its creation involves a number of academic fields, including geography, cartography,

computer sciences, remote sensing, urban and Regional Planning and others, that dealt with

the gathering, storing, and analysis of spatial data for a variety of applications.

GIS was first developed in the early 1960s and experienced extraordinary growth and

development. Since the 1990s, it has developed into a sizable industry and been progressively

incorporated into the socioeconomic mainstream. Government, business, and academic

institutions all over the world have come to benefit from GIS's adaptability. Today, the

majority of developed nations have geographical information that is standardised for their

unique needs. Around the world, GIS has taken the place of numerous conventional

information management and decision-making technologies. In a variety of areas, including

resource management and the environment, agricultural product evaluation, the oversight and

management of natural disasters, design and management of traffic and communication

network systems, urban governance, economic decision-making, and trade (both locally and

internationally), it has greatly benefited the economy and society.

2.1.6 GIS APPLICATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRY LIBERIA.

A landmark project implemented by the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS)

in Liberia in 1996 addressed critical shortcomings in data accessibility for humanitarian relief

and reconstruction efforts. Previously, aid organisations in Monrovia relied on manually

drafted maps, necessitating frequent and time-consuming updates. This approach hindered

13
effective spatial analysis, impeding the ability to assess the impact of various factors – such as

infrastructure and resource distribution – on reconstruction outcomes across different

locations. The introduction of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology by UNOPS

marked a significant step forward, providing a robust platform for data management and spatial

analysis to optimise relief and reconstruction efforts in Liberia.

Capitalising on the Africa Data Sampler (ADS), a digital resource developed by PADCO for

the World Resources Institute, the project established a robust, networked GIS with three

workstations within a month. This system leveraged baseline data from ADS, enabling the

rapid creation of new thematic layers. For example, data on displaced persons in relief camps

could be spatially linked to relevant geographic features within the ADS. Concurrently,

Liberian UN personnel received comprehensive training in core GIS operations, encompassing

data entry, editing, spatial analysis, and map production.

The UNOPS GIS system swiftly emerged as the central information repository for the Liberian

humanitarian community. Recognizing its value, UN agencies and NGOs actively contributed

their own data to the GIS, facilitating the generation of customised information to address their

specific programmatic needs. By the conclusion of the second month, over 35 agencies had

received more than 250 tailored maps, segmented by sector and area of operation.

2.1.7 GIS APPLICATION IN DEVELOPED COUNTRY.

Rise of GIS and its Global Applications in Developed Country:

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

● 1970s: Growing environmental concerns and resource management demands led to

the rise of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in developed nations like the United

States Of America. This included land-use planning, resource management, and

economic decision-making. By 1993, the US alone had over 1,000 operational GIS

systems.

14
 ● Global Adoption: Developed countries like Norway, France, Germany, and Australia

actively adopted GIS for various purposes, including land management, resource

analysis, and even crime rate analysis.

Pioneering GIS project in Liberia (1996):

● Challenge: Prior to GIS, humanitarian aid organizations in Liberia relied on outdated,

hand drawn maps for planning relief and reconstruction projects. This limited spatial

analysis and effective resource allocation.

● Solution: The UN Office for Project Services (UNOPS) implemented a GIS project

in 1996. They leveraged the Africa Data Sampler (ADS) database to establish a

networked system with workstations. This enabled them to:

○ Create a baseline dataset.

○ Integrate additional data from local sources, like displaced persons in camps.

○ Train Liberian UN staff in GIS operations (data entry, editing, analysis, and map

production).

● Success: UNOPS GIS rapidly became the central information hub for the Liberian

humanitarian community. UN agencies and NGOs actively contributed their data and

received customised maps fulfilling their specific needs. Within two months, over 35

agencies received more than 250 maps produced by the project.

2.1.8 DIFFERENT AREAS OF GIS APPLICATION.

GIS is now extensively used in government, business and research for a wide range of

applications including environmental resources analysis, location proximity, quality of public

facilities and infrastructure planning.

There are numerous ways in which this technology can be used, the most common ones are

(Environmental System research Institute (ESRI) 2012):

1. Urban and Regional Planning

15
 2. An Impact Assessment of the Environment

3. Planning of locations and asset management

4. Resource Management

5. Studies of the demographics of an area and its population

2.1.9 PUBLIC FACILITY

Public facilities refer to essential amenities provided by the government or institution/person

for the benefit of the general public such as schools, healthcare facilities, transportation

systems, parks and public utilities ( Wikipedia ).

Public facilities are the foundation of a thriving and healthy community. They support social

interaction, deliver necessary services, and raise living standards.

Key Elements of Public Facility:

1. Inclusivity And Accessibility : They are essential in making sure that public spaces

are planned and run to meet the requirements of all users, including those from a variety

of ethnic backgrounds and those with disabilities. Public spaces can be made more

inclusive and accessible with the use of technologies like universal design principles,

multilingual interfaces for assistive devices, and assistive equipment.

2. Sustainability And Environmental : It emphasises how crucial it is to plan and run

public buildings in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner. Technologies that reduce the

environmental effect of public buildings and support long-term sustainability include

renewable energy systems, green construction materials, and waste management

solutions.

2.1.10 TYPES OF PUBLIC FACILITY

● HOSPITALS: Hospitals are health care facilities that provide treatment for patients

with specialised medical and nursing staff and medical equipment. The well known

16
 type of hospital is the general hospital, which typically has an emergency department

to treat urgent health issues from fire and accident victims to a heart attack etc. . A

district hospital typically is the major health care facility in its region, with large

numbers of beds for intensive care and additional beds for patients who need long-term

care. Specialised hospitals include trauma centers, rehabilitation hospitals, children's

hospitals, seniors' (geriatric) hospitals, and hospitals for dealing with specific medical

needs such as psychiatric treatment and certain disease categories.

● ROADS: This can be seen as a wide way leading from one place to another, one with

a specially prepared surface that vehicles can use. It can also be described as a long

narrow stretch with a smoothed or paved surface, made for travelling by motor vehicle,

carriage etc., between two or more points, streets or highways ( Wikipedia, 2017)

● DEPARTMENTAL MALLS: These are large retail centers that house multiple

departments selling a wide range of products and services such as

clothing,electronics,beauty,home goods, groceries, and more. These malls are usually

operated by a single company and have a centralised management system that oversees

the operations of individual departments and maintains a consistent brand image

throughout the mall.

Departmental malls often offer convenience to customers by providing parking,

restaurants, and entertainment . They are popular shopping destinations for families

and individuals seeking a diverse and comprehensive shopping experience. Example

of Departmental malls in port Harcourt city are : The Port Harcourt Malls (SPAR),

Shoprite, HyperCity, Next Cash and Carry and Market square etc.

2.1.11 GIS-BASED ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC FACILITY INVOLVES SEVERAL

KEY COMPONENTS:

17
Data Collection: GIS technology makes it possible to gather spatial data about public facilities,

such as their location, size, capacity, state, and use. Existing databases, remote sensing, and

field surveys can all be used to collect this data.

1. Spatial Analysis: Data from public facilities can be spatially analysed using GIS to

find trends, patterns, and connections. Comprehending public facility distribution and

accessibility can be aided by employing spatial analysis techniques including density

mapping, spatial interpolation, and proximity analysis.

2. Performance Evaluation: By contrasting the actual delivery of services with

predetermined benchmarks or criteria, GIS makes it easier to assess the performance

of public facilities. This makes it possible to find inefficiencies and potential

improvement areas.

3. Decision Supports: Policymakers can use GIS decision support technologies to help

them make well-informed decisions about the management, design, and planning of

public facilities. Decision-makers can examine the possible impact of their decisions

and evaluate various scenarios by visualizing geographical data using dashboards,

charts, and maps.

2.1.11 APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) IN

ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC FACILITY.

GIS (Geographic Information System) is an effective tool for Appraising/Assessing Public

Assets in a variety of ways. Here is how GIS helps in this process:

2.1.12 LOCATION ANALYSIS.

Location Analysis as a tool in GIS is used in determining the best Sites/Location for new public

departmental stores by considering variables such as population density, distance from

residential areas, and ease of access to public transportation.

18
It examines the current malls' geographical dispersion to find underserved areas and possible

locations for mall consolidation.

2.1.13 USING LOCATION ANALYSIS IN DETERMINING THE BEST SITE FOR

NEW MALLS.

● Spatial Analysis Techniques: GIS enables us to conduct advanced spatial analysis to

determine the most appropriate places. Overlay analysis utilises many data layers to

reveal regions with a high population density, strong public transportation access, and

suitable land availability. Proximity study goes deeper, evaluating the proximity to

existing malls, schools, hospitals, and other amenities. This reduces mall saturation and

ensures that the departmental mall meets everyday demands within a specific

catchment region.

Network Analysis: Uses GIS to examine journey times and accessibility from various

residential areas via public transportation routes and road networks. Prioritising places with

reduced travel times for residents means a more convenient shopping experience.

Route Optimization: Using GIS, delivery routes for department stores may be planned to save

trip times and fuel usage, guaranteeing effective logistics.

● Suitability Modelling: One possible way to improve the selection procedure is to

create a weighted suitability model. According to this concept, several aspects are

given rankings according to their relative relevance. For example, proximity to main

roadways may be less important than high population density.

The program creates a suitability map by integrating these weighted parameters, and the areas

with the highest scores indicate the best places for new department stores.

2.1.14 NETWORK ANALYSIS.

19
According to Trodd,2005: Network analysis enables you to solve problems, such as finding

the most efficient travel route, generating travel directions, finding the closest facility, defining

service areas based on travel time.

Network analysis transcends the simple visualisation of connections. It offers a robust

methodology for tackling real-world transportation challenges, including:

● Optimising Travel Routes: Network analysis empowers us to identify the most

efficient travel paths between locations by analysing travel times and network

connectivity. This facilitates the development of time-saving navigation applications

and route planning tools.

● Locating Nearest Facilities: Network analysis plays a crucial role in pinpointing the

closest desired facilities, such as hospitals or gas stations, within a transportation

network. This ensures timely access to critical resources.

● Defining Service Areas Based on Travel Time: Network analysis allows for the

delineation of service areas reachable within a specific timeframe. This information is

invaluable for optimising delivery services, resource allocation, and emergency

response planning. ( Trodd, 2005)

Network Representation: Unveiling Structure and Flow

Pure Network: This focuses solely on the topological structure of connections, essentially a

map of how nodes (intersections, stations) are interconnected through links (roads, railways).

( Bell & Iida, 1997).

● Flow Network: This expands upon the pure network by incorporating flow

characteristics. Factors such as capacity constraints, travel times, and cost functions

associated with different routes are analysed. Transportation networks exemplify flow

networks, where the movement of people, vehicles, or goods is optimised. ( Bell &

Iida, 1997)

20
The Building Blocks: Nodes and Links

Transportation network analysis typically relies on representing the network as a collection

of nodes and links:

● Nodes: These represent specific points in space and potentially time, such as

intersections or stations within the network.

● Links: These represent the connections or pathways between nodes, often

corresponding to physical infrastructure like roads or railways. Links can be classified

as directed (one-way streets) or undirected (two-way roads).

2.1.15 APPLICATION OF NETWORK ANALYSIS

While finding the shortest route between two points/facilities Network analysis is a common

application in GIS, the power of network analysis extends far beyond this basic function. Here's

a breakdown of key network functionalities within GIS:

1. ROUTING

The most common routing difficulty for GIS users is finding the shortest route. Finding the

fastest route from A to B on a road network is critical for emergency services, corporate trips,

or simply arranging routes for tourists visiting a place. Such procedures require the

construction of an adequate network. Please provide information on connection, one-way

streets, probable turns, and speed limits.

After designing and populating your network model, use the Dijkstra algorithm to compute the

shortest route.

2. RESOURCES ALLOCATION.

21
Resource allocation is a further use of network analysis. The aim is to establish service regions

surrounding a service center. If executed well, this enables an organisation to optimise resource

allocation according to facility capacity.

For example, centres may be schools with a maximum capacity for children, health centres

with a capacity for patients, or warehouses with a capacity for goods. Allocation algorithms

use these centres as destinations then model how people or goods will travel through the

network to get there.

The result is a map that shows the areas served by each service facility e.g. Departmental Mall,

a school or health centre catchment area, or the warehouse’s distribution area.

The algorithms usually work by allocating links in the network to the nearest centre, taking

into account, of course, the attributes such as one way streets, barriers to movement and so on

Applications of such resource allocation operations include siting new schools, revising

catchment areas for hospitals, or modelling the effects of closure of a service site. An

interesting example of the use of the method in an archaeological application is given in the

paper by Zubrow (1990).

3. ISOCHRONES

Similar to how isobars unite points of equal pressure, isochrones are lines that join points of

equal time. This operation can be used to establish cost surfaces or zones for the transportation

of goods and services, or it can be used to find travel to work zones based on the average time

of trip to a centre.

Imagine circles drawn around a central point on a map, with each circle representing a zone

reachable within a certain travel time (e.g., 15 minutes, 30 minutes). The lines connecting these

circles would be the isochrones.

For example, a furniture retailer may define zones A, B and C around the retail outlet. If you

live in Zone A you can have goods delivered free of charge, if you live in Zone B, you will be

22
charged a nominal fee, and if you live in Zone C you will be charged an exorbitant fee, because

they don't want to have to send the delivery vans that far! Alternatively, isochrones could be

used to predict the dispersal of a pollutant through a river network from a point source.

GIS will produce a set of isochrones for a centre based on the time it takes to travel along the

links in a network. As with the previous operations we discussed, all the attributes, speed limits,

capacity and so on, can be incorporated into the operation to obtain realistic results.

This will result in the identification of points on the network links which represent the distance

travelled in the time given. An interpolation technique could then be used to construct a surface

from this set of points and the surface is then reclassified to extract an area that could be

reached in that time. An alternative approach would be to identify those points, perhaps

representing bus stops or train stations that can be reached within a specified time and then

buffer them to show zones within a short walk. This approach was applied by the Pittsburgh

Foundation as part of an Access to-Work Study based on PAT bus routes.

Fig 3. Source: Caselli, Barbara & Carra, Martina & Rossetti, Silvia & Zazzi,

Michele,2022.

The image above is an Isochrones Map, shading the Residential Area with different shades of

color based on its Travel time to the public facilities.

23
2.1.16 SUITABILITY MODELING.

Suitability modelling is a cornerstone technique employed within Geographic Information

Systems (GIS) to assess the favorability of a location for a specific purpose. This method

empowers investors, government and decision-makers with a data-driven approach to identify

optimal spatial solutions across various disciplines.

Core Function:

Suitability modelling guides the decision-making process. Suitability modelling consider

factors like population density (higher density areas indicate greater potential user base), and

availability of public transportation (ensuring accessibility for all residents). Suitability

modelling allows you to integrate these factors and generate a spatial analysis that highlights

the most suitable locations for Public facility, considering their relative importance and spatial

distribution.

The Modeling Process:

1. Factor Identification: The first step involves defining the key factors that influence

the suitability of a location for your specific purpose. example, these factors could be

population density, public transport routes, and even access to green spaces for a more

holistic approach.

2. Spatial Data Acquisition: Each identified factor is then represented as a separate

spatial data layer within the GIS framework. This might involve population density

maps, public transport network lines, and green space polygons.

3. Weight Assignment: Not all factors hold the same level of importance. Suitability

modelling allows you to assign weights to each data layer, reflecting their relative

influence on the overall suitability. For instance, population density might hold a

higher weight than proximity to green spaces in a densely populated urban area.

24
 4. Spatial Overlay and Analysis: The power of GIS lies in its ability to integrate and

analyse these diverse data layers. Using specialised tools, the software overlays the

data layers while considering the assigned weights. Areas with a confluence of

favorable factors (e.g., high population density, and public transport) will receive

higher suitability scores.

5. Suitability Map Generation: The final product is a comprehensive suitability map

that visually highlights the most suitable locations. This map serves as a powerful

decision-making tool, guiding resource allocation and spatial planning efforts.

Benefits of Suitability Modelling:

● Data-Driven Decision-Making: By objectively analysing a combination of relevant

factors, suitability modelling facilitates evidence-based decision-making for spatial

planning and resource allocation.

● Enhanced Visualisation: The resulting suitability maps provide a clear and concise

visual representation of the most promising areas, allowing stakeholders to easily

grasp the spatial distribution of suitability scores.

25
Source: ResearchGate,2024

Fig 4 . Suitability Map for location of amenities in Srinagar City. Areas marked green,

are highly suitable for siting amenities.

26
Source: Research Gate, Suitability Map for locating

Fig 5 . Open Space in India.

27
Source:ResearchGate,2024

Fig 6 . Suitability Map for Fire stations in Sharjah, Dubai.

2.2.0 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

GIS is a comprehensive system designed to capture, store, analyse, and display geographic

information. Imagine a sophisticated map that goes beyond mere locations. It integrates a vast

array of data points, weaving a narrative about the surrounding environment

(NationalGeoagraphicSoceity).

Fotheringham and O'Kelly (1989) developed a theory that concerns the spatial interaction

between two locations, such as residents and public facilities(departmental malls).

28
This theory suggests that the interaction between people and public facilities is influenced by

the distance and accessibility of these facilities. The Spatial Interaction Theory provides a

framework for understanding how the spatial distribution and proximity of public facilities can

impact their usage and effectiveness (Talen 1998).

Spatial Interaction Theory (SIT) posits that the interaction between two locations, such as

residents and public facilities, is influenced by a combination of factors:

● Size: Larger populations or facilities generally generate a greater volume of

interaction.

● Distance: Greater separation between locations typically leads to less interaction due

to increased travel time and effort.

● Attractiveness: Public facilities offering a wider range of services or amenities are

inherently more attractive and draw larger crowds.

● Intervening Opportunities: The presence of alternative facilities closer to residents

can diminish their interaction with a specific facility.

This spatial interaction Theory will help governments/institutions in developing a data-driven

framework for the best location of public facilities by utilising the analytical capabilities of

GIS and the concepts of Spatial Interaction Theory (SIT). Residents benefit from better access,

service delivery, and general well-being because of this framework.

2.3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

A study carried out by Carruthers & Nijkamp (2003) employed GIS and spatial interaction

models in the Netherlands to optimise school placement. They integrated population data,

travel time analysis, and a gravity model to identify areas with high student demand and limited

access. This data-driven approach pinpointed locations for new schools, promoting equitable

access to education throughout the city.

29
Similarly, a study by Wang (2013) investigated library service gaps in Chicago using GIS and

network analysis. By combining demographic data, library locations, and public transportation

networks, the study assessed resident accessibility. The analysis revealed disparities in access,

particularly in low-income neighborhoods. This informed targeted improvements like mobile

library stops, ensuring better service provision for underserved communities.

The study carried out by Carruthers and Nijkamp,2003 in Netherland used Spatial Interaction

models to know the spatial interactions between the Residents and The Proposed Public

facilities to be cited, taking cognizant of the population Size and distance, to ensure the facility

won't be over used or close the residents, why Wang 2013, focused on Residents accessibility

to Library Services in Chicago using Network analysis.

Also Aces & Winkler (2009) explored the link between park access and physical activity

levels. They used GIS and spatial analysis to overlay data on park locations, demographics,

and health outcomes. The analysis revealed a correlation between limited park access and

lower activity levels, particularly in low-income communities. This highlights the importance

of strategically locating parks to promote public health and physical well-being.

Another researcher Alam et. al (2017) demonstrated the use of GIS for disaster preparedness

in Bangladesh. They created a comprehensive database within GIS, encompassing potential

evacuation routes, public shelters, and population distribution in flood-prone areas. This

framework facilitated efficient resource allocation and evacuation planning during disasters,

minimising casualties and property damage.

By leveraging spatial data analysis, this approach promotes accessible, equitable, and efficient

public facilities that ultimately contribute to a higher quality of life for all residents.

2.4.0 EMPIRICAL REVIEW

Carruthers & Nijkamp (2003) present a compelling study that explores the use of Geographic

30
Information Systems (GIS) and spatial interaction models for optimising school location

planning. Their research focuses on the Netherlands and highlights the potential of this data-

driven approach to address accessibility and equity concerns in school placement.

The study employs a multifaceted approach/methodology

● Data Acquisition: Population data, including age distribution and density, is integrated

with the existing school network. Travel time analysis is conducted to assess

accessibility from various residential areas.

● Spatial Interaction Modeling: A gravity model is utilises to estimate the interaction

potential between students and schools based on factors like population size, distance,

and school attractiveness.

● GIS Analysis: By overlaying and analysing these datasets within a GIS framework,

the researchers identify areas with high student demand and limited access to existing

schools.

The Findings reveal pockets of underserved areas where student populations struggle with

longer travel times or lack convenient access to schools. This information aids in pinpointing

optimal locations for new schools, promoting more equitable access to education across the

city.

This study demonstrates the effectiveness of GIS in assessment of public facilities for school

location planning. Here's how it contributes to the broader field of public facility assessment:

Data-Driven Decision Making: The study emphasises the importance of objective data

analysis, replacing intuition with a more robust approach that considers factors like population

demographics, travel times, and existing school distribution.

Improved Accessibility: By identifying underserved areas, the research paves the way for

strategic school placement, ensuring better accessibility for all students regardless of location.

31
Equity in Public Service Provision: The focus on underserved areas fosters a more equitable

distribution of educational resources, promoting social equity within the community.

Community Input: While data-driven, incorporating community needs and preferences through

public participation remains crucial for holistic school planning.

Carruthers & Nijkamp (2003) contribute significantly to the field of GIS-based public facility

assessment. Their work highlights the power of spatial analysis techniques and data-driven

decision-making in optimising school location planning, ultimately promoting greater

accessibility and educational equity within communities..

2.5.0 RESEARCH GAP.

The Research methodology employed by Carruthers & Nijkamp (2003) in their study will be

adopted for this Research , assessing the placement of public facilities, such as Departmental

Malls in port Harcourt. Further research is needed to determine the generalisability of the

approach in a different contexts like Port Harcourt, Nigeria, as such a study has not been

applied or carried out in this region.

32
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN.

The research design employed in this study is Quantitative data, supplemented by qualitative

data where applicable. The Design Approach for this Research is Desktop Approach.

3.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLE SIZE

The population of this study comprises all residents in six out of the twenty-five communities

that make up Port Harcourt Municipality (NPC, 2003). The selected six communities for this

study are Nkpolu-Orowurukwo, Abuloma, Oro-Minike, Ogunabali, Orijie, and Rumuadaolu.

The population of these six communities was projected using the exponential population

formula Pn = Po(1 + r)33, estimating growth from 1999 (112,673) to 2024 (900,254) persons,

with an annual growth rate of 6.5% (NPC, 2019)

To determine the sample size, the total number of households in the six communities ws

accertain to be 150,040, with an average household size of 6 persons. To further calculate the

number of households to be sampled, the Taro Yamane’s formula was applied, using a 10%

level of precision, resulting in a total sample size of 100 households.

To determine the number of Questionnaire that was distributed in each Community, the

proportional allocation was used are shown in table 3.1

The Taro Yamane’s Formula given as:

1N(e)2

Where n = The sample size, N= Population Size, 1= Unit Constant, e= level of significance

(10%), thus the sample size was calculated Below.

n = N/1 + N(e)2

n = 900254/1 / 900254 10/100)2

33
n. = 900254 / 900254 (0.1)2

n = 900254 / 900254 × 0.01

900254/9002.54.

=100

Table 3.1 Population and Sample Size

S/ Sample 1991 2024 Househol % Of No. Of

N Communitie Populatio Projecte d Size (6) Populatio Questioniar

s n d n e

1. Nkpolu 52613 420,377 70,062 47.0 47

orowokwo

2. Abuloma 10454 83,527 13,921 9.0 9

3. Oro - Minike 21377 170,802 28,467 19.0 19

4. Ogunabali 15014 119,961 19,993 13.0 13

5. Orijie 6482 51,791 8,631 6.0 6

6. Rumuadaolu 6733 53,796 8,966 6.0 6

112,673 900,254 150,040 100 100

(Source:NPC (1991) Researcher Computation ( 2024))

3.3 SOURCES OF DATA.

PRIMARY SOURCES OF DATA.

The principal instrument for the collection of primary sources of data for this research includes

information obtained with the use of :

● GPS device through identification,

● rubber sheeting and

● Google Earth Pro..

34
SECONDARY SOURCE OF DATA

The secondary source of data was obtained from:

● Books, journals, magazines, conference papers, newspapers and the internet.

3.4. INSTRUMENTATION/METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION.

● Google Earth is a primary tool for data collection.

Google Earth is used for Identifying Areas of Interest: Google Earth allows you to explore

locations virtually through high-resolution satellite imagery and terrain data. This will help in

identifying potential areas of interest for this research.

● GPS – Ground truthing : GPS is used to record the exact location of data (e.g.

location of departmental Mall,). It helps in pinpoint these locations on a map and potentially

link them with other spatial data in GIS (Geographic Information System) software.

3.5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

The sampling technique used in this research is Purposive sampling technique.

The selected Departmental Malls to be Sampled are:

● ShopRite (Garden City Malls,Aba Road Ph Branches),

● EveryDay Malls ( Elelenwon Street GRA,Omerelu Street,Woji Road And Peter Odili

Road Branches),

● Market Square ( Agip Road & Peter Odili Road Branches)

● Port Harcourt Mall ( Azikiwe Road,beside Government House),

● HyperCity ( Ikoku,EasternBypass, Slaughter And Tombia GRA Branches).

3.6 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES.

SUITABILITY MODELLING.

35
Suitability modelling helps to find the best places for Facility (Departmental malls) by

considering many factors.

Assigning weights to different factors based on their relative importance for a successful

public mall in Port Harcourt (e.g., high weight for population density, moderate weight for

distance to major roads).

1. NETWORK ANALYSIS USING GIS TECHNIQUES .

The presentation and application of network analysis techniques to real world networks will

take place. For example, determining the shortest and most efficient path connecting public

facility locations within the research region.

2. PROXIMITY ANALYSIS.

Analysing the proximity of potential mall locations to various amenities and points of interest

that might influence customer preferences. This could include:

○ Residential areas (high proximity indicates good customer base)

○ Existing shopping centres (analyse competition or potential complementarity) ○

Public transport hubs (improves accessibility.)

3.7 METHOD OF DATA PRESENTATION.

The method of data presentation that will be employed in this research will include:

● Charts, Tabular, Pie Chart and Maps.

36
 CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS AND FINDINGS
4.1 DATA PRESENTATION

Table 4.1 Below Shows the Names of the Various Departmental Malls in Port Harcourt

Municipality and their coordinates Respectively, This Table indicates that Port Harcourt

Municipality has over 11 Department Malls, namely : ShopRite Mall (Garden City Mall) along

Aba Road PH, with coordinates, longitude 7.0219 and latitude 4.8349, Port Harcourt City Mall

( SPAR ) located along Azikiwe Road beside Rivers State Government House Coordinates,

Longitude 7.01335 and Latitude 4.7753, Next Cash and Carry behind Pabod brewery, Trans

Amadi port Harcourt coordinates : Longitude 7.0359 and Latitude 4.8262, Hyper city Mall has

3 branches namely: HyperCity, Eastern Bypass roundabout with coordinates, Longitude 7.0142

and Latitude 4.7935, HyperCity, Tombia Road opposite polo club, Longitude 6.9949 and

Latitude 4.7990, HyperCity, Ikoku Junction Longitude 7.0030 and Latitude 4.8242 and

EveryDay With 4 Malls , namely: GRA Junction By Aba Road Branch, Elelenwon street,GRA

Phase II, Opposite Shell Gate, Aba Road and Peter Odili Road, Coordinates, Longitude :

6.9977, 7.0023, 7.0032, 7.0456 and Latitude : 4.8266, 4.8128, 4.8304, 4.7971 respectively

And BuyPlus Departmental Mall located at Emekuku Street D’Line Port Harcourt beside Fruit

Market with Coordinates, Longitude 7.01663 and Latitude 4.8142

Table 4.1 Department Malls Coordinates And Address.

No DEPARTMENT MALLS LOCATION LONGITUDE (X) LATTITUDE (Y)

ShopRite Mall (Garden City Aba Road, GRA Phase III, ph.
1 7.02197 4.83492
Mall)

2 Port Harcourt Mall 1 Azikiwe Road, ph. 7.01335 4.77539

3 Next Cash & Carry Mall Oginigba, Trans Amadi, ph. 7.03595 4.82627

37
4 Hyper City Mall Eastern Bypass, Ogunabali ph. 7.01427 4.79350

5 Hyper City Mall Tombia Road, opposite polo club. 6.99494 4.79903

6 Hyper City Mall Ikoku junction, Ikwerre Road, ph. 7.00301 4.82422

7 EveryDay Mall GRA Junction, By Aba Road. 6.99771 4.82667

8 EveryDay Mall Elelenwon street, GRA phase II 7.00238 4.81283

9 EveryDay Mall Opposite Shell Gate Aba Road. 7.00325 4.83043

10 EveryDay Mall Peter Odili Road, ph. 7.04564 4.79715

11 BuyPlus Emekuku street, DLine ph. 7.01663 4.81423

(Source: Researcher Field Survey,2024)

Fig. 4.1 Department Malls Distribution Map.

The Map above highlights in red points the various Strategic spatial Locations of Department

Malls across Port Harcourt Municipality.

38
The 97% Of Questioniare Retrieved represents a high degree of success and yield a number

adequate for proper Analysis.

S/No SELECTED No. Of No. Of Percentage Of

NEIGHBORHOOD Questionnaires Questionnaires Questionnaires

Administered. Retrieved. Returned (%)

1. Nkpolu - Orowurukwo 48 47 47.0 %

2. Abuloma 11 10 10.0 %

3. Oro-minike 16 16 16.0 %

4. Ogunabali 14 13 13.0 %

5. Orijie 5 5 5.0 %

6. Rumuadaolu 6 6 6.0 %

Total 100 97 97%

4.1.1 Personal Characteristics of Respondents .

The respondents personal Characteristics Include Variables such as ; Sex,Age Distribution,

Marital status, Length of Stay in Neighborhood, Education, Household Size,

Livelihood/Occupation, Monthly Income, Place Of Work And Knowledge Of GIS.

39
Figure 4.2, Sex Distribution Chart (Source: Researcher Field Survey,2024)

SEX
In figure 4.2 above, It Shows The Sex distribution of Respondents, with 55.7% Male’s and
44.3% Female’s , Indicating a slightly higher proportion of males in the Sample.

Figure 4.3, Marital Status (Source: Researcher Field Survey, 2024)

MARITAL STATUS

Figure 4.3, Shows the Marital status of respondents, the majority is Single – 49.5%, followed

by Married 34.0 % And Widowed 16.5%.

40
Figure 4.4, Age Distribution
( Source: Researcher Field Survey, 2024)

AGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS

In Figure 4.4, The Age Distribution Shows a significant Proportion of respondents 36.1% fall

within the 31 – 40 Age Range, followed by 28.9% in the 41 – 50 Age Range.

This suggest majority of respondents are established professionals.

Figure 4.5, Education Level of Respondents

EDUCATION LEVEL Figure 4.5 shows The Education level of respondents indicating

56.7% have a secondary school Education, while 24.7% have tertiary Education, followed by

primary school 15.5% and No Formal Education 3.1%.

41
HOUSEHOLD SIZE OF RESPONDENTS.

The Household Size Distribution of respondents is presented in figure 4.6, the majority 62.5%

Consist of 2-4 members, followed by 4-6 members 26%, and 6-8 members 11.5% .

Figure 4.6, Household Size Of Respondents.

( Source: Researcher Field Survey, 2024)

OCCUPATION

In figure 4.7 below, Traders make up the largest occupation group at 37.1%, followed by civil

Servant at 20.6%, Technicians 12.4 %, Artisan 18.6% And Student 11.3%..

Figure 4.7, Respondents Occupation/Livelihood.

( Source: Researcher Field Survey, 2024)

42
Figure 4.8, Monthly Income Of Respondents

( Source: Researcher Field Survey, 2024)

MONTHLY INCOME

In figure 4.8, The Monthly Income distribution indicates that 30.9% of respondents fall within

the N31,000 – N50,000 Bracket. A significant portion 23.7% Earn less than N30,000 while

20.6% earn between N71,000- 90,000, the remaining respondents are split between N51,000-

70,000 ( 18.6%) and Above N90,000 (6.2%).

43
Figure 4.9, Respondents place of Work
(Source: Researcher Field Survey,2024)

PLACE OF WORK

In Figure 4.9 above, it shows The majority 67% of respondents work within Port Harcourt

Municipality, while 20.6% Commute Outside Port Harcourt Municipality for Work.

Notably, 17.2% enjoy the flexibility of working from Home, However, 15.2% of Respondents

are currently unemployed.

Figure 4.10, Knowledge Of Respondents On GIS.

( Source: Researcher Field Survey, 2024)

44
KNOWLEDGE OF GIS : In figure 4.10 above, The results indicates a substantial Knowledge

gap in GIS, with only 13.4% of respondents possessing knowledge in this area. Conversely,

86.6% of respondents reported No Knowledge Of GIS, highlighting a potential need for

training or Education On GIS.

Figure 4.11, Respondents Length of Stay( Sour ce: Researcher Field Survey, 2024)

LENGTH OF STAY

In figure 4.11, It Shows a majority (46.4%) of respondents are relatively new to their current

location, having stayed for 1-5 Years. A significant Proportion 33% have established

themselves, staying for 5-10 years, The remaining respondents have longer tenure with 11.3%

Staying 10-15 Years And 9.3 % residing for 15 Years or more .

4.2.0 ACCESSIBILITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF DEPARTMENT MALLS

The Accessibility And Distribution of Department Malls examine the ease of access to

Department Mall, travel methods used, and satisfaction Levels With Mall Distribution.

The findings provide insights into how conveniently Located Department Malls are, how

respondents travel to them, and their overall satisfaction with the current Distribution of malls.

4.2.1 DISTANCE TO THE NEAREST DEPARTMENT MALLS FROM HOME.

In figure 4.12 below, A majority of 45% of respondents live within 2Km of the nearest

department Mall, Indicating a relative easy access, while 24.7% resides less than 1Km away,

45
and The remaining respondents live farther away with 16.2% at 2-5Km and 13.4% beyond

5Km.

Figure 4.12, Distance To The Nearest Department Mall From Home

4.2.2. PRIMARY TRAVEL METHOD TO DEPARTMENT MALLS.

In figure 4:13 below, majority of respondents rely on public Transport to visit to visit

department mall, while 29.9% prefer walking. The remaining respondents 22.7% uses private

vehicles.

46
Figure 4.13, Primary Travel Methods To Department Mall.

( Source: Researcher Field Survey,2024)

4.2.3 SATISFACTION LEVELS WITH DEPARTMENT MALLS DISTRIBUTION

In figure 4.14, The Satisfaction level with Department Malls Distribution are mixed. While

19.6% & 37.1% of respondents Expresses some level of satisfaction, 6.2% & 20.6% express

dissatisfaction, the remaining 16.5% respondents are neutral

47
Figure 4.14, Department Malls Satisfaction Index
( Source: Researcher Field Survey, 2024)

4.3.0. QUALITY OF DEPARTMENT MALLS

Quality of Department Malls, it is respondents perception of Department Malls quality, usage

pattern, challenges encountered, and the significance of proximity to Department Malls when

selecting a residence.

4.3.1 RATING THE QUALITY OF DEPARTMENT MALLS

In figure 4.15 below, The Quality of Department Malls received mixed rating, while 11.3%

and 37.1% of respondents consider them Good and Excellent, 27.8% and 6.2% rate them

poorly. The remaining 17.5% consider them Fair.

48
Figure 4.15, Rating The Quality of Department Malls.
( Source: Researcher Field Survey, 2024)

4.3.2 MOST FREQUENTLY USED DEPARTMENT MALLS BY RESIDENTS.

In figure 4.16 below, the most popular Department Malls among Respondents are Port Harcourt

Mall ( 16.5%) and EveryDay Mall, Peter Odili Road 15.5%. Market Square, Peter Odili Road

14.4%, EveryDay Mall Omerelu street 11.6%, EveryDay Mall, Elelenwon street 11% also

ranked high. Other Notable Malls include – HyperCity Eastern Bypass 9.3%, BuyPlus DLine

7.2%, HyperCity Tombia 7.2% , And HyperCity Ikoku 6.2%.

This distribution Suggest that Everyday Malls and Port Harcourt Mall are preferred Choices,

while HyperCity Malls and BuyPlus Mall have relatively lower usage rates

Figure 4.16, Frequently Used Department by Residents

49
4.3.3 IMPORTANCE OF PROXIMITY TO DEPARTMENT MALLS IN RESIDENCE

SELECTION.

Figure 4.17 below, Shows Proximity to Department Malls plays a significant role in Residence

Selection, with 55.7% of Respondents Considering it very important, And 33% Somewhat

Important. Only 9.3% find it not very Important and 2% not at all Important.

Figure 4.17, Importance of Proximity to Department Mall in Residence Selection

50
4.3.4 CHALLENGES FACED WITH DEPARTMENT MALLS.

In figure 4.18 below, While 49.5% of respondents Report no issues, notable challenges persist.

Overcrowding at SPAR affects 32%, Poor Customer Service bothers 11.5% and Inadequate

Parking Space at Everyday Malls Concerns 7%.

Figure 4.18, Challenges faced with Department Malls

51
 CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS AND IMPLICATION.

5.1 Discussion of Findings

This chapter presents a comprehensive discussion of the findings from the GIS-based

assessment of public facility, specifically focusing on department malls in Port Harcourt

Municipality. The analysis is structured around key themes that emerged from the data,

including knowledge of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), proximity to department

malls, travel modes, consumer satisfaction, and challenges faced by Respondents .

5.1.1 Knowledge of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

5.1.2 Proximity to Department Malls

Proximity to department malls was considered very important by a significant number of

respondents, highlighting the influence of location on residential choices. The data indicated

that 45.4% of respondents lived within 2 km of the nearest department mall, suggesting good

accessibility for a portion of the population. However, the remaining respondents who lived

farther away underscore the need for strategic planning in the location of future department

malls to ensure equitable distribution and accessibility for all residents.

52
Figure 5.1

( Source: Researcher Field Survey, 2024)

Figure 5.1, Shows The 2 KM buffer Zone Surrounding the Various Department Malls in Port

Harcourt Municipality. The proximity Highlights serving population/ Neighborhood,

transportation route and other relevant pointes of interest within a 2 Km radius.

5.1.3 Travel Mode Preferences

Public transport emerged as the most commonly used mode of transportation to department

malls, with 47.4% of respondents primarily relying on it. Notably, walking was identified as

the second most preferred travel mode, with 29.9% of respondents indicating they walked to

the malls. This highlights the importance of maintaining and creating functional pedestrian

routes, Crossing and walkways that facilitate safe and convenient access to department malls,

making walking a viable and safe option for Residents.

53
 5.1.4 Consumer Satisfaction and Challenges

Respondents reported various challenges when visiting department malls, with inadequate

parking spaces being a significant concern. Many Respondents have expressed frustration over

the lack of sufficient parking, which often leads to overcrowding and difficulty in accessing

the malls. This issue not only affects the shopping experience but also discourages potential

customers from visiting. Additionally, other challenges included overcrowding and Poor

customer service at SPAR ( Port Harcourt Mall ), which further impact overall satisfaction.

Addressing these operational inefficiencies is crucial for mall management to enhance the

consumer experience and encourage repeat visits.

Plates 5.1 EveryDay Mall, Elelenwon Street, showing Insufficient Parking Lots.

(Source: Google, 2024)

Figure 5.2 captures the congested parking situation at Everyday Malls And On Street Parking,

highlighting the insufficient parking Lots for Shoppers / Residents .

The survey results revealed a significant knowledge gap in GIS, with only 13.4% of

respondents demonstrating familiarity with this critical tool ( GIS ). This finding is concerning,

given the increasing reliance on GIS for effective urban planning and management of public

54
facilities. The limited understanding of GIS among the population suggests an urgent need for

targeted training programs.

Educational institutions and local governments should collaborate to develop initiatives aimed

at enhancing GIS literacy, which is essential for informed decision-making in urban

development.

5.2 IMPLICATION OF FINDINGS

The findings of this study have several implications for urban planning and facility

management in Port Harcourt Municipality:

1. GIS Education and Awareness : The Implication of the Research Finding is that There

is a pressing need for increased investment in GIS education and awareness programs.

Enhancing the understanding and utilization of spatial data can empower residents and

stakeholders to engage more effectively in urban planning processes. This can lead to

more informed decision-making and better alignment of public facilities with

community needs.

2. Strategic Planning for Facility Distribution : Stakeholders ,Policy Makers, Urban

Planners and Investors should conduct comprehensive studies to identify underserved

areas and strategically locate new department malls to ensure equitable access for all

residents. This includes considering factors such as population density, accessibility,

and existing infrastructure.

55
3. Enhance Pedestrian Infrastructure : Given the significant number of respondents

who prefer walking, it is essential to invest in the creation of functional pedestrian

routes and walkways overhead bridge. This will not only improve accessibility to

department malls but also promote healthier lifestyles and reduce reliance on vehicular

transport.

4. Improve Public Transportation Infrastructure: Invest in the development and

enhancement of public transportation systems to facilitate easier access to department

malls. This could involve increasing the frequency of services, expanding routes, and

improving the overall reliability of public transport.

5. Address Customer Experience Challenges: Mall management should prioritize

improving customer service and addressing operational challenges such as inadequate

parking at EveryDay Malls and Implementing customer feedback systems can help

identify specific areas for improvement, leading to enhanced consumer satisfaction

6. Regular Assessments and Feedback Mechanisms: Establish regular assessments of

public facilities and consumer satisfaction levels. This can help identify emerging

issues and trends, allowing for timely interventions and continuous improvement in

service delivery.

56
57
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1 CONCLUSION.

This research emphasizes the importance of improving GIS education, strategic planning, and

infrastructure to enhance the accessibility and quality of department malls in Port Harcourt

Municipality. The findings show that proximity to malls strongly influences residential

choices, yet equitable access remains limited, necessitating better mall distribution planning.

Additionally, addressing challenges such as overcrowding, inadequate parking, and poor

customer service is essential for improving consumer satisfaction.

Collaborative efforts between local governments, educational institutions, and urban planners

are crucial to promote GIS literacy, improve public and pedestrian infrastructure, and ensure

sustainable urban development.

6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Enhancement of GIS Education and Awareness: It is crucial to invest in GIS

education and awareness programs aimed at increasing the understanding and

utilization of spatial data among residents and stakeholders. Educational institutions

and local governments should collaborate to develop initiatives that promote GIS

literacy, empowering the community to engage effectively in urban planning processes

2. Improvement of Pedestrian Infrastructure: Given the significant preference for

walking among respondents, it is essential to invest in the development of functional

pedestrian routes and walkways. Enhancing pedestrian infrastructure will not only

improve accessibility to department malls but also promote healthier lifestyles and

reduce reliance on vehicular transport. This investment will contribute to a more

sustainable urban environment.

58
3. Conduct Comprehensive Needs Assessments: Perform detailed studies to identify

underserved areas based on population density and accessibility to public facilities.

Utilize demographic data to determine the threshold population required for various

public facilities.

4. Enhance Facility Standards: Establish and enforce quality standards for public

facilities to ensure they meet the needs of residents effectively. Regularly review and

update these standards based on community feedback and changing needs

5. Comprehensive Data Gathering: Gather detailed information on the locations, types,

and service areas of public facilities through methods such as surveys, satellite imagery,

and existing municipal records.

This data collection will enable informed decision-making and resource allocation,

ensuring that public facilities are effectively distributed to meet the needs of the

community.

6. Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation: Establishing a framework for the

continuous monitoring and evaluation of public facilities and urban planning initiatives

is vital. This will ensure that the needs of the community are consistently met and that

any emerging challenges are promptly addressed

59
 REFERENCE.

Aces, S., & Winkler, R. (2009). Does neighbourhood green space influence children's

physical activity levels? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31(4), 305-317.

Ihttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7988598/

Ajie, U. E., & Igbokwe, E. (2023). Implementation of intelligent transport system for

Health Care Delivery in PortHarcourt, Rivers State. Tropical Built Environment Journal, 9(3)

5. Borrough, P.A. (1986). Principles of distance, area and shape in the spatial analysis of

vector data in geographic information systems. In International Journal of Geographical

Alam, S. S., Rahman, M. M., & Haque, M. N. (2017). Geospatial framework for natural

disaster preparedness: A case study from Bangladesh. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-

Information, 6(9), 232. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1939

Ali, E. (2020). Geographic information system (GIS): definition, development,

applications & components. Department of Geography, Ananda Chandra College. India.

Bells, J. & Lida, D. (1997). Network Analysis. In Encyclopaedia of Information

Systems. Academic Press.

Carruthers, R., & Nijkamp, P. (2003). Operationalizing accessibility for school location

planning. Papers in Regional Science, 82(4), 515-533. https://www.mdpi.com/2220-

9964/11/1/12

60
 Chakraborty, J., & Paul, B. (2017). Application of GIS in Retail Location Planning: A

Review. International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science and Applications,

6(6), 30-34.

Coppock, D. L. (1962). Agricultural Census using early Computers in London

University. University of London, London, England.

Du, M., Cheng, L., Li, X., & Yang, J. (2020). Factors affecting the travel mode choice

of the urban elderly in healthcare activity: comparison between core area and suburban area.

Sustainable cities and society, 52, 101868.

ESRI. (2012). Areas of GIS applications. Retrieved from https://www.esri.com/en-

us/whatis-gis/gis-applications

Fotheringham, A. S., & O'Kelly, M. E. (1989). Spatial interaction models: Forms and

functions. Cambridge University Press.

Hillier, A., Lea, M., & Hanson, J. (2007). Retail Geography. John Wiley & Sons.

https://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=0896ea81f7274518bc529

9b291770 e7d&find=-87.637349,41.772998

Kumar, P. (1995). Definition and Development of GIS.

Liu, Y., & Liu, X. (2019). How Does Shopping Experience Influence Customer

Loyalty in Shopping Malls? Sustainability, 11(12), 3391.

Longley, P. A., Goodchild, M. F., Maguire, D. J., & Rhind, D. W. (2015). Geographic

information systems & science (Vol. 3). John Wiley & Sons.

Maguire, D. J. (1991). An overview and definition of GIS. Geographical information

systems: Principles and applications, 1(1), 9-20.

61
 Michael, N. (2007). Geographic Information System (GIS). In The SAGE

Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. SAGE Publications, Inc.

Mitchel, A. (2005). The ESRI Guide to GIS analysis, Volume 2: Spartial measurements

and statistics. ESRI Guide to GIS analysis, 2.

National Geographic Society. (2012). GIS. Retrieved from

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/geographic-information-system-gis/ 21.

National Geographic Society. (2021). The meaning of GIS.

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/geographic-information-system-

gis/nformation Science, 1(2), 153-174. DOI: 10.1080/02693798608907076.

Rhind, D. W. (1998). GIS and the British Computer Society. In P. Longley, M. F.

Goodchild, D. J. Maguire, & D. W. Rhind (Eds.), Geographical information systems:

principles and applications (Vol. 1, pp. 405-416). John Wiley & Sons.

Sharma, S., Singh, A., & Kumar, A. (2012). GIS Based Retail Site Suitability Analysis

Using Fuzzy Logic. International Journal of Computer Science and Information

Technologies, 3(2), 3032-3037.

Talen, E. (1998). The social equity of urban service distribution: An exploration of park

access in Pueblo, Colorado. Urban Geography, 19(4), 354-373.

Wang, H. (2013). GIS-based service area analysis of public libraries in Chicago.

Library Hi Tech, 31(1), 78-93.

Wang, L., & Chen, L. (2018). The impact of new transportation modes on population

distribution in Jing-Jin-Ji region of China. Scientific data, 5(1), 1-15.

Wikipedia contributors. (2017). Road. In Wikipedia,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road

62
 Wikipedia. (2021). Public facility. In Wikipedia. Retrieved March 15, 2021, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_facility

Zubrov, V. P. (1990). Resource allocation in project management. International Journal

of Project Management, 8(3), 163-169. doi: 10.1016/0263-7863(90)90012-B.

APPENDIX

63