BUSINESS COMMUNICATION:

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The word “communication” derived from the Latin word ‘communicare’ that means to impart, to
participate, to share or to make common. It is a process of exchange of facts, ideas, opinions and as a
means that individual or organization share meaning and understanding with one another. In other
words, it is a transmission and interacting the facts, ideas, opinion, feeling and attitudes.
It is the ability of mankind to communicate across barriers and beyond boundaries that has ushered
the progress of mankind. It is the ability of fostering speedy and effective communication around the
world that has shrunk the world and made ‘globalization’ a reality. Communication had a vital role to
play in ensuring that people belonging to a particular country or a culture or linguistic group interact
with and relate to people belonging to other countries or culture or linguistic group. Communication
adds meaning to human life. It helps to build relationship and fosters love and understanding. It
enriches our knowledge of the universe and makes living worthwhile.

1.2 ROLE OF COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS

The term business communication is used for all messages that we send and receive for official purpose
like running a business, managing an organization, conducting the formal affairs of a voluntary
organization and so on. Business communication is marked by formality as against personal and social
communication.
The success of any business to a large extent depends on efficient and effective communication. It
takes place among business entities, in market and market places, within organizations and between
various group of employees, owners and employees, buyers and sellers, service providers and
customers, sales persons and prospects and also between people within the organization and the press
persons. All such communication impacts business. Done with care, such communication can promote
business interests. Otherwise, it will portray the organization in poor light and may adversely affect
the business interest.
Communication is the life blood of any organization and its main purpose is to effect change to
influence action. In any organization the main problem is of maintaining effective communication
process. The management problem generally results in poor communication. Serious mistakes are
made because orders are misunderstood. The basic problem in communication is that the meaning
which is actually understood may not be what the other intended to send. It must be realised that the
speaker and the listener are two separate individuals having their own limitations and number of
things may happen to distort the message that pass between them.
When people within the organization communicate with each other, it is internal communication.
They do so to work as a team and realise the common goals. It could be official or unofficial. Modes
of internal communication include face-to-face and written communication. Memos, reports, office
order, circular, fax, video conferencing, meeting etc. are the examples of internal communication.
When people in the organization communicate with anyone outside the organization it is called
external communication. These people may be clients or customers, dealers or distributors, media,
government, general public etc. are the examples of external communication.
 • Communication is the life blood of the business. No business can develop in the absence of
effective communication system.
• Communication is the mortar that holds an organization together, whatever its business or its
size.
• When people within the organization communicate with each other, it is internal communi-
cation and when people in the organization communicate with anyone outside the organization
it is called external communication.
• Ability to work well in teams, to manage your subordinates and your relationship with seniors,
customers and colleagues depends on your communication skill.

Exhibit: 1

1.3 DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication may be defined as interchange of thought or information between two or more
persons to bring about mutual understanding and desired action. It is the information exchange by
words or symbols. It is the exchange of facts, ideas and viewpoints which bring about commonness of
interest, purpose and efforts.
American Management Association defines, ‘Communication is any behaviour that results in an
exchange of meaning’.
Peter Little defines communication as, ‘Communication is the process by which information is
transmitted between individuals and/or organizations so that an understanding response result’.
Newman and Summer Jr. state that, ‘Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or
emotions by two or more persons’.
According to Keith Davis, ‘The process of passing the information and understanding from one
person to another. It is essentially a bridge of meaning between the people. By using the bridge a
person can safely across the river of misunderstanding’.
Louis A. Allen defines, ‘Communication is the sum total of all the things that a person does, when
he wants to create an understanding in the mind of another. It involves a systematic and continuous
process of telling, listening and understanding’.
Therefore, the main purpose of communication is to inform, or to bring around to a certain point
of view or to elicit action.

PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATION
1. For instruction: The instructive function unvarying and importantly deals with the
commanding nature. It is more or less of directive nature. Under this, the communicator
transmits with necessary directives and guidance to the next level, so as to enable them to
accomplish his particular tasks. In this, instructions basically flow from top to the lower level.
2. For integration: It is consolidated function under which integration of activities is
endeavoured. The integration function of communication mainly involves to bring about
inter-relationship among the various functions of the business organization. It helps in the
unification of different management functions.
3. For information: The purposes or function of communication in an organization is to inform
the individual or group about the particular task or company policies and proceduresetc. Top
management informs policies to the lower level through the middle level. In turn, the lower
level informs the top level the reaction through the middle level. Information can flow
vertically, horizontally and diagonally across the organization. Becoming informed or inform
others is the main purpose of communication.
4. For evaluation: Examination of activities to form an idea or judgement of the worth of
task is achieved through communication. Communication is a tool to appraise the individual
 or team, their contribution to the organization. Evaluating one’s own inputs or other’s
outputs or some ideological scheme demands an adequate and effective communication
process.
5. For direction: Communication is necessary to issue directions by the top management or
manager to the lower level. Employee can perform better when he is directed by his senior.
Directing others may be communicated either orally or in writing. An order may be common
order, request order or implied order.
6. For teaching: The importance of personal safety on the job has been greatly recognized. A
complete communication process is required to teach and educate workers about personal
safety on the jobs. This communication helps the workers to avert accidents, risk etc. and
avoid cost, procedures etc.
7. For influencing: A complete communication process is necessary in influencing others or
being influenced. The individual having potential to influence others can easily persuade
others. It implies the provision of feedback which tells the effect of communication.
8. For image building: A business enterprise cannot isolate from the rest of the society. There
is interrelationship and interdependence between the society and an enterprise operating in
the society. Goodwill and confidence are necessarily created among the public. It can be done
by the communication with the different media, which has to project the image of the firm
in the society. Through an effective external communication system, an enterprise
has to inform the society about its goals, activities, progress and social
responsibility.
9. For employees orientation: When a new employee enter into the organization at that time
he or she will be unknown to the organization programs, policies, culture etc.
Communication helps to make people acquainted with the co-employees, superior and with
the policies, objectives, rules and regulations of the organization.
 Fig. 1.1: Purpose of Communication

10. Other: Effective decision-making is possible when required and adequate information is
supplied to the decision-maker. Effective communication helps the process of decision-
making. In general, everyone in the organization has to provide with necessary information
so as to enable to discharge tasks effectively and efficiently.

THE COMMUNICATION SITUATION

The communication situation is said to exist when
• There is a person (sender/transmitter) who wants to pass some information;
• There is another person (receiver) to whom the information is to be passed on;
• The receiver partly or wholly understands the message or information passed on to him;
• The receiver responds to the message or gives feedback.
These four components are essential for communication.

THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS/CYCLE

The transmission of sender’s ideas to the receiver and the receiver’s feedback or reaction to the sender
constitute the communication cycle. The process of communication begins when one person (the
sender) wants to transmit a fact, idea, opinion or other information to someone else (the receiver).
This facts, idea or opinion has meaning to the sender. The next step is translating or converting the
message into a language which reflects the idea. That is the message must be encoded. The encoding
process is influenced by content of the message, the familiarity of sender and receiver and other
situation of factors.
After the message has been encoded, it is transmitted through the appropriate channel or medium.
Common channel in organization includes meetings, reports, memorandums, letters, e-mail, fax and
telephone calls. When the message is received, it is decoded, by the receiver and gives feedback to the
sender as the conformation about the particular message has been carefully understand or not.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
The process of communication involves the following elements:
11. Sender or transmitter: The person who desires to convey the message is known as sender.
Sender initiates the message and changes the behaviour of the receiver.
12. Message: It is a subject matter of any communication. It may involve any fact, idea, opinion
or information. It must exist in the mind of the sender if communication is to take place.
13. Encoding: The communicator of the information organises his idea into series of symbols
(words, signs, etc.) which, he feels will communicate to the intended receiver or receivers.
14. Communication channel: The sender has to select the channel for sending the information.
Communication channel is the media through which the message passes. It is the link that
connects the sender and the receiver.
15. Receiver: The person who receives the message is called receiver or receiver is the person
to whom the particular message is sent by the transmitter. The communication process is
incomplete without the existence of receiver of the message. It is a receiver who receives
and tries to understand the message.
 Sender Message Encoding Channel Receiver

Decoding

Feedback

Brain drain

Fig. 1.2: The Communication Process

16. Decoding: Decoding is the process of interpretation of an encoded message into the
understandable meaning. Decoding helps the receiver to drive meaning from the message.
17. Feedback: Communication is an exchange process. For the exchange to be complete the
information must go back to whom from where it started (or sender), so that he can know
the reaction of the receiver. The reaction or response of the receiver is known as feedback.
18. Brain drain: On whole process there is a possibility of misunderstandings at any level and
is called brain drain. It may arise on sender side if they do not choose the adequate medium
for delivery of message, by using default channel and it may also arise when receiver does
not properly decode the message. In other words, we can say that it is breakdown of cycle at
any level.
FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is divided into external and internal communication. External communications are
those communications which are occurring outside the organization like communication with other
companies, with government, general public etc. Internal communications are those which are inside
the organization. Internal communications are further divided into two parts, formal or official and
informal.
• Formal: Formal communication flows along prescribed channels which all members
desirous of communicating with one another are obliged to follow.
• Informal: Along with the formal channel of communication every organization has an
equally effective channel of communication that is the informal channel often called
grapevine, because it runs in all directions—Horizontal, Vertical, Diagonal. It flows around
water cooler, down hallways, through lunch rooms and wherever people get together in
groups.
Formal Communication
ADVANTAGES
1. It passes through line and authority and consequently ensures the maintenance of authority
as well as accountability of the executives’ in-charge.
2. It helps to develop intimate relations between immediate boss and his subordinates.
3. It keeps uniformity in the dissemination of information.

4. It flows systematically and the information is trustworthy.

5. Source of information is known which creates harmony amongst the employees.

COMMUNICATION

ON THE BASIS OF REGULATION ON THE BASIS OF EXPRESSION

FORMAL INFORMAL
 VERBAL NON VERBAL

VERTICAL SINGLE CHAIN ORAL BODY LANGUAGE

DOWNWARD UPWARD STAR CHAIN WRITTEN PARALANGUAGE

HORIZONTAL CLUSTER SIGNS & SYMBOLS

PROBABILITY
CONSENSUS

Fig. 2.1: Forms of Communications

DISADVANTAGES

1. Increases the workload of various managers as communication is to be transmitted through

them.
2. Widens the communication gap between the executives and employees at the lower level.
3. It is time consuming because it follows the scalar chain of authority. The communication
flows from one authority level to another and it takes too much time.
Downward communication
When the communication flows from higher level to lower level, it is called downward communi-
cation. Order, individual instructions, policy statements, circulars etc. fall under downward communi-
cation.
BENEFITS
1. Helps to explain to subordinates the organizational plans, policies program and procedures,
work methodology etc. necessary information for performing the job.
2. Helps to convey to the subordinates the expectations of management from them.
3. Acts as a mean to control the activities of the subordinates with active feedback.
4. Provides motivation to the subordinates.
PROBLEMS
1. Sometimes the message may be distorted in the transmission from one level to another level.
2. If a particular authority is not present on the time of passing information it may leads to
delay in transmission of the message.
3. Sometimes when the workload is unevenly distributed among the employees it creates over-
load or unload of work which causes dissatisfaction among the employees.
 How to make effective
1. Managers should be adequately informed.
2. Managers should be clear about how much to communicate.
3. Some authority should delegate to lower levels to shorten the line of communication.
4. Information should be passed on to the correct person.
Upward communication
This communication flows the message from subordinates to superiors. It is reverse of the downward
communication or communication flows from lower level to upper level.
BENEFITS
5. Provides feedback to the superiors.
6. Introduction of new schemes without unduly opposition from the employees.
7. Helps in to promote harmony between the management and the employees.
8. Problems and grievances are redressed.
PROBLEMS
1. Employees fear that their criticism may be interpreted as a sign of their personal weakness.
2. Bypassed superiors feel insulted which leads differences between the relationship of the
superiors and employees.
3. Great possibility of message distortion.
Methods/Channels of upward communication
1. Subordinates tell their problem and through discussion find out the solution for a particular
problem with the help of superiors.
2. If employees having any complaint and suggestion about working environment, policy and
procedure, peer group etc., then they write to management without giving identification of
themselves and drop into the box. And the management frequently checks these grip boxes
and find out the solution of problem.
3. It is very effective method of upward communication. Organization celebrates their
anniversary, arrange sports meets for their employees, doing some kind of social welfare
activities like plantation, providing food for flood affected areas etc. are the mode of social
gathering where superiors and subordinates are at the same platform and share their
emotions, feeling and thought more comfortably.
4. It is just opposite to grip box system. Here, identification of employee is not hidden. Any
employee can write directly to the higher level about the problem which he/she had.
5. It emphasizes in the psychological aspect of human being. A superior act as counselor and
he counsels the problem facing employees. Counseling does not mean that treating only
problem facing employees but also for the better prospect or how employees do better in
their workplace.
How to make effective
1. Superior should take initiative to get close to the subordinate staff.
2. Keeping the line of communication short as much as possible.
3. Timely redress the grievances of the employees.
 Horizontal/Lateral communication
This communication flows between persons at the same hierarchy level either of the same or other
department or division of the organization.

Fig. 2.2: Horizontal/Lateral Communication

BENEFITS

9. It develops mutual trust and confidence amongst employees of same level which help in
maintaining or promote understanding between similar position holders of different depart-
ments.
10. If employees at similar position communicate to each other for a given task it will create or
develop the feeling of co-ordination among various departments.
PROBLEMS
1. Sometimes it creates rivalry among employees of various departments.
2. Proximity shows the liking and disliking of an employee who is near by another in respect
of space. Like in any organization HR department and Marketing department are near to
each other then Manufacturing department. So proximity exists between HR and Marketing
department and they favour each other as compared to Manufacturing department.
3. Biasing shows the liking and disliking of an employee due to religion, caste, family back-
ground, personality etc.
Methods of horizontal communication
1. Face-to-face discussion: When individual communicate directly to another. Face-to-face
communication minimises the problem of misinterpretation and quick feedback makes the
communication more effectively.
2. Telephonic conversation: When the employees are busy with their work or they are sited
far from each other then telephonic conversation become more relevant against face to face
conversation. It saves time but sometimes congestion or disturbance and any other obstacles
create delay and distort the message.
 employees on weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually basis where all the members
3. P
are assembled and discuss on pre-determined issues.
e
4. Memorandum: Memorandum is a written form of communication which
r
transmits between different departments in the same organisation. It is also
i
called inter office letter.
o
d Consensus
i When a number of people irrespective of their status, sit down and confer with one
c another to arrive at a decision acceptable to all, it is called consensus. The format of these
a communications is predeter-mined and can not be altered.
l Consensus involves consultation
m
11. Chief executive takes up the problem and analysis it to understand.
e
12. Collect additional facts and information.
e
t 13. Try to find out various means to solve it.
i 14. Find alternatives.
n 15. He contacts the members individually or invites them to a meeting.
g 16. Problem is spelled out to the members.
: 17. To carefully listen all members view.
P 18. Arrived at solution.
e ADVANTAGES
r 1. Decisions are taken after consultation among various members; they find it easy
i to accept them.
o 2. It promotes harmony among the members of the group. If any conflict and split
d exits between members it will be carefully find out and try to solve it.
i
DISADVANTAGES
c
1. Member is forced to subscribe to a view he doesn’t hold.
a
l 2. Sometimes it may project the false image of management because members
think that management may not be able to handle their problem efficiently.
m
e 2.1.2 Grapevine/Informal Communication
e Factor responsible for the grapevine phenomenon
t 1. Feeling of certainty or lack of direction when the organization is passing
i through a difficult period.
n 2. Feeling of inadequacy or lack of self confidence on the part of employee,
g leading to the formation of gaps.
m 3. Formation of a clique or favoured group by the managers, giving other
e employees a feeling of insecurity or isolation.
a
nMERITS:
s
m
e
e
t
i
n
g
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
 1. Under grapevine message travel or transmitted faster than any other form of communica-
tion because group formation is based on individual’s own liking and disliking.
2. It supports other channels of communication.
3. Feedbacks are quickly comes out from this type of communication.
4. When an individual communicates with other individual through grapevine it will develop
the cohesiveness and maintain or promote harmony between members of group.
5. By using grapevine communication, employees feel emotional relief. Because they can
communicate with other without the feeling of inadequacy and without threat of higher
authority.
DEMERITS
1. There is a great possibility of distortion of message between members of group.
2. Transmission of message depends upon willingness of sender and what method they used in
grapevine which causes sometimes transmission of incomplete information.
How to make effective
1. The managers should try to spot the leaders. So the harmful rumours do not reach the
employees.
2. Involve the workers in the decision making process.
3. The management should immediately use the official channels to contradict the rumours.
Verbal communication
Verbal communication is when we communicate our message verbally to whoever is receiving the
message. It is of two types oral and written which had their own advantages and disadvantages.
Oral communication: Oral communication is the communication where the message or
information exchanges by spoken words. It can be done by both face to face and also through
mechanical devices. For more details please refer to chapter 5.
Written communication: Written communication is the communication where the message or
information exchanges by written words. Letter, telegraph, fax, e-mail are examples of written
communication. Written communication guarantees that everyone concerned has the same
information. It provides a longlasting record of communication for future. Written instructions are
essential when the action called for is crucial and complex. To be effectual, written communication
should be understandable, brief, truthful and comprehensive. For more detail please refer to chapter
no. 6.
Non-verbal communication
Non-verbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending
and receiving wordless messages. Such messages can be communicated through gesture; body language
or posture; facial expression and eye contact; object communication such as clothing, hair styles or
even architecture; symbols and infographics. Speech may also contain non-verbal elements known as
paralanguage, including voice quality, emotion and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as
rhythm, intonation and stress. Likewise, written texts have non-verbal elements such as handwriting
style, spatial arrangement of words, or the use of emotions. For more details please refer chapter no. 6.

BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Wrong Choice of Medium
Each communication must be transmitted through an appropriate medium. An unsuitable medium
is one of the biggest barriers to communication.
Examples: When communication takes place in big organisation and departments or division are
far from each other. If any manager wants to communicate with others for confidential matter than
they opt written communication as compared to other medium of communication. So, it is required
that medium should be accurate and if wrong or unsuitable medium is selected than it leads to the
biggest barrier to communication.
2. Physical Barriers
• Noise—In factory, oral communication is rendered difficult by the loud noise of machines.
• Electronic noise interferes in communication by telephone or loud speaker system.
• The word noise is also used to refer to all kind of physical interference like illegible hand
writing, bad photo-copies etc.
• Time and distance.
— Congestion in telephone and network facilities.
— People working in different shifts.
— Faulty seating arrangement in a hall.
3. Semantic Barriers
• Interpretation of words
A person interprets same word in a different meaning and this will cause barrier between
the communications. Murphy and Peck in their book ‘Effective Business Communication’
mentioned, the little word ‘run’ has
71 meanings as a verb
35 as noun
4 more as an adjective.
• Bypassed instructions
Bypassing is said to have occurred if the sender and the receiver of the message attribute
different meanings to the same word or use different words for the same meaning.
“Take it to be our stockroom and burn it”
In official language burn it means to make more copies of the same document.
• Denotation & Connotations
Words have two types of meanings denotative and connotative. Denotative—
The literal meaning of a word is called its denotative meaning. It must
inform and names objects without indicating any positive or negative.
Connotative—It allows qualitative judgments and personal reactions.
Like—Honest, cheap, sincere etc.
Ex:—“He gave us cheap material”.
“At this shop, they sell things cheap”.
First one is favourable connotation and second is unfavourable.
To avoid this problem (By passed instruction and connotative meaning of words) the
followings can be used:
❖ Prefer words which are familiar to the receiver.
❖ If words are unfamiliar to the receiver, we should make meanings clear the very first time
we use it.
❖ We should choose words with positive rather than negative connotation.
4. Socio-Psychological Barriers
• Attitude and opinions
The information which agrees with opinion and attribute of the individual is favourable for
that particular individual.
• Emotions
It plays an important role in the act of communication.
If the sender is perplexed, worried, excited, afraid, nervous then he will not be able to
organize his message properly.
• Closed Mind
A person with a closed mind is very difficult to communicate with. We hold our opinion so
rigidly that we just refuse to listen.
• Status-consciousness
We are over-conscious of our lower or higher rank and do not express ourselves candidly.
• The source of information.
We react according to the trust we repose in the source from which the communication
originates.
• Faulty transmission
Most of part in the message is lost in transmission.
(In oral communication, something in the order of 30% of the information is lost in each
transmission.)
 • Poor retention
Oral message in particular are lost due to poor human retention ability.
(Employees retain only about 50%)
Barriers of Communication

Fig. 2.4: Barriers of Communication

PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

It is very difficult to suggest a comprehensive list of vital features of system of communication. It will
depend on the specific needs of the situation. The following guidelines or principles may be followed
to achieve effective communication:
5. Clarity of message: The basic principle in communication is clarity. The message must be
as clear as possible. No vagueness should creep into it. The message can be conveyed
properly only if it is clearly formulated in the mind of the both sender and receiver.
6. Speed: A good system of communication must ensure a speedy transmission of message.
The time taken to transmit a message to its destination and speed of the communication
system should be considered on the basis of the urgency of communicating the message. If
message not delivered at time it create problem for organization.
7. Two-way process: Communication is the two-way process that provides feedback to the
sender from the receiver. Feedback refers to transmission of information concerning the
effect of any act of communication.
8. Reliability: Communication starts on the basis of belief. This atmosphere is built by
performance on the part of the expert. The receiver must have confidence in the sender. He
must have a high regard for the source’s competence on the subject.
 9. Completeness: Every Communication must be complete as adequate. Incomplete messages
create misunderstanding, keep the receiver guessing and delay action.
10. Content: The message must be meaningful for the receiver, and it must be compatible with
his value system. It must have significance for him. In general, people select those items or
information which promises them the greatest rewards. The content determines the response
of the audience.
11. Accuracy: The communication medium should ensure accuracy in the transmission of
messages. Whatever medium chooses by the sender should be accurate for that particular
kind of information which they want to send.
12. Capability: Communication must take into account the capability of the audience.
Communications are most effective when they required the least effort on the part of the
recipients. This includes factors like reading ability and receiver knowledge.
13. Economy: The communication system should be as much economical as possible. But
efficiency of the system should not be sacrificed to achieve economy.
14. Secrecy: The communication system should ensure secrecy and there should be no leakage
of information. It becomes more essential when messages are of confidential nature.

GATEWAYS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Developing and maintaining a system of communication is the key job of any manager. The
characteristics of a good communication system are discussed below:
15. Two-way channel: In communication, two parties are involved, namely, the sender or
transmitter, and the receiver of the message. An effective communication demands two-way
communication. It should be vertical, downward and upward. Therefore, a manager should
thus not only to inform, instruct and order but should also be prepared to listen, understand
and interprets.
16. Clarity of message: Clarity of facts, ideas, opinion in the mind of communicator should
be clear before communicating. According to Koontz and Donnell, “A communication
possesses clarity when it is expressed in a language and transmitted in a way that can be
comprehended by the receiver.”
17. Mutual trust: A communication system may be considered excellent when mutual trust
or understanding exists between sender and the receiver of the message. Existence of healthy
interpersonal relation between the seniors and their subordinates is also an indicator of an
adequate system of communication in any department or organization.
18. Timely message: Considerable attention should be given to the timeliness of
communication. Old information is worse than none at all.
19. Consistency of message: Consistency can be achieved if the communicator keeps in his
mind the objective, policies and program of the enterprise. It should not be conflicting with
the previous communications, otherwise, it would create confusion and anarchy in the
organization.
20. Good relations: The mode of communication should be chosen in such a manner that it does
not hurt the feelings of the receiver. It should create proper understanding in their minds of
the receiver which leads to develop and maintain the good relationship among the receiver
and the sender.
21. Feedback: Feedback provides proper understanding of the message to the receiver. It
helpful in making a two-way communication process. The sender must try to ascertain
whether or not receiver properly understood the message.
22. Flexibility: The communication system should be flexible enough to adjust to the changing
requirements. It should absorb new techniques of communication with little resistance.

SEVEN Cs OF COMMUNICATION
Seven Cs of Written Communication
1. Clarity
Clarity of thought: It comes from a careful consideration of the objective, content and
medium of communication.
Clarity of Expression:
1. Use simple word, easy to understand words:
Avoid them Use them
Compensate Pay
Facilitate Help
Utilise Use
2. Use Single words for long phrases:
Long Phrases Single Words
At all times Always
For the purpose of For
Previous to Before
On account of Because
3. Use verbs for nouns (its brings about simplicity and clarity):
Using Nouns Using Verbs
(Difficult) (Simple)
Come to a conclusion Conclude
Make a decision Decide
Submit a proposal Propose
Take into consideration Consider
4. Avoid double entry
Double entry Simple
Actual fact Fact
End result Result
Period of one week One week
Previous experience Experience
5. Avoid ambiguity: If your message can mean more than one ambiguous. Faulty
punctuation causes the ambiguity.
Go. slow work in progress
Go slow. work in progress
 6. Use short sentences: Use one sentence to express only one idea. If a sentence runs
beyond 30 words, it is better to break it up into two sentences.
2. Completeness
While answering a letter or in communication with other make it sure that you have
answered the all question.
Checking for the five w’s questions.
• Who
• What
• When
• Where
• Why
3. Conciseness
• Include only relevant facts
• Avoid repetition
• Organise your message well.
4. Consideration
• Adopt the you-attitude
We-attitude You-attitude
I want to express my Thank you for
Sincere thanks for your kind words.
The good words…..
• Avoid gender bias
Avoid Use
Chairman Chair person
Policeman Police Sir/Madam
5. Courtesy
In business we must create friendliness with all those to whom we write. Friendliness is
inseparable from courtesy.
• Answer the letters promptly.
• Omit irritating expressions.
(You neglected, you irresponsible, you are unaware).
• Apologise sincerely for an omission/thank enormously for a favour.
6. Correctness
• Give correct facts.
• Send your message at the correct time.
• Send your message in the correct style.
7. Concreteness
• Always use specific fact and figures.
• Message should be definite and vivid.
• Avoid exaggeration.
 Fig. 2.5: 7 Cs of Written Communication

Seven Cs of Oral Communication

According to Francis J. Bergin, a person engaged in oral communication must remember seven Cs. And
these are as follows:
8. Clear: An oral communication become effective when the message is clear for the audience
or receiver as the sender wants to convey. Oral messages are often misunderstood because
the speaker does not talk distinctly. So, for this purpose clear pronunciation is very much
required. To minimize this kind of problem a speaker tries to workout on different, lengthy
and unusual words for clear pronunciation.
9. Concise: Many people enjoy while talking and sometimes oral communication suffers from
the problem of over communication. But when the speaker keeps on talking for long, his/her
message will be distracted. So it will be advisable to speakers to try to keep the message as
brief as possible without changing the real message.
10. Complete: Like written communication in oral communication also, completeness required.
While communicating with other makes it sure that you have paid attention on below
questions. Checking for the five w’s questions.
• Who
• What
• When
• Where
• Why
11. Correct: In oral communication correctness means the source of information or from where
you get information is right or trustworthy source. Because if your source of information is
correct than the others generate faith on the speakers and listen them carefully.
12. Concrete: For making oral communication effectively speakers should use specific fact and
ideas and also avoid exaggerating of any information. They try to choose appropriate words
which are not affecting a particular individual, society, culture or nation.
13. Courtesy: Courtesy involves you-attitude. Use polite words for oral communication. Tries to
avoid irritating expression, sincerely apologies for any mistake, do not use any
 discriminatory expressions which are related to individual people, race, ethics, origin, physical
appearance etc.
14. Candid: When the speaker chooses the candid approaches, its mean that their message
should be straight, open, frank, outspoken. But not hurting particular individual.