INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 15620
Second edition
2019-05
Welding — Friction welding of
metallic materials
Soudage — Soudage par friction des matériaux métalliques
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 15620:2019
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/3439ba89-9b23-40c8-99dd-
43387e3332d5/iso-15620-2019
Reference number
ISO 15620:2019(E)
© ISO 2019
ISO 15620:2019(E)
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 15620:2019
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/3439ba89-9b23-40c8-99dd-
43387e3332d5/iso-15620-2019
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
ISO 15620:2019(E)
Contents Page
Foreword...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vi
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Welding knowledge............................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
4.1 Process............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
4.1.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
4.1.2 Direct drive rotational friction welding........................................................................................................ 4
4.1.3 Stored energy (inertia) friction welding...................................................................................................... 6
4.1.4 Further processes............................................................................................................................................................ 8
4.1.5 Friction welding arrangements............................................................................................................................ 8
4.2 Materials and material combinations.................................................................................................................................. 8
4.3 Friction welding machines............................................................................................................................................................ 9
4.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
4.3.2 Features................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
5 Quality requirements....................................................................................................................................................................................10
5.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
5.2 Pre-welding requirements.......................................................................................................................................................... 10
5.2.1 iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
Condition of raw materials.................................................................................................................................... 10
5.2.2 Preparation of the components to be welded....................................................................................... 11
5.2.3
(standards.iteh.ai)
Component holding..................................................................................................................................................... 11
5.3 Post-welding treatment................................................................................................................................................................. 11
5.4 ISO 15620:2019
Quality assurance............................................................................................................................................................................... 11
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/3439ba89-9b23-40c8-99dd-
6 Welding procedure specification (WPS)....................................................................................................................................12
43387e3332d5/iso-15620-2019
6.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
6.2 Information related to the manufacturer....................................................................................................................... 12
6.3 Information related to the material.................................................................................................................................... 13
6.4 Welding parameters......................................................................................................................................................................... 13
6.5 Joint................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
6.6 Optional devices................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
7 Welding procedure approval.................................................................................................................................................................13
7.1 Principles................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
7.2 Welding procedure tests............................................................................................................................................................... 14
7.2.1 Application.......................................................................................................................................................................... 14
7.2.2 Preliminary welding procedure specification (pWPS)................................................................. 14
7.2.3 Number of test weldments.................................................................................................................................... 14
7.2.4 Specification for test specimens....................................................................................................................... 14
7.2.5 Test procedures.............................................................................................................................................................. 16
7.2.6 Acceptance criteria...................................................................................................................................................... 18
7.3 Welding procedure approval record (WPQR)............................................................................................................ 18
7.4 Previous experience......................................................................................................................................................................... 18
7.5 Circumstances mandating requalification.................................................................................................................... 18
7.6 Machine-specific nature of a WPS........................................................................................................................................ 19
7.7 Requalification procedure requirements....................................................................................................................... 19
8 Welding personnel...........................................................................................................................................................................................19
8.1 Friction welding machine operator.................................................................................................................................... 19
8.2 Friction welding machine setter............................................................................................................................................ 19
8.3 Welding coordination personnel (supervisor).......................................................................................................... 19
Annex A (informative) Relationship of welding parameters.....................................................................................................20
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved iii
ISO 15620:2019(E)
Annex B (informative) Additional processes based on friction..............................................................................................22
Annex C (informative) Material combinations weldable by friction welding..........................................................25
Annex D (informative) Guidelines for quality assurance..............................................................................................................27
Annex E (informative) Examination and test.............................................................................................................................................28
Annex F (informative) Manufacturer's friction welding procedure specification (WPS)............................30
Annex G (informative) Characteristics of friction welded components.........................................................................32
Annex H (informative) Welding procedure approval record form (WPQR) Welding
procedure approval — Test certificate........................................................................................................................................37
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 40
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 15620:2019
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/3439ba89-9b23-40c8-99dd-
43387e3332d5/iso-15620-2019
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
ISO 15620:2019(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.iso
.org/iso/foreword.html. (standards.iteh.ai)
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 44, Welding and allied processes,
Subcommittee SC 10, Quality managementISO in the field of welding.
15620:2019
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/3439ba89-9b23-40c8-99dd-
Any feedback, question or request43387e3332d5/iso-15620-2019
for official interpretation related to any aspect of this document
should be directed to the Secretariat of ISO/TC 44/SC 10 via your national standards body. A complete
listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html. Official interpretations, where they
exist, are available from this page: https://committee.iso.org/sites/tc44/home/interpretation.html.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 15620:2000), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— Clause 2 has been updated;
— in Clause 3, terms not used in the text have been deleted;
— in Annex B of 4 processes based on friction have been added;
— the recommended test to perform on test weld has been clarified (addition of Table 4).
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved v
ISO 15620:2019(E)
Introduction
Friction welding is a method for making welds in the solid phase in which one component is moved
relative to and in pressure contact with the mating component to produce heat at the faying surfaces,
the weld being completed by the application of a force during or after the cessation of relative motion.
There are several forms of supplying energy and various forms of relative movements.
The generation of friction heating results in a comparatively low joining temperature at the interface.
This is largely the reason why friction welding is suitable for materials and material combinations
which are otherwise difficult to weld. The weld region is generally narrow and normally has a refined
microstructure.
While the friction welding process deals primarily with components of circular cross-section it does
not preclude the joining of other component shapes.
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 15620:2019
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/3439ba89-9b23-40c8-99dd-
43387e3332d5/iso-15620-2019
vi © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15620:2019(E)
Welding — Friction welding of metallic materials
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements for the friction welding of components manufactured from metals.
It specifies requirements particular to rotational friction welding related to welding knowledge, quality
requirements, welding procedure specification, welding procedure approval and welding personnel.
This document is appropriate where a contract, an application standard or a regulatory requirement
requires the demonstration of the manufacturer's capability to produce welded constructions
of a specified quality. It has been prepared in a comprehensive manner to be used as a reference in
contracts. The requirements given can be adopted in full or some can be deleted, if not relevant to the
construction concerned.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO and IEC maintain terminological database for use in standardization at the following addresses:
ISO 15620:2019
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/3439ba89-9b23-40c8-99dd-
43387e3332d5/iso-15620-2019
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
axial force
force in axial direction between components to be welded
3.2
burn-off length
loss of length during the friction phase
3.3
burn-off rate
rate of shortening of the components (3.4) during the friction welding process
3.4
component
single item before welding
3.5
component induced braking
reduction in rotational speed (3.18) resulting from friction between the interfaces
3.6
external braking
braking located externally reducing the rotational speed (3.18)
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 1
ISO 15620:2019(E)
3.7
faying surface
surface of one component (3.4) that is to be in contact with a surface of another component (3.4) to
form a joint
3.8
forge force
force applied normal to the faying surfaces (3.7) at the time when relative movement between the
components (3.4) is ceasing or has ceased
3.9
forge burn-off length
amount by which the overall length of the components (3.4) is reduced during the application of the
forge force (3.8)
3.10
forge phase
interval time in the friction welding cycle between the start and finish of application of the forge
force (3.8)
3.11
forge pressure
pressure (force per unit area) on the faying surfaces (3.7) resulting from the axial forge force (3.8)
3.12
forge time iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
time for which the forge force (3.8) is applied to the components (3.4)
3.13
(standards.iteh.ai)
friction force
force applied perpendicularly to the faying surfaces ISO(3.7)
15620:2019
during the time that there is relative movement
between the components (3.4)https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/3439ba89-9b23-40c8-99dd-
43387e3332d5/iso-15620-2019
3.14
friction phase
interval time in the friction welding cycle in which the heat necessary for making a weld is generated
by relative motion and the friction force(s) (3.13) between the components (3.4), i.e. from contact of
components (3.4) to the start of deceleration
3.15
friction pressure
pressure (force per unit area) on the faying surfaces (3.7) resulting from the axial friction force
3.16
friction time
time during which relative movement between the components (3.4) takes place at rotational speed
(3.18) and under application of the friction force(s) (3.13)
3.17
interface
contact area developed between the faying surfaces (3.7) after completion of the welding operation
3.18
rotational speed
number of revolutions per minute of rotating component (3.4)
3.19
stick-out
distance a component (3.4) sticks out from the fixture, or chuck in the direction of the mating
component (3.4)
2 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
ISO 15620:2019(E)
3.20
deceleration phase
interval in the friction welding cycle in which the relative motion of the components (3.4) is
decelerated to zero
3.21
deceleration time
time required by the moving component (3.4) to decelerate from friction speed to zero speed
3.22
total length loss (upset)
loss of length that occurs as a result of friction welding, i.e. the sum of the burn-off length (3.2) and the
forge burn-off length (3.9)
3.23
total weld time
time elapsed between component (3.4) contact and end of forging phase
3.24
welding cycle
succession of operations carried out by the machine to make a weldment and return to the initial
position, excluding component (3.4) - handling operations
3.25
weldment
two or more components joined by welding
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
4 Welding knowledge (standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 15620:2019
4.1 Process https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/3439ba89-9b23-40c8-99dd-
43387e3332d5/iso-15620-2019
4.1.1 General
The classification of friction welding processes is listed in Table 1.
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 3
ISO 15620:2019(E)
Table 1 — Classification of friction welding processes
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 15620:2019
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/3439ba89-9b23-40c8-99dd-
43387e3332d5/iso-15620-2019
4.1.2 Direct drive rotational friction welding
The energy input is provided by direct drive at predetermined rotational speed or speeds (see Figure 1
and Figure 2).
4 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
ISO 15620:2019(E)
Key
1 drive motor
2 brake
3 rotating clamp
4 stationary clamp
5 rotating workpiece
6 stationary workpiece
7 forge cylinder
Figure 1 — Diagram showing direct drive rotational friction welding
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 15620:2019
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/3439ba89-9b23-40c8-99dd-
43387e3332d5/iso-15620-2019
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 5
ISO 15620:2019(E)
Key
1 axial force iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
Burn-off a
length.
2 axial displacement Friction time.b
3 rotational speed
(standards.iteh.ai) c
Deceleration time.
4 friction phase ISOd15620:2019
Forge time.
5 friction force e Forge burn-off length.
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/3439ba89-9b23-40c8-99dd-
6 deceleration phase f
43387e3332d5/iso-15620-2019
Total length loss (upset).
7 forge phase
8 forge force
Figure 2 — Diagram showing typical relationships of characteristics for friction welding at
constant rotational speed (friction welding, process No. 42 in accordance with ISO 4063)
The spindle is either decelerated at a predetermined rate or stopped by external braking or component
induced braking. The main welding parameters are listed below and their relationship is given in
Annex A:
— rotational speed(s);
— predetermined friction force(s);
— friction time or burn-off;
— predetermined forge force(s);
— forge time;
— deceleration time and forge delay.
4.1.3 Stored energy (inertia) friction welding
Energy stored in an inertia mass is used up in the friction welding process by component induced
braking (see Figure 3 and Figure 4).
6 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
ISO 15620:2019(E)
Key
1 drive motor
2 inertia mass, variable
3 rotating clamp
4 stationary clamp
5 rotating workpiece
6 stationary workpiece
7 forge cylinder
Figure 3 — Diagram showing inertia friction welding
iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 15620:2019
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/3439ba89-9b23-40c8-99dd-
43387e3332d5/iso-15620-2019
Key
1 axial force 6 forge phase
2 axial displacement 7 forge force
3 rotational speed a Total length loss (upset).
4 friction phase b Friction time.
5 friction force c Forge time.
Figure 4 — Diagram showing typical relationships of characteristics for inertia friction welding
(friction welding, process No. 42 in accordance with ISO 4063)
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved 7
