EEE 3201 Power System I
Lectures for B.Sc. Students
Semester: L/T - 3/2
Md. Minarul Islam, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
University of Dhaka
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
Syllabus
EEE 3201, POWER SYSTEM I
Topic Contents
Overview of Modern Power Basics on Power Generation, transmission and distribution,
Systems and Basics on Power Phasors, Voltage-Current-Power relationships in single/three-phase systems,
System Analysis (1st (2) ) Complex power, Power Triangle, Direction of power flow.
Representation of Power Single-line diagram, Per-unit system
Systems (2nd (2) )
Modeling Circuit of power Transformer, Generators, loads, Current-voltage relationship on transmission
system components line: Representation of lines, short, medium and long transmission lines.
(3rd -4th (4) ) Power flow through a transmission line.
Steady-state and dynamic
behaviour of power systems.
5th (2)
Network matrices and power Network matrices, power flow problem, Gauss-Seidel Method, Newton-
flow analysis 6th -7th (4) Raphson Method, Power flow studies in system design and operation.
Power System Fault Symmetrical Components, symmetrical faults: Transients in RL series circuits,
Calculations Internal voltage of loaded machines and under fault conditions, Fault
(8th - 10th (6) ) calculation using Z-bus, Unsymmetrical faults: Unsymmetrical faults on power
system, single line to ground faults, double line to ground faults, open-
conductor faults, Surge propagation.
Operation of Power Systems: Distribution of loads between units within a plant, distribution of loads
11th -13th (6) between plants, transmission loss equation, dispatch with losses.
Power System protection Basic principles on power system protection and control
14th (2)
Some Notations
❑ The waveform of voltage at the buses (nodes) of a power system can
be assumed to be purely sinusoidal and of constant frequency.
❑ Phasor representations of sinusoidal voltages and currents, and use
the capital letters V and I to indicate these phasors (with appropriate
subscripts where necessary)
❑ Vertical bars enclosing V and I, that is, |V| and |I|, designate the
magnitudes of the phasors.
❑ Magnitudes of complex numbers such as impedance Z and
admittance Y are also indicated by vertical bars.
❑ Lowercase letters generally indicate instantaneous values.
Voltage and Current:
v(t)
0
G
𝑣(𝑡) = 325.27 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑤𝑡 + 30 ) and i(t) Load
𝑖(𝑡) = 21.21 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑤 𝑡)
❖ Vmax=325.27 Volt and Imax=21.21 Ampere.
❖ Magnitude refers to root-mean-square (or rms) values, which equal the
maximum values divided by 2.
❖ Vrms=230 Volt and Irms=15 Ampere; which we get measured by voltmeter
and ammeter.
Phasor representations:
Euler’s identity: 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Real (Re) Imaginary (Im)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑅𝑒{ 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 } = 𝑅𝑒{ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃}
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝐼𝑚{ 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 } = 𝐼𝑚{ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃}
So, 𝑣(𝑡) = 325.27 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑤𝑡 + 300 ) and
𝑖(𝑡) = 21.21 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑤 𝑡)
0 0
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒{ 2 ∗ 230𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡+30 ) } = 𝑅𝑒{ 230𝑒 𝑗30 2𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 }
0 0
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒{ 2 ∗ 15𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡+0 ) } = 𝑅𝑒{ 15𝑒 𝑗0 2𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 }
Phasor representations:
So, 𝑣(𝑡) = 325.27 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑤𝑡 + 300 ) and
𝑖(𝑡) = 21.21 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑤 𝑡)
0 0
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒{ 2 ∗ 230𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡+30 ) } = 𝑅𝑒{ 230𝑒 𝑗30 2𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 }
0 0
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒{ 2 ∗ 15𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡+0 ) } = 𝑅𝑒{ 15𝑒 𝑗0 2𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 }
Phasors representations of the v(t) and i(t) are:
𝑉= 230𝑒 𝑗30
0
= 230∠300 = 199.2 + 𝑗115 𝑉
230 300
0
𝐼 = 15𝑒 𝑗0 = 15∠00 = 15 + 𝑗0 𝐴
15 00
I as reference phasor
❖ Check Benefit of phasors in power
system calculations
Power in Single Phase AC circuits:
Ian(t)
❖ How shall we identify the type
Load: Light, Fan, of load?
Van(t)
Motor, Battery
Resistive, Inductive, capacitive.
𝜃 = 0; 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,
Let, 𝑣𝑎𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝜔 𝑡) and
𝜃 = +𝑣𝑒; 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,
𝑖𝑎𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃)
𝜃 = −𝑣𝑒; 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Then, the instantaneous power:
𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑣𝑎𝑛 𝑡 × 𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝜔 𝑡)cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃)
Power in Single Phase AC circuits:
𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑣𝑎𝑛 𝑡 × 𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝜔 𝑡)cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃)
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝜃)(1 + cos 2𝜔𝑡 ) + sin( 𝜃)sin(2𝜔𝑡)
2 2
𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝜃)(1 + cos 2𝜔𝑡 ) + 𝑉𝐼 sin( 𝜃)sin(2𝜔𝑡)
Can you plot? 𝑣𝑎𝑛 𝑡 , 𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑡 , 𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑡
Figure 1 Current, voltage, and power plotted versus time.
Power in Single Phase AC circuits:
Figure 1 Current, voltage, and power plotted versus time.
❖ For, 𝜃 = ±90𝑜 , indicates load is pure inductive or capacitive.
❖ If 𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑡 = +𝑣𝑒, energy is absorbed by the load,
❖ If 𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑡 = −𝑣𝑒, energy is supplied by the load to system,
❖ Average real power 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝜃),
❖ Average reactive power 𝑄 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜃)
❖ 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝜃) →power factor (real power factor),
❖ 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜃)→reactive factor (reactive power factor)
Power in Single Phase AC circuits:
ian(t) ian(t) ian(t)
Phasor diagrams
for basic circuits:
van(t) L van(t) C
van(t) R
I
V
I V
I V
❖ Resistive circuit→ unity power factor → current in phase with voltage
❖ Inductive circuit→ lagging power factor → current lagging
❖ Capacitive circuit→ leading power factor → current leading
𝑃2 + 𝑄2 = (𝑉𝐼)2
𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄2
S→ Apparent power, unit in volt-ampere (VA, kVA, MVA)
Power in Single Phase AC circuits:
ian(t)
Some mathematical
R
relationships in a single- Z= R+jX
phase RL circuit: jX
van(t)
𝑉 = 𝐼 |𝑍|
𝑃 = 𝐼 2 |𝑍|cos(𝜃) 𝑅 = |𝑍|cos(𝜃) 𝑃 = 𝐼 2𝑅
𝑄 = 𝐼 2 |𝑍|sin(𝜃) 𝑋 = |𝑍|sin(𝜃) 𝑄 = 𝐼 2𝑋
𝑄
𝑃. 𝐹. = cos 𝜃 = cos 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑃
𝑃
cos 𝜃 =
𝑃2 + 𝑄2
Power in Single Phase AC circuits:
Complex Power:
Let, 𝑉 = |𝑉|∠𝛼 , 𝐼 = |𝐼|∠𝛽
𝑆 = 𝑉. 𝐼 ∗ = 𝑉 ∠𝛼 × 𝐼 ∠ − 𝛽 = 𝑉 𝐼 ∠ 𝛼 − 𝛽
𝑆 = 𝑉 𝐼 ∠ 𝛼 − 𝛽 = 𝑉 𝐼 cos 𝛼 − 𝛽 + 𝑗 𝑉 𝐼 sin 𝛼 − 𝛽
Let 𝜃 = 𝛼 − 𝛽
𝑆 = 𝑉 𝐼 ∠𝜃 = 𝑉 𝐼 cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 𝑉 𝐼 sin 𝜃 = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄
Check also; 𝑆 = 𝑉 ∗ . 𝐼 = 𝑃 − 𝑗𝑄 +jQ
❖ If 𝛼 − 𝛽 = +𝑣𝑒, 𝛼 > 𝛽, then Q=+ve P
-jQ
❖ If 𝛼 − 𝛽 = −𝑣𝑒, 𝛼 < 𝛽, then Q=-ve
Power Triangle
Power in Single Phase AC circuits:
Directions of power flow:
ian(t) ian(t)
van(t) C van(t) C
I
AC equivalent
S=P+jQ circuit or I
V V
circuit element
I
❖ If P>0, circuit absorbs power
❖ If P<0, circuit supplies power
❖ If Q>0, circuit absorbs power
❖ If Q<0, circuit supplies power
Can you make a wattmeter connections to
measure power to a circuit? Try here.
Power in Three-Phase AC circuits:
For balanced system Vnb
|𝑉𝑎𝑛 | = 𝑉𝑏𝑛 = |𝑉𝑐𝑛 | Vcn
Vab
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎𝑛 + 𝑉𝑛𝑏 600
300
Magnitude of 𝑉𝑎𝑏 : Van
1200
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = |𝑉𝑎𝑛 |2 + |𝑉𝑛𝑏 |2 + 2|𝑉𝑎𝑛 ||𝑉𝑛𝑏 |cos(600 )
Vbn
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = |𝑉𝑎𝑛 |2 + |𝑉𝑎𝑛 |2 + |𝑉𝑎𝑛 |2
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = |𝑉𝑎𝑛 | 3
So, 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 3𝑉𝑎𝑛 ∠300
Angle of 𝑉𝑎𝑏 :
|𝑉𝑛𝑏 |sin(60)
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 300
𝑉𝑎𝑛 + |𝑉𝑛𝑏 |cos(60)
Power in Three-Phase AC circuits:
Balanced Load:
❖ Loads with identical impedances in all
three phases.
❖ Lighting loads and small motors are Z= R+jX
single phases, but
❖ Distribution systems are designed so
that overal the phases are essentially
balanced.
Power in Three-Phase AC circuits:
Balanced Load: Y-connected load system:
|𝑉𝑝 | = |𝑉𝑎𝑛 | = 𝑉𝑏𝑛 = |𝑉𝑐𝑛 |
|𝐼𝑝 | = |𝐼𝑎𝑛 | = 𝐼𝑏𝑛 = |𝐼𝑐𝑛 |
The total three phase power is 𝑃 = 3 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑝 𝑄 = 3|𝑉𝑝 ||𝐼𝑝 |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑝
|𝑉 𝐿 ห
Remember: 𝑉𝑝 = , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑝 = |𝐼 𝐿 ห
3
𝑃 = 3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑝 𝑄 = 3|𝑉𝐿 ||𝐼𝐿 |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑝
𝑆= 𝑃2 + 𝑄2 = 3 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 = 3 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝
For Δ-connected load:
|𝐼 𝐿 ห
𝑉𝑝 = |𝑉 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑝 | =
3
Other calculations are same.
Wish You
a clean
route
EEE 3201
