Electrical Engineering Department Course name (Mathematic I) Complex numbers - Lecture Note

Complex numbers:
A Complex Number is a combination of a Real Number and an Imaginary Number.

Definition 1: A complex number is any number of the form where are

real numbers. The real part of and the imaginary part of .

Polar coordinates: the polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in

which each point on a plane is determined by a distance from a reference point and
an angle from a reference direction.

Complex numbers can be expressed in {

{⇒

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

⇒ ⇒ ⇒

⇐ ⇐ ⇐

√
From R to P ⇒ {

From P to R ⇒ {

̅
⇒ ̅
The Complex conjugate( ̅ ): ⇒ {
̅
⇒ ̅ ̅

1
 Electrical Engineering Department Course name (Mathematic I) Complex numbers - Lecture Note

Examples: Transform the following complex numbers to the others forms:

√
1. { ⇒ ⇒

2. { ⇒

( ) ( )

Example: We can compute ( ) ( ) , which gives

the famous .

Example: We also have ( ) ( )

Exercise: Transform the following numbers from Rectangular form to the polar and Exponential form.

Exercise: Transform the following numbers from polar and Exponential form to the Rectangular form.

2
 Electrical Engineering Department Course name (Mathematic I) Complex numbers - Lecture Note

Definition 2: If , then the complex conjugate of ̅, denoted ̅ The

magnitude or length of is defined as √

Example: We can calculate, if z = a + bi, then;

( )( ) ( )

Addition, Multiplication and Division:

If then:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )

( )( ) ( )( )

( )( )

̅̅̅ =

̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ =

( )

̅̅̅̅ =

3
 Electrical Engineering Department Course name (Mathematic I) Complex numbers - Lecture Note

Euler’s Formula:

Recall the circle diagram for trigonometric functions. The point with angle on the unit
circle has Cartesian coordinates ( ). As a complex number, this is such a useful
formula that writes as:

( ) ( )
{
( ) ( )

The length of a complex exponential is always one. .

i.e.: | | ( ) ( ) √( ) ( ) √

( ) ( )
⇒ {
( ) ( )

 By using Euler’s Formula Many of the trigonometric identities

can be derived as followed:

1. Let are two complex numbers.

⇒ { ⇒

4
 Electrical Engineering Department Course name (Mathematic I) Complex numbers - Lecture Note

2. Let are two complex numbers with angles A, B

( ) ( )
⇒ ⇒ ( )( )

( ) ( ) ( )
⇒ ( )

⇒ ( )( )

⇒ ( ) ( )
If (1) and (2) are equal, then their real and imaginary parts must be equal, and thus:

( )
⇒ {
( )
We get a nice formula for ( ) and ( )

( ) ⇒ ( ) ( )
⇒ {
( ) ⇒

3. Let are two complex numbers with angles A, B

( ) ( )( ) ( )
⇒ ⇒

( ) ( ) ( )
⇒ ( )

⇒ ( )( )

⇒ ( ) ( ) ( )

If (1) and (2) are equal, then their real and imaginary parts must be equal, and thus:

( )
⇒ {
( )

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII