ACTION OF RIVERS

(a) Students of Ukwala School carried out a field study along the course of river Nzoia.
(i) Name four natural features they observed along the river course. (4 marks)
 Waterfalls.
 Rapids
 Meanders
 Floodplains
d) You have planned to carry out a study of a river in its youthful stage.
i)State two ways in which you would prepare for the study. (2mks)
 Carry out reconnaissance survey
 Read from reference books / seek permission from the authority
 Prepare a sketch map
 Formulate objectives from the study /Hypothesis of the study
 Prepare relevant stationery
ii)Name two feature you are likely to study. (2mks)
 Interlocking spurs
 Gorges
 Water falls / rapids / cataracts
 Potholes, plunge, slope river, slope pools
iii)List two problems you are likely to experience during the study (2mks)
 Steep slopes
 Thick vegetation
 Rocky contours
 Poor communication / bad roads
 Hostile weather conditions (to be specified)
 Wild animals crossing river valley
2002: d) Students from the school at Mosongo (Grid square 0681) carried Out a field study of the course
of the river Ombeyi.
i) State three findings they are likely to have come up with.
The river has many meanders / beds.
The river has tributaries / confluence
The river disappears into a swamp.
The river has a wide flood plain
The river is at its old stage
ii) Give three advantages of studying rivers through fieldwork
 It enables students to relate what they have learnt in classroom.
 Students are able to count the number of tributaries.
 Students are able to gauge the impact of the river on the areas.
 They are able to find out for themselves the uses of the river.
 It allows students to use their observation skills to make conclusions
 It enables students to acquire appropriate attitudes towards the environment.\
 It breaks the classroom monotony for the students and the teachers.
d) A form four class is planning to carry out a field study of a waterfall.
i)State five ways in which they would prepare for the study. (5mks)
 Identifying / selecting suitable methods of data collection.
 Seeking permission from the relevant authority
 Pre – visit the area of study \
 Stating the objectives / hypothesis of the study
 Reading relevant materials

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  Fixing the date for the study
 Dividing themselves into groups and appointing group leaders.
 Identifying / Selecting suitable methods of data analysis
 Drawing a route map
 Collecting relevant materials / tools to use (Any 5x 1 = 5mks
ii) Give four methods they would use to collect information at the waterfall
 Taking photographs
 Interviewing resources persons
 Estimating / measuring the height of the falls
 Drawing the waterfall
 Reading information brochures
(d) Your class is required to carry out a field study of a river.
(i) What would be the advantage of dividing the class into groups According to the stages of the long
profile of the river?
• The class will be able to study the entire course of the river
• It will enable them to obtain detailed information on each stage of the river
• It will save on time
• It will enable the study to be carried out in an orderly way
• It will encourages participation of all the members of the class/ encourage individual roles
• It will facilitate interaction among the group members
(ii) What would be disadvantages of using secondary methods of collecting data in this kind of study?
 Recorded data could be out of date.
 Conditions under which such data was collected may be changed.
 Obtaining records on the particular river not collected may be difficult.
d) You are required to carry out a field study on the materials deposited by a river.
i) State two methods you would use to collect data. (2 marks)
- Observation/digging up the deposits to expose the inner layers
- Collecting samples
- Taking photographs
- Interviewing the people around the river.
ii) State three advantages of studying the work of rivers through fieldwork.
- It enables one to collect first-hand information
- It promotes development of practical skills
- It promotes application of acquired knowledge
- One is able to
(d) Your class is planning to carry out a field study of a river in its old stage,
(i) State three reasons why it would be necessary to pre-visit the area of study.
- It helps to draw up objectives/hypothesis for the study,
- It helps to prepare a route map.
- it helps to design a working schedule.
- it helps to identify the probable problems/how to solve problems.
-it helps to asses the suitability of the study area
(ii) State three activities you would carry out to determine why deposition occurs at this stage.
- Measuring of gradient.
- Finding out the nature of the load.
- Finding out the amount of the load.
- Establishing the velocity of the river.
- Observing obstacles in the stream channel/distributaries.
- Measuring of the width of the river. any 3x1=3 marks

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d) You are planning to carry out a field study on the lower course of a river.
i) Give three reasons why you would require a route map.
- to help identify the direction to flow.
- to help prepare a work schedule
- to help identify location of features for study
- to help estimate distances to be covered
- to help estimate the time the field study is likely to take. (3 marks)
ii) State three characteristics of a river at the old stage that you are likely to observe during
the field study.
- the river flowing at a low speed
- the river carrying silt in suspension/the water is brown
- the river braids as a vent.
- the river meandering in the flood plain
- Distributions
- Dispersal to form
iii) Give three follow up activities you would be involved in after the field study.
- Reading more on the topic.
- Displaying photographs/items collected
- Asking/answering questions
- Writing reports
- Discussing with the rest of the class
- Analyzing/assessing the information collected against the hypothesis. (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)

ACTION OF WATER IN LIMESTONE AREAS

(c) You are supposed to carry out a field study of an area eroded by water
(i) Give three reasons why you would need a map of the area of the study
- To show the extent/ delimit the area of the study
- To show the route to be followed during the study
- To show drainage features
- To be able to estimate distances
- To show the general nature of the terrain
(ii) Name two erosion features you are likely to identify the field study
- Exposed rocks
- Ridges / clients
- Gullies/ wades/ grikes/ dry river bed
- Earth pillars
(iii) State three recommendations that you would make from your study to assist the local
community to rehabilitated the recorded area
- Building of gabions
- Constructing of terraces
- Planting trees
- Adapting farming methods that allow conservation of soil. i.e. planting of over crops / mulding/
strip farming. Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)
ACTION OF WIND AND WATER IN ARID AREAS
i. Suppose you are asked to carry out a field study on the action of water in a desert;
- List four features you are likely to study. (4 marks)
- Wadis
- Inselberg
- Pediments and peneplains
- Pediplains

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 - Playa and Salinas
- Mesas and buttes
- Dry river valley
- Alluvial fan
- Bajada
ii. State three problems you are likely to experience during the field study. (3 marks)

- Very high temperatures.

- Dust storms causing visibility problems.
- No definite roads in the desert which may cause students to get lost.
- Scarcity of drinking water and food in the desert.
- Attack by dangerous snakes and scorpions.
- Scarcity of resource people in the desert,
- Difficult in crossing sand dunes and deep valleys.
(c) You are supposed to carry out a field study of a semi-arid area in Kenya.
(i) State two ways of preparing for the Field study
• Reading from relevant written materials
• Assembling relevant tools/ equipment / materials for the study.
• Formulating hypothesis / objectives
• Grouping / appointing group leaders
• Planning a schedule of activities
• Carrying out reconnaissance
• Studying / drawing a route map
• Identifying methods of data collection.
ii) State Information that would be collected through observation of the arid area
• Sparse vegetation / large patches of bare soil
• Sparse settlements
• Presence of drought resistant crops
• Stunted trees / tuffs of grass
• Dust storms / sand storms
• Evidence of wind erosion.
iii) List the measures to be recommended for controlling desertification
• Planting of trees
• Controlling overgrazing
• Avoiding bush fires
• Controlling tree cutting
• Practicing appropriate methods of cultivation / planting cover crop / irrigation / mulching / terracing
strip cropping / contour farming.
(d) Some students carried out of field study on wind deposition features in an arid area in Kenya.
- Name three secondary sources of information they are likely to rely while preparing for the
study.
- Text books
- Notes/handouts
- Magazines/journals/pamphlets/periodicals/newspapers.
- Photographs/videos/slides/film/video clips
- Maps
- Electronic media
(ii) state three reasons why it was necessary to visit the area before the actual field study.
- To determine the suitability of area for the study
- To familiarize with the area of study
- To help on drawing route map.

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 - To help identify methods of data collection.
- To help adjust objectives & hypothesis
- To be able to identify relevant equipment for data collection.
- To seek permission from relevant authorities.
- To identify any problems likely to be encountered.
- To estimate the cost of the study
- To assist preparing a working schedule.
iii) Give three advantages of studying wind depositional features through field work.
- It enables one to acquire knowledge/skills. (problem solving skills/critical thinking)
- It makes learning real.
- It makes learners to understand better the concept learnt in class.
- It breaks the monotony/makes learning interesting.
- The learners get first-hand information!
- It enhances retention of information.
- It helps learners apply knowledge learnt in class.
AGRICULTURE
(d) You plan to carry out a field study in a tea farm.
(i) Give four reasons why you need a route map for the study.
- To show the direction to be followed during the field study.
- To assist in estimating the time required for the study.
- To help in deciding the technique of data collection.
- To help in estimation of distances to be covered during the study.
- To help in drawing up a work schedule.
- (Any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)
(ii) What information are you likely to gather about marketing of processed tea during the study? Tea is
marketed:
- Through factory door sales.
- Directly to local / overseas buyers.
- To Kenya Tea Packers Limited (KETEPA)/other packers.
- Through Mombasa Tea auction.
(d) Your class visited a sugar factory for a field study on sugar processing.
(i) Outline four stages of sugar processing that the class may have observed. (4 marks)
- Weighing of the cane
- Chopping of the cane
- Crushing of the cane
- Boiling
- Filtering
- Grading
- Packing/bagging of sugar
(ii) Name two by-products of sugar that the class may have identified during the study.(2 marks)
- Molasses
- Bagasse
- Wax
- Aconitic acid
- Filter cake/mud
d) Your geography class carried out a field on a coffee farm
i) State four methods the class may have used to collect data.
- Administering questionnaires
- Interview/asking questions
- taking photographs/video tapping
- Observation

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- taking photographs/video tapping
- Observation
- taking measurements
- Collecting analysis
- Content analysis (Any 4x1 (4 mks)
- ii) During the field study the class collected data on quantities of coffee produced in the farm in
the last five years. State two methods the class may have used to present the data.
- Drawing charts
- Drawing tables
- Drawing graphs (Any 2 x1 (2 mks)
(d) Your Geography class intends class to carry out a field to study on harvesting in a farm.
(i) State two reasons for preparing a working schedule. (2 marks)
-it ensures all the intesed activities are captured
-it helps in time management
(ii) Outline two problems that face wheat harvesting you are likely to find out. (2 marks)
-shortage of harvesting machinery
-high cost of labour
- weather conditions
(iii) Suppose during a field a study you used the interview method to collect data, state two limitations of
the method. (2marks)
- The respondent may give inaccurate information.
- It is time consume.
- Some respondent may be unwilling to be interviewed
- Language barrier.
(c) You intend to carry out a field study in a nearby horticultural farm
(i) Apart from flowers, identify the other two types of crops you are likely to find in the farm.
- Fruits/oranges/bananas/watermelons/pineapples/blackberry/arcades/pawpaws/mangoes/grapes
- Vegetables/French beans/carrot/cauliflower/tomatoes/spinach/kales/broccoli
(ii) Give two sources of information that you would use for the field study.
- Resource persons/farmers/agricultural officers.
- Journals/magazines/relevant textbooks/newspapers.
- Maps
- Documentaries/videos
- internet
EARTH QUAKE
(d)You intend to carry out a field study of an area recently affected by intense earthquake.
i. Give two sources of information that you would use in preparation for the study
• Written material / books/ magazines / newspapers
• Maps
• Photographs / video cassettes / films
• Resource persons
• Electronic media / radio /TV
ii.Explain two factors that would make it difficult for you to collect accurate data during the field study
• Inaccessibility of the area due to massive destruction / restriction.
• Lack of informers because people may have been evacuated.
• The rubble may obscure the evidence of the amount of damage.
ENERGY:
(d) Some students carried out a field study on sources of energy by sampling the households around their
school.
(i) Identify two sampling techniques the students may have used during the study.
- Stratified

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 - Random
- Systematic
(Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
(ii) Give three advantages of sampling the households for the study.
- To save on time.
- To reduce bias.
- To allow for detailed study.
- To reduce cost.
(Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
(d) Some students carried out a field study on sources of energy by sampling the households around their
school.
(i) Identify two sampling techniques the students may have used during the study.(2 marks)
❖ Stratified
❖ Random
❖ Systematic
(ii) Give three advantages of sampling the households for the study. (3 marks)
❖ To save on time.
❖ To reduce bias.
❖ To allow for detailed study.
❖ To reduce cost.
(c) Some candidates carried out a field study on uses of energy by sampling the households around their
school.
(i) State three reasons why the students would be divided into groups.(3 marks)
-To ensure active participation of all students
-To save time since different areas are covered at the same time
To ensure that all areas are covered if the area under study was large -
-For easy control and management of students/maintain discipline of students
-for effective use of the available learning resources.
-To reduce fatigue among students
(ii) Identify two sampling techniques that the students may have used during the study. (2 marks)
-Stratified
- Random
- Systematic
(iii)Give two advantages of sampling the household for the study.(2 marks)
-- To save time
- To reduce bias
- To allow for detailed study
- To reduce costs.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION:
You intent to carry out a held study on pollution in the local open air market
(i) State three reasons why it would be necessary for you to visit the market before the actual field
study.
- To get permission from the relevant authority
- To be able to formulate the objectives / hypothesis
- To familiarize with the area of study.
- To be able to prepare a working schedule / to decide on the appropriate method of data collection.
- To determine the respondents / resource persons
- To assess the likely problems to be encountered.
- To determine the equipment /materials required.
(ii) Give two methods that you would use to collect information on pollution.

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 - Interviewing
- Taking photographs / sketching / filming
- Observation
- Measuring the extent of polluted area
- Administering questionnaires
- Tape recording / video taking / shooting
(iii) Give two follow up activities you would carry out after the field study
- Discussing the findings
- Analyzing the data
- Writing a report
- Giving relevant advice to the stake holder
- Drawing sketches
- Displaying photographs / sketches.
(d) Your class intends to carry out a field study in the limestone mining areas.(6 marks)
(i) Identify two types of pollution that they may observe. (2 marks)
- Water pollution
- Air pollution Soil/ land pollution
- Noise / sound pollution.
(ii) What problems are they likely to encounter during the study? (3 marks)
- Loud noise from the excavators Difficult terrain with heaps and deep pits to walk through
- Accidents may occur/injuries.
- Hot weather leading to fatigue.
- Insect/ snake bites Dusty conditions /toxic gases Dishonest / unco-operative
(d) Your Geography class carried out a fieldwork on floods along a river.
(i) Name two types of field work they could have used.
- field study
- field excursion/field visit/field trip. 2 x l = 2 marks
(ii) Give three advantages of studying floods through fieldwork. (3 marks)
- The leaners get first hand information.
- The learners appreciate/interact with environment.
- Helps breaks the classroom monotony/arouses interest.
- The learners practice/acquire skills.
- It enhances learners visual memory.
- (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
FAULTING:
You intend to carry out a field study of the landforms around your school.
i) State three objectives of your study. (3 marks)
- To identify landforms formed as a result of faulting.
- To identify importance of the landforms to the environment
- To find out the problems associated with the landforms to the environment.
ii) State three methods you would use to record the information you would collect. (3 marks)
- Taking photographs
- Tallying - Field sketching
- Tape recording - Note taking
- Tabulation - Labeling samples
- Filling in questionnaires
iii) What problems are you likely to face during the field study? (3 marks)
- Accidents slipping
- Difficulties in climbing descending steep rocks
- Hindrance by poor weather conditions
- Attacks by wild animals

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c) Students are planning to carry out a field study of an area affected by faulting
i)State four reasons why it is important for the students to have a pre-visit of the area(4mks)
- To enable them draw up study objectives / hypothesis
- To familiarize themselves with the area of study
- To enable them draw a route map
- To enable them prepare a work schedule / plan of activities
- To enable them identify / sort our relevant tools / equipment for the study
- To identify suitable methods of data collection
- To seek permission from the occupants of their site of study.
- To enable them prepare financial (Any 4x1 = 4mks)
(ii) One of the ways they would use to collect data is through direct observation. Give three disadvantages
of direct observation in the studyof such an area.(3mks)
- It is expensive
- It is time consuming
- It is tiresome
- It is limited only to direct sources / primary sources
- It is only suitable to the signed people (Any 3x1 =3 mks)
(d) Students are planning to carry out a field study on landforms in their
strict.
(i) State three ways in which the students would prepare themselves
for the filed study. (3mks)
- They would divide themselves into groups
- They would review secondary objectives and hypotheses for study
- They would formulate objectives and hypothesis for study
- They would conduct a pre – visit / reconnaissance to the areas under study
- They would prepare a working schedule for the study
- They would seek for permission from relevant authorities
(ii) Give two advantages of studying landforms through field work. (2mks)
- They would get first hand information about land forms in their districts
- It enables students to relate what has been learnt in classroom to what is in the field
- It allows students to use their observation skills to make conclusions
- It enables students to acquire appropriate attitudes towards the environment
- It breaks the classroom monotony for the students and teachers
(2 x1 = 2 mks)
GLACIATION:
c) Suppose students were to carry out a field study on glaciations on Mt. Kenya.
.(i)Give two reasons why they would need a route map (2mks)
- Identifying the direction they would take
- Identifying the feature they are likely to encounter. Estimating the time they are likely to take
- Estimating the distance they would cover.
- Planning the schedule of activities
(ii) Name two types of moraines they are likely to study (2mks)
- Terminal moraine
- Lateral moraine
- Ground moraine
- Medial moraine
(iii) State two problems they are likely to experience during the field study.(2mks)
- Climbing / descending / steep slopes
- Cold weather
- Wild animals
- Adjusting to the low atmospheric pressure

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 - Crossing through waterlogged ground
- Poor visibility
- Thick vegetation
- Rain (any 2 1mk)
(d) suppose you were to carry out field study of land use in glaciated low land.
(i) apart from conducting oral interviews, state four other methods you would use to collect information.
(ii) State three advantages of using oral interview to collect information during a field study.
(iii) State three possible land uses you are likely to identify during the field study.
d) (i) Students from a school near Mt. Kenya were planning to carry out a field study of the glaciated
features on the top of the mountain.
- Give four reasons why it would be difficult for the students to undertake the field study on the
glaciated features on the mountain
- Climbing the mountain is difficult due to the rugged terrain
- The features are found far from schools/settlements
- Time may be inadequate
- The study may be hindered by poor weather conditions/rain/low temperatures
- The thick forest/vegetation cover may be difficult to cross/may have dangerous wild animals
- It would be expensive to prepare for the kind of field study
(ii) Describe how the students would use a photograph of Mt. Kenya to identify the glaciated features of
the mountain
- By dividing it into parts
- By observing and identifying the features in each part of the photograph
- By drawing sketches of the feature observed.
- By labeling the features observed.
You are required to carry out a field study on erosional features in glaciated lowland
area.
(i) Give two reasons why you would require a working schedule.
- it enables the planned activities to be carried out systematically.
- it allows for proper use of available time.
- It enables the assessment of the progress of the fieldwork.
- it enables the estimation of total time required for the study.
- It confines the researcher to the scope of the topic.
- it ensures all areas are adequately covered.
- any 2 x 1 = (2 marks)
(ii) Name three erosional features you are likely to observe during the field study.
- Depressions
- Crag and tail
- ice eroded plain
- roche montonnee
any 3 x 1 = (3 marks)
(iii) Give three follow-up activities you would undertake after the field study.
- Sketching the features.
- Note making/writing field reports.
- asking / answering questions/ quizes.
- Discussing the findings.
- Display photographs.
- analysing data collected.
- reading more about the topic.
- Drawing conclusions
INDUSTRY :
(d) You intend to carry out a field study in a nearby post office.

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(i) Identify two characteristics of a good hypothesis for the study.
- It should be simple but not obvious.
- It should be related to the stated objective(s).
- It should be testable/measurable.
- It should be comparative / have independent and dependent variables.
- It leaves room for yes or no answer.
- (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
(ii) State three advantages of using the interview method to collect data during the study.
- It is possible to seek clarification for unclear responses / provide room for detailed information.
- It provides first hand information.
- It provides instant information.
- It enables one to gauge the accuracy of the responses.
- It allows for flexibility in seeking of information.
- It allows for extraction of information from people who cannot read/write. (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
(iii) Give two challenges facing postal services that you are likely to find out during the field study.
- Competition from more efficient service providers.
- Vandalism of communication equipment.
- Inadequate funds to maintain the services.
- Mismanagement of the organization.
- Obsolete technology / equipment. (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
d) You intend to carry out a field study of furniture-Making industry in the local market centre.
i) State two reasons why it would be necessary for you to visit the area of study in advance.
- To be used to be used to prepare a route map
- To determine the suitability of the area for the study
- To be able to formulate appropriate objective for the study
- Preparation of work schedule
- To be able to formulate appropriate objective for the study.
- Preparation of work schedule
(d) Outline ways in which your class would prepare for a field study in one of the industries in your
country.
• Making a reconnaissance./Pre-visit
• Getting permission from the school/host authorities.
• Organizing for transport.
• Identifying /assemb1ing tools/items to carry.
• Making a work schedule.
• Preparing a questionnaire / interview questions.
• Identifying the industry Reading on the topic.
• Formulating objectives 'hypothesis
• Making a route map
• Selection of data collection methods.
• Selection of data recording methods
(c) You intend to carry out a fieldy in an industry with the local environment.
(i) Give two sources c the field study condary data you will refer to before conducting
- Textbooks
- Newspapers
- Magazines
- Periodicals
- Journals
- Audio/video tapes Photographs
- Maps

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(ii) Identify four benefits of the industry to the local community that you are likely to find out during the
study.
- Creation of employment opportunities/improved living standards
- Improvement of transport network Communication
- Development of social amenities
- Availability of market for local produce/resources
- Access to sources of power HEP Home✓
- Development of settlements
- Development of cooperatives
(i) State three reasons why it would be necessary for you to visit before the actual field study.
To be able to prepare appropriate data collection methods
To find out possible problems likely to be experienced during the field study
To seek permission for the visit.
To determine appropriate tools for the study
To determine the likely cost to be incurred during the study.
ii) For your field study, you have prepared a work schedule. State two items you would include in the
schedule.
- Time for departure
- Time to spend in the study
- Time for lunch
- time to end the study
Any 2x1= 2mks)
iii) Give two advantages of studying about furniture-making through field work
- It enables one to get first hand information
- It makes learning real
- It enables one to share information
- It enables one to retain information learned
- It enables one to apply skills learned
- It enables one to apply skills learned/acquired skills. Any 2 x 1= 2mks)
LAKES:
(d). Your class is planning tó carry out a field study on economic uses
of a nearby lake.
(i) Give two reasons why they would require route map.
- To guide in estimating time for the field study.
- To help identifenergyy the direction to be followed.
- To help estimate distance to be covered.
- Help in preparing work schedule
- Help in estimating cost of study
(ii) List two methods of data collection they are likely to use.
- Taking photographs/videos/filming
- Observation
- Interviewing.
- Administering a questionnaire.
LAND RECLAMATION:
You intend to carry out a held study on pollution in the local open air market
(i) State three reasons why it would be necessary for you to visit the market before the actual field
study.
- To get permission from the relevant authority
- To be able to formulate the objectives / hypothesis
- To familiarize with the area of study.
- To be able to prepare a working schedule / to decide on the appropriate method of data collection.

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 - To determine the respondent’s / resource persons
- To assess the likely problems to be encountered.
- To determine the equipment /materials required.
(ii) Give two methods that you would use to collect information on pollution.
Interviewing
- Taking photographs / sketching / filming
- Observation
- Measuring the extent of polluted area
- Administering questionnaires
- Tape recording / video taking / shooting
(iii) Give two follow up activities you would carry out after the field study
- Discussing the findings
- Analyzing the data
- Writing a report
- Giving relevant advice to the stake holder
- Drawing sketches
- Displaying photographs / sketches.
(c) You intend to carry out a field study on irrigation farming in Mwea Tebere Irrigation scheme.
- Identify the two types of hypothesis you would develop for the study.
Alternative/substantive/positive.
- Null / negative.
- Question form. (2 x 1 = 2 marks)
(ii) Name three crops grown in the scheme you are likely to identify.
- Rice
- Maize
- Tomatoes
- Beans/peas
- Vegetables
- Water melons
- Onions (3 x l = 3 marks)
(iii) Give reasons why you would sample the area of study. (2 marks)
- It is cheaper to study portions of the scheme.
- It saves the amount of time spent on the study.
- I brings out the details of the area under study.
- It enables one to make generalised conclusion about the area under study. (2 x 1 = 2 marks)
(c) You intend to carry out a field study on irrigation farming in Mwea Tebere Irrigation scheme.
(i) Identify the two types of hypothesis you would develop for the study.
- Alternative/substantive/positive.
- Null / negative.
- Question form. (2 x 1 = 2 marks)
(ii) Name three crops grown in the scheme you are likely to identify.
- Rice
- Maize
- Tomatoes
- Beans/peas
- Vegetables
- Water melons
- Onions (3 x 1 = 3 marks)
(iii) Give reasons why you would sample the area of study. (2 marks)
- It is cheaper to study portions of the scheme.
- It saves the amount of time spent on the study.

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 - It brings out the details of the area under study.
- It enables one to make generalized conclusion about the area under study.(2 x 1 = 2 marks)
MAPWORK:
Pupils of the school at Shigaro (grid reference 308233) conducted a field study on the land use in
Wundanyi location. Citing evidence from the map,
Name three economic activities they might have identified. (3 marks)
Name two types of vegetation they are likely to have identified during the field study. (2 marks)
List two problems they might have encountered during the study. (2 marks)
1996: b) Student from one of the schools in the area covered by the map carried out a field study on the
physical features and economic activities found in the area.
i) Two types of natural vegetation they are likely to have identification.
- Scrub - Scattered trees -Woodland
ii) Citing evidence from the map, name three economic
activities the students are likely to have identified during their study.(3mks)
Activity: Evidence
Agriculture-farming Sisal estate / coffee plantation / coffee factory
Commerce-trading Shop / markets
Mining-quarrying
Processing-Posho mills / coffee factory
Transportation-Roads / ferry
(iii) Citing evidence from the map, name two methods the students are likely
to have used to cross River Tana.
Method Evidence
Ferries- Ferries
Barrage -Merila river Barrage
Bridge points-New Tana Bridge
2003: (iii)State two methods they may have used to collect data while at the sawmill
- Use of questionnaires
- Interviewing
- Reading from secondary sources
- Taking measurements
- Taking photographs
- Sketching
iv) State three follow-up activities they may have been involved in after the field
- Report writing
- Class discussions
- Displaying collected specimen
- Asking/answering questions
- Reading more about the topic
- Analyzing photographs/tape recorded work
- Rejecting and accepting hypothesis
MINERALS AND ROCKS:
(c) You intend to carry out a field study on the types of rocks within the school locality.
(i) Identify three items that you will carry during the study. (3 marks)
- Hammer
- Polythene bag/carrier bag
- Notebook/stationery
- Route map
- Jembe
- Geological map
(ii) State three activities that you will be involved in during the study

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 - Taking notes
- Observing the rocks
- Collecting samples
- Asking/answering questions/interviewing
- Drawing sketches
- Measuring
- Taking photographs
- Labelling samples
- Digging out/ breaking rock
(iii) List three types of metamorphic rocks that you are likely to identify
- Slate/schists
- Quartzite
- Graphite
- Gneiss
- Marble
- Hornblend
1992: You are required to carry out a field study on the types of rocks within the vicinity of your school.
(a) State how you would use the following items during the field study.
- Geological hammer. (2 marks)
- Hitting and breaking the rock into portable pieces
- Hitting the rock to determine its hardness
- Magnifying lens. (2 marks)
For viewing/observing the rock crystals to determine their shape/sizes
iii) Polythene bags. (2 marks)
- For carrying/storing the rock samples for further study.
iv) Geological map. (2 marks)
- use as a guide for location/distribution of rocks in the areas.
(b) Give six characteristics that you would look for while identifying different rock types in the school
environment. (6 marks)
- Rock grain arrangement (which determines the nature of formation e.g crystallined stratified)
- Rock grain size/texture (which determines whether the rock has coarse/medium of fine grains)
- Mineral composition which determines the origin of the rock.
- Mineral color/rock color which gives a clue as to the mineral composition of rocks.
- Mineral lustre which gives a clue as to the mode of rock formation.
- Rock hardness which gives a clue as to how the rock was formed.
- Weight/density of rocks
- Shape of cystalls which determines the rock structure.
- Solubility of the rock.
- Jointedness of the rocks/structure
- Porosity/permeability of the rock.
(c) List five methods which you would use to record the information gathered during the study. (5 marks)
- Taking photographs/filming/videos
- Taking/making notes/tap recording
- Drawing sketches
- Drawing maps
- Tabulation/tallying/filling in questionnaire
(d) Suppose from your field study, you have identified the following rock samples;
- diatomite, schist, graphite, peridotite, gypsum and obsidian. .
(e) Classify the above rock types by mode of formation. (6 marks)
- Igneous-peridotite and obsidian.
- Metamorphic –schist and graphite.

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 - Sedimentary-gypsum and diatomite
d) Some students are planning to carry out a field study on rock weathering around their school.
(i) List three secondary sources of information they are likely to use as they prepare for the field study.
(3mks)
- Text books / pamphlets
- Maps / geological maps
- Journals
- Periodicals / Magazines / Newspaper
- Handouts teacher (3mks)
e) A part from reading from secondary sources, state four other ways in which the students would prepare
themselves for the field study
- Setting up study objectives for the study
- Identifying methods of data collection
- Carrying out a reconnaissance survey
- Seeking permission from the relevant authority
- Identifying / sorting our relevant equipment, tools for the study
- Drawing a route map
- Identifying relevant stationery
- Dividing themselves into groups
- Discussion
(e) Suppose you were to carry out a field study of rocks within the vicinity of your school.
(i) Name three secondary sources of information you would use to prepare for the field study
• Textbooks/ pamphlets/ journals/ periodicals/ magazines/ newspapers/ hansouts
• Maps/Geological maps
. • Photographs/ pictures/ video tapes/ slides/film
• Tape recorded information
(ii) State four activities you would carry during the filed study
• Drawing of sketches
• Observation
• Collecting rock samples
• Making notes
• Taking photographs
• Asking/ answering questions
• Study geological map
(iii) State three problems you are likely to experience during the field study
• Inability to identify rocks
• Inability to access the rocks
• Accidents slipping
• Difficulties in climbing descending steep rocks
• Hindrance by poor weather conditions
• Attacks by wild animals
d) You are planning to carry out a field study on the rock within your school environment. 2007
(i) Give two secondary sources of information you would use to prepare for the field
study. (2mks)
-journals
-maps
-magazines
-Newspapers .
-extracts downloaded from the internet.
-statistical abstaracts
-books

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-periodicals
-Census reports (any 2x1)
ii) State why you would need the following items during the field study:
- A fork jembe- for digging up the rocks (1mk)
- A polythene bag- for carrying rock samples.
- (iii) Suppose during the fieldstudy you collected marble,sandstone and granite. Classify each of
these samples according to its mode of formation. (3 marks)
- Marble – metamorphic
- Sand- stone-sedimentary
- Granite- igneous (2mks)
(d) You are planning to carry out a field study on rocks within the local
environment.
(i) List three methods you would use to record data.(3 marks)
• Photographing/video recording.
• Labelling samples.
• Note taking/recording observations.
• Filling in questionnaires.
• Drawing diagrams/sketches.
• Tape recording.
(ii) State three problems you are likely to encounter.(3 marks)
• Accidents may occur.
• Inaccessibility of some areas with rocks.
• Fatigue due to difficult terrain.
• Unfavourable weather conditions that is heavy rains, high temperatures.
• Attack by wild animals/snake bites.
• Difficulty identifying some roks.
• Difficulty breaking some rocks
(iii) Give two economic uses of rocks you are likely to identify.(2 marks)
• Some rocks are used for construction.
• Some rocks are a Source of fossil fuel.
• Some are used for making carvings.
• Some are sources of valuable minerals. Some are tourist’s attractions.
• Some rocks store underground water/for irrigation.
• Rocks weather to form soils for agriculture.
• Some rocks for example limestone is a raw materiaI/ cement manufacture.
(c) You intend to carry out a field study on the types of rocks within the school locality.
(i) Identify three items that you will carry during the study. (3 marks)
– Hammer
– Polythene bag/carrier bag
– Notebook/stationery
– Route map
– Jembe
– Geological map
(ii) State three activities that you will be involved in during the study
– Taking notes
– Observing the rocks
– Collecting samples
– Asking/answering questions/interviewing
– Drawing sketches Measuring Taking photographs Labelling samples Digging out/ breaking rocks.
(iii) List three types of metamorphic rocks that you are likely to identify
– Slate/schists

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– Quartzite
– Graphite
– Gneiss
– Marble
– Hornblende
OCEANS AND SEAS:
(a) A group of students are planning to conduct a field study along the coast.
i) State 5 objectives for the study.
- To find out the type of depositional features along the Kenya coast
- To find out the factors influencing the formation of depositional features
- To find out the economic significance of coastal features of deposition
- To find out the process involved with formation of coastal features of deposition
- To find out the location of depositional features along the coast of Kenya ( 5 x 1 = 5 mks)
ii) Give 3 methods they may use to record the data collected
Making notes
- Taking photographs/ videos
- Filling in tables/ tallying
- Field sketching
- Drawing maps (sketch) mapping
d. You intend to carry out a field study on types of features resulting
from wave deposition along the coast.
- Identify three methods you would use to record data.
- Photographing (videos.
- Field sketching/drawing diagrams
- Note taking.
- Filling in questionnaires.
- Tape recording.
ii. Give three wave depositional features you are likely to observe during the field study.
- Mud flats/salt marshes
- Tombolo/Bay bar/offshore bar
- Beaches/beach cusps/beach ridges
- Cuspate forelands
- Dune belts
- Spit.
SOILS
You are planning to carry out a field study on soil around your school.
(i) State four preparations that you will make for the study.
- Setting up objectives/hypothesis Getting permission from the school authority.
- Making reconnaissance/pre-visit Assembling various tools/equipment to use.
- Preparing a working schedule.
- Identifying methods of data collection.
- Literaturc review
(ii) Give reasons why it is important to study soils through field study. (3 marks)
- It enables collection of samples for future reference.
- It enables one to get firsthand informatiombave easy recall.
- It makes learning real/meaningful.
- It helps the learners to understand better the theoretical concepts taught in class teaching becomes
easier for the teacher.
- It helps students develop skills of data collection/soil conservation.
- It makes learning interesting.
2002: i) Suppose students are to carry out a field study of the soils found in the Nyika plateau.

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i) State three methods they are likely to use to collect data.
- Reading from textbooks.
- Collection soil samples
- Observation
- Interviewing resource persons.
- Digging the soils
- Photographing
(ii) The students identity the soils for further analysis. Give three characteristics of the desert soils that
they are likely to study.
- Its colour
- Its texture
- Its porosity
- Its nutrient content / organic matter
- Its mineral composition
- Its acidity / PH
- Moisture content
d. Students from Mwema School visited a nearby' ranch to study types of soil. Explain why they carried
the following tools.
hoes
- To enable them dig up the soil samples.
Polythene bags
- To help them carry soil samples.
i. Give three reasons why they would need to seek permission from relevant authorities.
- To be permitted to enter the ranch-
- To enable the ranch administration to organize for a guide to take them around.
- TO be allowed by the Principal to be away from the school.
- To alert other teachers that their learners will be away that day.
ii. List three types of soil erosion they are likely to observe.
- Splash erosion
- Gulley erosion
- Sheet erosion
- Rill erosion.
You are planning to carry out a field study on soil around your school.
(i) State four preparations that you will make for the study.
- Setting up objectives/hypothesis Getting permission from the school authority.
- Making reconnaissance/pre-visit Assembling various tools/equipment to use.
- Preparing a working schedule.
- Identifying methods of data collection.
- Literaturc review
(ii) Give reasons why it is important to study soils through field study. (3 marks)
- It enables collection of samples for future reference.
- It enables one to get firsthand information bave easy recall.
- It makes learning real/meaningful.
- It helps the learners to understand better the theoretical concepts taught in class teaching becomes
easier for the teacher.
- It helps students develop skills of data collection/soil conservation.
- It makes learning interesting
(d) You are supposed to carry out a field study of an eroded area.
(i) What information would you collect through observation that would indicate that the area is
severely eroded?
- gullies/deep trenches

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 - lack of or little vegetation.
- little/absence of topsoil/thin soils
- exposed plant roots. any 2 x 1
(ii) Identify three methods you would use to record the observations.
- photograph taking
- video recording.
- note taking.
- field sketching.
(iii) State three recommendations you would give to control soil erosion.
- construction of gabions.
- construction of check dams.
- afforestation/reafforestation.
- filling in the gullies.
- construction of drainage trenches. / any 3 x 1=3 marks
(d) Students in a secondary school intend to carry out a field study on soils within their local environment.
(i) Give three activities the students are likely to carry out during the study. (3 marks)
- Testing the PH of the soils
- Measuring soil temperature/depth.
- Feeling soil texture
- Administering/filling the questionnaire
- Observing soil color/profile/structure
- Collecting/labelling samples of soil.
- Taking notes
- Taking photographs/videos of the soils.
- Asking and answering questions.
- Field sketching/drawing diagrams
(ii) List four properties of soil the students would study. (4 marks)
- Texture
- Structure
- Colour
- Air
- Moisture content/soil water
- Porosity/permeability ✓
- Temperature
- Thickness Soil
- Soil PH/lime content
- Organic matter/Humus
VEGETATION:
You are required to carry out a field study on a forest near your school.
Describe the methods you would use to determine each of the following aspects of the trees in the forest.
i) Age of the trees in the forest. (3 marks)
Height of the trees in the forest. (2 marks)
Tree species. (2 marks)
1991: you are required to conduct a field study on vegeation across a slope.
(a) Give five characterostics of vegetaion which you would study.
- Density of vegeation/number of plants
- Variety of vegetation/types of plants/composition of wood.
- Height of plants.
- Occurance of plant species. (distribution)
- Foliage/ leaf coverage/density of leaves
- Types of leaves

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 - Root depth
- Type of roots.
(b) Use the characteristics of vegetaion you have identified in (a) to formulate hypothesis for your study.
- The density of vegetation is a function of the slope
- The type of vegetation depends on the angle of the slope.
- The height of plants depends on the soil on the slope
- The depth of the plants roots is controlled by the amount of moisture along the slope.
- The size of the dorminant plants species is a function of the slope.
(c) Describe five methods which you would use to collect data on vegetation during the study
- Observation of vegetation to determine the type of plants.
- Feel/touch the leaves to determine the type of plants.
- Measure the height of different trees/plants
- Count the number of plants in a given unit to determine their occurance.
- Taste the leaves/fruits/roots to determine their general quality/composition.
- Sample the plants
- Collect samples for further study/analysis
(d) Explain how your conclusions on the relationship between the vegetation and the slope may be useful
to a farmer;
- It will provide the farmer with knowledge about the correlation between productivity and the
slope
- It will help the farmer to plan how to use the land appropriately by planting the right
vegetation/crops on different slopes (e.g for animal keeping)
- It will help the farmer in conservation of soil by planting appropriate vegetation
(c) Suppose you were to carry out a field study on the relationship between vegetation and altitude
(i) State three objectives you would formulate for your study
- To find the types of vegetation at different altitudes
- To find out the changing characteristics of vegetation at different altitudes
- To find out the species of trees/ grass at different heights
- To find out other factors influencing vegetation distribution other than altitude
- Accept other relevant objections
(ii) State three methods you would use to record the information collected during the field study
- Taking photographs
- Tallying
- Field sketching
- Tape recording
- Note taking
- Tabulation
- Labeling samples
- Filling in questionnaires - ( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)
(iii) Name two types of maps you would draw to present your findings.
- Density maps
- chlopleth Distribution map
d)You are required to carry out a field study of the vegetation within the local environment:
i) apart from identifying the different types of plants, state three other activities you will carry out during
the field study.
• Measure distances / climate distance / heights
• Collect samples of plants • Draw sketches / transects.
• Record / take notes
• Take photographs of plants / area
• Count plants.
ii) How will you identify the different types of plants?

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• By their appearance
• Their colour
• By their leaves size
• By their area
• By the nature of their bark
• By the texture of their leaves •
By the system of their leaves
• By their fruits / flowers.
(c) (i) state three reasons why it would be necessary for you to visit the area before the day of the study
• To familiarize in order to design the appropriate research method
• To prepare the working schedule
• To be able to formulate the appropriate objectives and hypothesis
• To be able to identify relevant equipment for data collection
• To identify suitable areas for study to meet the people who will provide information during the study
• To seek permission from the owners of the land/ authorities
(ii) Give four uses of vegetation you are likely to identify during the study.
• Use as fodder
• Use for providing fruits/ roots/ vegetables/ food e.g. fruit
• Providing wood fuel/ charcoal wood
• Controlling soil erosion/ protecting catchments areas
• Use for ornamental/ Beauty/ aesthetics
• For cultural / rituals/ worship
• Production of building/ construction materials/ timber (Any 4 x 1 = 4 mks)
(d) You intend to carry out a field study on vegetation within the local environment.
(i) State three objectives you would formulate for the study.
- To identify vegetation species dominant in the area
- To find out how the local people benefit from the
- vegetation.
- -To investigate problems facing vegetation in the area.
To find out methods used to conserve vegetation in the area
(ii) Give four reasons why it is important to have a work schedule.
- It helps in carrying out the field activities Systematically
- It helps in estimating the total time required for the
- study.
- It ensures all areas of study are adequately covered.
- It helps in assessing progress of the study.
- It enables for proper use of available time.
- It confines one to the scope of the study.
(d) You are planning to carry out a field study in a forest.
(i) Give four reasons why it is important to seek permission from the school administration.
- It is an official requirement.
- To enable the administration arrange for transport/lunch/meals.
- To enable the administration take care of the disruption of the school
programme that will occur
- To enable the administration to provide entry fee if required.
- To enable the administration to provide essential tools for use. Any 4 x 1 = (4 marks)
(ii) List three sources of information you are likely to use before the actual field
study.
- Relevant textbooks
- Journals / magazines
- Internet / electronic media

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- Newspapers
- Professionals / botanists / forest officers
- Geography notes
- Photography/video tapes
- Maps Any 3 x 1 = (3 marks)
(iii) Identify four challenges you are likely to encounter during the field study.
- Attacks by wild animals / insect / snake bites
- Adverse weather conditions/too wet/too cold.
- Thick/thorny vegetation/rugged terrain may hinder movement within the forest.
- Tiredness due to walking long distances.
- Inadequate time for data collection.
- Getting lost/loss of direction to follow.
- Uncooperative/absent respondent.
- Injuries Any 4 x 1 = (4 marks)
c) You are required to carry out a field stuffy of the natural vegetation within your local
environment.
i) apart from identifying the different types of plants, state three other activities you would carry out
during the field study.
- Collecting samples of plants
- measuring distances
- estimating heights of plants
- drawing sketches/transacts
- recording/taking notes
- taking photographs of plants
- counting plants (Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)

ii) How would you identify the different types of plants?

- by their appearance
- by their colour
- by their leaf size/pattern/type
- by their age
- by the texture of the leaves
- by their flowers (any 3 x 1 = 3mks)
iii) State two ways in which the information collected during the field study would be useful
to the local community.
- It can be used to plan agricultural activities
- It can be used to help in the conservation of land/wildlife/soil/water
- It can be used to help in the rationalization of land use.
- It can be used for future reference.
- It can be used to determine the economic uses of plants/herbal medicine (Any 3 marks)
VULCANICITY:
(b)You intend to carry out a field study of a volcanic landscape
(i)State four reasons why it is necessary to conduct a reconnaissance of the area of study.
• To help in designing the research methods to be used during the study
• To help formulate relevant hypothesis for the study
• To help in working out a programmed/ schedule for the field study
• To help in identifying the appropriate equipment/instruments to be used in the study
• To help in identifying the features and their location before the study tour
• To help in identifying the features and their location before the study tour
• To help get contracts/guides for the study
• To identify problems likely to be encourage

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(ii) During your field work, you intend to study volcanic rocks, state why you would need the following
items
A hammer
- For breaking rocks for closer examination
A polythene bag
- For carrying samples for subsequent studies

c)Suppose students are to carry out a field study of the soils found in the Nyika plateau
i) State three methods they are likely to use to collect data.
Reading from textbooks.
Collection soil samples
Observation
Interviewing resource persons.
Digging the soils
Photographing
ii)The students identity the soils for further analysis. Give three characteristics of the desert soils that they
are likely to study.
Its colour
Its texture
Its porosity
Its nutrient content / organic matter
Its mineral composition
Its acidity / PH
Moisture content
d) Students carried a field study on volcanic rocks
i) Give four reasons why it is necessary to collect rock samples during such a field study.(4mks)
There is no field laboratory where the rock samples can be analyzed.
• Students do not have adequate skills to analyze the samples so there is need for expert opinion.
• There is no adequate time in the field
• To enable them build a collection of rock samples / future studies
• It would expose more students to their findings through display of their findings.
• To create interest / motivation and to deepen the understanding of the subject.(Any 4x1 = 4mks)
ii) State two problems they are likely to have experienced during the field study (4mks)
- Some students may have been cut / injured by the rocks.
- There may have been harsh weather / weather change.
- Inability to collect the right samples.
- Inaccessibility of some sample sites
- The heavy weight of the rock samples (Any 2x2 = 4mks)
WEATHER AND CLIMATE:
c) You are required by your geography teacher to carry out a field study on the relationship between
climate and vegetation around your school.
Name two aspects of climate that you would consider. (2 marks)
State two methods you would use to collect your data. (2 marks)
List two methods you would use to present your findings. (2 marks)
(c)You intend to carry a field study on the weather experienced in the locality of your school.
(i)State three ways in which you would prepare for the study.
formulate objectives of the study/ hypothesis
Reading from secondary sources
Carry out a reconnaissance to ensure that the instruments are in a working conditions/ are in their right
position
Seek permission from the relevant authority

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Procure appropriate stationary
Prepare a table for recording data
Procure the instrument
(ii)Describe how you would use the following instruments during the study.
A rain gauge (Used to collect rain water)
Take the rain water which has collected in the jar/ bottle
Pour the water in the measuring /graduated cylinder
Take the reading
Record the reading in a book / or table
Maximum and minimum thermometer.
Be at the station at the convectional time for taking records
Read the position of the metal indices for both maximum and minimum temperature
Record the readings in a book or table
Reset the thermometer using a magnet
(iii) State three advantages of studying the weather through fieldwork
it enables students collects first hand information
Students develop skills of weather observation
Students are able to make their own records of weather
Students are able to apply knowledge learned from books/ classrooms in the field
They’ll appreciate the usefulness of weather instruments
(d) You are required to carry out a field study to determine the relationship between climate and
vegetation in your district
(i)Give three reasons why you would need the map of the district.
- Familiarize with the route
- Sample different areas with different climate/vegetation
- To identify pertinent areas to visit.
(ii)Name two sampling techniques you are likely to use during the field study.
- Spatial
- Non Spatial
(iii) Give two reasons why sampling would be appropriate for this study.
- It saves time
- It teaches learners the summary aspect of learning
- Saves energy since whole district not studied
(iv)State four methods you would use to record data during the filed study
- Tabulating
- Tallying
- Taking photography
2000: Name two elements of weather that can be recorded at a school weather station
• Temperature
• Rainfall
• Humidity
• Wind
• Atmospheric pressure
• Cloud cover
• Sunshine
(b) Give three reasons why the recording of data at a school weather station may be inaccurate
• Use of defective instruments
• Human error
• Interference with the instrument
• Poor siting of weather station
• Extreme weather conditions

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• Natural calamities
(c) You are supposed to carry out a field study on the weather within your school compound
(i) Describe how you would use the following instruments during the filed study:
- The Hygrometer ( 3 mks)
 The wet bulb thermometer is wrapped in wet muslin and dipped into water to keep the muslin
moist.
 This record the lowest temperature as the water evaporates from the muslin.
 Dry bulb thermometers is left in normal environmental to record the highest temperature. The
difference between two readings is used to calculate the relative humidity.
- The rain gauge ( 3 mks)
 Insert the beaker on the ground
 Take the rain water collected in the jar or bottle
 Pour the water in a measuring or graduated cylinder
 Take the reading
 Record the readings in a book or table
(ii) State two ways in which the information collected during the filed study
- would be useful to the local community ( 2 mks)
- Know the type of crops to plant
- Know the type of animals breeds to rear
- Know the type of attire to wear
- Know the wind control measures ( any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
(d) Students visited a weather station to study recording of weather elements.
(i) State three qualities in the construction of a stevenson screen they would have observed during the
study.
- it is a wooden box.
- it is raised on stilts/ placed on a stand, about 121 cm above the ground level.
- it is painted white.
- it has a double roof.
- The sides are louvred to allow free circulation of air.
any 3 x 1 = (3 marks)
(ii) Identify three types of data they are likely to have collected during the study.
- Types of weather measuring/ recording instruments
- Statistical data / tables / diagrams / maps on previous weather records.
- Diagrams/ photographs on instruments.
- information on weather forecasting.
- information on operations of weather measuring / recording instruments.
any 3 x 1 = (3 marks)
(d) Suppose you visited a weather station for a field study on weather;
(i) Give three methods you would use to collect data:
Observation
Interviewing
Reading from secondary sources
- Administering/filling in questionnaires
Taking measurements eg. rainfall
Reading instruments (Thermometer)
-Filming/video taping/taking photographs.Any 3 x I = 3 marks
(ii) State three advantages of studying weather through fieldwork
- It enables students to collect first hand information.
- It helps students to develop manipulative skills.
- It enables students to learn how to make weather recording instruments.
- It enables students to apply the knowledge learned in the classroom.

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 - It makes learning interesting.
- It makes learning real
- It provides detailed/in-depth/broader learning. It enhances visual memory
WEATHERING AND MASSWASTING:
(d) You intend to carry out a field study on the effects of mass wasting within the local environment.
(i) Give two methods of data collection that you would use for the study. (2 marks)
Give two methods of data collection that you would use for the study.
- Observing.
- Administering questionnaires.
- Photographing/video recording.
- Reading from secondary sources/viewing films/video clips.
(ii) State two negative effects of mass wasting on the physical environment that you are likely to identify.
(2 marks)
- Destruction of vegetation.
- Dereliction of land /scars
- Blockage of rivers.
- Exposure of land to soil erosion
. (iii) Give two follow-up activities you would be involved in after the field study. (2 marks)
- Data analysis/discussion about findings.
- Report writing.
- Data presentation.
- Consulting geography teachers.
- Display photographs taken.
- Drawing conclusions.
- Reading more on the topic.
You are planning to carry out a field study on types of mass wasting.
(i) Identify three methods you would use to collect data.
- Observation
- Photographing/video recording
- Interviewing
- Content analysis. Any 3 x 1(3 marks)
(ii) Give three types of rapid mass wasting you are likely to observe during the field study.
- Mudflow
- Landslide/slump/debris slide/rock slide/rockfall/avalance
- Earthflow. Any 3 x 1(3 marks)
iii. State two ways in which the information collected during the field study would be useful to
the local community. (2 marks)
- It would be used to plan for precautions/safety
- It would be used in the conservation of land.
- It would be used as a basis for further research.. Any 2 x 1(2 marks)
TRADE:
1993: You plan to carry a field study of an open air market near your school.
a)State six types of information you would collect during the field study. (6 marks)
 Traffic flow in and out of the market
 Organization/layout of the market
 Origin of the goods sold at the market
 Goods being sold at the market
 Prices of various items in the market
 Origin/history of the market
 People selling at the market

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  Destination of goods bought from the market
 Means of transport used to ferry the goods
 Taxes/licenses paid to the local authority
 Administration/services provided by local authority
 The special market days
 Problems faced by the market
b) List five methods you would use to collect data during the field study. (5 marks)
 Use of questionnaire
 Interviews
 Sketch/writing notes
 Observation
 Collecting samples
 Taking photographs
 Use of secondary sdources
c)State four problems you are likely to experience during the field study. (4 marks)
 Traders may give unreliable information/irrelevant answers
 Language barrier
 The time may be inadequate
 The study may be hindered by poor conditions/rain/mud/dust
 Buyers/sellers/administrators may be uncooperative
 Sources of secondary information may be inadequate
d)Explain three ways in which the local authority would use your findings to improve the open air market.
(6 marks)
 The information can be used in planning roads connecting the market to source areas
 The information can be used in planning the lay out of the market.
 The information can be used to improve revenue collection in the market.
 The information can be used in planning other markets in the area.
e) What are the advantages of learning geography through field work? (4 marks)
 It enables students to learn through experience/first hand information.
 It enables a student to apply the theory he has learned in class.
 It enables a student develop skills such as observation, measuring, evaluation, judging.
 Students learn to co-operate with others/public relations.
 The student is bale to make his own records.
2007:
(c) You intent to carry out a held study on pollution in the local open air market
i) State three reasons why it would be necessary for you to visit the market before the actual field
study.
 To get permission from the relevant authority
 To be able to formulate the objectives / hypothesis To familiarize with the area of study.
 To be able to prepare a working schedule / to decide on the appropriate method of data collection.
 To determine the respondents / resource persons
 To asses the likely problems to be encountered.
 To determine the equipment /materials required.
ii) Give two methods that you would use to collect information on pollution.
 Interviewing
 Taking photographs / sketching / filming
 Observation
 Measuring the extent of polluted area
 Administering questionnaires

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  Tape recording / video taking / shooting
iii) Give two follow up activities you would carry out after the field study
- Discussing the findings
- Analyzing the data
- Writing a report
- Giving relevant advice to the stake holder
- Drawing sketches
- Displaying photographs / sketches.

1994:
b) You intend to carry out a field study of the landforms around your school.
i) State three objectives of your study. (3 marks)
ii) State three methods you would use to record the information you would collect. (3 marks)
iii) What problems are you likely to face during the field study? (3 marks)

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