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Nervous System Exam Notes

The document outlines the organization of the nervous system, detailing the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), including their components and functions. It describes neuron structure, types, associated glial cells, synapses, and neurotransmitters. Additionally, it covers the basic anatomy of the spinal cord, including its protective layers, cerebrospinal fluid, processing centers, sensory pathways, and reflex arcs.

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11 views2 pages

Nervous System Exam Notes

The document outlines the organization of the nervous system, detailing the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), including their components and functions. It describes neuron structure, types, associated glial cells, synapses, and neurotransmitters. Additionally, it covers the basic anatomy of the spinal cord, including its protective layers, cerebrospinal fluid, processing centers, sensory pathways, and reflex arcs.

Uploaded by

karimullah201
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Nervous System & Spinal Cord - Easy Exam Notes

2. Organization of the Nervous System

1. Central Nervous System (CNS)

- Includes brain and spinal cord.

- Controls thinking, memory, movement, and reflexes.

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

- Nerves outside the CNS.

- Divided into:

- Somatic (voluntary movements)

- Autonomic (involuntary actions: heartbeat, digestion)

- Sympathetic (fight or flight)

- Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

3. Neuron: Structure and Classification

- Structure: Dendrites (receive), Cell body (process), Axon (send).

- Types:

- Sensory neurons: body to brain

- Motor neurons: brain to muscles

- Interneurons: connect neurons inside CNS

4. Associated Cells (Glial Cells)

- Support and protect neurons.

- Astrocytes: support.

- Oligodendrocytes/Schwann: make myelin.

- Microglia: clean up damage.

5. Synapses and Post-Synaptic Potential

- Synapse: gap between neurons.

- Uses neurotransmitters to send signal.

- Post-synaptic potential: response of next neuron.


6. Neurotransmitters

- Chemicals that carry signals.

- Examples: Dopamine, Serotonin, Acetylcholine, GABA, Glutamate.

3. Basic Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

1. Spinal Meninges

- 3 layers:

- Dura mater (outer, strong)

- Arachnoid mater (middle, web-like)

- Pia mater (inner, delicate)

2. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

- Clear fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord.

- Removes waste, delivers nutrients.

3. Processing Centers

- In spinal cord, handle some signals directly.

- Help with fast responses.

4. Sensory Pathways

- Ascending tracts from body to brain.

- Carry pain, touch, temperature info.

5. Reflex Arc

- Fast response without brain.

- Path: Receptor -> Sensory neuron -> Spinal cord -> Motor neuron -> Muscle.

- Example: Pulling hand from heat.

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