Q1)What are Disadvantages of RDBMS?

1. Cost: a)RDBMS software and hardware can be expensive. b)Maintaining

and updating the system also adds to the cost. c)Expert personnel with
specialized knowledge in RDBMS are often required, increasing labor costs.
2. Complexity: a)RDBMS design and implementation can be complex.
b)Understanding and managing the system requires significant expertise.
c)Schema changes can be challenging and require careful planning.
3. Scalability Limitations: a)RDBMS may struggle with extremely large datasets
and high transaction volumes. b)Horizontal scaling (adding more servers) can
be complex and expensive for massive datasets. c)Vertical scaling (upgrading
hardware) may also be expensive and not always a viable solution.
4. Performance Bottlenecks: a)Complex queries involving multiple joins can be
slow and resource-intensive. b)Large datasets can impact query performance.
c)Concurrency issues can further complicate performance.
Q2)Select commond with all option? The select query in SQL is one of the
most commonly used SQL commands to retrieve data from a database. With
the select command in SQL, users can access data and retrieve specific records
based on various conditions, making it an essential tool for managing and
analyzing data. In this article, we’ll learn the SQL SELECT statement syntax,
show you SQL query examples, and explore advanced techniques to help you
use SELECT queries for data manipulation and analysis.
Q3)Explain datatypes of SQL? Numeric Data Types: 1.INT: Stores whole
numbers (e.g., 10, -5, 2025). 2.FLOAT, REAL: Stores floating-point numbers
(numbers with decimal places). 3.DECIMAL: Stores numbers with a fixed
precision and scale. 4.BIGINT: Stores larger integers. 5.Character and String
Data Types:5.CHAR: Stores fixed-length strings. 6.VARCHAR: Stores variable-
length strings. 7.TEXT: Stores long strings. 8.NCHAR, NVARCHAR: Unicode
versions of CHAR and VARCHAR.
Q4)Expalin Compration operation of SQL? Comparison Operators, sometimes
referred to as relational or boolean operators, compare values in a database
and determine if they are equal (=), not equal (!= , <>), greater than (>), less
than (<), greater than or equal to (>=), and less than or equal to (<=).
Q5)Any five Numeric of SQL? Five common numeric functions in SQL include
ROUND, ABS, SQRT, MOD, and POWER. 1.ROUND: This function rounds a
number to a specified number of decimal places or to the nearest integer if no
decimal places are specified.2.ABS: This function returns the absolute value of
a number, which is its magnitude without regard to its sign (positive or
negative). 3.SQRT: This function calculates the square root of a
number.4.MOD: This function returns the remainder of a division operation,
also known as the modulus. 5.POWER: This function raises a number to a
specified power.
Q6)Write IN & BETWEEN operator? The BETWEEN and IN operators in SQL are
used to compare values within a given range or a set of values. The BETWEEN
operator is utilized to compare two values inside a range, whereas the IN
operator is utilized to compare a value with a set of values. Both are commonly
utilized when querying a database to choose information from a range or set of
values.
Q7)Explain syntax & Sequence? The general syntax for creating a sequence in
SQL is: CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name START WITH initial_value
INCREMENT BY increment_value [MINVALUE minimum_value] [MAXVALUE
maximum_value] [CYCLE | NOCYCLE]. This creates a database object that
generates a sequence of unique integer values.
Q8)Explain Purpose of using subsequency? A SQL subquery, also known as a
nested query or inner query, is a query within another SQL statement. It allows
you to use the result of one query as input in another query. Subqueries are
enclosed in parentheses and can be used in various parts of a SQL statement,
including SELECT, FROM, and WHERE clauses. They are a powerful tool for
retrieving and manipulating data.
*Syntax= The basic syntax for using a subquery in a SQL statement is as
follows:1.SELECT column1, column2, ... 2.FROM table 3.WHERE column
operator (SELECT column FROM another_table WHERE condition); .
Q8)write an SET operators? Set operations in SQL are techniques for
combining or comparing the results of two or more SELECT statements. They
act like mathematical set operations, letting us find the union, intersection, or
difference between the rows returned by our queries. This makes them
indispensable when analyzing data from multiple sources or
perspectives.*Here's a quick overview of the core set operations: = 4.UNION:
Merges all unique rows from two or more SELECT statements, eliminating
duplicates. 3.UNION ALL: Merges all rows from two or more SELECT
statements, keeping duplicates. 2.INTERSECT: Returns only the rows that
appear in both SELECT statements. 1.EXCEPT: Returns rows from the first
SELECT statement that don't appear in the second.
Q9)Primary key? A primary key is a column or a set of columns in a database
table that uniquely identifies each row. It ensures that each record in the table
has a distinct value, preventing duplicates and enforcing data integrity.
Essentially, it acts as the unique identifier for each row within a table.
Q10)Foreign key? A foreign key is distinct from other types of keys such as
super keys, candidate keys, or primary keys because its primary purpose is to
establish a connection between two tables in a database. It serves as a bridge,
enabling relationships and ensuring data integrity by linking the records in one
table to the relevant records in another.
Q11)ADO? is a Microsoft technology for data access within the .NET
Framework, enabling applications to interact with various data sources. It
provides a set of components for connecting to databases, executing queries,
and retrieving/manipulating data.
Q13)DSN? A DSN, or Data Source Name, is a configuration that specifies how
an application can connect to a particular database. It essentially acts as a
shortcut, providing the necessary details like the database name, driver, and
sometimes even user credentials. DSNs are commonly used with ODBC (Open
Database Connectivity) but can also be used with other data access
mechanisms.
Q14)DBMS? A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that allows
users to manage and interact with databases, enabling them to store, retrieve,
update, and delete data efficiently. It acts as an intermediary between users
and the database, providing a structured and organized way to handle large
amounts of data.